Englisia MAY 2014 VOL. 1 NO.2, 191-215 GAYO LANGUAGE IS OLD MALAY (A  DIALECTOLOGY STUDY: THE LANGUAGE  CHANGE)  Abdussalam Universitas Sumatera Utara Medan Abdussal am & Salami Mahmud Universitas Islam Negeri Ar-Raniry Banda Aceh ABSTRACT An interdisciplinary linguistic which studies the problem on language variation is so called Dialectology. The variation of language happens on the usage that is caused by the change of social environment and place for ages. Language variation can be found in the form of accent, sub dialect, dialect, or that of language. Studying a language variation means also to trace the language history. Geographically, lan- guage variation can show where the speaker comes from. Linguistics distinctions analyzed in dialectology are phonetics, morphemic, and lexical variations. However, in this study, phonological and lexical variations are discussed. Glosses used are Ogden's 850 basic words which have been translated into Bahasa. The research subjects are 18 Gayo native speakers. Six of them become primary informants and the rests are as secondary ones. Methods of acquiring data used are cakap-simak (speak and listen) as well as tulis-rekam (write and record). The discovered data from the informants are crosschecked with the standardized words of Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (Indonesian Great Dictionary). Then, the distance of word variations are determined by using dialectometry formula. The result are: 165 words = 19,41% lexical differences, 305 words = 35,88% phonetically differences, and 380 words = 44,71% without difference, neutral or zero. By regarding 1% data error tolerant, it can be concluded that Gayo language is Old Malay that has “accent variation = 20,41%" compared to New Malay or Bahasa Indonesia. Keywords: language, variation, Gayo, Malay. GAYO LANGUAGE IS OLD MALAY (A DIALECTOLOGY STUDY: THE LANGUAGE CHANGE) 192 | Englisia Vol. I No. 2, May 2014 INTRODUCTION Gayo language that is found in the central part of Aceh province is interest- ing to be discussed by dialectological study since the language spoken by Gayo eth- nic is known as an Old Malay. Malay in Gayo language Melaya means “go anywhere” and is also called for “Malaysia”. For example, “We nge beloh ku Me- laya” = “He has gone to Malaysia.” “Kusi we melaya?” = Where does he go? In Tamil, melayu or melayur = high land. In Sanskrit, malaya = a kind of delicate scent eaglewood tree. In Javanese, melayu = geras or run. According to Ensi- klopedi Umum 1997, Malay language covers: Malay of Riau, Lingga, Malay of Jo- hor including Malay of Bangka, Malay of Natuna, Bunguran Ulu, Melay of Baliton, Melay of Margur, Pashu…” At the present time, the Melay ethnic is called as Indo- nesian, they populate all of Indonesian islands as native population (Nasution & Sembiring, 2007, pp. 3-9). A long time ago, there was a great kingdom in Gayo area called as Kerajaan Linge or Lingga. As said by mouth to mouth story, the kingdom had a very close re- lationship to Lingga in Malaysia. The story “Sengeda and White Elephant” tells the relationship of Linge Gayo, Malaysia, and Aceh Darussalam kingdoms. It is told that Sengeda and Bener Meriah’s mother was the King of Malacca’s daughter. In view of the fact that Gayo is classified as Melay etnic as well, but why is Gayo called as an Old Melay? To answer the question is not easier one, since it is needed some stud- ies to support the fact such as history, anthropology, archeology, genetics, and lin- guistics to prove it scientifically. In this paper, the case is discussed by linguistics view on the variation of lexical words of Bahasa Gayo as an Old Melay compared to Ba- hasa Indonesia as a New Melay by using dialectometry formula. The number of words used as glosses are Ogden’s 850 basic words (Crystal, 2002). Geographical Area of Gayo Language Gayo language area is geographically situated in central region of Aceh which is located in the six regencies, namely (a) East Aceh Regency, (b) Bener Abdussalam & Salami Mahmud Englisia Vol. I No. 2, May 2014 | 193 Meriah Regency, (c) Central Aceh Regency, (d) Gayo Luwes Regency, (e) South-East Aceh Regency, and (f) Aceh Tamiang Regency (See the maps!). Image taken from http://uranggayo.wordpress.com/ The Purposes and the Significance of study The purposes of the study are (1) to identify the number of variation lexically and phonologically; (2) to decide categorization of accent, sub dialect, dialect, or language differences between Bahasa Gayo as an Old Malay and Bahasa Indone- sia as a New Malay; and (3) to describe linguistically relationship between the Old Malay and New Malay as the answer to the question of the study. The significant of this study are: (a) realization of the idea about Preserving Local Languages based on the statute UUD 45; (b) proving the phonological and lexical variants of Gayo and Malay languages; (c) increasing the professionalism on writing about dialectology; (d) supporting the vocabulary of Gayo and Indonesian; (e) enhancing self confidence to speak in Gayo and Malay languages among the spokesperson; (f) developing knowledge on dialectology; (g) Adding new reading material on the language; (i) knowing where the spokesperson come from; and (h) recommendation for decision maker in applying the government policy on language. GAYO LANGUAGE IS OLD MALAY (A DIALECTOLOGY STUDY: THE LANGUAGE CHANGE) 194 | Englisia Vol. I No. 2, May 2014 LITERATURE AND THEORY At this point, it will be discussed the literature of Gayo seeing from the views of history, archeology, genealogy, anthropology, and linguistics. From the history view: according to Said (1961), Monograph Team from Unsyiah (1970), Ibrahim (2001), Gayo speaking people are the Old Malay originated from backside of India and occupied alongside of Indonesian islands during the time of the first movement. Aminurrashid (as cited in Nonki, 2011) states that "...the ethnic called Malay was living people at the outside bank of a small river that is named as Sungai Melayu (Melay River) to the upward of Sungai Batanghari (now, Sungai Jambi). They had been there more or less +1500 years ago. It had been occupied by a Malay King- dom before a well-known Sriwijaya Kingdom or Old Palembang. Archeology view: the very new fact from Archeology officer in Medan is that the fossils of Gayo’s ancestors which are called as Old Malay have been discovered recently. They had been living in Takengen since the time 4.400 to 3.580 years elapsed (http://aceh.tribunnews.com/). Anthropology view: it is believed that Gayo culture was from Howabinh that had been existed since the Mesolithic ages +7.000-5.000 years elapsed (see, http://aceh.tribunnews.com/2011/12/12/kajian-arkeologis-suku-batak-dari-gayo and Waspada, 11 January 2012, C11). It means Gayo people have been existed +3.500 years earlier than Malay Kingdom and Sriwijaya one. Gayo is categorized as old Malay or proto Melay. Genealogy view: it is told that Gayo people have genealogical relationship with Old Malay. In the book Aceh Sepanjang Abad, it is stated that Gayo ancestor were Old Malay that strided out alongside of coastal area and settled to the central part of Aceh caused by the coming of New Malay from Indo-China and Kampuchea in the year 300 B.C. They lived along side of coastal area of north and east of Aceh as well as along side of Jambo Aye River, Perlak, and Kuala Simpang (Said, 1985, pp. 76). Gayo people formerly lived in the coastal area of north and east part of Aceh, exactly in Perlak and Pase. Later on, they settled into central part of moun- Abdussalam & Salami Mahmud Englisia Vol. I No. 2, May 2014 | 195 tainous area of Aceh Loser Antara which is now called as Gayo High Land (Ibrahim, 2001). Linguistics view: Gayo language is a language that is spoken by Aceh Gayo or Old Melayu which is more popular called as urang Gayo = Gayo people. The majority of them live in Central Aceh (UU 24/1956), Southeast Aceh (UUNo. 7/1974), Gayo Lues (UUNo. 4/2002), and Bener Meriah (UU 41/2003). Before the year 1974, the four regions belong to Central Aceh regency. Some of Gayo people reside in other regions, such as Gayo Kalul in Aceh Tamiang (UU 4/2002), Gayo Lukup or Serbejadi, in East Aceh (UU 24/1956). Before 1956, Gayo Kalul and Serbejadi belong to Central Aceh. In the year 2002, Aceh Tamiang was part of East Aceh regency. A small number of Gayo people exist in Aceh Singkil (UU 14/1999), Southwest Aceh (UU 4/2002), Subulussalam city (UU 8/2007), and other parts of Indonesia (see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/aceh). Gayo people do not have a special writing system; however, it was derived from Arabic and modified tobe so-called as Arab Melayu or Arab Jawi. It is known since the time of Islam existence in Andalas or Sumatra Island. Alphabetical writing system or Latin’s writing symbols were not recognized before the Dutch colonializa- tion period (Ibrahim, 2001, pp. 1-7). Gayo language is spoken by Gayo people spread along the six regencies of Aceh. It is stated that the phyla of Melay Polynesia language inherits the local languages such as Melay, Javanese, Sundanese, Minangkabau, Achinese, Batak, Balinese, Bugis, Nias, Toraja, Sasak, Seram, Day- ak, and Gayo in Indonesia (Kern, as cited in Nasution & Sembiring, 2007, p. 56). Dialectology The terms of dialectology, accent, dialect, language, and variant are as fol- lows: (a) the systematic study of regional dialects is known variously as dialectology, dialect geography, geolinguistics, or linguistic geography” (see, Crystal, 1992:26; Chambers and Trudgill, 1980:207); (b) Accent “a national, local or individual way of pronouncing words” (Hornby, 1999:6). For example, Speak English with a foreign accent!(c) Dialect “the form of a language used in part of country or by a class of people with grammar, words and pronunciation that may be different from other GAYO LANGUAGE IS OLD MALAY (A DIALECTOLOGY STUDY: THE LANGUAGE CHANGE) 196 | Englisia Vol. I No. 2, May 2014 forms of the same language” (Hornby, 1999, p. 319); (d) language, in Gayo is called as Basa or Bahasa. It means a systematic system apply to communicate ideas or feelings by using sign, sound, gesture, or signal that is considered and known its meaning (Brown, 2008, p. 406) or “the system of sounds and words used by hu- mans to express their thoughts and feelings” (Hornby, 1999, p. 662); (e) Variant or Variation is “a thing that differs from other things or from a standard” (Hornby, 1999, p. 1320). So, variants in this study are linguistic form differences of lexical and phonetically used by the two languages, namely bahasa Gayo as Old Malay and bahasa Indonesia as the New Malay. “All aspects of language structure and use are subject to changes, but the most noticeable and frequent changes affect pronunciation and vocabulary, and it is these which have attracted most study” (Crystal, 1992, p. 328). So, language is change “dari Kaku ke Baku” from a rigid into flexible one, from imperfect to be per- fect one, such as: Old English to be Middle English and Modern English. Old Baha- sa Indonesia into New one, such as Ejaan Bahasa Indonesia Yang Disempurnakan (EYD). for example: - yung→igung→idung→hidung (nose) - yup→iup→iyup→tiup (blow) - ka’→kak→akak →kakak →kakanda (sister) - sap→isap→hisap (suck) Ancient Malay-Old Malay-New Malay: - savanakna→sebanyaknya→sebanyak-banyaknya (as much as possible) - manghidupi→menghidupi (to earn for a living) -varang→barang (things) - vuatna→buatnya (for him/her) -prakara→perkara (matter) Studies on dialectology, in Indonesia, have been done since 1951 (Lauder, 2002). It is mentioned that there are 172 studies on dialectology all over Indonesia which is considered having more or less 735 languages. One of them is the study on Javanese done by Nothofer. He came into conclusion that Javanese dialect found in western part of Jogja is more conservative than that of Jogja, showing the characteristic of Ancient Java (Nothofer, as cited in Laksono, 2001). So, does Baha- sa Gayo (Old Melay) differ from or close to Bahasa Indonesia (New Melayu)? How are the variants? Abdussalam & Salami Mahmud Englisia Vol. I No. 2, May 2014 | 197 Language variants can be found in the form of Phonological variant and Lex- ical one. It is important to differ between phonological and lexical features in this study because to categorize linguistic features of a language into accent, sub dia- lect, dialect, or a language by using dialectometry formula, the variation of phonol- ogy is neglected (Ayatrohaedi in Mahsun, 1995, p. 119). Phonological variants among the regions are noticed if (a) the variants of lexeme conduce the same meaning or correspond to one and another, (b) the variants between the lexeme that show the same meaning if one or two sounds exist at the same position. The variant of lexeme that shows the same meaning is regarded as phonological variant if the lexeme is derived from the same lexical or the same protolanguage. If there is another reflection of a lexical or corresponding of its meaning is considered that it has two variants, namely phonological variant and lexical one (Mahsun, 1995, p. 23-24). The variation of phonological feature caused by deletion or addition of vow- el or consonant sounds is used to be happened and it is so-called sound variation or the style of a language. According to linguist, dialect variation consists of five styles: (1) phonetic or phonological variant, for example: in Bahasa Gayo: /aih/, /wih/, /waih/ ‘water’; and kuhi, kusi, kusihen ‘where’; (2) semantic variant, includ- ing: (a) synonym, a word that has the same meaning of a thing at different place, such as in Bahasa Gayo Lues and Gayo Laut: poen and poa ‘salt’; (b) homonym, words with the same form but different meanings of different places, for example, bayi ‘baby’ = anak (Bahasa Indonesia) and bayi ‘bride’= pengantin (Bahasa Gayo); lang ‘tomorrow’ = besok (Gayo) and lang ‘no’ = tidak (Karo); enggih ‘no’ = tidak (Gayo) and enggih ‘yes’ = ya (Java). (3) onomasiological variant, the set of associated concepts in relation to their languitic forms at different places, such as tahlil, wirid, pengajien, and yasinen ‘menghadiri pengajian = attending to reading group’ (Gayo Laut-Gayo Lues); (4) semasiological variant, the set of the same con- cept for different meaning, e.g. Padang = kota (city), suku (tribe), sate (skewered meat); (5) morphological variant, the variation of word structure of the same lan- guage, e.g. (Gayo) gure-geguren = senang-kesenangan ‘delight-delightment’, GAYO LANGUAGE IS OLD MALAY (A DIALECTOLOGY STUDY: THE LANGUAGE CHANGE) 198 | Englisia Vol. I No. 2, May 2014 mangan-pemanganan = makan-makanan ‘eat-food’ (Guirald, as cited in Ayatro- haedi, 1983, p. 3–5). Another linguist divides the variants into ten language styles (Mahsun, 1995, p. 33-39), such as assimilation, dissimilation, metathesis, constriction, aphaeresis, syncope, apocope, prothesis, epenthesis, and paragog. (1) Assimilation is the influ- ence exercised by one sound upon the articulation of another, so that the sounds become more alike, it can be a vowel with another vowel, vowel with consonant, and consonant with another consonant. e.g. (Gayo Blang-Gayo Lut): mere→mera = mau ‘want’, amate→amante = bapak kita ‘our father’, sana→hana = apa ‘what’, nise→nice = dia punya ‘her/his’. (2) Dissimilation, the influence sound segments have on one another, so that they become less alike. E.g. ancient Java- nese and new Javanese: rwā→roro→loro = dua ‘two’; Bahasa Gayo and Batak Karo: sara→sada = satu ‘one’, rowa→dowa = dua ‘two’, tulu→telu = tiga ‘three’, ine→inang = ibu ‘mom’, ama→amang = ayah = ‘father’, engi→anggi = adik perempuan ‘young sister’. (3) Metathesis, alteration in a normal sequence of two sound elements. E.g. Old Melay-New Melay or Gayo-Indonesia: geral→gelar ‘name or title’, ringkalan→lingkaran ‘circle’. (4) Contraction, a shortened of two sounds attached to an adjacent form. E.g. Bahasa Gayo Blang-Gayo Laut: daun→dun = daun ‘leaf’, belang→blang = lapangan ‘square’. (5) Aphesis, the loss of an unstressed vowel at the beginning of a word. E.g. in Old Malay: masin→asin ‘salty’, masam→asam ‘sour’. (6) Sincope, the loss of sounds or letters from the middle of a word. e.g. Bahasa Indonesia: gelembung→gembung ‘bubble’, gerigi→gigi ‘teeth’, gemuruh→guruh ‘thunder’. (7) Apocope, the omission of a final syllable, sound, or letter in a word. E.g. Bahasa Gayo Laut: geralle→geral = nama ‘name’, jerohe→jeroh = baik ‘good’, sedeppe→sedep = sedap ‘delicious’. (8) Prothesis, the insertion of an extra sound at the beginning of a word. E.g. Baha- sa Indonesia: bu→ibu ‘mom’, kak→kakak ‘sister’, bang→abang ‘brother’. (9) Epenthesis, the insertion of an extra sound in the middle of a word. E.g. Old Ma- lay: doa→dowa = do’a ‘pray’, sumang→sumbang ‘disharmony’, Ama- ku→Amangku ‘my father’, Saidi→Sahidi (one’s name). (10) Paragog, the addition of sounds or letters at the end of a word. E.g. Gayo language: kune →kunehen = Abdussalam & Salami Mahmud Englisia Vol. I No. 2, May 2014 | 199 bagaimana ‘how’, kusi→kusihen = kemana ‘where’, cerak→ceraken = bicara ‘talk’, keta→ketane = begitu ’then’. Some Theories In linguistics, a special study on dialect is called dialectology, dialect geography, geolinguistics, or linguistic geography. It is said that dialectology has connection with the other nonlinguistic sciences. That is why, in this writing, before discussing dialectology further, it is necessary to discuss the supporting knowledge such as his- tory, anthropology, archaeology, and genetics. All these sciences can prove the genuine of an ethnic where it is from. So, these are needed to support the probes that Aceh Gayo is really an Old Malay or not. 1. Historical theory, that people who live in the interior or central of an island or continent are the first dwellers to the island or the continent (see, Ibrahim, 2001:1). Gayo people live in the central of Sumatra Island, Central Aceh. 2. Anthropological theory, that human culture is develop time to time, from the traditional era to modern one (from paleolithic→mesolithic→to neolithic). It can be seen from the tools and house wares used, including musical instru- ment made. 3. Archeological theory, the very ancient people can be known their ages from carbonic test of their fossils. It has been found that the fossil of Gayo ances- tors in Ujung Karang Kebayaken, Takengon. The age of the fossils are +6.500 years elapsed (see http://sejarah.kompasiana.com/ 2011/07/05/). 4. Genetics theory, someone can be known his ancestor by comparing his ge- netic or DNA with his or her ancestor. The fossils teeth of Gayo ancestors in Ujung Karang Kebayaken have been studied by experts from Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology Jakarta. The fossils were found by Archeologists of North Sumatra (see http://www.tanohaceh.com/?p=1129). 5. Linguistic theory, “language shows who you are”. The relationship of a tribe to another one can be traced from the language they speak since the linguis- GAYO LANGUAGE IS OLD MALAY (A DIALECTOLOGY STUDY: THE LANGUAGE CHANGE) 200 | Englisia Vol. I No. 2, May 2014 tic features of the speakers can be seen or analyzed to show where they are from. In linguistic theory, there is a theory which is so-called ‘wave theory’. It is popularized by Johannes Schmidt in the year 1872. According to this theory, the languages used by people in certain region are influenced by the changes of a cer- tain region. It means, a change will spread away (just like the wave) from its core and it does not stop till the border of a dialect since it is able to spread out of a lan- guage border to interlanguages. Even it influences among the phyla of the lan- guages or intralanguges. There is hypothesis which says that a language is categorized as protolanguage to some other languages can be known by comparing the languages (Schwarz, et al., 1992, p. 1176). In this study, the words of Aceh Gayo (Old Malay) are compared to Bahasa Indonesia (New Melay). Then, the words are analyzed to find the percentage of lexical and phonological variants by using dialectometry formula. Method of Study and Analysis This study uses two methods, library research and field research methods. Li- brary research is used to find some information based on writing materials such as book, journal, encyclopedia, dictionary, magazine, newspaper, and other writing materials. Field research is used to find data from subjects or informants in the field. To identify accent, sub dialect, dialect, and language variants of Bahasa Gayo, is used Cakap and Simak methods or speaking and listening methods Sudaryanto, 1993). Speaking method is applied by using elicitation technique, face to face, and recording technique. Listening method is applied by using techniques of writing and recording. Data collecting are analyzed by using matching technique, matching and comparing techniques, contrasting and comparing techniques. Data collection is taken from some informants that are fulfilling exceptional requirements (Mahsun, 1995; Ayatrohaedi, 1983; Chambers and Trudgill, 1990). The result of recording data is written, and then they are compared with the lexical words found in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia. Informants are selected from six fields of study. Data collec- tion used questionnaire of 850 glosses, Ogden’s 859 Basic Words (Crystal, 1992 and Abdussalam, 2012). Next, selecting the glosses to sort them into lexical and Abdussalam & Salami Mahmud Englisia Vol. I No. 2, May 2014 | 201 phonological variants, neutral or zero (without variant), At last, each group of gloss- es are calculated by using dialectometry formula to be considered the variant of the two languages into accent, sub dialect, dialect, or language variants (Thomas, 1988; Guiter in Mahsun, 1995:118; Sibarani, 1999). The Dialectometry Formula S x 100 = d% n Description: S = Number of word variation from area of the study. n = Total number of glosses that are compared. d = Total percentage of variation. Based on the formula, it is measured the lexical variation or differentiation as the following criteria: more than ≥ 81 percent lexical variation is considered as lan- guage variant (langue), 51−80 percent lexical variation is considered as dialect vari- ant (dialecte), 31-50 percent lexical variation is considered as sub dialect variant (sousdialecte), 21-30 percent lexical variation is considered as accent variant (parler), and less than ≤ 20 percent lexical variation is considered as no variant (neg- ligeable). (Guiter, as cited in Sibarani, 1999, p. 9, Lauder, 2002, p. 39, and Mahsun, 2005, p. 154). The analysis of phonological variation is using Guiter criteria: (Guiter in Mahsun, 2005, p. 155). However, In this study, the standard of phonological crite- ria are not applied because to determine an accent, sub dialect, dialect, and lan- guage variants by using dialectometry formula, the phonological and morphological variants should be ignored (Ayatrohaedi in Mahsun, 1995, p. 119). The Result of Study The result of dialectometry analysis on the glosses of 850 basic words show that the variation of Bahasa Gayo (Old Malay) compared with Bahasa Indonesia (New Malay) as follows: few lexical variation, namely 165 words = 19,41%, some phonetically variation, 305 words =35,88%, and neutral or zero = 380 words = 44,71%. By adding 1 % error tolerance of data, it is found that lexical variation = GAYO LANGUAGE IS OLD MALAY (A DIALECTOLOGY STUDY: THE LANGUAGE CHANGE) 202 | Englisia Vol. I No. 2, May 2014 20,41%. It means there is “accent variation” between Bahasa Gayo (Old Malay) and Bahasa Indonesia (New Malay). CONCLUSION Having seen from the result of dialectometry analyses and supported by ar- cheology, anthropology, genealogy, and history theories, it can be pulled out a sup- position that Gayo people are the oldest men in Sumatra and their language is called as Aceh-Gayo language or Gayo Language or Old Malay that has different accent with New Malay or Bahasa Indonesia (20,41%). So, it is very possible that Gayo’s ancestors are also the ancestors for Achinese, Batak, Minangkabau, New Malay ad other tribes among Sumatra island. The idea has been supported by Na- sution and Sembiring (2007, p. 3-9) that the present Melay ethnics named as Indo- nesian, live in all Indonesian islands are genuine native people or speakers. Based on the conclusion, it is necessary to do further studies with a bigger number of glosses or words, namely 2.000 up to 3.000 glosses and more complete of linguistic aspects, namely lexical, morphological, and phonological features. So, the accuracy of data is more acceptable since few of Ogden’s 850 words may not be sufficient any more. Abdussalam & Salami Mahmud Englisia Vol. I No. 2, May 2014 | 203 REFERENCES Abdussalam. (2012). Hanya 850 Kata Gayo-Indonesia-Inggris untuk Komunikasi Sehari-hari. Medan: Program Studi Linguistik Sekolah Pascasarjana USU. Aceh.tribunnews.com. (2012). Kajian Arkeologis Suku Batakdari Gayo. Retrieved from http://aceh.tribunnews.com/2011/12/12/kajian-arkeologis-suku- batak-dari-gayo Ayatrohaedi. (1983). Dialektologi: Sebuah Pengantar. Jakarta: Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa. Brown, H Douglas. (2008). Prinsip Pembelajaran dan Pengajaran Bahasa (transl). (5th Edition). Jakarta: US Embassy. Chambers, J.K. and Trudgill, P. (1980). Dialectology. Cambridge, New York, Mel- bourne: Cambridge University Press. Crystal, D. (1992). The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language. Cambridge: Cam- bridge University Press. Hornby, A.S. (1999). Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. 4th Impression. Oxford: Oxford University press. Ibrahim, M. (2001). Mujahid Dataran Tinggi Gayo. Takengon: Yayasan Maqama- mmahmuda. Kompasiana. (2012) retrieved from http://sejarah.kompasiana.com/2011/07/05/ menelusuri-sejarah-suku-gayo-melalui-dongeng-dan-bukti-arkeologi/ Laksono, Kisyani. (2001). Bahasa Jawa di Jawa Timur Bagian Utara dan Lex.Dambangan: Kajian Dialektologis. Ringkasan Disertasi. Lauder, Multamia RMT. (1993). Pemetaan dan Distribusi Bahasa-Bahasa di Tange- rang. Jakarta: Pusat Bahasa. Lauder, Multamia RMT. (2002). “Reevaluasi Konsep Pemilah Bahasa dan Dialek untuk Bahasa Nusantara”, (Jurnal) Makara, Sosial Humaniora, Vol.6, No.1 Juni 2002 (file pdf). Mahsun, (1995). Dialektologi Diakronis: Sebuah Pengantar. Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University Press. Nasution, Farizal & Sembiring, Asli Br. (2007). Budaya Melayu. Medan: Badan Per- pustakaan dan Arsip Daerah Provinsi Sumut. GAYO LANGUAGE IS OLD MALAY (A DIALECTOLOGY STUDY: THE LANGUAGE CHANGE) 204 | Englisia Vol. I No. 2, May 2014 Nonki. (2010). Asal Usul Bahasa Melayu. Retrieved from http://massahar- tiga.Lex.Dogspot.com/2010/03/asal-usul-bahasa-melayu-sebuah-kajian.html Nothofer, Bernd. (1980). Dialektgeographische Untersuchungen in West-Java und im Westlichen Zentral-Java. Wiesbaden: Otto Horrassowitz. Nur, W. W. (2011). Menelusuri sejarah suku gayo melalui dongeng dan bukti arkeologi. Retrieved from http://sejarah.kompasiana.com/2011/07/05/ men- elusuri-sejarah-suku-gayo-melalui-dongeng-dan-bukti-arkeologi/ Schwarz, Chaterine., Davidson, George., et al. (1992). Chambers English Dictionary, (Editors). London: Clays Ltd. St Ives plc. Sibarani, Robert & Hanafiah, Ridwan. (1999). Geografi Dialek Bahasa Mandailing. Medan: Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, Bagian Proyek Pembinaan Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia dan Daerah Sumatera Utara. Sudaryanto. (1993). Metode dan Aneka Teknik Analisis Bahasa: Pengantar Penelitian Wahana Kebudayan Secara Linguistis. Yogyakarta: Duta Wacana University Press. Tanoh Aceh. (2012). 200 Siswa di Takengon Jalani Tes DNA. Retrieved from http://www.tanohaceh.com/?p=1129 Thomas, Alan R. (1988). Methods in Dialectology. Philadelphia: Multilingual Mat- ters Ltd. Wikipedia. (2011). Aceh. Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aceh Abdussalam & Salami Mahmud Englisia Vol. I No. 2, May 2014 | 205 APPENDIX THE WORDS PHONETICALLY DIFFERENCE BETWEEN OLD MALAY AND NEW MALAY (INDONESIA) No. GLOSS ENGLISH BAHASA GAYO (MELAYU TUA) BAHASA INDONESIA (MELAYU MUDA) DIFFERENCE/ VARIANT (Neutral, Lexi- cal, Phonetics) 1 2 3 4 A 2 able, mampu, sangup . mampu, sanggup Phon.D 3 about, sekiter . sekitar, Phon.D 6 across, semelah . sebelah (seberang), Phon.D 7 act, betindak . bertindak, Phon.D 8 addition, penamahen . penambahan, Phon.D 9 adjustment, penyesuen . penyesuaian, Phon.D 13 against, Berlewenen. berlawanan Phon.D 14 agreement, persetujuen . persetujuan, Phon.D 15 air, hewe, kuyu. hawa, bayu, Phon.D 16 all, seloroh . seluruh, Phon.D 17 almost, hamper. hampir, Phon.D 19 amount, jemlah . jumlah, Phon.D 20 amusement, hiburen . hiburan, Phon.D 22 angle, sagi, sodot . segi, sudut, Phon.D 23 angry, benges . bengis (marah) Phon.D 24 animal, benatang . binatang, Phon.D 25 answer, jeweben . jawaban, Phon.D 28 apparatus, peralaten . peralatan, Phon.D 29 apple, wah napel . buah apel, Phon.D 30 approval, persetujuen . persetujuan, Phon.D 31 arch, bangunen mu- lengkung. bangunan melengkung, Phon.D 32 argument, alasen . alasan, Phon.D 34 army, tentera . tentara, Phon.D 36 as, sebage (lagu) . sebagai, Phon.D 39 attempt, cube. coba (usaha) Phon.D 40 attention, peratin, pratin . perhatian, Phon.D 42 authority, keahlien . keahlian, Phon.D 43 automatic, otomates . otomatis, Phon.D 44 awake terjege (wet nome). terjaga, Phon.D B 49 balance, timang , imbang, Phon.D GAYO LANGUAGE IS OLD MALAY (A DIALECTOLOGY STUDY: THE LANGUAGE CHANGE) 206 | Englisia Vol. I No. 2, May 2014 50 ball, bal . bola, Phon.D 51 band, ben, rombongen . ben, rombongan, Phon.D 54 basket, keranyang . keranjang, Phon.D 56 be, ara, jadi. ada, jadi, Phon.D, N 58 because, sebeb . sebab, Phon.D 59 bed, rosbang . rusbang, Phon.D 61 before, sebelam . sebelum, Phon.D 62 behavior, kelakun . kelakuan, Phon.D 63 belief, kepercayaen . kepercayaan, Phon.D 66 berry, uwah (ni) beri . buwah beri Phon.D 70 bit, tetikik, tikit . sedikit, Phon.D 72 bitter, pait, pit pahit, Phon.D 73 Lex.Dack, item, hitam, Phon.D 76 Lex.Dow, iyup . tiup, Phon.D 79 boat, perau . perahu, Phon.D 80 body, beden . badan, Phon.D 82 bone, tulen . tulang, Phon.D 88 brain, utok . otak, Phon.D 91 brass, kuningen . kuningan, Phon.D 92 bread, ruti . roti, Phon.D 94 brick, atu bata . batu bata, Phon.D 98 brother, abang, sudere . abang, saudara, N, Phon.D 101 bucket, emer . ember, Phon.D 102 building, bangunen . bangunan, Phon.D 103 bulb, bohlam, gelemung . bohlam, gelembung, N, Phon.D 107 but, tapi. tetapi, Phon.D C. 117 cart, pedati, gerbak . pedati, gerobak N,Phon.D 119 cause, sebeb . sebab, Phon.D 121 chain, rante . rantai, Phon.D 123 chance, kesempaten,can . kesempatan, Phon.D 128 chest, peti, dede. peti, dada, N, Phon.D 132 circle, ringkelen . lingkaran, PHON.D R = L (Alofon) 135 clock, jem . jam, Phon.D 138 coal, atubere . batubara, Phon.D 148 company, perus- ahaen,rombongen perus- ahaan,rombongan, Phon.D 149 comparison, perbandingen . Perbandingan Phon.D 153 condition, keadaen, parie . keadaan Phon.D 154 connection, hubungen . hubungan, Phon.D 156 control, kendalin . kendali, Phon.D 157 cook, mujerang . menjerang, Phon.D Abdussalam & Salami Mahmud Englisia Vol. I No. 2, May 2014 | 207 158 copper, tembege . tembaga, Phon.D 163 cough, matuk . batuk, Phon.D 166 cow, lemu . lembu, Phon.D 169 crime, kejahaten . kejahatan, Phon.D 170 cruel, kejem, kasar . kejam, kasar Phon.D, N 171 crush, tebrak . tabrak, Phon.D 175 curtain, tire . tirai, Phon.D 178 cut . mungerat, mune- bang . mengerat, mene- bang Phon.D D. 179 damage, kerusaken . kerusakan, Phon.D 181 dark, gelep . gelap, Phon.D 182 daughter, peteri . putri, Phon.D 184 dead, mate . mati, Phon.D 186 death, kematen . kematian, Phon.D 187 debt, utang . hutang, Phon.D 188 decision, keputusen . keputusan, Phon.D 189 deep, relem, delem . dalam, Phon.D 190 degree, derejet,tingket . derajat,tingkat, Phon.D 191 delicate, sedep . sedap, Phon.D 192 dependent, ketergantungen . ketergantungan, Phon.D 193 design, murancang . merancang, Phon.D 194 desire, keinginen, kenak . keinginan, kehendak Phon.D 195 destruction, perusaken. perusakan, Phon.D 197 development, pengembangen . pengembangan, Phon.D 198 different, mubeda, bebeda . berbeda, Phon.D 199 digestion, pencernaken ,lamung. pencernaan, lam- bung Phon.D 202 discovery, penemun . penemuan, Phon.D 207 distribution, penyaluren . penyaluran, Phon.D 208 division, bagen . bagian, Phon.D 209 do, bebuet . berbuat, Phon.D 214 drain, saluren, parik . saluran, parit Phon.D 216 dress, pekayan . pakaian, Phon.D 218 driving, munyepir . menyopir, Phon.D 219 drop, tetep, singah . tetes, singgah, Phon.D E. 222 ear, cuping, kemiring . kuping, Phon.D 223 early, awal, mulo . awal, mula N, Phon.D 227 education, pendidiken . pendidikan, Phon.D 228 effect, akibet, pengaruh . akibat, pengaruh, Phon.D, N 230 elastic, elastis, tegang- kenur . elastis, tegang- kendur N, Phon.D 232 end, akhire, selese . akhir, selesai Phon.D GAYO LANGUAGE IS OLD MALAY (A DIALECTOLOGY STUDY: THE LANGUAGE CHANGE) 208 | Englisia Vol. I No. 2, May 2014 236 error, kesalahen . kesalahan, Phon.D 237 even, malahen . malahan, Phon.D 238 event, peristiwe, kejaden peristiwa, kejadian Phon.D 240 every, setiep, jep . setiap, Phon.D 241 example, contoe . contoh, Phon.D 242 exchange, pertukeren . pertukaran, Phon.D 243 existence, keberadaen . keberadaan, Phon.D 244 expansion, perluesen . perluasan, Phon.D 245 experience, pengalamen . pengalaman, Phon.D 246 expert, tenege ahli . tenaga ahli, Phon.D F. 250 fall, musim gugur, metuh . musim-gugur, jatuh N, Phon.D 255 fat, gemok, gotol . gemuk, Phon.D 260 feeling, perasaen . perasaan Phon.D 263 fiction, cerite . cerita, Phon.D 264 field, ume . huma, Phon.D 266 finger, jari, jejari . jari, jemari N, Phon.D 268 first, mulo, pemulo . mula, pemula Phon.D 269 fish, iken . ikan, Phon.D 271 flag, bendera, kiberen . bendera, kibarkan, N, Phon.D 272 flame, munyala . menyala, Phon.D 273 flat, gempes . kempes, Phon.D 274 flight, penerbangen . penerbangan, Phon.D 275 floor, lante . lantai, Phon.D 276 flower, bunge . bunga, Phon.D 278 fold, lipeten . lipatan, Phon.D 279 food, panganen . penganan, Phon.D, 280 foolish, ogoh . bodoh, Phon.D 283 force, kekueten . kekuatan, Phon.D 284 fork, gerpu, penggarut garpu, penggarut Phon.D, N 288 frame, bingke . bingkai, Phon.D 289 free, gratis, cume-cume gratis, cuma-cuma, N, Phon.D 292 from, ari . dari, Phon.D 294 fruit, uah, uwah. buah, buwah Phon.D G. 299 get, depet . dapat, Phon.D 301 give, osah . kasih, Phon.D 305 goat, kaming . kambing, Phon.D 312 green, ijo . hijau, Phon.D 314 grip, tengkam . tangkap, Phon.D 316 growth, pertumuhen . pertumbuhan, Phon.D 317 guide, pemannu. pemandu, Phon.D Abdussalam & Salami Mahmud Englisia Vol. I No. 2, May 2014 | 209 H. 320 hammer, tukul, mertil. tukul, martil, N, Phon.D 323 happy, bahgie . bahagia, Phon.D 324 harbor, pelabuhen . pelabuhan, Phon.D 329 have, milik ara . milik, ada, N, Phon.D 331 head, mumimpin, ulu. memimpin, hulu, Phon.D 334 heart, jantung, ate . jantung, hati, N, Phon.D 336 help, bantu, tulung . bantu, tolong N, Phon.D 337 here, i sin, i sien . di sini, Phon.D 340 hole, luwang, loyang . lubang, Phon.D 342 hook, sangkuten. sangkutan, Phon.D 343 hope, harapen . harapan, Phon.D 344 horn, terompet, tanuk . terompet, tanduk, N, Phon.D 345 horse, kude . kuda, 346 hospital, umah sakit . rumah sakit, Phon.D 347 hour, jem . jam, Phon.D 348 house, umah . rumah, Phon.D I. 353 idea, ide, pemikiren . ide, pemikiran , Phon.D 354 if, ike . jika, Phon.D 357 impulse, gerak ni ate . gerakan hati, Phon.D 359 increase, muningket . meningkat, Phon.D 364 instrument, peralaten . peralatan, Phon.D 365 insurance, jaminen, asuransi . jaminan, asuransi, Phon.D, N 366 interest, bunge, minet . bunga, minat, Phon.D 367 invention, penemun . penemuan, Phon.D 369 island . pulo . pulau. Phon.D J. 370 jelly, sele . selai, Phon.D 372 join, gabungen . gabungan, Phon.D 373 journey, perjelenen . perjalanan, Phon.D 375 jump . lumpet . lompat. Phon.D K. 379 kick, tipak . sepak, Phon.D 381 kiss, cum, cumen . cium, ciuman, Phon.D 385 knowledge . pengetahuen, ilmu . pengetahuan, ilmu. Phon.D, N L. 386 land, dereten, tanoh . daratan, tanah, Phon.D 392 lead, petunyuk, pimpin . petunjuk, pimpin, Phon.D, N 393 leaf, dun, ulung . daun, Phon.D GAYO LANGUAGE IS OLD MALAY (A DIALECTOLOGY STUDY: THE LANGUAGE CHANGE) 210 | Englisia Vol. I No. 2, May 2014 394 learning, pelejeren . pelajaran, Phon.D 398 let, bier, ijinen . biar, ijinkan, Phon.D 399 letter, suret, tulisen, hu- ruf . surat, tulisan, huruf, Phon.D, N 400 level, tingket . tingkat, Phon.D 403 light, caya, nyala . cahaya, nyala, Phon.D, N 407 linen, lemut, lemek . lembut, lembek, Phon.D 409 liquid, cairen . cairan, Phon.D 411 little, tikik . dikit , Phon.D 412 living, kehidupen . kehidupan, Phon.D 417 loud, inger . hingar, Phon.D 419 low, renah . rendah. Phon.D M. 421 make, buet, tos . buat, Phon.D 423 man, urang, rawan . orang, lelaki, Phon.D, Lex.D 424 manager, menejer, pimpi- nen . manajer, pimpinan, Phon.D 426 mark, tene . tanda, Phon.D 428 married, munikah, kerje . menikah, Phon.D 429 match, adu, judu . adu, jodoh, N, Phon.D 430 material, reta, bene . harta, benda, Phon.D 431 mass, rami, rayat . ramai, rakyat, Phon.D 433 meal, makanen, man- gan . makanan, makan, Phon.D 436 medical, kesehaten . kesehatan, Phon.D 437 meeting, pertemuen, rapat . pertemuan, rapat, Phon.D, N 438 memory, memori, ingeten . memori, ingatan, N, Phon.D 443 mind, pikiren . pikiran, Phon.D 447 mixed, icampur, iaduk . dicampur, diaduk, Phon.D 450 month, bulen (tanggal) . bulan, (tanggal), Phon.D 451 moon, ulen (planet) bulan (planet) Phon.D 452 morning, soboh . subuh, Phon.D 454 motion, begerak . bergerak, Phon.D 457 move, pinah . pindah, Phon.D 458 much, more, bayak, lebih bay- ak, dele. banyak, lebih ban- yak, Phon.D N. 462 name, nahma, geral . nama, gelar Phon.D 469 need, kebutuhen, keper- luen . kebutuhan, keperlu- an, Phon.D 474 news, berite, keber . berita, kabar, Phon.D 475 night, kelam, gelep . malam, gelap, Phon.D 476 no, enggih, gere . enggak, tidak, Phon.D 477 noise, inger . hingar, Phon.D Abdussalam & Salami Mahmud Englisia Vol. I No. 2, May 2014 | 211 480 nose, iyung, igung . hidung, Phon.D 482 note, cataten . catatan, Phon.D O. 486 observation, pengamaten . pengamatan, Phon.D 487 of, tentang, mungenai . tentang, mengenai, Phon.D 488 off, matinen . matikan, Phon.D 489 offer, tawaren . tawarkan, Phon.D 492 old, tue . tua, Phon.D 495 open, uke . buka, Phon.D 497 opinion, pendepet, pikiren pendapat, pikiran, Phon.D 498 opposite, lewen (kata) . lawan (kata), Phon.D 503 ornament, hiasen . hiasan, Phon.D 504 other, laen, len . lain, Phon.D 507 over, i atas . di atas, Phon.D P. 511 paint, cet . cat, Phon.D 513 parallel, sejejer . sejajar, Phon.D 514 parcel, bungkusen . bungkusan, Phon.D 515 part, bagien . bagian, Phon.D 518 payment, pembayaren . pembayaran, Phon.D 519 peace, dame . damai, Phon.D 520 pen, pelpen . pulpen, Phon.D 522 person, urang, manusie. orang, manusia, Phon.D 531 plate, pingen, plat . pinggan, plat , Phon.D, N 532 play, men, drama . main, drama , Phon.D, N 534 pleasure, kesenangen . kesenangan , Phon.D 536 pocket, sak, kantong . saku, kantong, Phon.D, N 538 poison, racun, tube . racun, tuba, N, Phon.D 540 political, pelitik, pendukung politik, pendukung Phon.D, N 543 position, posisi, keduduken posisi, kedudukan, N, Phon.D 545 pot, pot,cerek . pot, ceret, Phon.D 546 potato, gantang . kentang, Phon.D 548 power, kuasa, tenege . kuasa, tenaga, Phon.D 552 prison, penjere . penjara, Phon.D 554 probaLex.De, kemungkinen . kemungkinan, Phon.D 558 property, aset, reta . aset, harta, N, Phon.D 563 pump, pumpah . pompa, Phon.D 564 punishment, hukumen . hukuman, Phon.D 565 purpose, tujuen . tujuan, Phon.D 566 push, tulak, degen . tolak, tekan, Phon.D GAYO LANGUAGE IS OLD MALAY (A DIALECTOLOGY STUDY: THE LANGUAGE CHANGE) 212 | Englisia Vol. I No. 2, May 2014 Q. 569 question, pertanyaen . pertanyaan, Phon.D 572 quite . sunguh . sungguh, Phon.D R. 578 ray, siner . sinar, Phon.D 581 reading, mubaca . membaca, Phon.D 582 ready, siep . siap, Phon.D 583 reason, alasen . alasan, Phon.D 586 regret, penyesalen, munyesal penyesalan, me- nyesal Phon.D 588 relation, hubungen . hubungan, Phon.D 593 responsible, bertanggungjeweb . bertanggung jawab, Phon.D 594 rest, isterhat . istirahat, Phon.D 601 road, jelen . jalan, Phon.D 602 rod, tangke . tangkai, Phon.D 608 round, puteren . putaran, Phon.D 610 rule, aturen . aturan, Phon.D S. 618 say, ucepen . ucapkan, Phon.D 620 school, sekulah . sekolah, Phon.D 621 science, ilmu pengetahuen . ilmu pengetahuan, Phon.D 630 seed, eneh . benih, Phon.D 631 selection, pemilihen . pemilihan, Phon.D 632 self, diri, kendiri . diri, sendiri, Phon.D 633 send, mungirim . mengirim, Phon.D 636 separate, mupisah . berpisah, Phon.D 644 sheep, bebiri . biri-biri, Phon.D 648 shock, guncangen . goncangan, Phon.D 650 short, singket . singkat, Phon.D 653 sign, tenne . tanda, Phon.D 655 silver, pirak . perak, Phon.D 657 sister, adek, aka . adik, kakak Phon.D 658 size, ukuren . ukuran, Phon.D 664 slope, mereng . miring, Phon.D 667 smash, cemes . smes, Phon.D 671 smooth, alus . halus, Phon.D 679 soft, lemut . lembut, Phon.D 680 solid, pedet . padat, Phon.D 681 some, tikik . dikit, Phon.D 683 song, nyanyin, lagu . nyanyian, lagu Phon.D, N 687 soup, sop . sup, Phon.D Abdussalam & Salami Mahmud Englisia Vol. I No. 2, May 2014 | 213 690 special, husus . khusus, Phon.D 691 sponge, sepon, mugosok . sepon, menggosok, N, Phon.D 692 spoon, senok . sendok, Phon.D 699 statement, pernyataen . pernyataan, Phon.D 705 stick, tungket . tongkat, Phon.D 711 stone, atu . batu, Phon.D 716 street, jelen, dene . jalan, Phon.D 717 stretch, mulonggaren . melonggarkan, Phon.D 718 stiff, jekang, kental. kejang, kental, Phon.D, N 720 strong, kuet . kuat, Phon.D 723 sugar, gule . gula, Phon.D 726 support, dukungen . dukungan, Phon.D T. 741 teaching, ejeren, ejer . ajaran, ajar, Phon.D 744 than, aripada . daripada, Phon.D 745 that, behwe . bahwa, Phon.D 747 then, Kemudien, kemuden . kemudian, Phon.D 749 there, i sone . di sana, Phon.D 750 thick, tebel . tebal, Phon.D 752 thing, benne . benda, Phon.D 754 though, meskipe . meskipun , Phon.D 755 thought, pikiren . pikiran, Phon.D 760 thunder, gegur . guntur, Phon.D 761 ticket, kercis . karcis, Phon.D 763 till, hinge, sampe . hingga, samapai Phon.D 767 to, ku . ke, Phon.D 771 tongue, dilah . lidah, Phon.D 775 town, kute . kota, Phon.D 776 trade, perdagangen . perdagangan, Phon.D 777 train, kretapi . kereta api, Phon.D 778 transport, pengangkuten . pengangkutan, Phon.D 786 twist . puter . putar, Phon.D U. 791 use, gune, pake’ guna, pakai Phon.D V. 796 view, pandangen, ang- gapen . pandangan, angga- pan Phon.D 797 violent, kekejemen . kekejaman, Phon.D W. 799 waiting, munanti . menanti, Phon.D 808 wave, gelumang . gelombang, Phon.D GAYO LANGUAGE IS OLD MALAY (A DIALECTOLOGY STUDY: THE LANGUAGE CHANGE) 214 | Englisia Vol. I No. 2, May 2014 812 week, mingu . minggu, Phon.D 814 well, jeroh, telege . baik, telaga, Lex.D, Phon.D 818 when, ketike . ketika, Phon.D 821 whip, cambuk, dere . cambuk, dera, N, Phon.D 822 whistle, piul . siul, Phon.D 823 white, puteh . putih, Phon.D 826 wide, lues . luas, Phon.D 840 work, buet, kerje. buat, kerja, Phon.D 842 wound, luke . luka, Phon.D 843 writing, tulisen . tulisan, Phon.D X. - - - Y. 845 year, taun, tun . tahun, Phon.D 847 yes, eya, ole, o beta . iya, o begitu, Phon.D, Lex.D 849 you, kam, ko . kamu, kau Phon.D 850 young. mude . muda. Phon.D Z. - - Phonetically Differ- ence = 305 words (35.88%)