52 EnJourMe (English Journal of Merdeka) : Culture, Language, and Teaching of English Vol. 3 No. 2 December (2018) 52 – 60 EnJourMe (English Journal of Merdeka) : Culture, Language, and Teaching of English Journal homepage: http://jurnal.unmer.ac.id/index.php/enjourme/index A pragmatic analysis on the types and the purposes of address terms used by the main character in Jane Austen’s “EMMA” Miftahush Shalihah Universitas ‘Aisyiyah Yogyakarta, Jalan Jalan Ringroad Barat No.63, 55592, Yogyakarta, Indonesia Email: miftadialaula@unisayogya.ac.id A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T Article history: Received 19 February 2019 Received in revised form 22 April 2019 Accepted 22 April 2019 Available online 03 May 2019 This research aims to describe the types of address terms used by the main character in Jane Austen’s EMMA and to reveal the main character’s purposes in using types of address terms. Further, this study employs descriptive- qualitative method. The result of the research can be concluded as follows. First, there are 8 types of address terms. They are (a) title plus last name, (b) first name, (c) full name, (d) pet name, (e) kinship terms, (f) title plus full name, (g) occupational terms, and (h) title alone. The most frequent use of address terms is title plus last name since it is used to respect the addressees. Second, there are 6 purposes of address terms. They are (a) to show politeness, (b) to show intimacy, (c) to show social status, (d) to keep inferiority, (e) to show friendship, and (f) to show solidarity. From the study, the writer found that the address terms are mostly used in purpose to be polite to the addressees. © 2019 EnJourMe. All rights reserved. Keywords: Address terms, function of address terms, purpose of address terms, types of address terms. DOI: 10.26905/enjourme.v2i2.2747 1. Introduction When we communicate with others, we use language as a means of communication. We use language to express our idea to another. We use language in our daily activities wherever and whenever we go. We use language to send social messages about our personal identity, our characters, and our background. Our speech also provides clues to other about who we are, and perhaps what kinds of social experiences we have (Holmes, 2001). People communicate to each other not only by uttering what they want to say. They also communicate with each other by using written language such as newspaper, magazine, letter, poem, short story, comic, and novel. When people communicate by using written language, they can communicate with more people outside. He/she can communicate not only with people who are present in front of him/her but also with them who are not present there. Novel is one kind of written languages which is used as a tool of communication. Usually, a novel contains some aspects influenced by the author such as educational background, cultural background, and the author’s association with his/her community. Those aspects will affect the story and even the language used in the novel. If the readers have different culture from the culture in the novel, it is difficult for them to understand it. If they want to understand the novel, they have to know more about the cultural setting in the novel. Address terms, greeting, summon, and jargon are some kinds of speech style which become the part of culture. Every culture will have different address terms, different ways to greeting others, summon, and jargon. Address terms is a word, phrase, name, or title (or some combination of these) used in addressing someone in writing or in speech. The choice in using address term signals the relationship between language and society. It also shows how a person imagines his/her relationship with the addressee within this society. The use of address forms also reflects sociocultural change over time. mailto:miftadialaula@unisayogya.ac.id Shalihah, Miftahush/ EnJourMe Vol. 3 No. 2(2018) 52 - 60 53 In 1815, Jane Austen wrote a novel entitled EMMA. Jane Austen used some address terms in the novel. The use of address term in the novel reflects the condition of the society at the second half of 18th century and the beginning of 19th century. The use of address terms will mark the social status of the addressee. People outside the community in the novel, will be difficult to understand this cultural content since one person can be addressed by more than one address terms. The study of address terms meaning is observed in pragmatic context. In this paper, the writer will discuss the types and the purpose of address terms used by the main character in Jane Austen’s ‘EMMA’. Trudgill (1992) defines address terms as words and phrases used to address other people in conversation, meetings, letters, etc. Address form may include pronouns such as you, titles such as Sir and Madam, names such as John and Mr. Smith, and endearment and expressions such as mate, buddy, dear, honey. In all communities, there are norms concerning who uses which form to whom, what the social implications are of using one form or another, and on which occasions particular forms may be used. Furthermore, Chaika (1982) states that the rules of addressing in a society are as complex as the society itself. Address is used almost for power and solidarity. It is also used to reinforce the relative intimacy and power between people. Addressing person as ‘Mr’, ‘Mrs’, and ‘Miss’ or by a first name is not about simple vocabulary choice, but about the relationship and social position of the speaker and the addressee. The choice involves cultural valves and norms of politeness, deference, and status. (http://www.pbs.org/speak/speech/sociolinguistics-/socialbehavior). There are many types of address terms we can choose to address others. According to Chaika (1982), the types of address terms are First Name (FN), Title plus Last Name (TLN), Kinship Term (KT), and respectful term. Special nicknames are also often used among close friends. According to Holmes (2001), the types of address terms are First Name (FN), Title plus Last Name (TLN), and Occupational Title. In addition, between some people, mainly male, mutual Last Name (LN) is the norm and there is also a non-reciprocal pattern involving madam/sir upwards and Last Name (LN) downwards to subordinate. Meanwhile, Wardhaugh (1986) mentioned the types of address terms are First Name (FN), Title plus Last Name (TLN), Pet Name (PN), Title Alone (T), Kinship Term, and Last Name Alone (LN). We should note that in such a classification, titles like Sir or Madam are generalized variants of the title category, i.e. generic title. In this paper, the writer tends to mix the theories of address terms types from Chaika (1982), Holmes (2001) and Wardaugh (1998) for better information and enrich our knowledge. Then, the writer classifies the types of address terms into eight. They are First Name (FN), Title plus Last Name (TLN), Full Name Alone (FLN), Title plus Full Name (TFN), Pet Name (PN), Occupational Title (OT), Kinship Term (KT) and Title alone (T). As mentioned above, most people address their friends and family differently from those they do not know well, and from those who are in superior relationship to them. According to Chaika (1982) most studies of addressee concentrate on whether or not first name (FN) is used or title like ‘Mr’, ‘Mrs’, ‘Miss’, Dr., Prof. etc. plus last name (TLN). Title plus Last Name (TLN) generally indicates social distance. Superiors to those they outrank but who are, nevertheless, of relatively high status may also use it. In general, people use Title plus Last Name (TLN) upwards to superior, and First Name (FN) downwards to subordinate. When people want to keep someone inferior, they insist their subordinate to address them with a title and they addressed their subordinate by their first name. According to Holmes (2001), address terms can be used to show politeness. There are two kinds of politeness, positive politeness and negative politeness. Positive politeness is solidarity oriented. When the superior suggests that a subordinate should use First Name (FN), this shows positive politeness. This is positive politeness move, expressing solidarity and minimizing status differences. According to Wardhaugh (1998), the asymmetric use of Title plus Last Name (TLN) and First Name (FN), indicates inequality in power. However, mutual Title plus Last Name (TLN) indicates inequality and unfamiliarity, while mutual First Name (FN), indicates equality and familiarity. Address by Title alone (T) is the least intimate form of address which designate ranks or occupation. Meanwhile, address by First Name (FN) is, of course, a sign of considerable intimacy or at least of a desire for such intimacy. When someone uses your First Name FN) alone in addressing you, you may feel an occasion that the person is presuming an intimacy you do not recognize or, alternatively, is trying to assert some power over you. From the explanation of some theories above, we can see that according to Chaika (1982), the purposes of address terms are to show formality, politeness, status social, solidarity, power and to keep someone inferior. According to Holmes (2001), the purposes of address terms are to show politeness, formality, power, solidarity, and social status. And the last, according to Wardhaugh (1998), the purpose of address terms are to show intimacy, social status, and power differential. Shalihah, Miftahush/ EnJourMe Vol. 3 No. 2(2018) 52 - 60 54 In this paper, the writer also tends to mix the theory about the purposes of address terms from Chaika (1982), Holmes (2001) and Wardaugh (1998). The writer divided the purposes of address terms into six categories. They are to show intimacy, politeness, to keep someone inferior, solidarity, formality, and to maintain social status. Based in the explanation of the theories above, there are two research questions as follows: 1. What types of address terms does the main character in Jane Austen’s ‘EMMA’ use? 2. What are the purposes of the terms used by the main character in Jane Austen’s ‘EMMA’? 2. Method The type of this research is qualitative which employs descriptive methods. A descriptive-qualitative method is similar with qualitative research because it describes particular phenomena or situations that become the focus of the research (Selinger and Shohamy, 1989). The objectives of this study are to describe the types of address terms, the purposes of address terms, and the factors of address terms. The data will be classified into data sheets which provide the classification of the three objectives stated before. The researcher provides the table in data sheets to show the frequency of the occurring data. The data of this research are taken from Jane Austen’s ‘EMMA’. The researcher takes this novel for research since there are several kinds of address terms in this novel such as First Name (FN), Title plus Last Name (TLN), Pet Name (PN), and Kinship Terms (KT). Data of this research will be in the written form. It will be in the form of statements or sentences of the main character which contain terms of address which are taken from the novel of ‘EMMA’. To get a better result, the researcher does not only use the novel as the main source of the data, but she also uses some websites and books about address terms and the novel. According to Selinger and Shohamy (1989) qualitative data analysis techniques deal with non- numerical data, usually linguistics units in oral or written form. Based on the statement, the data in this research will be in the terms of sentences uttered by Emma, the main character in this novel. Basically, reading the novel carefully and making notes are significant ways to collect the data in this research. The comprehensive rereading of the novel needs to be done to get detail information relevant to the problems of the study. The researcher reads the novel and while reading the novel, she collects the data by making notes in the data card related to the study. After gaining the data, the researcher analyzes the data in the steps arranged as follows: 1. Identifying the data in data sheet – the utterances of the main character in the novel which employs terms of address. 2. Classifying the data into the types of address terms. 3. Classifying the data into the purpose of address terms. 4. Analyzing and describing the data as conceptualized in theoretical framework written in chapter II. To strengthen the description of the data in this research, this study involves tables showing the frequencies of the occurrence of the data. It is to know how often the phenomena of address terms occur. 3. Results and discussion 3.1 Result The address terms used by Emma as the Main Character in Jane Austen’s “Emma” are presented in the table 1. Table 1. Table of findings on the types of address terms Types of Address Forms Total FN TLN FLN TFN PN OT KT T 81 (19.19%) 235 (55.69%) 29 (6.87%) 17 (4.03%) 27 (6.40%) 4 (0.94%) 25 (5.92%) 4 (0.94%) 422 (100%) Note: FN : First Name TLN : Title plus Last Name FLN : Full Name TFN : Title plus Full Name PN : Pet Name OT : Occupational Title KT : Kinship Term T : Title alone 55 In this research, the total data of address terms which are used by Emma are 422. The data consist of 8 types of address terms in the classification. All of the address terms in the data are used directly and indirectly to address the addressees. The first type of address terms used by Emma is First Name (FN). It is used in her utterances for 81 times or 19.19%. The use of First Name to address someone has a different purpose and different factors. As stated above, it can be used to show intimacy, solidarity, and inferiority (putting someone to be inferior to the speaker). In this research, Emma uses FN to address James and Harriet and George. The second type of address terms is Title plus Last Name (TLN). This type of address terms occurs in 235 utterances (55.69%). TLN has purposes to show politeness, as a form of formality in a formal setting or situation and to assure the social status of the speaker. Showing the respect of the speaker toward the addressee and showing the social status differences between them are factors which influence the use of this type. The example uses of TLN in the novel are Mr. Weston, Miss Taylor and Mr. Knightley. The third type of address terms used by Emma is Full Name (FLN). This type occurs for 29 times (6.87%). The purposes and the factors of FLN are not far from the use of First Name to address someone. They are to show intimacy, solidarity, or inferiority. The example uses of FLN in the novel are Robert Martin and Jane Fairfax. The next type is Title plus Full Name (TFN) which occurs 17 times (4.03%). The use of TFN is similar with the use of title last name but less formal. The example uses of TFN in the novel are Mr. John Knightley and Mrs. Robert Martin. Pet Name (PN) is also used for 27 times (about 6.40% from the total data). It is used to show intimacy between the speaker and the addressee. PN usually employs the words such as dear, sweet, sweetheart, or love. The use of Occupational Title (OT) by Emma occurs fewer. It is only 4 times (0.94%) from the total data. It is used only to address one person that is Colonel Campbell. The other type of address terms used by Emma is Kinship Terms (KT). Kinship Term (KT) refers to the use of kin-terms such as father, mother, uncle, aunt, sister, or brother. From the total data, the use of Kinship Terms (KT) is about 5.92% or 25 data out of the total 422 data. It is used only to address her father. The last type of address terms is Title alone (T). It is the use of sir and madam by Emma to address other characters, Mr Elton and Miss Bates, in the novel. This type is classified into title alone (T). This type occurs 4 times (0.94%) in Emma’s utterances. The next category is the purposes of address terms used by Emma as the main character in Jane Austen’s Emma which is showed in table 2. Table 2. Table of findings on the purposes of address terms Purposes of Address Terms Total Int. P Inf. S F SS 135 (19.29%) 288 (41.14%) 104 (14.86%) 6 (0.85%) 59 (8.43%) 108 (15.43%) 700 (100%) Note: Int. : to show intimacy P : to show politeness Inf. : to keep inferiority S : to show solidarity F : to show formality SS : to show social status In this research, it is found that the terms of address to show intimacy (Int.) between Emma and the addressee are used for 135 times or 19.29% from the total data. There are several types of address terms which are used to show the intimacy between Emma and the addressee. To show the intimacy between the speaker and the addressee, it commonly uses Pet Name (PN), but in this novel, Emma also used Kinship Terms (KT) and First Name (FN) to show it. Papa (KT) is used to show the intimacy between Emma and her father. We know that in familial relationship between parents and children, the parents tend to be superior to their children. Long time ago, it was common that children used Title plus Last Name (TLN) to address their parents. This phenomenon also occurs in this novel, in the conversation between Mr Weston and his son, Mr Frank Churchill. Mr Frank Churchill addresses his father and his step mother by TLN. However, Emma addresses her father by KT of papa. It can be said that Emma wants to show the intimacy, not only respect, to her father. The use of First Name (FN) also shows the intimacy between Emma and the addressee. This type is used to address her friend, Harriet. The reason is that a good friend tends to use FN to address his/her friend rather than to use last name without title (LN). However, besides showing the intimacy between them, she also Shalihah, Miftahush/ EnJourMe Vol. 3 No. 2(2018) 52 - 60 56 has another purpose that is to maintain the social status between them since Harriet is inferior to Emma. Although they are good friends, it is cannot be neglected that the difference of social status still exists between them. The same with FN which also used to show intimacy between the speaker and the addressee, Pet Name (PN) also has the same purpose with FN. They show intimacy between the speaker and the addressee. In this novel, PN usually employs the word dear. The second purpose of address terms is politeness (P). In this research, politeness is the most frequent occurrence of address term purposes (288 utterances or about 41.14%). The types of address terms usually used to show politeness are Title plus Last Name (TLN), Title plus Full Name (TFN), and Kinship Terms (KT). The third purpose of address terms is to keep someone, in this case the addressee, inferior (Inf.) to the speaker. This case occurs 104 times (14.86%) from the total data. To keep someone inferior, First Name (FN) is usually used by the speaker in addressing the addressee. The next purpose of address terms is solidarity (S) of the speaker to the hearer, and vice versa (6 utterances or about 0.85%). This purpose comes when the speaker and the addressee neglects the social status between them. However, the solidarity usually comes from one of the participant of the conversation whose status is superior. One of the speakers whose status is inferior will be addressed by First Name (FN) by the other one whose status is superior. While the person whose status is superior also receives the same address, that is FN. Another purpose is formality (F). This occurs in 59 data (8.43%). Chaika (1982: 49) stated that formality implies social distance. The reason is that when the speaker is addressing a person, he/she depends on the time of speaking and on whom he/she is speaking to. It does not matter whether the addressee’s status is superior or inferior to the speaker. To achieve this purpose, the speaker usually uses Title plus Last Name (TLN) to address the addressee. The last purpose of address term is to show the social status (SS) of the speaker and the addressee (108 data or about 15.43%). To achieve this purpose, the speaker usually uses First Name (FN) to the addressee whose status is inferior or Title plus Last Name (TLN) to the addressee whose status is superior. 3.1 Discussion Types and Purposes of Address Terms Used by Emma as the Main Character in Jane Austen’s Emma  First Name (FN) Today, the use of First Name is common among people. Most people in western country address each other by their First Name. Of course, this phenomenon is different from Emma’s society in 18th century. In this time, the use of First Name has more than one implication. Emma has different purpose and factor when she decided to use this type of address terms. The use of First Name (FN) has some purposes. As stated by Chika (1982: 49) it is quite usual in many societies to find the same address terms being used both to keep inferiors in their place and as a sign of intimacy. From that statement, First Name (FN) can be used such as to show intimacy between the speaker and the addressee; to keep inferiority; to show solidarity; and to maintain social status. In this research, the use of First Name (FN) occurs 81 times in the utterances or about 19.19% from the total data. The examples of the use of First Name by Emma are as the following: a) ‘And as for James, you may be very sure will always like going to Randalls, …’ (I/AT/004/008) b) ‘I wish you may not get into scrape, Harriet, …’ (IV/AT/024/036) c) ‘…, while Isabella is here.’ (IX/AT/069/134) d) ‘I wonder which she will think the handsomest, Henry or John?’ (IX/AT/070/142) e) ‘…, and thanking him all day long for his great kindness in marrying Jane?’ (XXVI/AT/197/283) In the first example, First Name (FN) is used to address James. He is the coachman who works with Woodhouse family. He is addressed indirectly when Emma talked to her father about visiting Mr and Mrs Weston’s house. From this little explanation, we can conclude that Emma’s purposes in addressing James by First Name (FN) are to keep him inferior to her and to maintain her social status since she is his master. One good way to keep someone in an inferior position is by addressing him/her by First Name (FN) but asks to be addressed by Title plus Last Name (TLN). In the second example, First Name (FN) is used to address her friend, Harriet. She is a natural girl (a girl who was born from a woman who did not married) of an unknown person. In 18th century, it is clearly known that a natural girl has a low rank in society. In this case, the use of First Name (FN) is to show the intimacy between them since they are an intimate friend and very well acquainted. On the other hand, the use of First Name (FN) is to keep her inferior to Emma and to emphasize that she belongs to a lower social status. Harriet is also aware that she is inferior to Emma therefore she always addresses her by Title plus Last Name Shalihah, Miftahush/ EnJourMe Vol. 3 No. 2(2018) 52 - 60 57 (TLN). This indicates that the inequality between them still exists although they are intimate friends. The third and the fourth examples of First Name (FN) are to address others who are older and younger. The third example shows the use of First Name (FN) to address Isabella, Emma’s older sister. She is addressed by her younger sister to show the intimacy between them since they are sisters. This is also a kind of solidarity of Emma to Isabella. Brown and Gilman stated in Fasold (1987) that solidarity implied a sharing between people, a degree of closeness and intimacy. If two people are solidary, both of them would exchange the same pronoun of First Name (FN). Isabella is addressed by First Name (FN) although she is superior or older than Emma. On the other hand, Isabella addresses Emma by First Name (FN). It shows the form of solidarity between them. The fourth example shows the use of First Name (FN) to address Emma’s nephews, Henry and John. They are addressed by their First Name (FN) because they are younger than Emma. First Name (FN) is used to show the intimacy between aunt and nephews. This is as stated by Brown and Gilman in Fasold (1987) that the member who is older will call the younger by First Name (FN). The last, First Name (FN) is used to address Jane Fairfax. Emma does not like her. She herself does not have a specific reason why she has such a feeling. Emma and Jane Fairfax are not well acquainted. Jane Fairfax is addressed by First Name (FN) indirectly when Emma has a conversation with Mrs Weston. Since Emma and Mrs Weston have a close relationship, Emma can talk and give her opinion freely without being afraid to be criticize by Mrs Weston. She is addressed by her First Name (FN) in terms to show her dislike in a formal occasion or when Emma talked to other people who do not have a close relationship with her, Jane Fairfax will be addressed by Title plus Last Name (TLN) to show politeness in terms of formality.  Title plus Last Name Title plus Last Name (TLN) is one type of address terms which is also commonly used to address someone else. This type of address term is usually used in terms of politeness whether to be formal or to respect the addressee. This type is employed by Emma in her utterances for 235 times or about 55.69% from the total data. The examples of the use of Title plus Last Name (TLN) are as follows: a) ‘Mr Weston is such a good-humoured, pleasant. Excellent man, …’ (I/AT/004/002) b) ‘What sort of looking man is Mr Martin?’ (IV/AT/023/034) c) ‘Pray, Miss Smith, give me leave to pay my address to you.’ (IX/AT/062/117) In the first example, Emma uses Title plus Last Name (TLN) to address Mr Weston. He is addressed by Title plus Last Name (TLN) since he is older than her. On the other hand, he is Mrs Weston’s husband. Mrs Weston was her governess for about 16 years. Title plus Last Name (TLN) is still used to address him although he is not present when he is being addressed. She addresses him by Title plus Last Name (TLN) in terms of politeness to respect him. In the second example, this type of address term is used to address Mr Martin. Mr Martin is a young farmer who rents farm of Abbey-Mill-Farm from Mr Knightley. He is being addressed by Title plus Last Name (TLN) when she is talking to Harriet. The reason is that she does not want to be rude in front of her friend since Harriet is well acquainted with Mr Martin before Emma and Harriet become good friends. She addresses him by Title plus Last Name (TLN) in terms of formality. The next example has shown the use of Title plus Last Name (TLN) by Emma to address her friend, Harriet. In informal occasion, it is usual to Emma to address Harriet by her First Name (FN) as being explained before in the example of First Name (FN). In this case, Harriet is addressed by Title plus Last Name (TLN) when they have conversation with Mr Elton. She is addressed by Title plus Last Name (TLN) in terms of formality to respect her in front of Mr Elton. Emma wishes that Mr Elton will be impressed by Harriet since she arranges a match to both of them.  Full Name (FLN) Full Name (FLN) is the generalized variant of First Name category. The use of Full Name (FLN) to address someone else has the similar purposes and factors with the use of First Name (FN). In some occasion, the use of Full Name (FN) to address someone else has stronger meaning of purpose than First Name (FN). It occurs 29 times (6.87%) in Emma’s utterances. The examples of the use of Full Name (FLN) used by Emma are as follows: a) ‘But as my letting her marry Robert Martin, it is impossible;’ (VIII/AT/055/110) b) ‘One sick of the very name of Jane Fairfax.’ (X/AT/076/154) c) ‘Frank Churchill comes as regularly into my mind! (XXXII/AT/244/322) d) ‘And if poor little Anna Weston is to be …’ (LII/AT/407/414) In the first two examples, Emma uses Full Name (FLN) to address Robert Martin and Jane Fairfax. Both of the examples have similar cases. Emma is not well acquainted with both of the addressees that are Robert Martin and Jane Fairfax. Moreover, Emma does not like both of them. She does not like Jane but she Shalihah, Miftahush/ EnJourMe Vol. 3 No. 2(2018) 52 - 60 58 does not have any specific reason why she does not like her. Meanwhile she does not like Robert Martin because in her opinion he comes from a lower class family and he is not equal with her in social status. In a formal occasion, both of them are addressed by their Title plus Last Name (TLN). They are addressed by their Full Name (FLN) to show that Emma does not like them and to show that Emma’s status is superior to both of them. In the third example, Full Name (FLN) is used to address Frank Churchill. Frank is Mr Weston’s son. Although at first they are not really well acquainted, Emma wishes that they can be good friends. She thinks that she is in love with him. Emma addressed him by Full Name (FLN) in terms of intimacy because they were making a friend. The last example is the use of Full Name (FLN) used by Emma to address Mrs Weston’s daughter. She addresses her in the terms of intimacy because she is her best friend’s daughter. Anna Weston is addressed by Full Name (FLN) because she is younger than her  Title plus Full Name (TFN) As stated before, the use of Title plus Full Name (TFN) has a similar purposes and factors with the use of Title plus Last Name (TLN). The difference is that the use of Title plus Full Name (TFN) is less formal than Title plus Last Name (TLN). The occurrences of this type are 17 times (4.03%) in Emma’s utterances. The examples of the use of Title plus Full Name (TFN) are as the following: a) ‘– my brother, Mr John Knightley.’ (VI/AT/037/070) b) ‘She is superior to Mr Robert Martin.’ (VIII/AT/053/102) c) ‘What has Mr Frank Churchill done, …’ (XVIII/AT/127/204) In example (1)), Title plus Full Name (TFN) is used to address Emma’s brother-in-law that is Mr John Knightley. He is addressed by Title plus Full Name (TFN) in terms of politeness to respect him since he is older than her and he is her older sister’s husband. It also indicates that Emma wishes such intimacy since he is her brother. She does not address him by Title plus Last Name (TLN) since she is aware that using Title plus Last Name (TLN) will sound too formal. The second example has shown the use of this type to address Mr Robert Martin. Robert Martin is addressed by Title plus Last Name (TLN) in terms of formality to show Emma’s dislikeness of him. He is addressed by Title plus Full Name (TFN) when she talked with Mr Knightley who is a friend of Robert Martin. She does not address him by his First Name (FN) or Full Name (FLN) because she does not want to be rude in front of Mr Knightley. In this case, she does not address him by Title plus Last Name (TLN) because she is aware that he is inferior to her. In the last example, the use of Title plus Full Name (TFN) by Emma to address Mr Frank Churchill indicates her wishes to have such an intimacy with him. The reason is that he is Mr Weston’s son, and this means that he is Mrs Weston’s step-son. Moreover, Emma thinks that she is in love with him and she wishes more close relationship.  Pet Name (PN) Pet Name (PN) is usually used to show our endearment to others. That is the reason why this type is also called as endearment address terms. The use of this type usually indicates the intimacy between the speaker and the addressee. The words usually used in this type are dear, darling, sweet, sweetheart, love and they are usually combined with a pronoun like my. The use of Pet Name (PN) occurs for 27 times or about 6.40% from the total data. The examples uses of this type by Emma are as follows: a) ‘My dearest papa!’ (I/AT/006/016) b) ‘Dear Mrs Weston!’ (VI/AT/037/067) c) ‘Thank you, thank you, my own sweet little friend.’ (VII/AT/046/088) d) ‘My dear Isabella, I have not heard you …’ (XII/AT/089/176) In the first example, Pet Name (PN) which is used is the word of dearest to address her father. It is used in terms to show the intimacy between both of them. The second example has shown the use of Pet Name (PN) to address Mrs Weston, her former governess. She is addressed by Pet Name (PN) to show that there is intimacy between them although Mrs Weston left her to live with her husband. On other hand, Emma still shows her respect to her by combining the word of dear with Title plus Last Name (TLN). The third example shows the use of Pet Name (PN) by Emma to address her friend, Harriet. This indicates the close relationship between them. Although Harriet’s status is inferior to Emma, it does not mean that they cannot become good friends. Harriet is often addressed by Emma by Pet Name (PN) when she spent her time together with Emma. In the last example, Isabella is addressed by Pet Name (PN) to show the intimacy between sisters. Shalihah, Miftahush/ EnJourMe Vol. 3 No. 2(2018) 52 - 60 59 Although Isabella has married and lives far away from Hartfield, intimacy still exist between them.  Occupational Title (OT) Occupational Title (OC) is used to show the respect of the speaker to the addressee based on the occupational rank of the addressee. Emma used this type to address Colonel Campbell. He is addressed by his Occupational Title (OT) in terms of politeness to respect him and because of his occupational hierarchy OH. This type is only used for 4 times in Emma’s utterances or about 0.94%. The example as follows: ‘… excused accompanying Colonel and Mrs Campbell.’ (XIX/AT/138/220) Wardaugh (1998) states that address by title alone is the least intimate form of address. That title usually designates ranks or occupation, as Colonel, Doctor, or Waiter. From the statement, it can be concluded that addressing by ‘Colonel Campbell’ is more intimate than addressing by ‘Colonel’ alone.  Kinship Term (KT) Kinship Terms (KT) type employs the use of father, mother, mom, dad, uncle, aunt, sister or brother to address someone else who has family relationship with the speaker. In this novel, a Kinship Term is only used (KT) to address her father. She addresses her father as papa. It occurs for 25 times (5.92%). The example of the use of Kinship Terms (KT) is as the following: ‘I cannot agree with you, papa;’ (I/AT/004/001)  Title (T) This type of address term employs the use of sir and madam. This type is categorized as Title alone (T). Title alone (T) is used for four times in Emma’s utterances. This type of title alone (T) can be found in Chaika’s book Language the Social Mirror. Chaika states that most studies related to address terms concentrate on how to address others, whether to use First Name (FN) or Title plus Last Name (TLN). The other kinds of address terms are nickname, the use of abbreviated title such as sir, ma’am, man, or boy, as well as your honor, your eminence, aunt or uncle. This type is also stated in Wardhaugh’s book An Introduction to Sociolinguistic. Wardaugh states that there are other options to address others by using title alone such as professor or doctor or using last name alone (LN) such as Smith, or using multiple naming such as Mr. Smith and Fred. The use of titles like Sir and Madam are the variants of title alone which is called as generic titles. Addressing a person by title alone (T) is less intimate than addressing him/her by Title plus Last Name (TLN). Brown and Gilman in Fasold (1987) illustrate that title alone (T) is the most formal address terms. Emma uses this type of address 4 times (0.94%) in her utterances. They are as stated bellow: a) ‘Believe me, sir, I am far, very far, from being the object of such professions.’ (XV/AT/115/198) b) ‘No, sir, ‘ (XV/AT/116/199) c) ‘– sir, you have been entirely mistaken …’ (XV/AT/116/202) d) ‘Ah! Madam, …’ (XLIV/AT/336/374) The three first utterances above are uttered by Emma to address Mr. Elton. He is directly addressed by Title alone (T) that is sir. The purpose is to maintain politeness and formality at the same time. While the factor is to respect him since some time ago, there was a little conflict between them. Emma feels that the intimacy of friendship between them disappears and changes into a more formal relationship. In the last example, madam is used to address Miss Bates in terms of politeness and formality to respect her. 4. Conclusion and Suggestions The address terms used by the main character in this novel are divided into eight types. They are First Name (FN), Title plus Last Name (TLN), Full Name (FLN), Title plus Full Name (TFN), Pet Name (PN), Occupational Title (OT), Kinship Term (KT), and Title alone (T). The type of address terms which is mostly used is Title plus Last Name (TLN), while the less frequent used is occupational terms (OT) and Title alone (T). Title plus Last Name (TLN) is used 23 times in all Emma’s utterances. However, an Occupational Term (OT) and Title alone (T) are only used 4 times in Emma’s utterances. The other types of address terms are: First Name (FN) which is used for 81 times; Full Name (FLN) which is used 29 times; Title plus Full Name (TFN) which is used 17 times; and Kinship Term (KT) which is used 25 times. The address terms in the novel have 6 purposes. They are to show intimacy (Int.); to show politeness (P); to keep someone inferior (Inf.); to show solidarity (S); to show formality (F); and to show social st atus (SS). The total data of the purpose of address terms are 700 data. Those data consist of 135 data of Intimacy Shalihah, Miftahush/ EnJourMe Vol. 3 No. 2(2018) 52 - 60 60 (Int.); 288 data of Politeness (P); 104 data of keeping someone Inferior (Inf.); 6 data of Solidarity (S); 59 data of Formality (F); and 108 data of Social Status (SS). The purpose to show politeness (P) is the most frequent purpose, while the less frequent purpose is to show solidarity (S). It shows that Emma uses any type of address terms mostly to show her politeness to the addressee. However, every purpose of address terms can be achieved by using different types of address terms. First Name (FN) and Pet Name (PN) can be use to show the intimacy between the speaker and the addressee. Sometimes the use of Pet Name (PN) is followed by Title plus Last Name (TLN). The use of Pet Name (PN) of dear, dearest, sweetheart, or love before Title plus Last Name (TLN) shows the greater intimacy between the speaker and the addressee. It, again, depends on the addressee whom the speaker talking to. The next researchers are suggested to conduct other deeper investigation into the factors which influence the choice of any address terms. The next researchers are also suggested to perform an advance study on the use of address terms in certain communities. A deep research on the implementation of address terms in certain communities, especially to the communities with complex problems, will give a deeper understanding about the use of address terms. 5. References Austen, J. (1968). Emma. Everyman’s Library: London. Austen, J. (2003). Stories to Remember. Emma. PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama: Jakarta. Austen-Leigh, J. Forms of Address and titles in Jane Austen. Jane Austen Society of North America, http://www.jasna.org/html. Retrieved on 10 March 2008 Chaika, E. (1982). Language the social mirror. Newburry House Publisher Inc.: USA. Fasold, R. (1990). The Sociolinguistics of Language. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers Ltd. Holmes, J. (2001). An Introduction To Sociolinguistics. Second Edition. Longman: Malaysia. Selinger, W.H. and Shohamy, E. (1989). Second Language Research Methods. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Trudgill, Peter. (1992). Introducing Language and Society. London: Penguin Books. Wardaugh, R. (1998). An Introduction to Linguistics. Third Edition. Oxford: Blackwell Publisher Ltd.