http://www.press.ierek.com ISSN (Print: 2357-0849, online: 2357-0857) International Journal on: Environmental Science and Sustainable Development DOI: 10.21625/essd.v3iss2.377 Assessment of Green Infrastructure for Conservation Planning using Cadastral Data in Seoul, South Korea Gon Park1 1Manager in the Korea Land and Geospatial Informatix Corportation, Jeonju CIty, 54870, South Korea Abstract Green infrastructure has been used for environmental conservation and management with many similar concepts such as greenspace network, greenlink network, and greenways network based on objectives of the cities for greening. Seoul established the 2030 Seoul City Master Plan that contains greenlink network projects to connect critical green areas within the city. However, the plan does not have detailed analyses for green infrastructure to incorporate land-cover information to many structural classes. This study maps green infrastructure networks of Seoul for complementing their green plans with identifying and ranking green areas. Hubs and links that are the main elements of green infrastructure have been identified through incorporating cadastral data of 967,502 parcels to 135 of land use maps using Geographic Information System. The study extracted 1,365 of green areas that represent an area of 24,530 ha within the city and buffered these areas to identify districts as critical green areas that have hubs and links. At a city scale, the study used 103,553 of parcel data for ranking extracted 20 districts, and 17,860 of parcel data for ranking extracted 42 links connecting the districts. At a district scale, this study used 87,826 of parcel data for analyzing the status of potential links within the districts and ranking these districts for green infrastructure. This assessment analyzes the main elements of green infrastructure and suggests site prioritization for green infrastructure under variable scenarios of green and developed areas in a metropolitan city. © 2019 The Authors. Published by IEREK press. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of ESSD’s International Scien- tific Committee of Reviewers. Keywords Cadastral data; Conservation planning; Green infrastructure; Land uses 1. Introduction Seoul is experiencing a rapid urbanization contributed to a number of environmental issues including a decrease in green areas. An increase in impervious areas causes stormwater runoff, the urban heat island, and lower air quality (Seoul, 2014a). The central authority established the 2030 Seoul City Master Plan and the 2030 Seoul City Park and Green Master Plan that contain greenlink network projects to connect critical green areas within the city. However, the plans do not have detailed analyses for green infrastructure networks for conservation planning. Thus, this study maps green infrastructure networks of Seoul for complementing their green plans with identifying and ranking green areas. Main data of this study are land cover maps for identifications of hubs and links and cadastral data for ranks of these with incorporating land-cover information to structural classes. pg. 53 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Park / Environmental Science and Sustainable Development, ESSD Cadastre is comprised of parcels with land information such as parcel numbers, land categories, and areas (Nam, 1999). The act of geospatial management of South Korea describes that a parcel should have one number and be categorized based on its main land uses (MOLEG, 2018). Cadastral data consist of the public cadastral register books and maps administered by the government (Lee, Yang, & Baeg, 2012; Goh, Park, & Choi, 2013; Kim, 2010). The government transferred paper based data of cadastre into computerized data since 1978. Approximately 75 million cadastral maps were transferred paper into computerized data between 1999 and 2003 (Kim, 2012). The computerized data have been used to administer private and public land by the government and used in real estate market (Choi, 2000). The computerized cadastral data are constantly increased and used for analyses of economy and environment. Parcel information in the data is analyzed to assess developments such as regional unbalanced development and locally specialized industries, and environment issues such as soil pollution and stormwater runoff (Nam & Lee, 2009; Lee & Hwangbo, 2007; Kim, 2001; Lee, Sim, & Min, 2009). Green infrastructure is an interconnected network of natural life support system consisted of hubs and links (Bene- dict & McMahon, 2012). Hubs are large areas of natural vegetation for wildlife with ecological processes such as reserves, managed native landscapes, working lands, regional parks, preserves, community parks, and natural areas, interconnected by links such as landscape linkages, conservation corridors, greenways, greenbelts, and eco- belts (Benedict & McMahon, 2012; Wickham, Riitters, Wade, & Vogt, 2009; Weber, Sloan, & Wolf, 2005). An increase in population and urbanized land causes a decrease in green areas (Benedict & McMahon, 2012; Gill, Handley, Ennos, & Pauleit, 2007; Schilling & Logan, 2008). Green infrastructure is a framework for conservation planning and provides ecological, social, and economic benefits (Benedict & McMahon, 2012; Wickham, Riitters, Wade, & Vogt, 2009; Sarte, 2010; Tzoulas et al., 2007). Green infrastructure provides ecosystem services with provisions including water quality, food quality, and medicine (Coutts & Hahn, 2015). Green infrastructure can be an urban system for human benefits and connects networks for neighbourhood, culture, and communities (Wolf, 2003; Wright, 2011). Green infrastructure also provides economic benefits with energy savings from reducing indoor temperature and an increase in air quality (Wang, Bakker, De Groot & Wörtche, 2014). Geographic information system (GIS) techniques are used to map green infrastructure (Wickham, Riitters, Wade, & Vogt, 2009). GIS techniques were used to analyze the effects of green infrastructure on environment issues such as ecosystem services, climate changes, and stormwater management (Wickham, Riitters, Wade, & Vogt, 2009; Kopperoinen, 2014; Jayasooriya & Ng, 2014). Green infrastructure maps can be developed with GIS using orthophotos, cartographies, and field surveys (La Greca, La Rosa, Martinico& Privitera, 2011). The integrated method using remote sensing and GIS technique provides a significant tool to map green areas networks (Abbas, & Arigbede, 2012). Green infrastructure maps developed by GIS provides many information such as land covers, land uses, biodiversity, and other environmental variables (Zulian, Polce & Maes, 2014). The City of Surrey in British Columbia, Canada, incorporated land cover data extracted from GIS data on impedance values for their ecosystem management (City of Surrey, 2011). Impedance values are weighted with vegetation coverage, types, age of green space, and degree of anthropogenic disturbance (Kong, Yin, Nakagoshi, & Zong, 2010). The affection values of land covers are also used to analyze ecological connectivities in a city (Chang, Li, Huang, & Wu, 2011). The aim of this study is to assess green infrastructure for conservation planning using land cover maps and cadastral data. Land cover maps were used to identify elements of green infrastructure using GIS techniques, and cadastral data were used to analyze levels of green infrastructure using impedance values of land categories of the data. The site prioritization for green infrastructure was also done with analysis of ranks of hubs, potential links, and links. 2. Land Cover Maps and Cadastral Data for Elements of Green Infrastructure 2.1. Study Area Seoul, selected as the study area, is the capital of South Korea and the metropolitan city with the population of 10.57 million within the area of 605,960,000 m2. Population was rapidly increased from 0.65 million to 10.97 pg. 54 Park / Environmental Science and Sustainable Development, ESSD million between 1951 and 1992 (Seoul, 2014a). The impervious area rate was 47.28% in 2005 and 47.64% in 2010 and the forest area rate was 25.29% in 2005 and 24.96% in 2010. The urbanized area rate was 60.98% and the green and open area rate was 39.03% in 2010. The total park area was 170,100,000 m2 that is 28.09% of Seoul and the park area per person was 16.37 m2 in 2014 (Seoul, 2014b). An increase in impervious and urbanized areas disrupts green infrastructure networks and causes the urban heat island. 2.2. Objectives of Land Cover Maps and Cadastral Data Land cover maps based on satellite imagery and cadastral data were the main data to analyze green infrastructure in Seoul. Land cover maps and cadastral maps provide many land information, but they provide different types of data of land uses, districts, and areas based on their objectives. Land cover maps do not have legal boundaries and are used as references and open data for studies and researches. Cadastral maps are used to tax and manage properties administered by Korean laws (Table 1). Table 1. Differences between land cover maps and cadastral data Resources Land cover maps Cadastral data Legal limitation No Yes Analysis Spatial analysis Data analysis Objective Identification of elements of green infrastructure Ranks elements of green infrastructure 2.3. Elements of Green Infrastructure The main elements of green infrastructure are mainly classified into hubs and links, whilst this study classified elements of green infrastructure into three elements that are hubs, potential links within hubs, and links for a detailed analysis of district priorities. The definitions of these elements within this study are different with classical definitions of elements of green infrastructure. Hubs in a classical definition are large areas of natural vegetation, whilst hubs in this study were extracted after buffer analysis based on forest areas of land cover maps to identify significant green areas. Potential links within a hub in this study indicate areas within a hub except forest areas of land cover maps to identify interaction between green areas within a hub. Links in this study indicate straight lines of the shortest distance between hubs to identify corridors connecting hubs (Table 2). Table 2. Elements of green infrastructure Elements Spatial feature Objective Hubs Connected large areas of buffered forest areas of land cover maps Identification of important areas that contain large green areas. Potential links Areas within a hub except forest areas of land cover maps Identification of interaction between forest areas within a hub Links The shortest connection between hubs Identification of corridors that connect hubs 3. The Process to Assess Green Infrastructure 3.1. Identification and Rank Processes Land cover maps were used to identify hubs, potential links, and links with GIS techniques. Cadastral maps were used to analyze important levels of hubs, potential links, and links with statistical methods. Identification of hubs was a fundamental element to identify potential links within hubs and links that connect hubs. This study assumed forest areas of land cover maps as significant green areas for hubs, because forest areas have the lowest impedance pg. 55 Park / Environmental Science and Sustainable Development, ESSD value for green infrastructure (Fig. 1a). The extracted hubs, potential links, and links were used as districts of elements of green infrastructure and in- corporated with cadastral data to analyze values of green infrastructure. Hubs, potential links, and links have land categories and areas from cadastral data within their boundaries. These parcel data were incorporated on impedance values of land uses, and used to analyze priorities of hubs, potential links, and links with applying calculated impedance values of hubs, potential links, and links (Fig. 1b). Figure 1. Identification and rank processes of elements of green infrastructure 3.2. Impedance Values Impedance values are weighted based on vegetation coverage and type, the age of the green space, and degree of anthropogenic disturbance (Kong, 2010). Impedance values of land uses for green infrastructure from prior two studies were applied to 26 categories of land uses of cadastral data (City of Surrey, 2011; Kong, 2010). The application of impedance values to cadastral data indicates that forest areas of cadastral data are the most significant green area for green infrastructure because forest areas have a lowest impedance value among 26 categories of land uses, whilst constructed areas, industry areas, gas station, and warehouse have negative effects on green infrastructure with high impedance values (Table 3) (Park, Kim, & Hong, 2018). Table 3. Impedance values of land categories of cadastral data Land categories Impedance values Land categories Impedance values Land categories Impedance values Forest 63 Water supply site 500 Religion 1,500 Reservoir 100 Parking lot 1,000 Historical site 1,500 Park 100 Road 1,000 Graveyard/cemetery 1,500 River/Stream 150 Railroad 1,000 Miscellaneous land 1,500 Fish farm 150 River bank 1,000 Gas station 2,500 Continued on next page pg. 56 Park / Environmental Science and Sustainable Development, ESSD Table 3 continued Land categories Impedance values Land categories Impedance values Land categories Impedance values Vegetation 190 Ditch/Sewer 1,000 Warehouse 2,500 Agriculture 190 School area 1,500 Residential area 2,750 Orchard 244 Sports facilities 1,500 Industry area 2,750 Livestock farm 244 Amusement park 1,500 3.3. Equations for Importance and Connectivity Values of Hubs, Potential Links, and Links To analyze green infrastructure values and connectivity values of hubs, potential links, and links, this study created and used followed three equations. The Green Infrastructure Value (GIV) represents the significance of hubs and the condition of green infrastructure of hubs. The higher GIVs indicate more significant green areas for green infrastructure. GIVs are calculated as: GIVHubi = [T AHubi/∑(AHubiIHubi)]1000 (1) Where GIVHubi is the green infrastructure value of Hubi, TAHubi is the total area of parcels of cadastral data within Hubi, AHubi is the area of each parcel within Hubi, and IHubi is an impedance value of each parcel within Hubi. Interaction between forest areas indicates the efficiency of potential links within hubs. The Interaction Value (IV) within a hub shows levels to connect forest areas for green infrastructure networks within a hub. The higher IVs indicate more significant potential links within hubs for green infrastructure. IVs are calculated as: IVHubi = [T AHubi/∑(APL j IPL j)]1000 (2) Where IVHubi is the interaction value of potential links within Hubi, TAHubi is the total area of parcels of cadastral data within Hubi, APL j is the area of each parcel that is extracted areas excepting forest areas within Hubi, and IPL j is an impedance value of each parcel. The Connectivity Value (CV) indicates the efficiency of links between hubs. The higher CVs indicate more signif- icant links to connect hubs for green infrastructure within Seoul. CVs are calculated as: CVLinkt = [T ALinkt/∑(ALinkt ILinkt)]1000 (3) Where CVLinkt is the connectivity value of Linkt, TALinkt is the total area of parcels of Linkt, ALinkt is the area of each parcel within Linkt, ILinkt is an impedance value of each parcel. 4. Identifying and Ranking Elements of Green Infrastructure 4.1. Data Preprocessing The Ministry of Environment provides land cover maps having different resolutions. Within Seoul, the land cover map is separated to 135 tile maps. This study combined the separated 135 land cover maps to a raster land cover map that has 1:5,000 scale, 1 m resolution, and seven categories of land uses. Within the map, Seoul has 660,657,635 m2 that is a different area in comparison of the total area of cadastral maps. The map shows that impervious areas have 7,164 parcels and 352,254,286 m2 that are 53% of the total area of Seoul. Forest areas have 1,365 land cover parcels and 143,144,713 m2. Cadastral maps provide important information of parcels such as objective IDs, districts, parcel numbers, and land categories. Cadastral data of Seoul indicate 605,711,407 m2 of city areas, 25 boroughs and 967,502 cadastral pg. 57 Park / Environmental Science and Sustainable Development, ESSD parcels. With analyzing land use categories of cadastral data, constructed areas have 718,070 parcels that are 217,974,644 m2 and road areas have 149,051 parcels that are 78,569,109 m2. Forest areas have 20,959 parcels that are 140,548,998 m2. Vegetation areas have 18,188 parcels that are 11,387,207 m2 and agriculture areas have 13,386 parcels that are 12,150,105 m2. Cadastral data shows that 49% of Seoul is constructed and road areas that can be impervious areas, whilst 23% of Seoul is forest areas. 4.2. Identifying Hubs, Potential Links, and Links Figure 2. The extracted hubs, potential links, and links Forest areas of land cover maps were buffered with 100 m, 300 m, and 500 m to find an appropriate buffered distance for classification of hubs. With 100 m buffer of forest areas, 172 hubs were extracted with 245,300,404 m2. With 300 m buffer of forest areas, 43 hubs were extracted with 352,217,049 m2. With 500 m buffer of forest areas, 16 hubs were extracted with 430,667,859 m2. This study selected 300 m buffer of forest areas to identify hubs based on Landscape Management Areas of Seoul City. With minus 300 buffer, this study extracted 124 forest areas and selected the top 20 buffered areas in terms of surface areas as the main hubs for green infrastructure in Seoul. Within top 20 hubs, 2,570 potential links were extracted with deleting forest areas of land cover maps within 20 hubs (Fig. 2). Figure 3. The process to extract links To identify links, this study delineated 190 straight lines of the shortest distance between hubs (Fig. 3a). In 190 lines, 104 lines that cross hubs (Fig. 3b) and 44 lines that cross Han-River were deleted (Fig. 3c). Finally, 42 lines were extracted and buffered with 20 m wide that is a same wide of three green ways of the 2030 Seoul City Park and Green Master. With these processes, this study extracted and used 20 hubs and 42 links as the elements of green infrastructure in Seoul (Fig. 4). pg. 58 Park / Environmental Science and Sustainable Development, ESSD Figure 4. The extracted 20 Hubs and 42 links within Seoul. 4.3. Ranking Hubs, Potential Links, and Links The extracted 20 hubs have a total area of 186,156,839 m2 from 103,553 cadastral parcels (Fig. 2a). Hub1 has the most parcels (45,652) totalling the largest area of 62,672,277 m2. Hub18 has the least parcels (272) with an area of 1,001,803 m2. Hub20 has the smallest area of 806,311 for 312 parcels. Within 20 hubs, parcels that have forest areas of land categories of cadastral data were comprised of 123,755,018 m2 that is 66% of the total area of hubs. Residential areas have the second largest area of 24,072,382 m2 that is 13% of the total area of hubs. GIVs of hubs indicate conditions of land categories of hubs for green infrastructure. The 20 hubs have an average of an importance value of 1.803. Hub18 that has the third smallest area has the highest GIV of 4.650. Hub8 that has the eighth highest area has the lowest GIV of 0.402. The results show that Hub18, Hub13, Hub3, Hub2, and Hub4 is the top five districts that have higher conditions for green infrastructure than other 15 hubs. Hub8, Hub11, Hub17, Hub16, and Hub19 are the districts that have lower conditions for green infrastructure (Table 4). Table 4. Importance and connectivity values and ranks of hubs Hubi GIV IV Hubi GIV IV Values Ranks Values Ranks Values Ranks Values Ranks Hub1 1.841 9 2.465 9 Hub11 0.933 19 1.199 20 Hub2 2.187 4 2.691 7 Hub12 1.593 11 1.911 14 Hub3 2.764 3 3.840 2 Hub13 3.587 2 1.762 17 Hub4 2.174 5 3.509 3 Hub14 1.994 8 2.506 8 Hub5 1.221 14 1.329 19 Hub15 2.092 6 2.420 10 Hub6 1.276 13 1.574 18 Hub16 0.984 17 2.261 12 Hub7 1.641 10 2.177 13 Hub17 0.960 18 2.397 11 Hub8 0.402 20 3.191 5 Hub18 4.650 1 3.479 4 Hub9 1.418 12 2.796 6 Hub19 1.156 16 1.802 16 Hub10 2.011 7 1.868 15 Hub20 1.168 15 5.894 1 Within the 20 hubs, 32% of the total area is extracted as potential links that have 59,729,682 m2from 88,424 cadastral parcels (Fig. 2b). Hub5 and Hub6 have the highest rates of potential links of 50% within their areas. Hub1 has the largest area of potential links with 19,419,578 m2 that is 31% of the total area of Hub1. Within 2,570 potential links from 20 hubs, residential areas of cadastral data have the largest area of 18,627,780 m2 that is 31% of the total area of potential links within hubs. Forest areas have the second largest area of 17,144,331 m2 that is 29% of areas of potential links.The IVs of hubs indicate connections between forest areas for green infrastructure within a hub. The average IV of the is 2.554. Although, Hub20 has the smallest area, it has the highest IV of 5.894. Hub3 has the third highest area and the second highest IV of 3.840. Hub11 has the lowest IV of 1.199. Hub20, Hub3, Hub4, Hub18, and Hub8 have higher connections between forest areas for green infrastructure than other hubs. pg. 59 Park / Environmental Science and Sustainable Development, ESSD Hub5, Hub6, Hub13, Hub11, and Hub19 have lower connections for green infrastructure than other hubs (Table 4) The extracted 42 links have 17,860 cadastral parcels with 4,868,134 m2. Although a link between Hub5 and Hub9 has 3 parcels, a link between Hub2 and Hub17 has 1,432 parcels. A link between Hub6 and Hub16 has the largest area of 442,937 m2 from 687 parcels. A link between Hub2 and Hub16 has the smallest area of 1,358 m2 from 5 parcels. Within 42 links, residential areas of land categories have the largest area of 2,523,686 m2 that is 52% of the total area of 42 links. Road areas have the second largest area of 938,667 m2 that is 19% of the total area of potential links. The eight links have higher connectivity values than 1 and 34 links have lower connectivity values than 1. A link between Hub2 and Hub3 has the highest connectivity value of 37.614 and a link between Hub2 and Hub16 has the second highest connectivity value of 27.909. A link between Hub2 and Hub9 has the lowest connectivity value of 0.005. The average connectivity value except the 10 highest and 10 lowest values was 0.577 (Table 5). Table 5. Connectivity values (CV) and ranks of links Links Connectivity Links Connectivity Links Connectivity Hub(i, j) Values Ranks Hub(i, j) Values Ranks Hub(i, j) Values Ranks Hub(1, 4) 1.017 8 Hub(3, 14) 3.780 4 Hub(7,20) 0.527 21 Hub(1, 7) 0.250 35 Hub(4, 7) 0.154 38 Hub(10, 11) 0.474 26 Hub(1, 8) 0.309 34 Hub(4, 10) 0.985 9 Hub(10,12) 1.147 7 Hub(1, 10) 0.876 11 Hub(4, 11) 0.072 40 Hub(10, 18) 0.638 16 Hub(1, 12) 0.077 39 Hub(4, 18) 2.618 5 Hub(11, 12) 0.632 17 Hub(1, 19) 2.197 6 Hub(4, 20) 0.012 41 Hub(11, 18) 0.563 19 Hub(2, 3) 37.614 1 Hub(5, 9) 8.694 3 Hub(11, 19) 0.741 15 Hub(2, 5) 0.480 25 Hub(5, 15) 0.453 31 Hub(11, 20) 0.469 29 Hub(2, 6) 0.421 33 Hub(5, 17) 0.973 10 Hub(12, 18) 0.597 18 Hub(2, 9) 0.005 42 Hub(6, 14) 0.872 12 Hub(12, 19) 0.462 30 Hub(2, 15) 0.747 14 Hub(6, 16) 0.497 22 Hub(13, 15) 0.788 13 Hub(2, 16) 27.909 2 Hub(7, 8) 0.483 24 Hub(13, 17) 0.473 27 Hub(2, 17) 0.212 36 Hub(7, 11) 0.488 23 Hub(15, 17) 0.436 32 Hub(3, 6) 0.207 37 Hub(7, 19) 0.469 28 Hub(18, 20) 0.532 20 5. Discussion and Conclusion This study quantifies values of elements of green infrastructure in Seoul. The method also provides critical areas to the city for conservation planning based on different objectives. At a city-scale, hubs and links are used as the elements of green infrastructure. When the city focuses on the three green districts, Hub18, Hub13, and Hub3 are the significant hubs for green infrastructure. When the city focuses on the three green ways, links between Hub2 and Hub3, Hub2 and Hub16, and Hub5 and Hub9 are the significant links for green infrastructure. If the city needs to select green areas among Hub2, Hub3, Hub14, and Hub16 for conservation planning, Hub2 and Hub3 are the significant area based on the framework of green infrastructure. At a hub-scale, the hubs and potential links are used as the elements of green infrastructure. When the city needs to select green districts among Hub1, Hub14, and Hub19, Hub14 is the significant district for green infrastructure. This study identified and ranked elements of green infrastructure within Seoul. Green infrastructure is mainly mapped using land cover maps with GIS techniques (Davies, Edmondson, Heinemeyer, Leake & Gaston, 2011; Gill, Handley, Ennos, & Pauleit, 2007; Wickham, Riitters, Wade, & Vogt, 2009; Xiao, Shen, Ge, Tateishi, Tang, Liang & Huang, 2006). This study also used land cover maps to map green infrastructure and incorporated land covers on cadastral data to apply the results on the policy of Seoul, because cadastral data have legal limitation in contrast with land cover maps. Forest areas are considered as significant green areas, because forest areas have the lowest impedance value for green infrastructure. The main objective of using land use maps is to identify hubs, pg. 60 Park / Environmental Science and Sustainable Development, ESSD potential links, and links with delineating districts of these elements. The main objective of using cadastral data is to rank hubs, potential links, and links analyzing land categories of parcels within their districts. Incorporating land cover maps on cadastral data to extract elements of green infrastructure, this study identified 20 hubs (103,553 cadastral parcels), 2,570 potential links (88,424 cadastral parcels), and 42 links (17,860 cadastral parcels). This study analyzes the weight of hubs, potential links, and links for green infrastructure using impedance values on categories of cadastral parcels. The three equations were created to calculate importance values of hubs, potential links, and links. Finally, this study ranked hubs, potential links, and links for green infrastructure and suggests site prioritization for green infrastructure planning in Seoul. The 2030 Seoul City Master Plan has the plan to construct the 47 green ways (117,320 m) to 2030, but their plan does not consider connection of hubs and links (Seoul, 2014a). Thus, this study suggests the significant green areas and their corridors. Site prioritization provides green areas for the urban green space strategy depending on many scenarios. Incorporating data of land cover maps on cadastral data is a important process to support the city green strategy. The cadastral data resolve lack of land cover maps that do not have legal limitations. Incorporation allows the results to apply to the green strategy of the city. The three equations are also useful to rank elements of green infrastructure for site prioritization. The significant data are impedance values to analyze levels of green areas for green infrastructure. Impedance values used in the two prior studies have different environmental process because the values are extracted from different countries, different methods, and different times. To achieve precise data for the city, further studies are needed to research impedance values of land uses that have characters of the city based on the wider environmental factors. The links in this study are extracted with delineating straight lines between hubs. To extract links that are appropriate to the city, further studies are needed to delineate links that have a variety of shapes depending on many strategies of the city for their conservation programs. Suggesting significant green areas for green infrastructure in this study is a part of many complex processes for green infrastructure planning (Kambites & Owen, 2006). The ideal green infrastructure planning will be proposed with the interdisciplinary further research considering variable principles for green infrastructure. 6. References 1. Abbas, I. I., & Arigbede, Y. A. (2012). 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