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ISSN (Print: 2357-0849, online: 2357-0857)
International Journal on:
Environmental Science and Sustainable Development
pg. 1
DOI: 10.21625/essd.v7i2.909
Development Plan for Decreasing Crime Rates at El Amir Hamad
Archeological Site
Yasmin Moanis Hatem
1
, Rasha Ali
2
1,2
Assistant professor at the Department of Architecture, Delta University for science and technology
Email: dr.yasmin.moanis@hotmail.com
1
,
Abstract
Recently, the direct causal relationship between the built environment and well-being has been shown to affect the
quality of life as well as the performance of the urban environment. While it is often difficult to establish, the urban
built environment plays a major role in shaping the way people behave inside it. (Thwaites, Kevin, et al., 2016)
While urbanization takes place in a transforming society, societal development leaves its impact on the urban
spaces. When industries and development plans decline in some parts of the city, especially those with
archaeological value, these parts become abandoned due to migration. Urban pockets or gaps inside the built
environment are left behind to suffer from informality, deterioration, increasing crime and unemployment rates.
The aim of that research is to find some possible solutions for improving the public abandoned spaces that
accommodate dangerous buildings, high rates of unemployment and unsafe urban areas in the regional range of
Meet-Ghamr, Dakhlia governorate. (Aggnieszka Lisowska, 2017).
The targeted area of the study is "minaret el Amir Hamaad" in Meet-Ghamr, Dakahleia, Egypt. It is one of the most
important archaeological sites in the Islamic heritage of Dakhlia governorate, which is well known for its unique
mosques and mosque minarets.
© 2022 The Authors, Published by IEREK press. This is an open access article under the CC BY license
(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of ESSD’s International Scientific
Committee of Reviewers
Keywords
Archeological sites, heritage crime, urban open spaces, development plans, conservation, safety
1. Introduction
Without a doubt, accurately identifying and improving historical sites and buildings is extremely imperative as it
allows communities to continue to exist while preventing history from fading away and being ruined. Abandoned
sites may intentionally cause the deterioration of the assets and the surrounding urban area. (Jon M. Shane, July
2012).
The complex problems of abandoned historical sites pose a threat to the surrounding structures and present a direct
risk to the type and rate of crime in a process known as "house stripping," "scavenging," or "urban mining". In these
cases, the offender destroys the asset and then sells it away. Abandoned urban areas are highly linked to naturally
increasing and developing crime rates and types, which increases the value of the asset. (Jon M. Shane, July 2012).
This empirical research demonstrates the importance of involving the preservation of archaeological sites that
should be linked to a long-term conservation plan to protect them from being abandoned and demolished. In
addition, it discusses the term "heritage crime" and the relation between crime and abandoned heritage areas.
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Rasha Ali ,Yasmin Moanis/ Environmental Science and Sustainable Development
pg. 2
The importance of involving the preservation of archaeological sites is discussed through studying the local area of
"El Amir Hamad Corner," which is considered to be one of the extensive archaeological areas at Meet-Ghamr
Dakahleia, Egypt. Additionally, the study highlights the problems affecting the area such as; negligence,
demolition, abandonment, fewer amenities and services caused by the new dwellers of criminals or displaced
people.
2. Research aims and objectives
The study aims to properly prepare a development plan for the archaeological site of El Amir Hamad Corner, taking
into consideration the area's built environment on an urban scale through:
-Examining the current situation of El Amir Hamad Corner, and carefully investigating the physical and social
conditions of the local area.
-Studying crime rates, types and distribution inside the historic area to carefully evaluate the situation and properly
establish an operational plan.
- Preparing several planning alternatives and reasonably achieving the potential target related to conserving
the historic site by exploiting the extensive archaeological history of the area.
3. Research methodology
A quantitative and qualitative field study for El Amir Hamad Corner is conducted to determine the number
of residents, building conditions, and types of economic activities in the area.
From both practical and theoretical perspectives, an analytical study of the existing case of historic
buildings and street network is conducted to investigate the behavioral attitude of active users, sufficient
strengths, and critical weaknesses.
A sustainable development plan is carried out for the historical region within the comprehensive
framework of the strategic concept of a social and alternative relationship with complex nature and
regional levels.
Finally, a conclusion is drawn based on the analytical data and research results to create an optimum solution for El
Amir Hamad archaeological site.
4. El Amir Hamad Corner, Dakahlia, Egypt (case study)
Tourism is a common phenomenon in Egypt as a modern country that encompasses 1/3 of world-historical sites.
Therefore, the necessity of developing and conserving these sites in a way that improves the social, sociological,
and psychological aspects of the district has become evident. Besides, it is greatly significant not to abandon them
so that they can be perceived as an explicit and healthy image for the space. (Mohamed Kamal Mohamed Ghodya,
2021).
Tourism leads to a temporarily increased number of people from outside the local district to enter into a relatively
compact area. It can easily change a completely hazardous site into a safe one by introducing tourists (allowed
stranger) to the local district which may transform the area’s character to better one; especially, if it is already
suffering from certain types of crime like drug dealing, theft, prostitution,
or vandalism. ( Postma,A. and Schmuecker,D. (2017).
The unused urban space and abandoned urban gaps between buildings and other physical built areas with no
community attention; specially for a city that has many archeological and historical sites, can cause many problems
concerning social, psychological and physical spaces. These spaces have high potential for reconstruction and
conservation. Therefore, integrating these spaces into the surrounding community gradually with well-designed
plans of conservation can help in developing the area throughout the time.
El Amir Hamad corner is selected as the case study to make an economic and social development plan to improve
the regional security and reduce the local crime rate as it consists of some historical buildings (El Ghamry Mosque-
El Amir Hamad minaret-El Arwam church). In addition, it suffers from neglect and low conservation and
maintenance level. It accommodates certain types of criminal acts which make it an unsafe area for local citizens.
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Rasha Ali ,Yasmin Moanis/ Environmental Science and Sustainable Development
pg. 3
The city was constructed by El Amir Hamad Ben Mekled Beik in the year 1615. It was considered as an Islamic an
archaeological site on 21st November, 1951 with an official declaration No. 10357. It typically consists
of El Amir Hamad minaret which is close to El Grand Ghamry mosque founded on Mamluk Period. The historic
mosque occupies a significant position with a Nile view of Meet-Ghamr, Egypt.
4.1 Problem Definition
The gradual deterioration of certain historical areas leaves a negative impression about the cultural aspect and safety
of that social space which carries Islamic and Coptic history. In the study area of El Amir Hamad Minaret, the
gradual deterioration and low conservation rates separate the area gradually from the surrounding fabric, leaving the
inner space with no definite building shapes, archaeological remains, high unemployment and crime rates, and
concentrated fabric in the middle of the local area. The ruined mosques and the graceful minaret are left for ruthless
destruction and are left abandoned. Thus, this area acts as an adequate space for potential criminals and disordered
behavior to appear.
One of the major problems inside the proposed site is that the surrounding buildings are typically considered to be a
slump informal area with no specific shape or social structure. It was announced to be an unsafe urban area by the
governorate of Dakalhia, unit of informal settlements.
The study area of El Amir Hamad Corner naturally suffers from condensed building fabric in the middle of
crumbling used buildings, which shows the gradual deterioration of the historic site around the graceful minaret,
ruined Ghamry mosque, and most of the iconic buildings typically found to be owned by the Endowment "Awqaf".
It is also neglected by the private owner, which leads the abandoned area to be a suitable host for illegal criminals,
disordered acts, and urban crime. The local area in the middle with low-rise buildings typically causes a marked
decrease in the viable option of natural surveillance and decreases direct contact with the surrounding fabric as well.
Figure 1: Deterioration of the historical heart of the proposed site of El Amir Hamad corner, Dakhlya,Meet-Ghamr, Egypt (2004-2018)
Source: Authors
Figure 2: Case study El Amir Hamad Minaret, analysis and problem definition
Source: Authors
(a) (b) (c)
Rasha Ali ,Yasmin Moanis/ Environmental Science and Sustainable Development
pg. 4
On the other hand, the visible outline of the area includes the most towering buildings, which merely make it a
suitable option to typically leave the middle severely deteriorated and less connected to the outer district. According
to the most recent surveys on that area, which suffers from drug dealing, theft, prostitution, and vandalism, the two
great mosques have been left for demolition with no maintenance. Thus, it suffered fron neglect and developed a
high rate of crime.
4.2 El Amir Hamad Corner and safety
The area lies on the distinguished shore of the Nile River in the city of Meet-Ghamr, at the corner of El Amir
Hammad, which is considered a unique archaeological architectural work. The area suffers from harsh
environmental conditions, as the surrounding area which includes 104 old dilapidated houses is classified as a slum
area and entered the government development program several years ago without progress or achievement until it
became a breeding ground for piles of dirt and turned into an unsafe zone (Government slump development unit).
The site acquired great importance as a religious, spiritual, and commercial symbol. It was a port for transporting
goods and was supported by its proximity to the Nile River. Besides, it is one of the individual models of
archaeological angles in Lower Egypt and needs to be highlighted for development and inclusion in tourism
programs. (Archaeological Awareness and Cultural Development, Dakahlia Archeology).
Among the most important Islamic shrines:
Al-Mowafi Mosque One of the most famous mosques in Mansoura, founded by King Al-Saleh “Nagm El-Din
Ayoub” in 583 AH – 1187 AD.
Al-Ghamry
Archaeological
Mosque and Minaret
It is located in Meet Ghamr city. This unique minaret dates back to the reign of Mamluks
Muhammad Ibn Abi
Bakr Al- Sedik
Mosque
It is located in Meet Demsis at Markaz Aga. It is the Mosque of Mohammad Ibn Abi Bakr Al
Sedik, son of the Companion Sahabi of Prophet Mohammad (PBUH) and the first Caliph of
the Muslims. His tomb was discovered in 1950.
Prince Hammad It is located next to Al- Ghamry Mosque; and it dates back to Mamluks era.
Figure 3: The surrounding built environment for the area (a,b,c)
Figure 4: The minaret of Prince Hamad Mosque and its deterioration value and historical monuments of Grand Ghamry mosque
Source: https://heritage.weladelbalad.com
Figure5: A detailed map for the site problem definition
Source: Authors
Rasha Ali ,Yasmin Moanis/ Environmental Science and Sustainable Development
pg. 5
El Amir Hamad mosque is one of the historical monuments at Meet-Ghamr. It suffers severely from the potential
danger of demolishing and erasing the cultural history of a significant period where a number of owners of the
surrounding buildings demolished their rented houses from the endowments and started constructing modern,
undefined buildings. Consequently, they damaged the local area’s history and architectural heritage for the purpose
of building their own homes away from the regulations and government rules. Most of the demolished buildings are
extremely damaged. They are owned by the endowment that was severely neglected for years, and many acute
problems are caused by that exact reason.
The mosque is considered to be one of the rare suspended mosques in the eastern delta region in the Ottoman
period, thanks to the establishment of "wedoa" places at the bottom of the corner, as well as the creation of an
external corridor under the southern area and lower rooms with intersecting domes.
(https://gate.ahram.org.eg/daily/News/808123.aspx)
4.3 Site analysis
The area's condition is objectively analysed to depict the difference between positive and negative
points inside the area, starting from the solid and void maps, which show the real, condensed, used fabric of
the private buildings with a very appalling condition inside the area near to El Ghamry mosque and El
Amir Hamad Minaret, which caused the demolishing of the rest of the surrounding buildings in
bad condition and leaving the area for potential criminals and prostitution.
A detailed study for the building types and occupation is carefully carried out to generate the right design decision
for the used area. The analysis shows that most of the land ownership irretrievably goes to the endowment of the
authoritarian government and the rest is citizen ownership "which caused the problem at first". Thus, by calculating
the proper ratio, it is found that 65% goes for the endowment and 35% are citizen ownership.
Corner
Among the most important Coptic shrines
Saint Mar-Gerges
Church
It lies in Meet Demsis at Markaz Aga. It is composed of two buildings; one of which dates back
to more than 1,600 years.
Monastery of St.
Damiana:
It is located in Damiana village at Markaz Belqas. It includes five churches; one of which is an
archeological church in Gothic style that was discovered late in 1947.
Building number Floor no R F O
16-17-18-19-20-21-28-29-30-31-65-91-91 Ground floor 1 1 E
4-3’’-6-7-8-11-12-13-14-15- Ground floor 1 1 E
44-55-45-46-47-49-52-62-63-64- Ground floor 1 1 E
3 Ground floor 1 2 E
1-2 Demolished - - E
9-10-24-25-32-35-37-39-43-48-102 Ground and first floor 2 2 E
22-23 Ground +first floor 1 2 E
36-38-46 Empty land - - E
40-51-92- Ground +2 floors 3 3 E
41-42-56-59- Ground +5 floors 5 5 E
Table 1: The most important archeological areas at Meet Ghamr, Dakahlia, Egypt
Source: National Organization of Urban Harmony
Figure 6: The entrance and the shape of El Amir Hamad mosque and minaret, and the rate of deterioration
Rasha Ali ,Yasmin Moanis/ Environmental Science and Sustainable Development
pg. 6
5. Understanding Heritage Crime for the Study Area
Heritage crime is a concept attached to any heritage site. It means "any offence which harms the value of heritage
assets and their settings to the present and future generations or which impairs their enjoyment." In other words, it
could be said that it is a punishable offence in which any individual intentionally harms the moral or physical value
of heritage assets and their historical settings. (Robin Bryant (2020).
According to Yaron Gottlieb, there are many different types of crimes against our heritage, including theft of lead
and other metals from churches and other historic buildings; architectural theft; illegal metal detecting; unlawful
alteration and damage to listed buildings; unlawful demolition of buildings and structures in conservation areas;
damage to monuments; arson; graffiti; and other forms of antisocial behavior in proximity to heritage assets (Yaron
Gottlieb, 2020).
Most heritage assets are properly protected by specific legislation to typically prevent harm caused by possible
damage or unlicensed alteration on the international level. However, other crimes such as apparent theft, criminal
damage, aggravated arson, and anti-social behavior offences can also damage and harm heritage assets and interfere
negatively with the allowed public's social enjoyment and personal knowledge of their cultural heritage (Korsell et
al., 2006).
95 Ground +6 floors 37 37 C
97 Ground +6 floors 7 5 C
96 Ground 5 shops+4 floors 12 12 C
78-82 Ground shop+4 floors 5 5 C
83 Ground 2 shops+4 floors 5 5 C
90 Ground 2 shops+4 floors 6 6 C
79 Ground 3shops+4 floors 7 7 C
104 Parking 1 1 G
105 Storage - - C
81 Ground floor shop S S C
84-85 Empty land - - C
86 Ground 1 shop+3 floors 4 4 C
0 Ground+11 floors 12 12 C
89 Ground shop +2 floors 3 3 C
103 2 shops 2 2 C
70 3 shops 3 3 C
54 Mosque - - E
50 El Amir Hamad minaret - - E
E=Endowment C=citizen O=ownership R=residence - = none S=store F=family
Table 2: The total analysis of the site Source: Authors
Figure7, 8, 9, 10 and 11: The total analysis of the site and building conditions
Figure 12: The effect of low maintenance for the mosque
Rasha Ali ,Yasmin Moanis/ Environmental Science and Sustainable Development
pg. 7
In Egypt, touristic sites are carefully secured. Most of them are protected by the established rules and local
legislation. However, in some smaller cities that typically have a great deal of local historical heritage and
valued assets, touristic sites suffer severely from being away from the excessive regulations and political rules and
are left for gradual deterioration, as in the proposed area of Meet Ghamr, Dakhalia, Egypt. It could easily
be affected by heritage crime. (H. Tavakoli and M.H. Marzbali (2021).
The proposed study area typically contains one of the famous and valued minarets of El Amir Hamad in addition to
the ruined Gamry mosque, which is similar in a unique design to "Azahar Al Sharif". However, they suffer from
some types of heritage crime that include architectural theft of some ornaments from the mosque and the church
(particularly of wood and stone); criminal damage (e.g. graffiti on a scheduled monument); illegal remain detecting;
anti-social behavior (most particularly occupying and living inside historic sites along with some other activities);
unauthorized changes to historic buildings and the illegal trade in cultural objects (Robin Bryant, 2020).
Abandoning this historic site, without any sort of maintenance, results in an increase in violent crime rates through
time with some specific types of punishable crimes that intentionally harm the abandoned properties and
local inhabitants. Consequently, these crimes take place and increase by time (Han, Hye-Sung, and Helm,
Scott. August 1
st
, 2010 - This entry was published).
6. Tourism Industry and Safety for the Abandoned Historic Sites
The potential tourist and resident users of a certain space simply propose an economic diversity of possible options
to some more economic improvements to typically increase the nominal income for both stack holders and local
habitats of that local area. The idea of the local tourism industry on the economic scale naturally
involves many alternative options. Accordingly, it offers and generates continuous occupations in many altered
areas. (WTO, 2002)
By encouraging local tourism through the introduction of a suitable development plan, the local economic value of
the urban space increases, which helps to bring investments to the area and local hotels, cafes, food courts,
gathering pedestrian points, tour guide agencies, retail, and souvenir giveaway shops can typically help to reliably
deliver many diverse levels of gainful employment for local people in the neighborhood. (OECD, 2020)
According to a study conducted in Philadelphia, which is considered to be one of the heritage cities that suffer from
vacant and abandoned buildings, the city is using an abandoned building remediation strategy to reduce blight and
crime, stabilize real estate value, and encourage economic development. The results indicate that the low-cost
method of possible renovation could possibly be an effective means to reduce crime. Moreover, this study provides
useful evidence of the potential effect of abandoned building remediation policies on decreasing crime rates in
cities. (Kondo MC et al., 2015).
7. Proposed Development Plan for the Study Area
Rasha Ali ,Yasmin Moanis/ Environmental Science and Sustainable Development
pg. 8
Cultural tourism positively brings about a massive consequence in flourishing any archaeological site by its vast
impact of radically increasing pedestrian safety, social balance, positively enhancing criminal attitude, and
economic balance to the place, so it was humbly proposed to conserve the historic site with all the great
archaeological buildings inside it (ElAmir Hamad Minaret, El Local Ghamry mosque, and El Arwam Church) and
to widely establish a current path for tourists to instantly get inside the site to enjoy the magnificent scenes offered
by the historic buildings and mosques inside after carefully restoring it to the past situation. From the outside,
tourists can enjoy the broad view of the Nile and El Arwam Church. The solution proposal indicates precisely the
following steps of a considerable improvement:
The touristic path proposed according to the arrangement of the significant archaeological building inside
the site with profound respect to the main streets, secondary streets, car pathways, pedestrian walkways, and empty
land distribution.
First step: carefully explore all the vacant land to properly manage to solve the problem related to
considerable space.
Second step: state the archaeological lots that can be involved in the touristic path.
Third step: start rearranging the local inhabitants inside the area at the visible edge of the historical site to
conserve all the historic buildings.
Fourth step: use all empty lands inside the area to make amenities and services for the tourists and
manage the sites belonging to the endowment to refresh the history of those buildings.
The fifth step: properly plan a touristic path for the typical tourist to naturally enter the site as indicated in
the leading figure (8 and 9).
Three possible pathways are clear to the specific plan proposed as follows:
7.1 First Proposed Path:
The first route starts from one of the main streets of the area that looks over the River Nile, "El Horya Road",
leading directly to the middle of the historic site towards the Arwan church and then through "Ez El Dein Road",
which faces the "Ghamry Mosque" with its fantastic architecture. Then, the tour is led to the proposed pedestrian
area that starts from "Zawiya Street" and ends by the main gathering point to end the official trip as illustrated in the
following diagram.
Figure 13 : The historic site potentials.
Source: Authors.
Figure 14: The proposed solutions based on current potential of the
site.
Source: Authors
Rasha Ali ,Yasmin Moanis/ Environmental Science and Sustainable Development
pg. 9
7.2 Second Proposed Path:
It starts from the main street "El Horeya road" and the proposed main waiting and gathering point, and then inside
the historic site towards the Arwan church, then inside the site from "Eez el Dein road" which faces El Ghamry
mosque, and then to a pedestrian area starting from "Hamad street" and ending at the proposed main gathering point
to end the official trip as illustrated in the following diagram.
Figure 15: The second proposal for the site
Source: Authors
Figure 20: The first proposal for the site
Source: Authors
Rasha Ali ,Yasmin Moanis/ Environmental Science and Sustainable Development
pg. 10
7.3 Third Proposed Path:
It starts from the main street "El Dakhakny road", reaching to El Ghamry Mosque and then to Prince Hamad
Minaret, passing through the other conserved buildings and finally to the nearest gathering point proposed, which
includes all the amenities that any tourist may need.
According to previous research, the rate of potential crime decreases gradually over time with proper maintenance
and management. The development of the area and the gradual introduction of tourism effectively increase the
activity inside the area and bring a new economic factor to the area.
This humble effort can help in developing the surrounding area and stimulate the local governorate to integrate the
idea of developing abundant historical sites into their management plan. Furthermore, it helps other Middle Eastern
government agencies to propose integrated management tools for the stimulation of historic cities.
8. Conclusion
The potential problem of abandoned buildings and vacant lots lies in their being devastated structures seen daily by
urban residents. They may create physical opportunities for violence by sheltering illegal activity, ignoring the
historical assets and areas and enabling them for destruction, abundance, and neglect. This could lead to severe
radical changes on the minor scale of urban fabric and in crime typology and rates as well.
A complete management plan should be applied by the government to improve those sites to restore them gradually,
rather than barely keeping as they are. An essential part of the potential problem is the endowment policies and how
they improperly treat the old assets of the local area.
By introducing the historical tourist resources to the site, many problems can be easily rectified by time. It also
contributes to the elimination of crime and fear of crime rates, which ensures the continued development plan
proposed to the captive population of those areas. The economic aspect of the site comprises a crucial factor that
affects the development of the site. Urban planning studies for heritage areas that rely on tourism as their main
source of income in order to benefit from their development, the creation of new economic value that is supportive
to the wellbeing and lifestyle of the inhabitants and users of the area.
Improving the behavioral, social, psychological conditions and wellbeing of the local community represents a
significant challenge to typically minimize the crime rate and fear of crime
Figure 16: The third proposal for the site
Source: Authors
Rasha Ali ,Yasmin Moanis/ Environmental Science and Sustainable Development
pg. 11
9. Recommendations
- The proposed management plan intensely supports the successful completion of the work and appropriately
regulates cultural tourism at such archaeological sites. The alternative relationship between crime rates and cultural
tourism undoubtedly remains a sensitive spot of debate for a long time. Some researchers suggest that tourist
destinations can clearly affect the safety perception of visitors the. On the other hand, incorporating a modern type
of active users from different cultures inside any space can definitely affect crime rates as they gradually decrease.
By the time, the local area is improved as a recent economic source for work will take place and also a new lifestyle
will be developed under the supervision of the government and will seriously affect economic and social level.
-Taking into consideration the image of the local area, which naturally makes it a unique space to explore despite
the heritage site itself, such as (culture, hospitality, infrastructure, and local attractions), uniform management of
the security of the site, introducing the site to the local tourism that makes it safer by time.
-The authorized public and privet sectors should voluntarily undertake the civic responsibility to properly maintain
and instantly improve the historic site from all practical sides of possible crime and demolition.
-Promptly introduce alternative activities and historical events related to the most common heritage buildings to be
gradually held in the local area, such as celebrating Islamic and Christian religions.
-Carrying out public meetings with local users and local stakeholders to inform them about the
historical importance of radically improving the standard of living inside the area and
to identify the importance of safety and security problems.
-Promptly introduce a long-term plan of possible threats that could be critically involved by introducing cultural
tourism inside the protected area which should be positively related to the emergency plans of the used site.
-An authorized public or private force should be applied inside the local area to instantly solve and interfere
whenever necessary.
Empirical data on the area of crime types and sufficient quantity should be appropriately cleared from time to time
to identify hot spots and initiate the exact action at the right time. Additionally, crime data should be generously
offered by the local government for the general public to ensure the key role of local awareness
and encourage inhabitants to help in solving crime problems. Finally, it is highly recommended
to increase the inhabitant's ownership feeling which leads to enhancing the perception of safety and reducing crime
rates.
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8. Conclusion