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Vol. 7, No. 2, 2025, pp. 96-104 ISSN 2656-6052 (online) | 2656-1107 (print) 
      http://journal2.uad.ac.id/index.php/eshr/index                                                   eshr@ikm.uad.ac.id 

 

 

      10.26555/eshr.v7i2.14367  

 
 

96 

 
 

  

 
Research Article 
 
The Effectiveness of Galltrap Compared to Commercial Fly 
Trap 
 
Bilham Ramadhan1*, Agus Kharmayana Rubaya1, Sarjito Eko Windarso1, Rizki 
Amalia1 

1 Department of Environmental Health, Poltekkes Kemenkes Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta 55293, 
Indonesia 

 
* Correspondence: bilham619@gmail.com.  
 
Received 28 August 2025; Accepted 07 Sept 2025; Published 08 Sept 2025 
 

ABSTRACT 

Background: Synanthropic flies such as Musca domestica are capable of transmitting 
pathogens that cause diseases in humans, including diarrhea, cholera and dysentery. One 
effective method for controlling adult flies is the use of baited fly traps. The Ranch Fly Trap 
is a widely used commercial trap but has drawbacks such as being difficult to clean and 
relatively expensive. Galltrap was developed as an alternative made from disposable gallon 
containers (5L water bottles), offering a more economical, easy-to-use, and environmentally 
friendly option. 
Method: This research was an experimental study with a post-test only control group 
design, comparing Galltrap (experimental group) and Ranch Fly Trap (control group). Data 
collection was carried out over 16 repetitions at a poultry farm in Karanganjir, Sleman, in 
May 2025. Data were analyzed using an Independent Samples T-Test with significance 
level (α) = 0.05. 
Results: A total of 1,108 flies were trapped during the study, with 699 caught by Galltrap 
and 409 by Ranch Fly Trap. The average number of flies caught per day was 43.7 for 
Galltrap and 25.6 for Ranch Fly Trap. The T-test revealed a significant difference (p = 
0.025), indicating that Galltrap was more effective, with a 71% higher daily catch rate 
compared to the Ranch Fly Trap.  
Conclusion: Galltrap demonstrated significantly greater effectiveness in capturing adult 
flies and offers a promising, low-cost solution for vector control in resource-limited settings. 

Keywords: Fly traps; Trap design; Synanthropic flies; Vector control 

 

 

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INTRODUCTION 
Synanthropic flies are flies that have a close relationship with and live in human environments.1 
Common examples of synanthropic flies include house flies (Muscidae), blow flies 
(Calliphoridae), and flesh flies (Sarcophagidae).2 These flies can cause various health 
problems in humans and animals because they act as vectors for pathogens such as bacteria 
and parasites.3 Pathogens can be acquired due to the flies' habit of landing on unhygienic 
places containing many pathogenic microorganisms, such as trash piles, animal feces, human 
feces, and carcasses.4,5 House flies, for example, are known to transmit several disease-
causing pathogens, including those responsible for diarrhea, anthrax, cholera, and dysentery.3 
Pathogen transmission can occur mechanically when flies come into direct contact with 
humans or food.6 The correlation between the presence of flies and the incidence of diarrhea 
can demonstrate the role of flies in the spread of pathogens.4 For example, a study in Pakistan 
showed that insecticide spraying to control fly populations led to a reduction in diarrhea cases 
among children under five years old.7 Similarly, a study in Bangladesh found that house flies 
contributed to as much as 37% of Shigella infections in children living in rural areas.8 A 
significant association was also found between fly population density and diarrhea incidence 
in residential areas surrounding slaughterhouses.9 

Flies cannot be eradicated, but their populations can be suppressed to levels that do not pose 
a nuisance or public health risk.10 Fly control can be achieved through physical, biological, 
chemical, and cultural methods.4 One example of physical control is the use of fly traps, which 
are designed to capture adult flies.11 Various types of fly traps commonly used include UV light 
traps, sticky traps, and baited fly traps.12 Ultraviolet (UV) light has long been used as an 
attractant for capturing flies4. UV light traps are effective, particularly for indoor use,4,13 but 
they typically involve high initial and maintenance costs. Sticky traps can also be employed 
for fly control, but they have limitations in terms of the number of flies they can catch and may 
be less effective in dusty environments.4,14 Baited fly traps, such as the Ranch Fly Trap, are 
more suitable for outdoor use. While technically reusable, these traps are often used only once 
due to the relatively difficult cleaning process. The trap material is made of thin, easily torn 
mesh and requires hanging for installation. However, hanging traps may be less effective 
because flies tend to fly closer to the ground to avoid wind and because their feeding and 
breeding sites are usually located at ground level.15 The cost per unit of these traps is also 
considered quite expensive. 

It turns out that used items like mineral water bottles, paint buckets, or gallons can be 
repurposed to make fly traps.11,16,17 Reusing these materials is not only economical but also 
contributes to reducing plastic waste pollution in Indonesia. This is particularly important, 
considering that Indonesia is the second-largest contributor to global plastic waste, after 
China.18 

To address fly-related problems, researchers have attempted to develop an affordable, 
simple, and environmentally friendly fly trap called the Galltrap, made from a single-use 5-litre 
water gallon. This trap operates on a similar principle to the Ranch Fly Trap, but it is designed 
for repeated use and offers a more convenient cleaning process. The materials used are 
readily available, although the construction requires some technical adjustments to ensure it 
meets the intended design. It is hoped that this device can serve as a more effective, 
economical, and sustainable solution for fly control. 

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The Galltrap was compared to a commercially available fly trap of the same type and bait to 
assess its effectiveness in capturing flies. The commercial trap used for comparison was the 
Ranch Fly Trap. The testing of both traps was conducted at a poultry farm in Karanganjir, 
Sleman. This location was selected based on the results of a preliminary survey and trial, in 
which a prototype of the Galltrap was installed at the site for two days, with two repetitions. 
The trap successfully captured 71 and 127 flies, respectively.  

 

METHOD 
A quasi-experimental study was conducted using a post-test only control group design to 
compare the effectiveness of a Galltrap with a commercial fly trap (Ranch Fly Trap). The study 
was carried out at a poultry farm located in Karanganjir, Sumberarum, Moyudan, Sleman, 
Yogyakarta, from May 8 - 23, 2025. 

The target population for this study consisted of all adult flies (Diptera: Muscidae and related 
families) present in the study area during the research period. The sample consisted of all flies 
captured by both traps across 16 repetitions, representing 16 separate observation days. The 
traps were placed simultaneously at the same site, with a fixed distance of one meter between 
them to prevent cross-attraction, and their positions were alternated daily to control for location 
bias. Each trial was conducted from 09:00 to 14:00 local time, based on the known peak 
activity of house flies during daylight hours. 

Both traps used the same type and amount of bait: 55 grams of fish waste, selected due to its 
strong olfactory attraction for flies and supported by prior studies.10,11,15 The bait was placed 
in bait containers (surface area~64 cm²) located at the base of each trap and was replaced 
daily. The Galltrap was constructed from recycled 5-litre plastic water bottles and paint 
buckets, whereas the Ranch Fly Trap was a commercially available hanging mesh trap. The 
Galltrap was positioned directly on the ground. At the same time, the Ranch Fly Trap was 
hung using a wooden frame, maintaining equal entry height for both traps to avoid confounding 
due to trap elevation. 

Environmental variables, such as temperature and humidity, were measured at the beginning 
(9:00) and end (14:00) of each session using a digital thermohygrometer. Data were excluded 
from analysis if environmental conditions fell outside the optimal activity range for flies, defined 
as 20–34°C temperature and 45–90% relative humidity.19,20 

The primary variable measured was the number of adult flies captured per trap per day. The 
number of trapped flies was counted, processed and analyzed using an Independent Samples 
T-Test. The level of significance used was 0.05. No further taxonomic identification of fly 
species was performed, as the study focused on overall trap effectiveness rather than species-
specific capture rates. 

RESULTS 

A total of 1,108 flies were captured throughout 16 repetitions of trap deployment. The Galltrap 
captured 699 flies (63.1%) while the Ranch Fly Trap captured 409 flies (36.9%). 

 

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Figure 1. Design and appearance of the Galltrap. (Left) A diagram illustrating the 
trap’s components, including a 5-litre water gallon, a yellow paint bucket base, 

and the internal entry cone. (Right) A photograph of the Galltrap deployed in the 
field. 

Table 1. Comparison of Fly Capture Between Galltrap and Ranch Fly Trap (n = 16) 
Trap Type Mean ± SE SD p-value 

Galltrap 43.69 ± 6.50 25.99 
0.025* 

Ranch Fly Trap 25.56 ± 4.04 16.17 
      *Independent Samples T-Test, significance (α): 0.05 

The comparison of fly capture between Galltrap and the commercial Ranch Fly Trap is 
presented in Table 1. Galltrap consistently demonstrated higher capture rates, with a mean of 
43.69 ± 6.50 flies and a standard deviation (SD) of 25.99. In contrast, the Ranch Fly Trap 
showed a lower capture performance, with a mean of 25.56 ± 4.04 flies and an SD of 16.17. 
These results indicate that, on average, Galltrap trapped more flies compared to Ranch Fly 
Trap during the study period. 

Statistical analysis using the Independent Samples T-Test further confirmed that the 
difference in capture efficiency between the two trap types was statistically significant (p = 
0.025, α = 0.05). The relatively higher SD observed in Galltrap suggests greater variability in 
the number of flies captured, yet the difference in mean captures remained robust. Taken 
together, these findings demonstrate that Galltrap performed significantly better than the 
Ranch Fly Trap in attracting and capturing flies under the experimental conditions. 

 

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DISCUSSION  

Fly traps often take advantage of two common fly behaviors: their attraction to odor and light.15 
Odor-based attractants lure flies into the trap, while sunlight helps to keep them inside. This 
is due to the flies' positive phototaxis, a tendency to move toward light sources.21 Flies typically 
move toward the brightest parts of the trap, such as transparent walls or surfaces. Therefore, 
the transparency of the trap material plays a crucial role in retaining flies once they are inside.15 
Based on this, the Galltrap utilizes clear plastic water gallon containers to maximize internal 
light exposure and increase the likelihood of flies remaining trapped. The bait used in this 
study was fish waste, based on several previous studies that have demonstrated its 
effectiveness in attracting flies.10,11,15 Both the Galltrap and the Ranch Fly Trap utilized fish 
waste bait with standardized weight and surface area, 55 grams and 64 cm², respectively. 
This standardisation aimed to minimise potential bias from the attractant, as differences in bait 
mass and surface area can affect the volatility or aroma concentration of the bait.22,23 

The study was conducted at a poultry farm. Insects, including flies, are capable of detecting 
food sources through olfactory cues, and can still identify specific odors even when mixed with 
other smells.24 Therefore, flies were expected to detect the scent of the bait despite the 
presence of poultry manure odors. The bait used, fish waste, undergoes decomposition and 
emits a scent of decay, which blow flies can detect within minutes.25 Trap placement followed 
the recommendations of Gerry,14 ensuring that traps were not positioned too close to 
concentrated odor sources such as manure piles. Based on the results of the study, it was 
found that over 16 repetitions, the Galltrap captured a total of 699 flies, while the Ranch Fly 
Trap captured 409 flies. This means that the Galltrap caught 290 more flies than the 
commercial trap. The results of the Independent Samples T-Test showed that this difference 
was statistically significant (p = 0.025 < 0.05) at the 95% confidence level. These findings 
indicate that the Galltrap is statistically more effective at capturing flies compared to the 
commercial fly trap. 

Flies rely primarily on olfactory cues to detect resources from a distance, while visual cues 
become more important at closer range.26 It has been found that flies from the genus Musca 
are sensitive to blue-green (490 nm), yellow (570 nm), and ultraviolet (330–350 nm) 
wavelengths.27,28 Meanwhile, flies from the genus Calliphora show the highest sensitivity to 
UV, blue (470 nm), blue-green (490 nm), and yellow (520 nm) light wavelengths.29 A study by 
Diclaro et al. (2012) revealed that house flies respond strongly to the colors blue, white, and 
yellow.30 Although flies show a high physiological response to yellow, they exhibit low 
behavioral attraction to it.30 Green, while within the visual spectrum of flies, elicits minimal 
response both physiologically and behaviorally.30 Despite yellow’s limited visual appeal, its 
strong physiological response indicates that flies are still able to recognize and detect the 
color. When applied to traps, yellow has demonstrated greater effectiveness compared to 
green. This is supported by a study conducted by Rahayuningsih et al. and Margareta et al., 
which found that yellow-colored baited traps captured more flies than green-coloured.31,32 In 
line with these findings, the present study also showed that the yellow-colored Galltrap was 
more effective than the green-colored Ranch Fly Trap. 

Fly foraging behavior is also strongly influenced by visual contrast, which refers to the 
difference in intensity or color between an object and its background.26 The greater the 
contrast, such as a bright object against a dark background or vice versa, the more visually 
prominent and detectable the object becomes, even from a distance.26,33 The effectiveness of 

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visual traps therefore, depends heavily on the color characteristics and contrast relative to the 
surrounding environment.34 In this study, the yellow-colored Galltrap provided high contrast 
against the darker, bare-soil background, making it more visually striking and attractive to flies. 
In contrast, the dark green Ranch Fly Trap offered lower visual contrast with the background, 
making it less visible and less appealing to flies. Color contrast is suspected to play a key role 
in enhancing the effectiveness of yellow-colored traps, even though flies are generally less 
attracted to both yellow and green.30 Contrast levels appear to have a greater impact on fly 
attraction than the color itself.21,27 Studies have shown that flies are more drawn to white 
objects placed against black backgrounds, and vice versa.35 Further investigation into visual 
contrast may help optimize the effectiveness of the Galltrap. This could include testing 
background conditions where the trap is placed, as well as direct visual elements on the trap 
itself. For instance, adding vertical black stripes or black dots, which visually resemble clusters 
of flies, could enhance attraction.27,30,35,36 

There is also evidence suggesting that semiochemical compounds from fly feces and 
regurgitate may enhance trap attractiveness.21 Holl and Gries demonstrated that volatile 
compounds released from fly excretions can attract additional flies to the area.37 In this study, 
the researchers observed that the Galltrap showed significant accumulation of feces and 
regurgitate inside the trap. In contrast, the mesh-based Ranch Fly Trap did not allow such 
accumulation due to its open structure. This observation indicates that the Galltrap may be 
producing a secondary attractant, which reinforces the initial bait and enhances overall trap 
effectiveness 

According to the researchers, the Galltrap has significant potential as a vector control tool. 
The trap components, such as used water gallons and paint buckets, are locally available, 
inexpensive, and effective. The trap is expected to be durable, low-maintenance, and unlikely 
to fill up quickly due to its 5-litre capacity. Captured flies are well-contained within the trap, 
reducing environmental contamination risks and allowing for easy cleaning. 

CONCLUSION 

This study demonstrates that Galltrap, designed using recycled materials, is significantly more 
effective than a commercially available Ranch Fly Trap in capturing adult flies under field 
conditions. Its ability to trap a greater number of flies highlights the potential of simple, low-
cost innovations in enhancing vector control strategies. The findings support the practical 
application of Galltrap as a sustainable, user-friendly, and efficient tool for fly population 
management, particularly in rural and resource-limited settings. Future research may focus on 
optimizing visual cues, such as contrast and trap markings, as well as developing long-lasting 
attractants that remain effective over time and can inhibit larval development. 

Acknowledgement 

We express our sincere thanks to Mr. S for granting permission to use his poultry farm as the 
research site, and to Ms. DAH for her contributions of materials and logistical support during 
the study. 

 

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Declarations 

Authors' contribution 

BR contributed to study design, data collection, data analysis, literature review, and writing 
the original draft. AKR, SEW, and RA contributed to the study design, provided supervision, 
critical feedback, and reviewed the final manuscript for publication 

Funding statement 

This research has not received external funding. 

Conflict of interest 

There is no conflict of interest in this research. 

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