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Epidemiology and Society Health Review| ESHR 
 

Vol 1 No1 2019 
 

17 

 
Research Article 
 
The Determinants of Cervical Cancer Early Detection 
Behaviour with VIA Test Method in Visitors of 
Policlinic “KIA-KB” in Kassi-Kassi Public Health 
Centre of Kota Makassar 
 
Ummul Qura*, Jumriani Ansar, Dian Sidik Arsyad, Indra Dwinata, Muh. Ikhsan, 
Suriah. 

 
Faculty of Public Health, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia 
 
*Correspondence: ummulqurahasan@gmail.com; Telp.: +6281342953780 
Received 07 August 2019; Accepted 09 September 2019; Published 09 September 2019 
 

 

ABSTRACT  

Background: Cervical cancer can be recognized at the pre-cancer stage by doing 
early detection test in married women. One of the cervical cancer early detection 
methods is Visual Inspection with Acetic Acid (VIA) test. The coverage of the early 
detection of cervical cancer through VIA test method in 2017 was still very low, i. e. 
1.03% from the national target of 50%. The research aims to know the determinants 
of cervical cancer early detection behaviour by using IVA test method in visitors of 
Policlinic KIA-KB (Pediatric and Family Planning Polyclinic) in Kassi-Kassi Public 
Health Center. 
Methods: The research was observational analytical research with cross sectional 
study design. The population of the study was all women of fertile couple that visited 
Policlinic KIA-KB in Kassi-Kassi Public Health Center and lived within the coverage 
area of Kassi-Kassi Public Health Center, which amounted to 135 women. The 
samples were 101 women that were collected by using accidental sampling 
technique.  
Results: The results showed that there was a relation between knowledge 
(p=0.000), attitude (p=0.005), husband support (p=0.000), as well as health worker 
support (p=0.000) and early detection behaviour by using IVA test method. 
Conclusions: Meanwhile, there was no relation between education and early 
detection behaviour by using IVA test method. There should be proactive and 
creative actions from health workers in improving the knowledge of the targets and 
their husbands about early detection of cervical cancer. 

Keywords: determinant, early detection, IVA  

 



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INTRODUCTION 

Cervical cancer is the occurrence of abnormal cell growth at the cervix that turns into 
cancer (1). Based on the data obtained from World Health Organization (WHO) in 
2016, the number of cervical cancer cases placed fourth after breast cancer, 
colorectal cancer, and endometrium cancer in women with a total number of 530,000 
of new cases in 2012, whereas 7.5% of them caused death aside from all the cancer 
impacts on women (2). Meanwhile, the incidence of cancer in Indonesia estimated 
by Globocan, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) in 2012 was 134 
per 100,000 citizens. Leading with the highest incidence in women was breast 
cancer with 40 per 100,000, followed by cervical cancer with 17 per 100,000 and 
colorectal cancer with 10 per 100,000 women (3). 

From the data obtained from Riskesdas in 2013, the estimated number of cervical 
cancer patients in South Sulawesi Province placed 6th as the area with the highest 
number of patients with 3,400 cases (4). According to the data obtained from the 
Health Office of South Sulawesi Province, there were 460 cases of cervical cancer in 
2015, while in 2016 there were 319 cases (5). On the other hand, the number of 
cervical cancer cases in Kota Makassar was 117 in 2015 and 64 in 2016 (6). 

The incidence of cervical cancer can be decreased by making primary efforts, such 
as conducting counselling activities more often for the citizens to lead a healthy life, 
avoiding risk factors of the cancer, having vaccination with Human Papillomavirus 
(HPV) vaccine and having early detection test (7). Having early detection is an effort 
made to clinically identify diseases before getting diagnosed by having certain 
examination or test and identifying the disease as early as possible, which is in the 
early stage of the disease. Thus, it is expected that the disease can be treated 
immediately. One of the screening and early detection methods for cervical cancer is 
Visual Inspection with Acetic Acid (VIA), which is an alternative screening choice in 
Indonesia because it is easy, practical, and can be carried out in every maternity 
check-up centre. Furthermore, the tools needed for the screening  are quite simple 
(8). 

The total number of women who had an early detection of cervical cancer with IVA 
test method in Indonesia in 2017 was 2.2 million (5%) of the entire population with a 
total of 34 million women. Meanwhile, the specified target for screening on the 
national level is 50% for women aged 30-50 within the period of 5 years or until the 
year of 2019 (9). 

From the health profile data of South Sulawesi Province in 2017, the coverage of the 
early detection with IVA test method was only 2.6% (5). On the other hand, from the 
health profile data of Kota Makassar in 2017, the coverage of the early detection with 
IVA test method was 2803 women (1.03%) from the total target of 450,395. From the 
same source, we found that Rappocini Sub-district was the area that had the lowest 
level of IVA test coverage among 14 sub-districts in Kota Makassar with only 0.16% 
coverage. Kassi-Kassi Public Health Center was one of the health centers located in 
Rappocini Sub-district with the highest number of target fertile women from 46 health 
centers that were located in Kota Makassar, amounting to 14,499 people. Out of all 



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the target fertile women, only 104 (0.72%) of them had IVA test with IVA positive 
amounting to 6 people (5.7%) in 2017 (6). 

From the data above, the researcher was interested in conducting a study on the 
Determinants of Cervical Cancer Early Detection Behaviour with VIA Test Method in 
Visitors of Policlinic KIA-KB (Pediatric and Family Planning Polyclinic) in Kassi-Kassi 
Public Health Center of Kota Makassar. The researcher was aware of the time and 
resource limitation. Thus, the researcher only focused on examining five factors 
(education, knowledge, attitude, husband support, and health worker support) that 
were considered to be related to the coverage accomplishment of cervical cancer 
early detection with IVA test method. 

METHODS 

Study design  
The research method and design for the study was observational analytical with 
cross sectional design, which is a research design for examining correlation 
dynamics among risk factors or the effects caused with an approach, observation or 
data collection done at the same time or point time approach. 

Setting 
The study was conducted in Kassi-Kassi Public Health Center with the coverage 
area of Rappocini Sub-district of Kota Makassar from September 24th to October 20th 
of 2018. 

Data source and data collection 

The data collection techniques used for the study were interview and literature 
analysis. The primary data was obtained from the interview with the respondents 
through questionnaire. Meanwhile, the secondary data was obtained from the data of 
coverage area of early detection of cervical cancer with VIA test method from the 
health office of South Sulawesi and Kota Makassar. From the same source, the data 
on the number of women of fertile couple in Kassi-Kassi Health Centre was also 
obtained.  

Sample population  

The population of the research was all women of fertile couple who visited Policlinic 
KIA-KB in Kassi-Kassi Health Centre from August, with a total number of 135 people. 
With Accidental Sampling technique, a total of 101 respondents were selected. 

Variables 

The study was conducted to find out the relation between the independent variables 
(education, knowledge, attitude, husband support, and health worker support) and 
the dependent variable (cervical cancer early detection behaviour with VIA test 
method).  

 



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Analysis 

The data analysis techniques used were univariate and bivariate analyses with chi-
square test. 

Ethical approval 
This research did not use ethical approval because on the field, the researchers only 
used informed consent which was the agreement to be a respondent in this research 
and no biological intervention was made to the respondent. In this study, the data 
collection was conducted by interviewing respondents based on each question 
prepared in the form of a research questionnaire. 

RESULTS 

Result 1 
Table 1 The Distribution of Respondents Based on the Respondents’ Characteristics 

in Visitors of Policlinic KIA-KB in Kassi-Kassi Health Center Kota Makassar 
Respondents’ Characteristic Frequency 

(n) 
Percentage (%) 

Age Group (year) 
15-19 
20-24 
25-29 
30-34 
35-39 
40-44 
45-49 

 
5 

13 
26 
25 
16 
13 
3 

 
5.0 

12.9 
25.7 
24.8 
15.8 
12.9 
3.0 

Education 
Do Not Graduate Elementary School 
Elementary School Graduate 
Junior High School/Equivalence Graduate 
Senior High School/Equivalence Graduate 
University Graduate 

 
1 
4 

11 
36 
49 

 
1.0 
4.0 

10.9 
35.6 
48.5 

Occupation 
Not Working (Housewife) 
Civil Servant 
Entrepreneur 
Private Employee 
Others (Honorarium Worker) 

 
61 
8 

13 
15 
4 

 
60.4 
7.9 

12.9 
14.8 
4.0 

Source: Primary Data, 2018 

Most respondents were in the age group of 25-29 with 26 respondents (25.7%). 
Based on their latest education, most respondents graduated from university with 49 
respondents (48.5%). Meanwhile, from the respondents’ distribution based on their 
occupation, it was found that most respondents were not working/housewives with 
61 respondents (60.4%). 

 



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Result 2 
Table 2 Respondents Distribution Based on the Research Variables in Visitors of 

Policlinic KIA-KB in Kassi-Kassi Public Health Center Kota Makassar 

Observed Variable Frequency 
(n) 

Percentage 
(%) 

Education 
High 
Low 

 
85 
16 

 
84.2 
15.8 

Knowledge 
High 
Low 

 
63 
38 

 
62.4 
37.6 

Attitude 
Positive 
Negative 

 
86 
15 

 
85.1 
14.9 

Husband Support 
Supportive 
Unsupportive 

 
59 
42 

 
58.4 
41.6 

Health Worker Support 
Supportive 
Unsupportive 

 
52 
49 

 
51.5 
48.5 

Early Detection Behaviour with VIA Test 
Method 

Yes 
No 

 
30 
71 

 
29.7 
70.3 

Source: Primary Data, 2018 

From the education variable, it was found that 85 respondents (84.2%) had a high 
education, while 16 respondents (15.8%) had a low education background. From the 
knowledge variable, we found that 63 respondents (62.4%) had a high level of 
knowledge, while the other 38 (37.6%) had a low level of knowledge. Meanwhile, 
from the attitude variable, 86 respondents (85.1%) had a positive attitude and the 
other 15 respondents (14.9%) had a negative attitude. The variable of husband 
support showed that 59 respondents (58.9%) got support from the husband, while 
the 42 respondents (41.6%) were lacking support. From the data obtained for health 
worker support, it was found that 52 respondents (51.5%) got support and 49 
respondents (48.5%) did not get enough support. On the other hand, for the variable 
of cervical cancer early detection behaviour with VIA test method, 30 respondents 
(29.7%) had early detection examination with VIA test method and 71 respondents 
(70.3%) did not have early detection examination with VIA test method. 
 

 

 

 



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Result 3 
Table 3 The Relationship between Independent Variable and Dependent Variable 

 

 
Independent Variable 

Early Detection 
Behaviour with VIA 

Test Method 
Total 

 
P 

Yes No   
n % n % n % 

Education 
High 
Low 

 
26 
4 

 
30.6 
25.0 

 
59 
12 

 
69.4 
75.0 

 
85 
16 

 
100.0 
100.0 

 
0.772* 

 
Knowledge 

High 
Low 

 
27 
3 

 
42.9 
7.9 

 
36 
35 

 
57.1 
92.1 

 
63 
38 

 
100.0 
100.0 

 
0.000 

 
Attitude 

Positive 
Negative 

 
30 
0 

 
34.9 
0.0 

 
56 
15 

 
65.1 
100 

 
86 
15 

 
100.0 
100.0 

 
0.005* 

 
Husband Support 

Supportive 
Unsupportive 

 
28 
2 

 
47.5 
4.8 

 
31 
40 

 
52.5 
95.2 

 
59 
42 

 
100.0 
100.0 

0.000 

Health Worker Support 
Supportive 
Unsupportive 

 
30 
0 

 
57.7 
0.0 

 
22 
49 

 
42.3 
100 

 
52 
49 

 
100.0 
100.0 

0.000 

Source: Primary Data, 2018 

Based on the data of the relationship between education and cervical cancer early 
detection behaviour with VIA test method, out of the 85 respondents who had a high 
education, there were 26 respondents (30.6%) who got early detection with VIA test 
method. On the other hand, out of all the 16 respondents who had a low education, 4 
respondents (25%) got early detection with VIA test method. From the Fisher Exact 
test analysis result, a p value of 0. 772 was obtained, meaning that there was not 
any relationship between education and early detection behaviour with VIA test 
method. 

From the data on the relationship between knowledge and early detection behaviour 
with VIA test method, out of the 63 respondents who had a high level of knowledge, 
27 respondents (42.9%) got early detection with VIA test method. On the other hand, 
out of the 38 respondents who had a low level of knowledge, 3 respondents (7.9%) 
got early detection or cervical cancer with VIA test method. From the analysis result 
of the chi-square test, p = 0.000 was obtained. Therefore, it can be concluded that 
there was a relationship between knowledge and cervical cancer early detection 
behaviour with VIA test method. 

From the data on the relationship between attitude and early detection behaviour 
with VIA test method, out of the 86 respondents who had a positive attitude, 30 
respondents (34.9%) got early detection behaviour with VIA test method. Meanwhile, 
from the total 15 respondents who had a negative attitude, no one got early detection 
of cervical cancer with VIA test method. From the result of Fisher Exact test analysis, 



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p = 0.005 was obtained. Thus, it can be concluded that there was a relationship 
between attitude and cervical cancer early detection behaviour with VIA test method. 

Based on the data obtained on the relationship between husband support and early 
detection behaviour with VIA test method, out of the 59 respondents who got support 
from their husbands, 28 respondents (47.5%) got early detection of cervical cancer 
with VIA test method. Meanwhile, out of the 42 respondents who did not get enough 
husband support, 2 respondents (4.8%) got early detection of cervical cancer with 
VIA test method. From the result of the chi-square test analysis, p = 0.000 was 
obtained. Therefore, it can be concluded that there was a relationship between 
husband support and early detection behaviour of cervical cancer with VIA test 
method. 
From the data on the relationship between health worker support and cervical cancer 
early detection behaviour with VIA test method, out of all 52 respondents who got 
support from the health worker, 30 respondents (57.7%) got early detection of 
cervical cancer with VIA test method. On the other hand, from all the respondents 
who did not get enough support from health worker, no one got early detection of 
cervical cancer with VIA test method. From the result of the chi-square test analysis, 
p = 0.000 was obtained. Therefore, it can be concluded that there was a relationship 
between health worker support and early detection behaviour of cervical cancer with 
VIA test method. 
  

DISCUSSIONS 

Generally, the results of the research showed that cervical cancer early detection 
behaviour with VIA test method was still low. The test results on the five determinant 
variables of early detection behaviour of cervical cancer with VIA test method 
showed that four variables had a relationship with cervical cancer early detection 
behaviour with VIA test method, while the other one did not have any relationship 
with cervical cancer early detection behaviour with VIA test method in visitors of 
Policlinic KIA-KB in Kassi-Kassi Public Health Center, Rappocini Sub-district, Kota 
Makassar. 

Education is one of the factors that influence someone, and one’s attitude on healthy 
lifestyle, in motivating oneself to contribute to development and, generally, the higher 
the education the easier it is for someone to accept new information (10). Based on 
the result of the research, the majority of the respondents had high education 
(84.2%), and most of respondents who had got early detection of cervical cancer 
with VIA test method were highly-educated women. The result of the Fisher Exact 
test analysis showed that there was no any relationship between education and 
cervical cancer early detection behaviour with VIA test method. One’s preventive 
behaviour is not only influenced by the education he/she has, but is related to the 
information exposure he/she gets. Consequently, the respondents who had high 
education background with a lack of awareness in healthy behaviour were a result of 
the lack of knowledge on cervical cancer early detection behaviour with VIA test 
method. Therefore, their awareness and action in treating and preventing the 
disease were still lacking. The result of this study is in line with the study conducted 
by Nordiani and Wahyono, showing that there was no any relationship between 
education and VIA test visit (11). However, it was not in line with the findings made in 



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a study conducted by Lestari where there was a relationship between education and 
detection behaviour of cervical cancer (12). 

Knowledge or cognitive is one domain that is very essential in shaping one’s 
behaviour. One’s knowledge on health may be an important factor preceding health 
behaviour. However, the expected health action may not be carried out, unless there 
is motivation to act upon the knowledge one possesses (13). Based on the result of 
the research, the number of respondents who had a high level of knowledge on 
cervical cancer and VIA test was greater (62.4%). The analysis of chi-square test 
showed that there was a relationship between knowledge and cervical cancer early 
detection behaviour with VIA test method. The respondents who had a high level of 
knowledge also had good behaviour in conducting early detection of cervical cancer 
with VIA test method compared to the respondents who had a low level of 
knowledge. The respondents who had got early detection of cervical cancer with VIA 
test method found out about the information on cervical cancer and some preventive 
measures, as well as early detection of cervical cancer through electronic media. 
Additionally, women of fertile couple got VIA test when they had symptoms or 
participated in an annual event, such as a free VIA test conducted by the 
government. On the other hand, the majority of the respondents who had a low level 
of knowledge never got VIA test, influenced by the lack of information exposure they 
received, either because of the non-existent explanation made by health workers 
related to early detection of cervical cancer with VIA test method or because of the 
lack of awareness of the respondents to find any information on the importance of 
early detection of cervical cancer. This finding is in line with the study conducted by 
Siwi and Trisnawati, claiming that knowledge influenced behaviour in having VIA test 
(14). However, it is not in line with the finding in a study conducted by Sundari and 
Setiawati, stating that there was no any relationship between knowledge on early 
detection of cervical cancer with VIA test method and VIA test behaviour (15). 

From the result of the statistical test, we found that there was a relationship between 
attitude and cervical cancer early detection behaviour with VIA test method. Attitude 
is the tendency to carry out an action. By knowing one’s attitude, we can predict 
what response or action will be taken in response to a problem being faced.  After 
one knows the stimulus or object, the next process is to observe and behave 
towards the stimulus or the health object (16). Respondents who got early detection 
of cervical cancer with VIA test method were those who had a positive attitude 
towards cervical cancer and early detection, compared to those who had a negative 
attitude, where there was no any respondent with negative attitude who got early 
detection of cervical cancer with VIA test method. However, in this study it was also 
found that the majority of the respondents who had a positive attitude never got early 
detection of cervical cancer with VIA test method. This was a result of the lack of 
understanding on VIA test, hence it led to the lack of cervical cancer early detection 
behaviour with VIA test method. This finding is in line with that of the study 
conducted by Sartiwi, indicating that there was a relationship between attitude and 
VIA test for early detection of cervical cancer (17). However, Dewi found a different 
finding where there was no any significant relationship between attitude and VIA test 
method (18). 

Based on the research result on husband support, it can be concluded that there 
was a relationship between husband support and cervical cancer early detection 



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behaviour with VIA test method. The respondents who did not get enough husband 
support had less enthusiasm to behave well because of the lack of influence from 
their closest companion, which was their husband who had a big role in motivating 
the respondents to improve their health. This result is in line with the finding of the 
study by Fauza, Aprianti and Azrimaidaliza where there was a significant relationship 
between husband support and VIA test participation (19). However, it is not in line 
with a study by Febriani which indicated that there was no any relationship between 
husband support and early detection of cervical cancer (7). 

From the result of the study on health worker support, it can be concluded that there 
was a relationship between health worker support and cervical cancer early 
detection behaviour with VIA test method. Some factors that caused respondents not 
to get early detection with VIA test method regardless of the high support from health 
workers were the time unavailability to do the test and unpreparedness for the 
possibility to be positively diagnosed with VIA test. This finding is in line with that of 
the study conducted by Rasyid and Afni which indicated that there was a relationship 
between health worker support and fertile woman behaviour (20). A similar finding 
was also stated in a study by Sihombing and Windiyaningsih, showing that there was 
a significant relationship between health worker support and VIA test behaviour in 
fertile women (21). 

CONCLUSIONS 

The result of the study showed that the variables of knowledge, attitude, husband 
support, and health worker support had a relationship with cervical cancer early 
detection behaviour with VIA method in visitors of Policlinic KIA-KB in Kassi-Kassi 
Public Health Center of Rappocini Sub-district, Kota Makassar. 

AUTHORS’ CONTRIBUTION 

The contributions from UQ researchers in this study began from data collection, 
processing and data analysis. This research got a lot of inputs. The author of JA 
contributes addition information related to the background of the problem, DSA 
authors provide advice in terms of determining the variables that could have 
influenced a person's good behaviour, especially in women of fertile couple who 
want to do early detection of cervical cancer, one of them with the VIA examination 
method. From IDN who provided direction in determining the criteria for the study 
sample, MI authors provided input in determining the appropriate sampling technique 
in this study and the last contribution from the author S in terms of addition in field 
discussion or discussion in this research. 

FUNDING 

Funding in this study was fully funded by the researcher. 

Acknowledgements  

The researcher would like to thank Universitas Ahmad Dahlan Yogyakarta for 
providing support and funding for this research.  



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Conflict of interest 

 There are no conflicts of interest 

 

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