European Integration studies 2008.indd


38

ISSN 1822-8402 EUROPEAN INTEGRATION STUDIES

INTEGRATION OF EUROPE AS THE FIELD OF INTEREST
OF JEAN MONNET PROJECT

Živil  Paužait
K stutis Kriš i nas

Kaunas University of Technology

Institute of Europe

Abstract

Following the historical perspectives of European integration it is clear that rising global changes 
and challenges infl uence European society’s development for evermore. And as one of the aspects of 
the development the phenomena of Integration appears under the basis of values. As the response to 
society’s development and the process of Integration the idea of the Unique Europe rises in early ages of 
Roman Empire, continued in the Middle Ages and passed several historical stages of various forms of 
Integration till nowadays.

The paper analyses the theoretical approach on Integration as well as follows the main stages of 
European integration in the historical point of view highlighting main European values under which 
basis the Integration process lasts. The paper stresses the legal, political, economic and social aspects 
of Integration as the refl ection of European values rising in parallel with the historical movement of 
European integration.

To strengthen the integration process the Europe Union implements a big variety of instruments. 
One of the instruments – Jean Monnet Action - was launched in 1990’s by European Commission under 
the request of Universities. The most important feature of this instrument is that to this Action is directly 
oriented towards the European citizens and European integration studies as well as understanding 
through teaching, through refl ection and debate, and through the far reaching infl uence of the activities 
of the European Centres of Excellence and the Jean Monnet professors.

The paper emphasises the expediency of the Action as it is focused towards the same social disciplines 
refl ecting the legal, political, economic and social aspects of European Integration. With reference to this 
the big correlation stands. After 2001 Jean Monnet Action is open through all over the world. Lithuania 
attends this Action through the activity of universities. 

The paper represents the genesis and types of the activities of Jean Monnet Action as well as the 
development of this Action in Lithuania. The specifi c attention was stressed on the case study of Jean 
Monnet Action in Kaunas University of Technology Institute of Europe refl ecting the political, legal, 
economic and social aspects of European Integration.

Keywords:

Integration, European integration, European values, Jean Monnet Project.

Introduction

The beginning of European integration goes from 
early ages of the history of the European continent. 
This process lasted and was closely related with the 
civilizations, its development, with great personalities 
and their ambitions as well as great ideas to make 
Europe as strong and unique. Not surprisingly that 
after the World War II famous persons of Europe 
renewed this idea with a new power and new vision. 
Jean Monnet, regarded by many as a chief architect of 

Europe Unity, even until his last days, was fi rm in his 
conviction that the European nations had to unite in 
order to survive. “…there is no future for the people 
of Europe other than in union” (Mattera, 2002).

Scientifi c problem: Integration of Europe is a 
dynamic though expedient process based on European 
values and acting in political, legal, economic and 
social aspects. Analysing this process the demand 
appears to study the theoretical approach on European 
Integration. Do the historical movements of European 
integration bring new values and aims? Does the Jean 



39

ISSN 1822-8402 EUROPEAN INTEGRATION STUDIES. 2008. No 2

Monnet Project appear as the initiative implemented 
of the European Commission to strengthen the 
European integration as well as its understanding? Is 
the Project closely correlated instrument acting under 
the aspects same as European integration process?

Goal of the research - to analyse the Integration 
of Europe as the fi eld of interest of Jean Monnet 
Project highlighting the correlation between the 

process of Integration and the main goals of the 

Jean Monnet Action as strengthening instrument of 

European integration.

Research objectives:
to analyse the main aspects of European •
Integration;
to study the role of political, legal, economic •
and social factors in the history of European 
integration;
to analyse the trends of development of •
Jean Monnet Action and its correlation with 
European integration in the context of the 
global processes.
to study the reasons of incorporation of Jean •
Monnet Project to Integrated Programme LLL 
2007-2013.
to study and identify the changes in the •
development of Jean Monnet Action 
in Lithuania and Kaunas University of 
Technology Institute of Europe.

Research methods:
A• nalysis of scientifi c literature, documents 
and reports.
Case study analysis•  - as a method for empirical 
research - analyzing the relevance the activity 
of Monnet Project in Kaunas University of 
Technology Institute of Europe to the political, 
legal, economic and social aspects of European 
Integration.

Political, legal, economic and social factors in 
the history of European integration

There is a risk of seeing the European integration 
as an isolated process, exclusively centred in the 
period after World War II. The beginning of this 
process and the great transformation, that shaped a 
reality known as Europe, can be noticed even earlier.

The Roman Empire constituted the fi rst great effort 
to integrate an important section of our continent and 
the lands surrounding the Mediterranean Sea. Middle 
Ages brought the idea of unifi cation under the common 
banner of Christendom. The ideas of eurocentrism
and superiority of the European civilization arose 
in that moment. Without the Renaissance and the 
Enlightenment can not be understood the ideas of 
tolerance, freedom, respect of human rights and 
democracy that that constitute the foundation of the 

European construction. The historical evolution of 
the European continent prior to World War II and the 
recent integration process that has been realized in the 
European Union are also very important moments of 
the process of European integration.

There is a long list of towering historical 
personalities, who, in quite different ways, pursued 
an idea of Europe: Charlemagne, Charles V, 
Napoleón, Metternich and others. The same thing 
could be said about intellectuals and philosophers. 
From Rousseau to Marx, from Kant to Leibniz, there 
were remarkable thinkers who proposed the idea 
of a European Community as a long-term desirable 
political objective.

Many scientists found European integration 
as very interesting as well as noteworthy object of 
scientifi c research. With reference to Thomas Diez 
and Antje Wiener (2003, 2004), who systemized the 
analyses of understanding of European integration, 
can be distinguished two ways of explanation of the 
integration process from the theoretical point of view
bringing the defi nition.

The fi rst defi nition stands on the interpretation of 
Ernst Haas (1958), one of the infl uential integration 
theorists on neofunctionalism. Once took the 
therefore demanding defi nition, which includes 
social process (the shifting of loyalties) and political 
process (negotiation and decision-making about the 
construction of new political institutions above the 
participating member states with a direct say in at 
least a part of the member states’ affairs). Not all 
theorists include both aspects in their defi nition and 
that’s why it is so important that Hass emphasized the 
social element of integration which appears as one 
of the most peculiar aspect of European integration 
model.

A less demanding defi nition preferred by 
intergovernmentalists, coming from a different angle 
within the spectrum of integration theory, focuses 
instead on political processes, although this can be 
stated as “political integration”.

In both of the defi nitions above, integration is 
fi rst and foremost a process: both neofunctionalists 
and intergovernalists are more concerned with the 
process of integration than with the political system 
that integration leads to. However, more lately 
various authors have focused specifi cally on the 
shape of what they call a new system of governance 
emerging in the EU. While they are more concerned 
with outcome than the process of integration (Marks, 
1996a, 1996b).

However Ben Rosamond (1997) treats European 
integration and the emergence of the EU not only as 
responses of social and political aspects of integration 
but also of global transformation involving various 



40

ISSN 1822-8402 EUROPEAN INTEGRATION STUDIES. 2008. No 2

factors. To reference to this the growth of the EU 
refl ects a considered refl ex to particular sorts of policy 
dilemma and incentive structures occasioned by 
changing global conditions. The European integration 
is intimately connected to the types of challenge 
posed by the intensifi cation of economic and social 
life associated with the global integration.

Resuming the thoughts above on the interpretation 
of the defi nition of integration can be stated that the 
dynamism of the process of European integration 
infl uences the interpretation as well as broadness of 
the defi nition. With reference to this the understanding 
the European integration can be achieved also through 
the retrospective analysis of European integration 
from the historical point of view highlight most 
important moments of this process via treaties:

The Treaty of Paris (1951);•
The Treaties of Rome (1957);•
The Single European Act (1986) and the road •
towards
the Treaty of the European Union (1992);•
The Treaty of Maastricht (1992);•
The Treaty of Amsterdam (1997);•
The Treaty of Nice (2001);•
The Treaty of Lisbon (2007);•

Wiener (2002) the development of integration 
divides into three broad phases from the theoretical 
point of view:

1960s onwards – Explaining integration;•
1980s onwards – Analysing Governance;•
1990s onwards – Constructing the EU.•

However following the integration process each 
of these phases can be characterized by main features 
refl ecting to those days’ reality and objectives 
(Thomas Diez and Antje Wiener 2004):

The fi rst phase represents the development of •
political and economic integration of Europe 
towards the prevention of future war;
The second phase - economic, political and •
also integration through law;
And third phase mostly highlights the •
implication of social factors to integration 
process.

According to the analysis these three main phases, 
based on offi cial documents as well as Treaties, 
brought to European integration process particularly 
important changes under which the formation of new 
values appeared as well as aims and ways how to 
achieve it (Fig.1).

On the fi rst phase of integration the political and 
economic factors of integration appears towards the 
prevention of future war under the basis of peace 
as new value and aim. Later in the development of 
integration the second phase has a feature of political
stagnate though legal factor of integration appears 

under the erection of values of democracy, tolerance 
and freedom. The third phase of integration brings 
especially important changes in European integration 
process and makes a big implication to European 
integration model with the social factor which goes 
with solidarity, equality and diversity.

1951  
The Treaty of Paris  

1957  

The Treaties of Rome

1986 
The Single European Act 

the road towards  
1992  

The Treaty  

of the European Union 

1992 
The Treaty of Maastricht 

1997  
The Treaty of Amsterdam 

2001 
The Treaty of Nice 

2007 
The Treaty of Lisbon 

PEACE DEMOCRACY 
TOLERANCE 

FREEDOM 

SOLIDARITY
EQUALITY 

DIVERSITY 

ECONOMIC LEGAL and POLITICAL SOCIAL 

THE MAIN FACTORS OF EUROPE AN INTEGRATION

EUROPEAN VALUES 

Figure 1. The pillars of European integration 
under the basis of European values and main 
factors of integration

Regarding to thoughts mentioned above on 
European integration from the theoretical as well as 
historical point of view can be stated that European 
integrations fi rstly is the process which lasts with 
several stages of development infl uenced of economic, 
political, legal and social factors under the basis of 
new values’ erection.

Development of Jean Monnet Action as 
strengthening instrument of European 
integration

European Union as an organisation implements 
various instruments as well as initiatives to strengthen 
also to deepen the European integration process 
through various ways. One of the specifi c initiatives 
of European Commission is the Jean Monnet Project 
undertaken under the request of the universities, 
whose aim is to facilitate the introduction of European 
integration studies in universities.

The peculiarity of this Project is its orientation
towards the European citizen. Also its specifi c aim 
is the enhancement of knowledge on European issues
through understanding, teaching, through refl ection 
and debate, and through the far reaching infl uence of 
the activities of the European Centres of Excellence 
and the Jean Monnet professors. The project targets 
those social science disciplines in which community 
developments are an increasingly important part of 
the subject studied, also refl ects the main factors of 
European integration i.e.:

European Community Law, •
European Economic Integration, •



41

ISSN 1822-8402 EUROPEAN INTEGRATION STUDIES. 2008. No 2

European Political Integration,•
History of the European Construction •
Process.

The Jean Monnet Action was launched in the 
member states of the European Union in 1990. The
implementation of this initiative was forced of the 

strengthening of social activity and social affairs in 

EU and was closely connected with the third phase of 

European integration where social factor appeared 

as one of the main in the integration process. The 
Project lasted few stages of enlargement and in 2001 
was extended to all candidate countries applying for 
EU membership and to universities anywhere in the 
world.

In the new member states after the new EU 
enlargement in 2004 the Jean Monnet Project provided 
a response to the need for knowledge about European 
integration and to the call for assistance expressed 
by universities in these countries to boost their own 
academic resources. It aimed to prepare the new 
generation of European affairs specialists with a view 
to the accession of these countries to the European 
Union.

The Jean Monnet Project has following aims 
supporting and encouraging special activities (Fig. 2):

stimulating academic excellence in the fi eld •
of European integration studies through the 
support for new teaching, research and debate 

activities at university level; 

fostering academic refl ection on current policy •
priorities in the fi eld of European integration 
via centralised high-level conferences and 
thematic groups (bringing together Jean Monnet 
professors, policy-makers and civil society 
in Brussels) and support for decentralised 
refl ection activities all over the world. 

supporting major institutions active•  in the 
study of European integration.

Important role in the guidelines of Jean Monnet 

activities play centralised high-level conferences and 

thematic groups. During these meetings Jean Monnet 
professors, policy-makers and civil society in Brussels 
discuss most actual questions of European Union in 
the global context. Following the chronological order 
of these global conferences can be noticed direct 
links of global as well as European Union actualities, 
(European integration process via Treaties), which 
later appears as main stresses in calls for applications 
for Jean Monnet Project supporting activities:

The fi rst global conference was held almost 
in parallel of Jean Monnet Action implementation 
(Brussels 27-28 February 1992) and aimed to identify 
fi elds of common interest for cooperation such as a 
world wide Who’s Who in European Integration 
Studies; a common newsletter or journal; scientifi c 

symposia; joint research projects; an up-dated data 
base,‘EURISTOTE’; Chairs in European Integration 
Studies and networks of researchers, exchanges of 
scholars.

JEAN MONNET ACTION 

Jean Mnnet Conferences

Support for teaching activities: 

Grants for young researchers 

Support for ECSA and networks in 

In the field of European integration

Support for major institutions 

Support for research activities: 

Support for teaching activities: 

European Modules;

Permanent Courses; 

Jean Monnet Chair & 

Jean Monnet Chair “ad personam” 

Jean Monnet European Centres of Excellence. 

Supports the creation of transnational  

research groups; 

Supports the organization by universities 

and research centres. 

Figure 2. Types of activities of Jean Monnet 
Actions (K. Kriš i nas, Ž. Paužait , 2006)

Second (Brussels 5 - 6 May 1994) “Federalism, 
subsidiarity and democracy in the European Union” 
and third “The European Union in a changing world” 
(19-20 September 1996) world conferences were 
linked to the aims of Treaty of European Union and 
the Treaty of Maastricht signed in the meantime.

Fourth world conference “The EURO, Economic, 
Institutional and International Aspects” (Brussels, 17-
18 September 1998) was refl ecting the main aspects of 
the Treaty of Amsterdam where were stressed freedom, 
security, justice, civil society, common foreign policy 
as well as the reform of the EU institutions.

Fifth world conference „Enlarging the European 
Union“ (Brussels, 14-15 December 2000) highlighted 
the institutional reform and legitimacy of the 
European Union, Economic and fi nancial capacity to 
ensure the EU enlargement, perception, diversity and 
civil society of candidate countries. Sixth conference 
„Peace, security and stability – International dialogue 
and the role of the European Union“ (Brussels, 5-6 
December 2002) refl ected on issues of international 
dialogue and peace, of which stability and security 
formed an integral part. Both (fi fth and sixth) 
conferences were linked to Amsterdam and Nice 
Treaties and its aims. 

Seventh world conference “The European 
Union and Emerging World Orders: Perceptions and 
Strategies” (Brussels, 30 November - 1 December 
2004) took place at an important time for the European 
Union. The EU, faced with numerous challenges on 
the international political scene, needed to develop 
and implement an effective common foreign policy. 
The EU’s role and capacity to act in the face of 
new emerging world orders were at the heart of the 



42

ISSN 1822-8402 EUROPEAN INTEGRATION STUDIES. 2008. No 2

conference’s discussions. The issues addressed at 
the conference were focused on global economic 
governance and human development, globalisation 
and the role of international law, as well as the EU as 
a model for a rule-based world order.

Eight world conference „Europe‘s challenges in 
a globalised world“ (Brussels, 23-24 November 2006) 
discussed the globalised world and the EU’s model for 
economic prosperity and social justice, the integration of 
persons in an international context and the development 
of a peaceful world order. As such, the Global Jean 
Monnet Conference contributed to the shaping of an 
international response to globalisation, in areas like 
economic and social policy, migration and diversity, 
and international security highlighting the values 
such as solidarity and cohesion, equal opportunities 
and non-discrimination, universal access to education 
and healthcare, and sustainable development. The 
conference was very linked to Treaty of Lisbon signed 
in 2007 and known as Treaty of values.

Summarising the chronological analysis of the 
thematic of world conferences, based on European 
integration process and its phases, can be stated that 
Jean Monnet conferences touches the most important 

issues of European Union in the global context. Also 
it appears as non formal guidelines for Jean Monet 
activities and infl uences its changes as well as brings 
new stresses and objectives.

Integration of Jean Monnet programme in 
new EU programme for LLL 2007-2013

Under the decision of the European Commission 
made in March 2004 which adopted a Communication 
“The new generation of Community Education 
and Training Programmes after 2006” (“the earlier 
Communication”), following up the February 
Communication on “policy challenges and budgetary 
means for the period 2007-2013” was indicated the 
Commission’s intention to propose an integrated 
lifelong learning programme, incorporating the 
ensemble of existing internal education and training 
programmes where Jean Monnet Programme appears 
as one of the instruments.

The general objective of the above mentioned 
Integrated Programme rose from the main task of 
the Lisbon strategy. Integrated Programme aims to 
contribute through lifelong learning to the development 

of the Community as an advanced knowledge society, 

with sustainable economic development, more 

and better jobs and greater social cohesion, while 

ensuring good protection of the environment for 

future generations. In particular, Programme aims to
foster interchange, cooperation and mobility between 

education and training systems within the Community 

so that they become a world quality reference.

The new Lifelong Learning Programme enables 
individuals at all stages of their lives to pursue 
stimulating learning opportunities across Europe. 
Integrated Programme incorporates four sectoral 
programmes: Comenius (on school education), 
Erasmus (higher education), Leonardo da Vinci 
(vocational training) and Grundtvig (adult education), 
one transversal programme, and the Jean Monnet 
programme (focusing on European integration), 

hereinafter collectively referred to as ‘the Specifi c 
Programmes’ (fi g. 3). 

Integrated Programme 

Comenius 

School 

education 

Erasmus 

Higher 

education & 

advanced 

training 

Leonardo da 

Vinci 

Initial and 

continuing VET

Grundtvig 

Adult education

Transversal programme 

4 key activities – Policy development; Language learning; ICT; 

Dissemination 

Jean Monnet Programme 

3 key activities -  Jean Monnet Action; European Institutions; 

European Associations 

Figure 3. The structure of Integrated Programme 
for LLL 2007-2013

The Jean Monnet Project, being an important 
part of Integrated Programme, today constitutes of 
a vast network of 1800 professors specialising in 
European integration studies. More than 250 000 
young people benefi t each year from Jean Monnet 
teaching activities. Almost 900 universities now 
offer Jean Monnet teaching programmes within their 
curricula, resulting in the setting up of over 2900 
academic projects in European integration studies 
during the period 1990-2008. These include 124 Jean 
Monnet Centres of Excellence, which offer a dynamic 
framework for the promotion of the diverse activities 
of the Jean Monnet professors which go beyond the 
university boundaries, 6761 Jean Monnet Chairs and 
1982 Permanent Courses and European Modules. 
Since 2007 the Jean Monnet Programme is a part of 
the new Life Long Learning Programme 2007-2013 
and 138 projects from 38 countries have been funded 
in the fi rst year.

Development trends of Jean Monnet Action 
in Lithuania

Just after the announcement of European 
Commission to launch the Jean Monnet Project 
2001 for candidate countries Lithuania set up its 
fi rst activity by the Jean Monnet Project. In 2002 
ECSA network was launched in Lithuania at Vilnius 
University. During the year 2001-2008 there were 
involved 5 universities of Lithuania in the activity 
of Jean Monet Action: Vytautas Magnus University, 



43

ISSN 1822-8402 EUROPEAN INTEGRATION STUDIES. 2008. No 2

Vilnius University, University of Romeris, Kaunas 
University of Technology and Lithuanian University 
of Agriculture. In reference to the data of Jean 
Monntet Action in Lithuania the biggest base of this 
activity is being established in Kaunas University of 
Technology Institute of Europe (KTU EI).

During the year of 2002-2008 there were launched 
all teaching activities of Jean Monnet Action in KTU 
EI: Jean Monnet Chair, Jean Monnet courses and 
modules which were mostly linked to legal, political 

or economic aspects of European Integration, while 

Jean Monnet European centre of excellence (JMECE) 

launched in Kaunas University of Technology 
Institute of Europe in 2003 with its activity appears 
as multidisciplinary action.

Jean Monnet European centre of excellence

promoted the partnership of universities, students, 
teachers, academic and non-academic community in 
the fi eld of European Integration studies. The centre 
was acting as a connective instrument involving the 
experts of European integration affairs in academic 
and not academic level as well as in local, regional 
and international level and spreading the information 
and knowledge not only within the university but 
also for all civil society about the main and topical 
questions in European studies engaging and inviting 
people in fl exible, interesting and mutual convenient 
way.

JMECE was acting widely within the University 
arranging academic and practical conferences, 
arranging meetings with high level experts, great 
offi cers of the state as well as diplomats, holding 
continues scientifi c seminars, celebrating the 
important days of the EU – involving to this activity 
teachers, researchers and students of Kaunas 
universities. JMECE was a partner of international 
research “Network on Enlargement and the Northern 
Dimension of EU” attending and organizing 
international conferences and meetings.

It is interesting as well as important to highlight 
that during the period of 2003 and 2008 the activities 
of JMECE were organized including all the main 
factors of European integration mentioned in the 
chapter above. The fl exibility of activities was 
adjusted to the relevant as well as ad hoc topics of 
European integration in economic, political, legal and 
social aspects. As the example of the multidisciplinary 
activity were continues academic seminar analysing 
the important Lithuanian community questions in the 
fi eld of European integration before the accession and 
after, studying the cultural, political and economical 
future of the enlarged EU as well as analysing 
the perspectives and experiences of the Lithuania 
membership in EU. Videoconferences mostly 
refl ected not only on Lithuanian relevant questions in 

the aspect of the EU but also and important question 
of the European integration in the global context. 

Jean Monnet Action in KTU Institute of Europe 
through the activity of JMECE made the learning
opportunities available to various groups of interest. 

Participants attending these activities were able to 

fi nd each individual learning pathway, suitable to 

their needs and interests at all stages of their lives in 

the fi eld European integration.

Conclusions

With reference to the theoretic analysis the •
European integration fi rstly is a process (Marks, 
1996a, 1996b), the process involving political, 
economic, legal and social factors acting under the 
basis of the erection of new values.

One of the instruments to strengthen as well •
as deepen the process of European integration 
and it understanding is European Commission 
initiative – Jean Monnet Action has been launched 
in 1990.

Jean Monnet Action is exclusive as it is directly •
addressed to European citizens and has the specifi c 
aim to facilitate the introduction of European 
integration studies in social science disciplines: 
Community law, European Economic integration, 
political and social studies as well as the history of 
European construction.

Jean Monnet Action passed several stages of •
development widening it’s spectrum of activities. 
Recently Jean Monnet Action represents the 
support for seven types of activities: Jean Monnet 
conferences; grants for young researchers, support 
for teaching and research activities, national 
associations and networks of lectures as well as 
major institutions.

World Jean Monnet conferences play an important •
role forming non offi cial guidelines for the Jean 
Monnet activities and its thematic changes under 
the organisation of actual European integration 
discussion in the global context.

With reference to the Lisbon strategic goal •
European Council identifi es coherent strategies 
and practical measures with a view to fostering life 
long learning for all. According to this Integrated 
Programme for life long learning 2007-2013 were 
launched and there Jean Monnet Project appeared 
as one of the incorporated instruments.

Since 2001 when Lithuania set up its fi rst activity •
by the Jean Monnet Project till now fi ve universities 
of Lithuania are involved in Jean Monnet Action 
renewing themes and applying for new projects 



44

ISSN 1822-8402 EUROPEAN INTEGRATION STUDIES. 2008. No 2

constantly.

The effective platform of the Jean Monnet activity •
in Lithuania was established in Kaunas University 
of Technology Institute of Europe. During the year 
of 2002-2008 there were launched all existing 
teaching activities of Jean Monnet Action.

Jean Monnet European Centre of Excellence •
(JMECE), launched in 2003 at Kaunas University 
of Technology Institute of Europe. It promotes 
the partnership of universities, students, teachers, 
academic and non-academic community in the 
fi eld of European Integration studies implementing 
the wide and versatile activity.

Jean Monnet Action at Kaunas University of •
Technology in its activities involve political, 
economic, legal and social aspects refl ecting to the 
most actual European integration topics not only 
in local but also in global context.

References:

1st ECSAWorld Meeting, (1992), Brussels 27-28 Feb-
ruary. Conference review and conclusion.

A Memorandum on Lifelong Learning (2000), Com-
mission staff working paper. On-line: http://
ec.europa.eu/education/policies/lll/life/memoen.
pdf

Antje Wiener and Thomas Diez (2004); European 
Integration Theory. 312 p. ISBN13: 978-0-19-
925248-0ISBN10: 0-19-925248-3

Diez, Thomas and Wiener, Antje. (2003) “Introducing 
the mosaic of integration theory: Its past, present 
and future” . In European Union Studies Asso-
ciation (EUSA) Biennial Conference 2003 (8th), 

March 27-29, 2003, pages 27, Nashville, TN.

Education and training. Jean Monnet Action: Under-
standing European Integration. On-line: http://
europa.eu.int/comm/education/programmes/
ajm/index_en.html

Enlarging the European Union, (2000), Brussels 14-
15 December. Conference review and conclu-
sion.

Establishing an integrated action programme in the 
fi eld of lifelong learning (2004), Decision of the 
European Parliament and of the Council. On-
line:http://www.see-educoop.net/education_in/
pdf/com2004_0474en01.pdf

Europe ‘s challenges in a globalised world, (2006), 
Brussels 23-24 November. Conference review 
and conclusion.

Federalism, Subsidiarity and Democracy in the Eu-

ropean Union (1994), Conference review and 
conclusion.

Francois Duchene (1994); Jean Monnet: The First 
Statesman of Interdependence. ISBN 0-393-
03497-6

Haas, Ernst B. (1958), The Uniting of Europe: Po-
litical, Social and Economic Forces, 1950 -1957. 
Stanford University Press.

Hansen J. D., Kristensen G., Vanags A. (2003), The 
Changing Focus in European Studies: EU, Eu-
rope, World. EuroFaculty. ISBN 9984-725-91-X. 
140 P.

Kriš i nas, K., Paužait , Ž. (2006), EU Jean Monnet 
Project actions in Institute of Europe of Kaunas 

University of Technology, Tiltai, Vol I, p. 5-15. 
ISSN 1648-3979

Marks, G. at. Al. (1996b); Governance in the Euro-
pean Unijon. London: Sage.

Marks, G. Lisbet Hooghe and Kermit Blank (1996a). 
European integration since the 1980s: state-

centric versus multi-level governance. Journal of 
Gommon Market Studies 34 (2), 164-192.

Mattera, A. (2002), De la deuxi me guerre mondiale 
au „projet europèe„ de JeanMonnet. Revue de 
droit de l‘Union europèenne 1, s. 5-35.

Peace, security and stability: International Dialogue 

and the Role of EU, (2002), Brussels 5-6 Decem-
ber. Conference review and conclusion.

Postgraduate degrees in European Integration, 1996. 
On-line: http://europa.eu.int/comm/education/
programmes/ajm/3cycle/introduction_en.html

Report of Jean Monnet Project C03/0106. Jean Mon-
net European Centre of Excellence 2003-2004.

Report of Jean Monnet Project C03/0106. Jean Mon-
net European Centre of Excellence 2004-2005.

Report of Jean Monnet Project C03/0106. Jean Mon-
net European Centre of Excellence 2005-2006.

Report of Jean Monnet Project C03/0106. Jean Mon-
net European Centre of Excellence 2006-2007.

Rosamond, Ben. (1997), Globalisation, change and 
European integration. In European Union Stud-
ies Association (EUSA), Biennial Conference, 
1997 (5th), May 29-June 1, 1997, p. 24, Seattle, 
WA.

The EURO, Economic, Institutional and International 

Aspects, (1998), Brussels 17-18 September. Con-
ference review and conclusion.



45

ISSN 1822-8402 EUROPEAN INTEGRATION STUDIES. 2008. No 2

The European Union and Emerging World Orders: 

Perceptions and Strategies, (2004) Brussels 30 
November - 1 December. Conference review and 
conclusion.

The European Union in a Changing World, (1996),
Brussels 19-20 September. Conference review 
and conclusion.

VadeMecum 2004. Support for European integration 
activities in the fi eld of higher education. On-

line: http://europa.eu.int/comm/education/pro-
grammes/ajm/call2004/vdm2004_en.pdf

The article has been reviewed.

Received in March, 2008; accepted in April, 
2008.