EJBR2017v7i4art336 ISSN 2449-8955 European Journal of Biological Research Review Article European Journal of Biological Research 2017; 7 (4): 324-336 Anthelminthic/larvicidal activity of some common medicinal plants Kumari Sunita 1 *, Pradeep Kumar 2 , Mohammad Aasif Khan 1 , Sadaf 1 , Syed Akhtar Husain 1 , D. K. Singh 3 1 Human Genetics Lab, Department of Biosciences Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi-110025, India 2 Department of Zoology, S.G.N Govt. P.G College Muhammadabad, Gohana Mau 276403 (U.P), India 3 Malacology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, DDU Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur 273009 (U.P), India *Corresponding author: Kumari Sunita; Mobile -+91-8756662430; E-mail: ksunita705@yahoo.com; pkumar_gpu@yahoo.co.in ABSTRACT The helminthic infection are most common disease in different animals and in human beings, which affecting a large proportion of the world population. Helminthic infection can also affect millions of livestock resulting in considerable economic loss in domestic animals. For control of helminthic disease in different part of world are uses synthetic medicines which are very effective in curing helminthiasis, but it’s also causes a number of side effects. The continued uses of synthetic anthelmintic/larvicidal drugs are also causing a major drug resistance problem in several parasitic diseases. The plant derived crude products are less efficient with respect to cure of parasitic diseases but one relatively free from side effect. A large number of medicinal plants are traditionally uses to cure helminthiasis in developing countries. Thus, plant derived drugs are gaining a lot of attention for curing parasitic infection. There are several medicinal plants and their different crude products, organic extracts and active components have been scrutinized for using in various methods in helminthic/larvicidal infection control. The present reviews summarized the use of traditional medicinal plants and their different products further leads to evaluation of new researches. Keywords: Medicinal plants; Anthelminthic activity; Larvicidal activity; Active components. 1. INTRODUCTION Ancient man derived more than 90% of medicinal agents from higher plants. Even today, traditional system of medicine is practiced in many countries possessing ancient cultures, and major portion of their therapeutic needs are obtained from plants drugs. India with its wide eco-geographical and climatic diversity possesses a rich medicinal plant’s wealth and has a very rich heritage of knowledge in the use of herbal drugs. A large part of world population depends even at the present time on the indigenous systems of medicine Ayirveda, Unani and Sidha, including India. Plants with anthelmintic activity have been reviewed by Akhtar et al. [1]. In many parts of the world, natural products are still in use as herbal remedies [2]. In recent Received: 16 August 2017; Revised submission: 25 September 2017; Accepted: 23 October 2017 Copyright: © The Author(s) 2017. European Journal of Biological Research © T.M.Karpiński 2017. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted, non-commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1036819 325 | Sunita et al. Anthelminthic/larvicidal activity of some common medicinal plants European Journal of Biological Research 2017; 7 (4): 324-336 years, there has been a rapid increase in new reports of the anti-parasitic activity of natural products, both from scientific and traditional practices [1]. Thus, plant based medicines have become indispensable and are forming an integral part of the primary healthcare system over the world. The crude extracts of herbal plants have been tested for their putative anthelmintic properties. Active ingredients of these herbal products are now identified and characterized to establish their mode of action. Akhtar et al. [1] have extensively reviewed the anthelminthic activity of several herbal products. Anthelmintic activity of some plants Alangium larmarckii [3], Piper betle [4], Piper longum [5], Allium sativum [6], Zingiber officinale [6], Cucurbita mexicana and Ficus religosa [7], Calotropis procera [8], Nicotiana tabacum [9] and Ferula asafetida [10], Dioscorea zingiberensis [11], Matricaria chamomillia [12] has been reported by several workers. In a study by Hordegen et al. [13] bromelain, the enzyme complex of the stem of Ananas comosus (Bromeliaceae), the ethanolic extracts of seeds of Azadirachta indica (Meliaceae), Caesalpinia crista (Caesalpiniaceae) and Vernonia anthelmintica (Asteraceae), and the ethanolic extracts of the whole plant of Fumaria parviflora (Papaveraceae) and of the fruit of Embelia ribes (Myrsinaceae) showed anthelmintic efficacy (up to 93%), relative to pyrantel tartrate against infective larvae of H. contortus. The methanol extracts of Mentha piperita and Lantana camara (leaves, stems and roots) exhibited considerable anthelmintic activity against P. posthuma. Helminthic infections are among the most common infections in human beings, affecting a large proportion of the world’s population. In developing countries they pose a large threat to public health and contribute to the prevalence of anaemia, malnutrition, eosinophilia and pneumonia. Although the majority of infections due to worms are generally limited to tropical countries, they can occur to travelers, who have visited those areas and some of them can be developed in temperate climates [14]. The helminthes which infect the intestine are cestodes e.g. Tapeworms (Taenia Solium), nematodes e.g. hookworm (Ancylostoma duodenale), roundworm (Ascaris lumbricoids) and trematodes or flukes (Schistosoma mansoni and S. hematobolium). The diseases originated from parasitic infection causing severe morbidity include lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis and social consequences. Helminthes infection can also affect millions of livestock resulting in considerable economic losses in domestic and farm yard animals. 2. IN VITRO AND IN VIVO ANTHELMINTIC/ LARVICIDAL ACTIVITY In the beginning, most of the in vitro researches regarding anthelmintic of plants, their different extracts or oil have been based on their toxic effects on earthworm, Pheritima posthuma [15-22]. The essential oils of Gardenia lucida (Rubiaceae), Cyperus rotendus (Cyperaceae), Inula racemosa (Compositae), Psitacia integrrima (Anacardiaceae), Litsea chinensis (Lauraceae) and Randia dumetorum (Rubiaceae) seeds have been reported to possess good anthelmintic activity against tapeworms and earthworms [18, 19]. Most of these substances which are toxic to earthworms produce a primary irritation or agitation that results in the withdrawal of the worm from the neighborhood of the poison. In vivo trials have also been conducted for the evaluation of anthelmintic activity of various plant materials. Githiori et al. [23] evaluated the anthelmintic properties of Albizia anthelmintica extracts against H. polygrus infections in mice. In vivo trials have also been carried out in domestic animals such as sheep, goats and cattle etc. for the evaluation of anthelmintic activity of various medicinal plants and its active compound. The efficacy of test substances in such studies has generally been adjudged on the basis of expulsion of worms from hosts [24-28] or reduction in the number of eggs per gram of feces (EPG) passed by the infected hosts following treatment with substances of plant origin. By asset of this effect, anthelmintics doubtless often drive out the parasite when the concentration does not get sufficiently higher to kill the worm [29]. Some worker have also used hookworms, Haemonchus contortus, and tapeworms and/or Ascaris lumbricoides for the evaluation of in vitro anthelmintic activity of different plant materials [3, 4, 19-22, 30-35]. A modified egg hatch assay [36] is often used to evaluate the effect of plant products against eggs of Haemonchus contortus. Some other 326 | Sunita et al. Anthelminthic/larvicidal activity of some common medicinal plants European Journal of Biological Research 2017; 7 (4): 324-336 research conducting in vitro studies have used an alteration of the larval development assay (LDA) or larval motility tests which are commonly used for testing of resistance of parasites to anthelmintic [37, 38]. Bany et al. [39] reported the effect of alchinal, a complex preparation of three substances Echinacea purpurea extract, Allium sativum extract and cocoa, on the development of T. spiralis in mice. Quinolines that exhibited good activity in vitro have been studied in vivo on T. spiralis in mice model [40]. The anticestodal properties of few other plants namely, Gladiolus gandavensis, Trifolium repens, Strobilanthes discolor and Butea minor have been well ascertained using experimentally induced H. diminuta in albino rats [41-43]. Extracts of Cucurbita pepo (Cucurbitaceaea), Calotropis gigantean (Asclepiadaceae), Juglans regia (Juglandaceae), Momordica charantia (Cucurbitaceae), Musa paradisaca (Musaceae) and Scindapsus offcinalis (Araceae) have been found to show profound anthelmintic activity on Haemonchus contortus of goat origin [30]. The cestocidal efficacy of Acacia auricu- liformis in H. diminuta rat model are reported by Ghosh et al. [44]. Bogh et al. [45] reported the anthelmintic efficacy of extracts of Embelia schimperi against Echinostoma caproni, H. poly- gyrus and H. microstoma in mice and also against H. diminuta in rats. The stem bark extract of Berlinia grandiflora has been reported to possess anthelmintic efficacy based on its testing against N. brasiliensis infections in albino rats [46]. Kaushik et al. [47] evaluated extracts of 11 plants which proved lethal to Ascaridia galli in vitro, including those from Amomum aromaticum (Zingiberaceae) root and rhizome, Ammora wallichii stem, Anthocephalus indicus (Rubiaceae) stem and bark, Calamintha umberosa (Labiatae) plant, Dalbergia latifolia (Leguminosae) stem and bark, Datura quercifolia (Solanaceae) fruit, Datura metal (Solanaceae) plant, Ficus religiosa (Urticaceae) stem and bark, Sentia myrtina plant, and Sumplocos crataegoides (Sumplocos) leaves. The essential oils of several plants namely, Callistemon viminalis (Myrtaceae), Anacardium occidentale (Anacardiaceae), Buddlea asiatica (Loganiaceae), Chloroxylon swientenia (Rutaceae) and oleo-gum resin of Commiphora mukul (Bube- raceae) have been reported to possess profound anthelmintic activity against tape and hookworms and their efficacy was also noted to be comparable to that of piperazine phosphate and hexylresor- cinol [48]. In other studies the essential oils of Artemisia pallens (Compositae), Eupatorium triplinerve (Compositae), Artabotrys odoratissimus (Annonanceae), Capillipedium foetidum (Poaceae) and the grass of Cymbopogon martini (Poaceae) have been reported to possess strong anthelmintic activity against T. solium and A. lumbricoides [22, 35, 49]. 2.1. Carica papaya The anthelmintic property of the aqueous extract of the seeds of Carica papaya (Carbi- caeceae) against Ascaris lumbricoides and Ascaridia galli has been also well been established [43]. A high efficacy of C. papaya latex against experimental Heligmosomoides polygyrus infections has been reported by Satrija et al. [50]. The benzyl isothiocyanate isolated from C. papaya seed and use as anthelmintic activity against Caenorhabditis elegans [51]. Hounzangbe-Adote et al. [52] repor- ted the anthelmintic activity of Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides, Morinda lucida and Newbouldia leaf extracts and C. papaya seed extracts collected in Western Africa against different stages of H. contortus. Another study, Z. zanthoxyloides, M. lucida, N. laevis and C. papaya extracts induced a dose-dependent inhibition of egg hatching of T. colubriformis. These plant extracts also showed their effects against the infective larvae of T. colubriformis. In contrast, for adult worms, the effects were statistically significant only for N. laevis and C. papaya [53]. Okeniyi et al. [54] has been reported the seed of C. papaya are cheap, natural, harmless, readily available monotherapy and prevention against intestinal parasitosis. The anthelmintic efficacy of plant cysteine proteinases of C. papaya have been reported in mice infected with adult Trichuris muris, a rodent gastrointestinal nematode [55]. In another study, Stepek et al. [56] reported the anthelmintic effects of cysteine proteinases of C. papaya against Protospirura muricola in rodent model. 327 | Sunita et al. Anthelminthic/larvicidal activity of some common medicinal plants European Journal of Biological Research 2017; 7 (4): 324-336 2.2. Cucurbita mexicana The aqueous, etheral and alcoholic extracts of Cucurbita mexicana (Cucurbitaceae) seeds have exhibited significant anthelmintic activity against Moniezia expansa, Fasciolopsis buski, Ascaris lumbricoides and Hymenolepis diminuta. Aqueous extract was found to possess the most significant toxicity as compared to alcoholic and etheral extracts [57]. The water and ethanol extract of C. Mexicana seed are effective and displayed high anthelmintic efficacy against Aspiculuris tetraptera in mice [58]. 2.3. Hedychium coronarium The rhizomes and oil of Hedychium coro- narium (Zingiberaceae) and H. spicatum (Zingi- beraceae) possess better anthelmintic activity than piperazine phosphate against earthworms and tapeworms [16]. 2.4. Butea monosperma All parts of Butea monosperma have been used as crude drug for the treatment of skin disease, tumors, wounds, ulcers and piles [59]. The crude seed powder of B. monosperma showed anthelmintic activity in sheep. The different species of Butea has been reported anthelmintic activity against Ascaris lumbricoide, Ascaridia galli, earthworm, Toxocara canis, Dipylidium caninum and Taenia [60]. Palasonin, an active principle of Butea monosperma (Leguminosae), has also been established to possess good anthelmintic activity against A. lumbricoides, using an in vitro assay [61]. 2.5. Azadirachta indica Azadirachta indica is a tree of Meliaceae family. Medicinal property of this plant is men- tioned in traditional Indian Ayruvedic system of therapy [62]. All parts of the Azadirachta indica including the leaves, bark, fruits, seed and oil have medicinal properties and contain over ten different active components with azadirachtin as the most potent component and widely studied [63]. Azadirachta indica are toxic against Salmonella [64] Plasmodium and Trypanosma species [65, 66]. It has larvicidal activity against L. acuminata and larvae of Fasciola gigantica [6, 67]. In context of India, which is endowed with vast resources of medicinal plants, there is a strong tradition of using plant-based medicines in alternate system of medicine among native societies [1]. Phytochemical of plants and their controlled experiments associated strategies, can offer new alternatives for effective and economical control of parasite borne disease [1]. Azadirachta indica seeds inhibit 68.3% of larval hatching of Haemonchus contortus with the use of azadirachtin at 1% obtained from seeds [68]. In cattle, the consumption of dried leaves caused a reduction in the number of eggs of per gram of feces [69]. Rahman et al. [70] have evaluated the in vitro anthelmintic activity of Neem plant (Azadirachta indica) extract against third-stage Haemonchus contortus larvae from goats. It was recorded that 4 mg/ml methanolic extract gave 40% mortality. Aqueous leaves extract of Azadirachta indica leaves have significant anthelmintic activity against earthworms (Pheretima posthuma), tapeworms (Raillietina spiralis) and roundworms (Ascaridia galli) species [71]. 2.6. Nigella sativa Nigella sativa exhibits considerable anthelmintic activity against tapeworms, hookworms and nodular worms with the activity being comparable with that of hexylresorcinol against hookworms and nodular worms [72]. Mahmoud et al. [73] has been reported that the oil of N. sativa decreased the number of Schistosoma mansoni in liver and intestine of infected mice. The seed of N. sativa demonstrated an inhibitory effect on egg lying adult female worm and also effective against miracidium, cercaria and adult worm of S. mansoni [74]. 2.7. Zanthoxylum The anthelmintic activity of Zanthoxylum alatum (Rutacae) has been found to be comparable to that drug against roundworms [20], while the essential oil from the fruits of Z. limonella has been reported to bear better anthelmintic efficacy than that of piperazine phosphate [75]. 328 | Sunita et al. Anthelminthic/larvicidal activity of some common medicinal plants European Journal of Biological Research 2017; 7 (4): 324-336 2.8. Punica granatum Inhibition of transformation of eggs to filariform larvae of H. contortus, Prakash et al. [76] established the dose-dependent anthelmintic activity of the alcoholic extract of Punica granatum. Swarnakar et al. [77] has been reported the metha- nolic extract of P. granatum shows anthelmintic activity against Pheretima pasthuma. 2.9. Ocimum sanctum Various essential oils and eugenol isolated from Ocimum sanctum Linn. (Lamiaceae) have shown potent anthelmintic activity against C. elegans. Martinez-Ortiz-de-Montellano et al. [78] studied the effect of a tropical tannin-rich plant, Lysiloma latisiliquum on adult populations of H. contortus in sheep and suggested that a short- term consumption of L. latisiliquum can modulate directly the biology of adult H. contortus affecting the worm size and female fecundity. The essential oil of Ocimum sanctum and eugenol, tested in vitro, showed potent anthelmintic activity in the Caenorhabditis elegans model [79]. Singh and Nagaichi, [80] evaluated the antiparasitic effects of ethyl alcohol phytochemicals as cure of worm infections in traditional medicine systems extract of Ocimum sanctum against A. galli in vitro. 2.10. Berlina grandiflora Berlina grandiflora and its active compound triterpenoid, betulinic acid shows or showed anthelmintic activity against C. elegans [46] in different solvent fractions. The bark and stem of B. grandiflora are effective anthelmintic against N. brasiliensis in infected albino rats [46]. 2.11. Evolvulus alsinoides In vitro anthelmintic activities of Evolvulus alsinoides extract against earthworm, P. posthuma and reported it to be better than piperazine citrate Dash et al. [81]. The essential oil of Ocimum gratissimum, a tropical plant well known for its ethnoveterinary use, showed strong anthelmintic activity in vitro against H. contortus [68]. 2.12. Melia azedarach The anthelmintic activity of ethanolic extract of Melia azedarach Linn (Meliaceae) was found to be better against T. solium than that of piperazine phosphate [82]. The anthelmintic activity of M. azedarach, in vivo studies have been performed with aqueous methanolic and ethanolic extracts of the fruits in chicken [83], of the seed in sheep [84] and seed, leaves in in vitro against Haemonchus contortus [85]. 2.13. Rubus fructicosus The woody plants, Rubus fructicosus, Quercus robur and Corylus showed remarkable anthelmintic activity when tested on 3rd-stage larvae (L3) and adult worms of Teladorsagia circumcincta, H. contortus and Trichostrongylus colubriformis [86]. The crude methanol extract of R. fructicosus fruits are showed anthelmintic activity against Ascaridia galli [87]. 2.14. Mangifera indica The anthelmintic properties of Vimang, an aqueous extract of Mangifera indica family stem bark and mangiferin, the major polyphenol present in Vimang, were investigated in the experimentally induced T. spiralis infections in mice [88]. Patil et al. [89] reported the methanolic extract of M. indica leaves were show anthelmintic activity against Phertima posthma. 2.15. Punica granatum The fruit rind powder of Punica granatum tested for efficacy against gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep showed a remarkable decrease of 85% in the EPG counts in the treated groups. In a separate experiment the same fruit rind powder also showed considerable reduction in EPG in sheep naturally infected with mixed cestode species [83]. The glycosides and alkaloids of P. granatum have also shown good anticestodal efficacy in goats [90, 91]. 2.16. Melia azedarach Melia azedarach was also reported to be 329 | Sunita et al. Anthelminthic/larvicidal activity of some common medicinal plants European Journal of Biological Research 2017; 7 (4): 324-336 capable of reducing the EPG in A. galli infected chickens [83]. Based on reduction in EPG, the whole plant powder of Fumaria parviflora, its water and ethanol extracts were also observed to be possessing significant anthelmintic efficacy against Trichostrongylus, Haemonchus and Trichuris infections in sheep [92]. 2.17. Saussurea lappa Saussurea lappa roots powder, its water and methanol extracts have also been found to possess anthelmintic effects in mixed infections of nematodes in sheep [93]. The toxicity of glycosides extracted from the roots of S. lappa was noted to be even better than aqueous or methanol extracts in sheep and buffalo-calves infected with mixed species of nematodes [94]. 2.18. Zingiber officinale Zingiber officinale is perennial plant and is considered to be the universal medicine in ayurveda. The anthelminthic activity of ethanol extracts of rhizomes of Z. officinale against human Ascaris lumbricoldes is appreciable [31, 95]. Goto et al. [96] reported the lethal effect of Z. officinale on Anisakis larvae in vitro. The antifilarial effect of Z. officinale against Driofilaria immitis has been reported by Datta and Sukul, [97]. Adewunmi et al. [98]; Sunita and Singh, [67] have reported the larvicidal activity of Fasciola gigantic larvae (sporocyst, redia and cercaria) Z. officinale. Z. officinale extract tested against experimentally induced Setariacervi infections in rats showed significant ant filarial activity [99]. Its seeds of Carum copticum (Umbelliferae), Agati gratifola (Leguminosae) and Mangifera indica (Anacardiaceae) have shown appreciable anthelmintic activity against human Ascaris lumbricoides [95]. Kalesaraj, [31] also reported that rhizomes of Z. zerumbet (Zingi- beraceae) bear significant anthelmintic activity against human A. lumbricoides. 2.19. Matricaria chamomilla The anthelmintic effects of Matricaria chamomilla L. were established in experimental Ostertagia ostertagi experimental infection in lambs [12]. 2.20. Dioscorea zingiberensis The anthelmintic activity of trillin and gracillin, the two bioactive compounds of Dioscorea zingiberensis C. H. Wright was investigated against Dactylogyrus intermedius (Monogenea) in goldfish under in vivo conditions. The study revealed that both trillin and gracillin are effective against D. intermedius, and the gracillin exhibits more interesting perspectives for the development of a candidate antiparasitic agent [11]. 2.21. Paris polyphylla The methanol extract of rhizomes of Paris polyphylla and its two steroidal saponins com- pounds, dioscin and polyphyllin D were estab- lished to possess a promising in vivo anthelmintic activity against Dactylogyrus intermedius [11]. The anthelmintic study of five alkaloids (sangui- narine, cryptopine, a-allocryptopine, protopine and 6-methoxyl-dihydrochelerythrine) from Macleaya microcarpa (Maxim) Fedde against Dactylogyrus intermedius in Carassius auratus provided evidence that the plant extract, as well as the isolated compounds, especially sanguinarine, might be the potential plant-based medicines for the treatment of D. intermedius infection. 2.22. Ferula asafoetida Ferula asafoetida is known to possess antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti carcinogenic, antispasmodic, molluscicidal and antithelminthic activity [10, 100-104]. The alcoholic extract of F. asafoetida and it active component ferulic acid and umbelliferone has shown moderate anthelmintic activity against Fasciola gigantica larvae [6, 67]. Ferulic acid has been reported to have many physiological functions, including protection against coronary disease, lowers cholesterol and increases sperm viability [105]. Ferulic acid has been shown to potentially exert several beneficial effect on health [106], it significantly protect against UV- induced erythematic in human [107], act as a 330 | Sunita et al. Anthelminthic/larvicidal activity of some common medicinal plants European Journal of Biological Research 2017; 7 (4): 324-336 peroxyl radical scavenger and increased the resistance of LDL to oxidation. It also has a strong insecticidal activity and caused high percentage of mortality on eggs and larvae of insects and regarded as an ovicidal agent [108]. 2.23. Allium sativum Dried, powdered of Allium sativum contains approximately 1% allicin which is the most significant compound (S-allyl cystein sulfoxide) [109]. The most biologically active compounds, (diallyl thiosulfinat or diallyl disulfide) does not exist in A. sativum until it is crushed or cut; injury to the A. sativum bulb activates the enzyme allinase, which metabolized alliin to allicin. Allicin was first chemically isolated in the 1940, has antimicrobial effects against viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasite [110-111]. Sunita et al. [6] has been studies the larvicidal activity of allicin against Fasciola gigantica larvae sporocyst, redia and cercaria in different month of the year 2011-2012. However, increasing problems of development of resistance in helminthes against anthelmintic drugs [112] have led to the screening of medicinal plants for their anthelmintic activity. The alcoholic extract of bulb of A. sativum has also shown moderate in vitro anthelmintic activity against human Ascaris lumbricoldes [31]. A. sativum has been reported to be effective in dysentery and also acts as vermifuge 113, 114]. Oil of A. sativum has also been reported to possess anthelminthic activity [115, 116] and discards all injurious parasites in the intestine [113]. A. sativum has shown anthelminthic action in in vitro and in vivo condition against helminthes [31]. 2.24. Balanite The larvicidal activity of aqueous extracts of seed, endocarp, mesocarp and the whole fruit of B. aegyptiaca against adult Biomphalaria pfeifferi and Lymnaea natalensis as well as the cercariacidal activity of its seed on Schistosoma mansoni cercariae were investigated. With regards to the snail species, B. pfeifferi no mortality was observed for B. pfeifferi exposed to extracts’ concentrations of 2, 5 and 8 ppm of all tested plant parts after 24 hours exposure. Hundred percent mortality rates were observed on B. pfeifferi exposed to a concentration of 100 ppm for the seeds and mesocarp, no mortality was observed at 24 hours exposure period below the concentrations of 15 ppm. From the cercariacidal investigation, the in vitro cercariacidal activity of the plant on S. mansoni cercariae showed that the mortality rates of cercariae were elevated by increasing both the concentrations of seeds and the time of exposure. The in vivo observation of the infectivity of S. mansoni cercariae was evaluated by pre-exposing the cercariae with seed extracts and then exposing to mice, it was found that infectivity of cercariae was completely inhibited at 15 ppm. And a significant reduction in tissue egg deposition occurred even at lower concentrations than 15 ppm (p<0.05). 2.25. Alangium larmarckii The anthelmintic toxicity of the root and bark of Alangium larmarckii (Alangiaceaea) are use against the hookworms of dogs and poultry ascarids reported by Dubey and Gupta, [3]. 2.26. Piper betle The anticestodal activity of essential oil from Piper betle has been found to be superior to that of piperazine phosphate, and the activity against hookworms has been reported greater than that of hexylresorcinol [4]. The leaves extract of P. betle are potential anthelmintic [117]. 2.27. Piper longum The essential oil from the fruits of Piper longum was screened for the anthelmintic activity against Ascaris lumbricoids. The experiment revealed that its oil has a definite paralytic action on the nerve muscular preparation of A. lumbricoids [5]. 2.28. Semecarpus anacardium It is found throughout the hotter/warmer parts of India and its nuts are commonly known as Bhilawa. Chattopadhyaya and Khare [118] reported that anacardic acid isolated from the oil of nuts of 331 | Sunita et al. Anthelminthic/larvicidal activity of some common medicinal plants European Journal of Biological Research 2017; 7 (4): 324-336 Semecarpus anacardium (Anacardiaceae) and its sodium salt both have good anthelmintic toxicity. 2.29. Mimusops elengi The barks of Mimusops elengi have cardiotonic, alexipharmic, anthelmintic and astrin- gent repoted by Kirtikar and Basu, [119]. Crude alcoholic extract and its various fractions were evaluated for their anthelmintic potential using Pheretima posthuma and Ascardia galli as testworms. The crude alcoholic extract and its ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions significantly demonstrated paralysis and also caused death of worms especially at higher concentration of 100 mg/ml as compared to standard reference piperazine citrate (10 mg/ml). 2.30. Cardiospermum halicacabum Cardiospermum halicacabum extract when tested in vitro for its efficacy against L3 of Strongyloides stercoralis showed reduction in the viability of larvae [120]. 2.31. Evolvulus alsinoides The ethanolic extract of Evolvulus alsinoides (Convolvulaceae) was observed to show more anthelmintic action as compared to piperrazine citrate Dash et al. [81]. 3. CONCLUSION The traditional use of a wide variety of common medicinal plants holds a great prominence source of easily available and effective anthel- mintic/larvicidal activity in different animals. The present review of literature indicate the screening of crude products, organic extracts and different plant derived active components is need to further studies at molecular level for searching different phytochemicals which can replace the synthetic drugs in control of wide parasitic infections diseases. AUTHOR’S CONTRIBUTION All the authors involved in conception and design, drafting the review article. The final manuscript has been approved by all authors. TRANSPARENCY DECLARATION The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this article. REFERENCES 1. Akhtar MS, Iqbal Z, Khan MN, Lateef M. Anthelmintic activity of medicinal plants with particular reference to their use in animals in Indo- Pakistan Subcontinent. Small Rumin Res. 2000; 38: 99-107. 2. Tagboto S, Townson S. Antiparasitic properties of medicinal plants and other naturally occurring products. Adv Parasitol. 2001; 50: 199-295. 3. Dubey MP, Gupta I. Studies on the anthelmintic activity of Alangium lamarikii Thwaites (Hindi Akol) root bark. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 1968; 12: 25-31. 4. Garg SC, Jain R. Biological activity of the essential oil of Piper betle cultivar Sagar Bangla. J Essent Oil Res. 1992; 4: 601-606. 5. D’Cruz JL, Nimbkark AY, Kokate CK. Evaluation of fruits of Piper longum Linn. And leaves of Adhatoda vasica seed for anthelmintic activity. Indian Drugs. 1980; 4(17): 99-101. 6. Sunita K, Kumar P, Singh VK, Singh DK. In vitro phytotherapy of vector snail by binary combination of larvicidal components in effective control of fasciolosis. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo. 2013; 5(55): 303-308. 7. Iqbal Z, Nadeem QK, Khan MN, Akhtar MS, Waraich FN. In vitro anthelmintic activity of Allium sativum, Zingiber officinale, Cucurbita mexicana and Ficus religiosa. Int J Agr Biol. 2001; 3: 454- 457. 8. Iqbal Z, Lateef M, Jabbar A, Muhammad G, Khan MN. Anthelmintic activity of Calotropis procera (Ait.) Ait. F. flowers in sheep. J Ethnopharmacol. 2005; 102: 256-261. 9. Iqbal Z, Lateef M, Jabbar A, Ghayur MN, Gilani AH. In vitro and in vivo anthelmintic activity of Nicotiana tabacum L. leaves against gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep. Phytother Res. 2006; 20: 46-48. 10. Bakker W, Hartmans KJ, Diepenhorst P, Gorris LGM. The use of carvone in agriculture: suppression of potatoes and antifungal activity against potato tuber and other plant diseases. J Ind Crops Prod. 1995; 1(4): 3-13. 332 | Sunita et al. Anthelminthic/larvicidal activity of some common medicinal plants European Journal of Biological Research 2017; 7 (4): 324-336 11. Wang GX, Zhou Z, Jiang DX, Han J, Wang JF, Zhao LW, Li J. In vivo anthelmintic activity of five alkaloids from Macleaya microcarpa (Maxim) Fedde against Dactylogyrus intermedius in Carassius auratus. Vet Parasitol. 2010; 171: 305- 313. 12. Bahrami AM, Doosti A, Moosavi AB. Effect of Matricaria chamomilla L. plant extraction on experimental infected lamb with Ostertagia ostertagi parasites. Int J Pharmacol. 2010; 6: 712- 718. 13. Hordegen P, Cabaretb J, Hertzberga H, Langhansc W, Maurera V. In vitro screening of six anthelmintic plant products against larval Haemonchus contortus with a modified methyl-thiazolyl-tetrazolium reduction assay. J Ethnopharmacol. 2006; 108: 85- 89. 14. Bundy DAP. Immunoepidemiology of intestinal helmintic infection I, the global burden of intestinal nematode disease. Trans Royal Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1994; 8: 259-261. 15. Ali SM, Mehta RK. Preliminary pharmacological and anthelmintic studies of the essential oil of Piper betle Linn. Indian J Pharm. 1970; 32: 132-133. 16. Dixit VK, Varma KC. Anthelmintic properties of essential oils from rhizomes of Hedychium coronarium Koenig and Hedychium spicatum Koenig. Indian J Pharmacoal. 1975; 37: 143-144. 17. Girgune JB, Jain NK, Garg BD. Anthelmintic activity of some essential oils. Indian Perfumer. 1978; 22: 296-297. 18. Girgune JB, Jain NK, Garg BD. Antimicrobial and anthelmintic activity of essential oil from Gardenia lucida Roxb. Indian Perfumer. 1979; XXIII(3-4): 213-215. 19. Mishra SH, Gaud RS, Sharma RA, Chaturvedi SC. Anthelmintic activity of some essential oils. Indian Perfumer. 1979; XXIII(3-4): 208-209. 20. Mehta MB, Kharya MD, Srivastava R, Varma KC. Antimicrobial and anthelmintic activities of the essential oil of Zanthoxylum alatum Roxb. Indian Perfumer. 1981; XXV(2): 1-3. 21. Garg SC, Kasera HL. In vitro anthelmintic activity of the essential of Anacardium occidentale. Indian Perfumer. 1982; 26: 239-240. 22. Siddiqui N, Garg SC. In vitro anthelmintic activity of some essential oils. Pak J Sci Ind Res. 1990; 33: 536-537. 23. Githiori JB, Hoglund J, Waller PJ, Baker RL. The anthelmintic efficacy of the plant, Albizia anthelmintica, against the nematode parasites Haemonchus contortus of sheep and Heligmosomoides polygrus of mice. Vet Parasitol. 2003; 116: 23-24. 24. Kalesaraj, Kurup PA. Anthelmintic activity, toxicity and other pharmacological properties of palasonin, the active principle of Butea frondosa seeds and its piperazine salt. Ind J Med Res. 1968; 56: 1818- 1825. 25. Lawrence BM. Cucurbita: a monograph. Lawrence review of natural products. Philips O. Ficus insipida: ethnobotany and ecology of an Amazonian anthelmintic. Econ Bot. 1990; 44: 534-536. 26. Pradhan KD, Thakur DK, Sudhan NA. Therapeutic efficacy of P. granatum and C. maxima against clinical cases of nematodiasis in calves. Ind J Indust Med. 1992; 9: 53-54. 27. Asuzu IU, Onu OU. Anthelmintic activity of the ethanolic extract of Piliostigma thonningii bark in Ascaridia galli infected chickens. Fitoterapia. 1994; 65: 291-297. 28. Desta B. Ethiopian traditional herbal drugs. Part I. Studies on the toxicity and therapeutic activity of local taenicidal medications. J Ethnopharmacol. 1995; 45: 27-33. 29. Sollman T. Anthelmintics: their efficacy as tested on earthworms. J Pharmacol. 1918; 1: 129. 30. Sharma LD, Bhaga HS, Srivastava PS. In vitro anthelmintic screening of indigenous medicinal plants against Haemonchus contortus (Rudolphi, 1803) Cobbold, 1898 of sheep and goats. Indian J Anim Res. 1971; 5: 33-38. 31. Kalesaraj R. Screening of some indigenous plants for anthelmintic action against human Ascaris lumbricoides. Part II. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 1975; 19: 47-49. 32. Shrivastava R. Anthehnintic properties of essential oil of Cyathocline lyrata cass. Indian J Pharm Sci. 1979; 41: 228-229. 33. Garg SC, Kasera HL. Anthelmintic activity of Callistemon viminalis. Fitoterapia. 1982; LIII(5-6): 179-181. 34. Kakrani HK, Kalyani GA. Anthelmintic activity of the essential oil of Commiphora mukul. Fitoterapia. 1984; 55: 232-234. 35. Nakhare S, Garg SC. Anthelmintic activity of some essential of Artemisia pallens Wall. Ancient Sci Life. 1991; 10: 185-186. 36. Coles GC, Bauer C, Borgsteede FHM, Geerts S, Klei TR, Taylor MA, Waller PJ. World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology (W.A.A.V.P) methods for the detection of 333 | Sunita et al. Anthelminthic/larvicidal activity of some common medicinal plants European Journal of Biological Research 2017; 7 (4): 324-336 anthelmintics resistance in nematodes of veterinary importance. Vet Parasitol. 1992; 44: 35- 44. 37. Assis LM, Bevilaqua CML, Morais SM, Vieira LS, Costa CTC, Souza JAL. Ovicidal and larvicidal activity in vitro of Spigelia anthelmia Linn. extracts on Haemonchus contortus. Vet Parasitol. 2003; 117: 43-49. 38. Lateef M, Iqbal Z, Khan MN, Akhtar MS, Jabbar A. Anthelmintic activity of Adhatoda vesica roots. Int J Agr Biol. 2003; 5: 86-90. 39. Bany J, Zdanowska D, Zdanowski R, Skopinska- Rosewska E. The effect of herbal remedy on the development of Trichinella spiralis infection in mice. Pol J Vet Sci. 2003; 6: 6-8. 40. Martinez-Grueiro M, Gimenez-Pardo C, Gomez- Barrio A, Franck X, Fournet A, Hocquemiller R, et al. Nematocidal and trichomonacidal activities of 2- substituted quinolines. Farmaco. 2005: 1-6. 41. Saha A, Ghosh NK, Sinhababu SP. Cestocidal activity of Gladiolus gandavensis. J Parasit Dis. 1999; 23: 135-136. 42. Tangpu V, Temjenmongla, Yadav AK. Anticestodal property of Strobilanthes discolor: an experimental study in Hymenolepis diminuta-rat model. J Ethnopharmacol. 2006; 105: 459-463. 43. Yadav A.K, Tangpu V. In vitro anticestodal evaluation of some medicinal plants used by Naga traditional healers. Pharmacologyonline. 2006; 3: 90-95. 44. Ghosh NK, Sinha Babu SP, Sukul NC, Ito A. Cestocidal activity of Acacia auriculiformis. J Helminthol. 1996; 70: 171-172. 45. Bogh HO, Andreassen J, Lemmich J. Anthelmintic usage of extracts of Embelia schimperi from Tanzania. J Ethnopharmacol. 1996; 50: 35-42. 46. Enwerem NM, Okogun JI, Wambebe CO, Okorie DA, Akah PA. Anthelmintic activity of the stem bark extracts of Berlina grandiflora and one of its active principles, betulinic acid. Phytomed. 2001; 8: 112-114. 47. Kaushik RK, Katiyar JC, Sen AB. A new in vitro screening technique for anthelmintic activity using Ascaridia galli as a test parasite. Indian J Anim Sci. 1981; 51: 869-872. 48. Dengre SL. Chemical and physiological examination of essential oils from Indian sources. Ph.D. Thesis, Dr. Hari Singh Gour Vishwavidyalaya, Sagar, India. 1982: 171-179. 49. Garg SC, Nakhare S. Studies on the essential oils from the flowers of Eupatorium triplinerve. Indian Perfumer. 1993; 37: 318-323. 50. Satrija FP, Nansen S, Murtini HS. Anthelmintic activity of papaya latex against patent Heligmosomoides polygyrus infections in mice. J Ethnopharmacol. 1995; 48: 161-164. 51. Kermanshai R, Brian E, Rosenfeld J, Summers SP, Sorger J. Benzyle isothiocyanate is the chief or sole anthelmintic in papaya seed extracts. Phytochem. 2001; 3(57): 427-435. 52. Hounzangbe-Adote MS, Paolini V, Fouraste I, Moutairou K, Hoste H. In vitro effects of four tropical plants on three stages of the parasitic nematode, Haemonchus contortus. Res Vet Sci. 2005; 78: 155-160. 53. Hounzangbe-Adote MS, Fouraste I, Moutairou K, Hoste H. In vitro effects of four tropical plants on the activity and development of the parasitic nematode, Trichostrongylus colubriformis. J Helminthol. 2005; 79: 29-33. 54. Okeniyi JA, Oyelami OA, Adeyemi LA. Effectiveness of dried Carica papaya seed against human intestinal parasitosis: a pilot. J Med Food. 2007; 1(10): 194-196. 55. Stepek G, Lowe AE, Buttle DJ, Duce IR, Behnke JM. In vitro and in vivo anthelmintic efficacy of plant cysteine proteinases against the rodent gastrointestinal nematode, Trichuris muris. Parasitology. 2006; 132: 681-689. 56. Stepek G, Lowe AE, Buttle DJ, Duce IR, Behnke JM. Anthelmintic action of plant cysteine proteinases against the rodent stomach nematode, Protospirura muricola, in vitro and in vivo. Parasitol. 2007; 134: 103-112. 57. Shrivastava MC, Singh SW. Anthelmintic activity of Cucurbitta maxima seeds. Ind J Med Res. 1967; 55: 629-632. 58. Erol A, Cenziz G, Hamit C, Arzu T, Seyda O, Kubra C. Evaluation of the anthelminthic activity of pumpkin seed (Cucurbita maxima) in mice naturally infected with Aspiculuris tetraptrea. J Pharmacogn Phytot. 2015; 9(7): 189-193. 59. Mengi AS, Deshpande SG. Comparative evaluation of Butea frondosa and flurbiprofen for ocular anti- inflammatory activity in rabbits. J Pharm Pharmacol. 1995; 47: 997-1001. 60. Iqbal Z, Lateef M, Jabbar A, Ghayur MN, Gilani AH. In vivo anthelmintic activity of Butea monosperma against Trichostrongylid nematodes in sheep. Fitoterapia. 2006; 77: 137-140. 61. Lal JS, Chandra, Sabir M. Modified method for isolation of Palasonin the anthelmintic principle of 334 | Sunita et al. Anthelminthic/larvicidal activity of some common medicinal plants European Journal of Biological Research 2017; 7 (4): 324-336 Butea frondosa seeds. Ind J Pharmacol Sci. 1978; 40: 97-98. 62. Brototi B, Kaplay RD. Azadirachta indica (Neem): It’s economic utility and chances for commercial planned plantation in Nanded District. Int J Pharma. 2011; 2(1): 100-104. 63. Nwosu CO. Formulation of neem-derived biopesticides as alternative to persistent organic pollutants (POPS) for the control of pest of livestock. Expert Group Meeting on Sustainable Utilization of Neem Tree in Northern Nigeria, Dust Jigawa State. 2001; 18-19th September 2001: 8. 64. ITDG, IIRR. Ethnoveterinary medicine in Kenya: a filed manual of traditional health care practices. Intermediate Technology Development Group and International Institute of Rural Reconstruction, Nairobi, Kenya. 1996. 65. Ivbijaro MF. Prospects for neem. In: Schmuttere H, Ascher KRS, eds. Natural pesticides from the neem tree (Azadirachta indica A Juss) and other tropical plants. German Agency for Technical Co-operation (GTZ), Nairobi, Kenya, July. 1987: 525-533. 66. Khalid SA, Duddeck H, Gouzalez-Sierra M. Isolation and characterization of antimalarial agent of the neem tree, Azadirachta indica. J Nat Prod. 1989; 52: 922-926. 67. Sunita K, Singh DK. Fascioliasis control: In vivo and in vitro phytotherapy of vector snail to kill Fasciola larva. J Parasitol Res. 2011; 2011: 1-7. 68. Pessoa LM, Morias SM, Bevilaqua CKL Luciano JHS. Anthelmintic activity of essential oil of Ocimum gratissimum Linn. and eugenol against Haemonchus contortus. Vet Parasitol. 2002; 109: 59-63. 69. Pietrosemoli S, Ovalez R, Montilla T. Empleo, de hojas de nematodes gastrointestinales de bovines a pastoreo. Rev Fac Agron. 1999; 16: 220-225. 70. Rahman WA, Lee R, Sulaiman SF. In vitro anthelmintic activity of neem plant (Azadirachta indica) extract against third-stage Haemonchus contortus larvae from goats. Global Veterinaria. 2011; 7: 22-26. 71. Rabiu H, Subhasish M. Investigation of in vitro anthelmintic activity of Azadirachta indica leaves. Int J Drug Dev Res. 2011; 4(3): 94-100. 72. Agarwal R, Kharya MD, Srivastava R. Antimicrobial and anthelmintic activities of the essential oil of Nigella sativa Linn. Indian J Exp Biol. 1979; 17: 1264. 73. Mahmoud MR, El-Abhar HS, Saleh S. The effect of Nigella sativa oil against the liver damage induced by Schistosoma mansoni infection in mice. J Ethnopharmacol. 2002; 1(79): 1-11. 74. Mohamed AM, Metwally NM, Mahmoud SS. Sativa seeds against Schistosoma mansoni different stages. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2005; 2(100): 205-211. 75. Kalyani GA, Aithal KS, Srivastava KK. In vitro anthelmintic activity of essential oil from the fruits of Zanthoxylum limonella. Fitoterapia. 1989; 2(LX): 160-162. 76. Prakash V, Singhal KC, Gupta RR. Anthelmintic activity of Punica granatum and Artemisia silversiana. Indian J Pharmacol. 1980; 12: 62-65. 77. Swarnakar Y, Shroff M, Jha AK, Sahu D, Dhurandhar K. Evaluation of anthelmintic potential in fruit peel of Punica granatum Linn. Pomegranate. 2013; 1(2): 461-464. 78. Martínez-Ortíz-de-Montellano C, Vargas-Magana JJ, Canul-Ku HL, Miranda-Soberanis R, Capetillo- Leal C, Sandoval-Castro CA, et al. Effect of a tropical tannin-rich plant Lysiloma latisiliquum on adult populations of Haemonchus contortus in sheep. Vet Parasitol. 2010; 172: 283-290. 79. Asha MK, Prashanth D, Murali B, Padmaja R, Amit A. Anthelmintic activity of essential oil of Ocimum sanctum and eugenol. Fitoterapia. 2001; 72: 669- 670. 80. Singh K, Nagaichi S. Anthelmintic efficacy of the alcoholic extract of Ocimum sanctum against common poultry worms Ascaridia galli and Heterakis gallinae. J Parasit Dis. 2002; 26: 42-45. 81. Dash GK, Suresh P, Sahu SK, Kar DM, Ganapaty S, Panda SB. Evaluation of Evolvulus alsinoides Linn. for anthelmintic and antimicrobial activities. J Nat Remed. 2002; 2: 182-185. 82. Szewczuk VD, Mongelli ER, Pomilio AB. Antiparasitic activity of Melia azedarach growing in Argentina. Mol Med Chem. 2003; 1: 54-57. 83. Akhtar MS, Riffat S. Evaluation of Melia azedarach Linn.seeds (Bakain) and piperazine against Ascaridia galli infection in chickens. Pak Vet J. 1985; 5: 34-37. 84. Pervez K, Ashraf M, Hanjira AH. Anthelmintic efficacy of Melia azedarach (Bakin) Linn. against gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep. Pak Vet J. 1994; 14: 135-137. 85. Maciel MV, Morais SM, Bevilaqua CML, Camurça- Vasconcelos ALF, Costa CTC, Castro CMS. Ovicidal and larvicidal activity of Melia azedarach extracts on Haemonchus contortus. Vet Parasitol. 2006; 140: 98-104. 335 | Sunita et al. Anthelminthic/larvicidal activity of some common medicinal plants European Journal of Biological Research 2017; 7 (4): 324-336 86. Paolini V, Fouraste I, Hoste H. In vitro effects of three woody plant and sainfoin extracts on 3rd-stage larvae and adult worms of three gastrointestinal nematodes. Proc Nutr Soc. 2004; 63: 631-639. 87. Niaz A, Umer A, Syed WAS, Ismail S, Muhammad J, Ghayour A, et al. Acute toxicity, brine shrimp cytotoxicity, anthelmintic and relaxant potentials of fruits of Rubus fruticosus Agg. BMC Complem Altern Med. 2013; 13: 138. 88. Garcia D, Escalante M, Delgado R, Ubeira FM, Leiro J. Anthelmintic and antiallergic activities of Mangifera indica L. stem bark components Vimang and mangiferin. Phyto Res. 2003; 17: 1203-1208. 89. Patil D, Halle P, Bade A. In-vitro anthelminetic activity of methanoilic extract of Mangifera indica leaves. World J Pharm Pharmac Sci. 2014; 12(3): 771-776. 90. Akhtar MS, Aslam M. Anthelmintic efficacies of total alkaloids and glycosides isolated from Punica granatum fruit rinds. Pak J Agr Sci. 1988; 25: 161- 168. 91. Akhtar MS, Riffat S. Efficacy of Melia azedarach Linn. (Bakain) and morantel against naturally acquired gastrointestinal nematodes in goats. Pak Vet J. 1984; 4: 176-179. 92. Akhtar MS, Javed I. Comparative efficacy of Fumaria parviora and morantel tartrate against gastrointestinal nematode infection in sheep. Pak J Pharmacol. 1985; 2: 31-35. 93. Akhtar MS, Hassan IJ. Evaluation of Saussurea lappa roots (Qust) against natural infection of gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep. Pak J Agric Sci. 1985; 22: 1-7. 94. Akhtar MS, Makhdoom S. Antinematodal efficacy of glycosides isolated from Saussurea lappa (Qust or Kooth) in sheep and buffalo calves. Pak J Pharmacol. 1988; 5: 59-64. 95. Kalesaraj R. Screening of some indigenous plants for anthelmintic action against human Ascaris lumbricoides. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 1974; 18: 129-131. 96. Goto C, Kasuya S, Koga K, Ohtomo H, Kaget N. Lethal efficacy of extract from Zingiber officinale (traditional Chinese medicine) or [6]-shogaol and [6]-gingerol in Anisakis larvae in vitro. Parasitol Res. 1990; 76: 653- 656. 97. Datta A, Sukul NC. Antifilarial effect of Zingiber officinale on Dirofilaria immitis. J Helminthol. 1987; 61: 255-258. 98. Adewunmi CO, Guntimein OBO, Furu P. Molluscicidal and antischistosomal activities of Zingiber officinale. Planta Med. 1990; 56: 374-376. 99. Ghosh M, Ghosh T, Sinha Babu SP, Sukul NC. Antifilarial effect of a plant, Zingiber officinale on Setaria cervi in rats. Proc Zool Soc. 1992; 45: 103- 105. 100. Poolman B, Oosterhaven K, Smid EJ. S-carvone as a natural potato sprout inhibiting, fungistatic and bacteristatic compound. Indust Crop Prod. 1995; 4: 23-31. 101. Hirotaka F, Shuhei, Yumiko I, Hiroshi M, Toyokazw Y, Taru N. Ferulic acid production from clove oil by pseudomonas fluoresens E118. J Biosci Bioengin. 2003; 96: 404-405. 102. Fatehi M, Farifteh F, Hassanabad ZF. Antispasmodic and hypotensive effect Ferula asafoetida gum extract. J Ethnopharmacol. 2004; 91: 321-324. 103. Kumar P, Singh DK. Molluscicidal activity of Ferula asafoetida, Syzygium aromaticum and Carum carvi and their active components against the snail Lymnaea acuminata. Chemosphere. 2006; 63: 1568-1574. 104. Kumar P, Singh VK, Singh DK. Reproduction of Lymnaea acuminata fed to bait containing binary combination of amino acid with molluscicides. J Biol Earth Sci. 2013; 3(1): B65-B71. 105. Shiyi OU, Kin-Chor K. Ferulic acid: pharmaceutical functions, preparation and applications in foods. J Sci Food Agric. 2004; 11(84): 1261-1269. 106. Balasubashini MS, Rukkumani R, Viswanthan P, Menon VP. Ferulic acid alleviates lipid peroxidation in diabetic rats. Phytother Res. 2004; 18: 310-314. 107. Saija A, Tomaino A, Trombetta D, De Pasquale A, Uccella N, Barbuzzi T, et al. In votro and in vivo evaluation of coffeic and ferulic acid as topical phtprotective agents. Int J Pharm. 2000; 199: 39-47. 108. Razavi SM. Plant coumarins as allelopathic agents. Int J Biol Chem. 2011; 5: 86-90. 109. Dausch JG, Nixon DW. Garlic: a review of its relationship to malignant disease. Prev Med. 1990; 3(19): 346-361. 110. Bradley PR. British herbal compendium a handbook of scientific information on widely used plant drugs/published by British Herbal Medicine Association and produced by its scientific committee. Bournemouth, Dorset. 1992: 105-108. 111. Kemper KJ. Garlic (Allium sativum). The long wood herbal task force and the center for Holistic Pediatric Education and Research. 2000: 1-49. 336 | Sunita et al. Anthelminthic/larvicidal activity of some common medicinal plants European Journal of Biological Research 2017; 7 (4): 324-336 112. Greek S, Dorny PP. Anthelmintic resistance in helminthes of animals of man in the tropics. Bull Sci Dutra-Mer. 1995; 3: 401-423. 113. Nadkarni KM. Indian Materia Medica. Vol. I and II Popular Prakashan, Private Limited Bombay, India. 1976. 114. Schavenberg P, Paris F. Guide to medicinal plants. Lutterworth Press, London. Schistosomiasis. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 1977; 4(50): 345-349. 115. Steenis-Kruseman MJV. Select Indonesian medicinal plants organize. Sci Res Indonesia Bull. 1953; 18: 31. 116. Kirtikar KR, Basu BD. Indian medicinal plants. Part II, Indian Press, 1981. 117. Akter KN, Karmakar P, Das A, Anonna SN, Shoma SA, Sattar MM. Evaluation of antibacterial and anthelmintic activities with total phenolic contents of Piper betel leaves. Avicenna J Phytomed. 2014; 5(4): 320-329. 118. Chattopadhyaya MK, Khare RL. Isolation of anacardic acid from Semecarpus anacardium L. and study of its anthelmintic activity. Indian J Pharm. 1969; 31: 104-105. 119. Kirtikar KR, Basu BD. Indian medicinal plants. 2 edn. Vol. I Lalit Mohan Basu Allahabad, India. 1935: 785-788. 120. Boonmars T, Khunkitti W, Sithithaworn P, Fujimaki Y. In vitro antiparasitic activity of extracts of Cardiospermum halicacabum against third-stage larvae of Strongyloides stercoralis. Parasitol Res. 2005; 97: 417-419.