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EVAIA: INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ETHICS AND VALUES Volume 1, NO. 1,  July, 2020 

 

Roseline Uchenna Okeke. Ph.D                                                                                                                                             Page 1 
 

RELEVANCE OF CHRISTIAN ETHICS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF 

YOUTHS’ ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN NIGERIA 

 

Roseline Uchenna Okeke, Ph.D 

Department of Religious Studies 

Imo State University, Owerri 

Email: roseleokeke@gmail.com 

 

Abstract 

The study is poised to examine the potentials of Christian ethical principles 

towards the goal of developing entrepreneurial behavior among Nigerian 

youths. One of the indicators of development is the growth of 

entrepreneurship. In spite of the increasing consensus that ethics generally is 

pervasive and it is relevant to every aspect of human endeavour, little 

recognition is given to the mechanisms of inculcating entrepreneurial behavior 

among our youths through the application of Christian ethical principles. This 

paper is geared towards filling this vacuum. Engaging the tool of critical 

analyses of selected literatures, a keen observation of some students of Imo 

State University, Owerri, who are adherents of various Christian groups; and 

premising the work on Max Weber’s Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of 

Capitalism, the paper examined the responses of youths to the need of being 

enterprising and the impacts of Christian ethical principles to achieving this 

goal. It was discovered that participating in religious activities do not enhance 

entrepreneurial behavior, nor do they promote entrepreneurship; but Christian 

ethical principles as manifested in people’s work ethics, conducts and 

character do. 

 

Key words: Entrepreneurship, Christian Ethics, Work Ethics, Development. 

 

Introduction 

Youth unemployment has become a scourge, not only to the under developed 

and developing nations, but also to the developed economies. This problem is 

attributed to, among other factors the increase in mechanization of production 

processes which is occasioned by the rapid advancement in technological 

know- how. While these technological breakthroughs help in reducing the 

stress of production and increase the volume of production, they unfortunately 

take over the job opportunities that were hitherto handled by human beings. 

This problem is compounded by the day as new advances like the 

manufacturing of robots; artificial intelligence and advancement in electronics 

unfold. 

 

The Nigerian situation seems to be worsened by the skewed educational 

system and distorted moral values, especially since her Independence in 1960. 

The educational system has been largely certificate-oriented. The school 



EVAIA: INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ETHICS AND VALUES Volume 1, NO. 1,  July, 2020 

 

Roseline Uchenna Okeke. Ph.D                                                                                                                                             Page 2 
 

curricula have downplayed practical agricultural exercises and hand craft, 

especially since the explosion of the ‘oil boom’. This has patterned the 

orientation of an average youth towards certificate acquisition, instead of 

knowledge and crafts acquisition. There is however a consensus among 

scholars and economic experts that entrepreneurship is a major answer to the 

problem of unemployment as well as a catalyst for economic development. 

This view buttresses Adam Smith’s assertion that any wealth of any nation 

that is regulated by importation and consumption is faulty and counter-

productive. According to Adam Smith, a nation’s wealth is determined by the 

streams of goods and services it creates (Soares (ed), 2007). This informs why 

youth entrepreneurship has become a desideratum in Nigeria as in other 

nations of the world. 

 

For some years now, it has dawned on the authorities in Nigeria that the only 

way out of the embarrassingly high youth unemployment is to encourage 

entrepreneurial education; but in a nation where paper qualification has been 

the only viable way of getting gainfully employed, it is not easy to get people 

effect a paradigm shift in their way of seeing life. 

 

This is where religious ethical reorientation comes handy. Man is a religious 

animal. The dogmas inculcated through religious beliefs are more long lasting 

than any other impression. Though all ethics refer to normative science of 

human conduct (Okeke, 2015; William, 1961), the special concern of 

Christian ethics is to relate an understanding of God and Christian belief 

system to the conducts of men and women. It is the core values that have been 

extrapolated from the life and teachings of Jesus that form the foundation of 

the moral life for the Christian, provide guidelines for his behavior and 

decision-making and constitute basis for self- examination and judgment. 

Christian ethics, like all ethics focus on principles of moral values, but it is 

particularly based on Christian faith and its values. Ethics in practice makes so 

much sense in everyday living as well as in business. Everyone wants 

business to be fair clean and beneficial to the society. For this to happen, 

organizations need to abide by the ethics or acceptable norms of engagement 

and fair practices and competition; all of which will benefit the consumer, the 

organization and the society. In entrepreneurship, people engage in small scale 

business transactions which are expected to profit the individual and benefit 

the society in return. 

 

The paper focuses on the relationship between Christian ethics and an aspect 

of economic behavior, particularly entrepreneurial behavior. To respond 

appropriately to the issues in this study, the following questions are necessary: 

Does religious ethics have any effect on the level of one’s economic 

performance? To what extent does application of Christian ethical principles 

in business determine the sustainability of the business?  



EVAIA: INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ETHICS AND VALUES Volume 1, NO. 1,  July, 2020 

 

Roseline Uchenna Okeke. Ph.D                                                                                                                                             Page 3 
 

 

The analysis is contextualized among the Nigerian youths whom 

unemployment and economic recession are leaving stranded in the journey of 

life. Encouraging entrepreneurship with the right attitude and best practices as 

espoused by Christian ethical principles can rescue our youths from the 

present quagmire of unemployment and poverty 

 

Conceptual Clarifications 

As this paper is a contribution to the global current efforts to strengthen 

responsible enterprises, different terms are used: Entrepreneurship, 

Sustainable development, Ethics and Christian ethics. 

Ethics strives to answer questions such as ‘what should I do?’ How should I 

act’?, How should a community of people act’? Ethics also strives to answer 

the questions as to what is good behavior and just action. Therefore, ethics 

concerns all areas of life. Ethics can be based on philosophical or religious 

values such as Buddhist, Christian and Islamic worldviews.  The focus of this 

study is on Christian ethics and its impact on entrepreneurship. Christian 

ethics is the evaluation of human conducts that is based on Christian faith and 

its values. Sustainable Development is defined by Christoph Stuckelberger et 

al as development process that employs present generation to live a life in 

dignity without endangering the life of future generations or the non-human 

environment. From a Christian ethical point of view, sustainability is a God-

centered fundamental premise, an axiom that gives orientation to the ethical 

values and norms. Sustainability is a pillar and a manifestation of the Christ-

centered principle. 

 

Enterprise is an organizational unit which produces trades, markets or 

recycles products or services. It can be a business company for profit, an 

enterprise can as well be a non-profit institution (a social enterprise,) a private 

or state owned company. It can also be a small, medium or large entity, a 

single unit or a conglomerate of companies. 

 

Entrepreneur is a male or female head and/or operational leader of an 

enterprise. He or she can be a founder, owner, president of the board or 

manager of the business. An entrepreneur actually through the value of 

innovation creates a new business with the readiness to bear most of the risks 

and enjoy most of the benefits. Entrepreneurship is an important driver of 

economic growth and development in any society. According to Onuoha 

(2007), entrepreneurship is the practice of starting a new organization or 

revitalizing mature organizations 

 

Literature Review 

There are relatively few number of similar studies on the impact of Christian 

ethics on economic growth or entrepreneurship. Even then, such few have 



EVAIA: INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ETHICS AND VALUES Volume 1, NO. 1,  July, 2020 

 

Roseline Uchenna Okeke. Ph.D                                                                                                                                             Page 4 
 

different areas of emphases and varied scales of variables. Cars well and 

Rolland (2007) have studied the influence of different religions on the 

possibility of becoming an entrepreneur. Contextualizing the survey data in 

New Zealand, they discovered that increase in activities and ethics in a society 

does not have negative effect on entrepreneurship. In the same vein, 

Anderson, Drakopoluou-Dod and Scott (2000) examine the role of religious 

values in the formation of a business culture in Britain in the 1980’s.  De 

George, R.T (1990) avers that despite the earlier belief that religion, 

(including Christian ethics) and business do not mix, neither does the later 

support entrepreneurial culture. Although these authors agree that being 

ethical and engaging in moral activities do not impair ones success in 

entrepreneurship, instead they support entrepreneurial culture. However, they 

failed to state the aspects of ethics that support entrepreneurial culture. These 

studies have addressed this vacuum by emphasizing the place of religious 

ethics, and particularly the place of Christian ethics in the success of 

entrepreneurship among Nigerian youths. 

 

The study of religion in the realm of social science, especially economics is a 

relatively new phenomenon (Njoku, 2014). On this note, it is generally 

believed that Max Weber’s theses on the Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of 

Capitalism in 1905 pioneered the study of the role of Christian ethic on 

economics. Protestant work ethics is a concept that is used in economics, 

history, sociology and theology. It was primarily the ideology of the 

Reformers like Martin Luther and John Calvin which states that it is not only 

priestly work, but all legitimate work that humans do to earn a living or any 

vocation can glorify God. Protestant work ethic therefore insists that vocation 

is ordained by God.  It also emphasized the values of hard work, discipline, 

(especially discipline in the use of time) and frugality or a strong propensity to 

save, abstinence from worldly pleasures as key elements of work ethic that 

enhance economic development. Weber, however, in his thesis proved that 

there is a close affinity between work ethic and early capitalist 

entrepreneurship. It was demonstrated that these values made a significant 

positive impact in the Western attitude to work and employment (Sinclair et 

al, 1988). This explains why this paper avers that, Christian values play 

important roles in people’s commitment to work and in the growth of business 

organizations. 

 

Referring to Adam Smith’s theory of moral sentiments, Anderson (1988) 

highlights that Christian religious beliefs provide strong ethical incentives to 

apply certain moral restraints in business. He went further to show that 

applying such moral values as trust, honesty, benevolence and avoidance of 

violence do not only boost the business landscape, but also stabilizes the civil 

society as well. Smith’s theory is germane to this study because 

entrepreneurship is all about doing business. It involves the process of 



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Roseline Uchenna Okeke. Ph.D                                                                                                                                             Page 5 
 

designing, launching and running a new and often times, small business with 

the goal of making profit. The values above, as espoused by Smith constitute 

the core values of the principles of Christian ethics in general, and work ethic 

in particular. All religions as a matter of fact, endeavor to instill some values, 

morals and behavioral framework in their adherents. These are the values that 

some people eventually exhibit in their businesses.  

 

In today’s Nigeria where almost every sector of the economy is portraying 

gloomy signs of bankruptcy, entrepreneurship is increasingly being viewed as 

a potential engine of economic growth and development. Many of our youths 

whose self-esteem is at the verge of total collapse as a result of unemployment 

have regained themselves psychologically by starting a small scale business 

that is self-sustaining and profitable. 

 

Entrepreneur from Christian Perspective 

There are some erroneous beliefs in some circles that an entrepreneur can 

hardly be a genuine religious person. Entrepreneurs are often seen as 

capitalists who are best tolerated as necessary evils, as they are always in need 

of a broad and complicated network of controls in order to serve human needs 

(Scott and Kenman, 2004). From this perspective it is believed that 

entrepreneurs can hardly tell the truth. Thus, there is inherent negative 

perception of the entrepreneur in human society. 

 

The Christian perspective of entrepreneurship started from the very beginning. 

In the dramatic account of creation, every segment of God’s work was 

underlined with a repeated refrain: “God saw that it was good” (Genesis 

Chapter one). It is thus interesting to know that the material world that God 

made was attested to be good. 

 

An entrepreneur is therefore, like one who organizes numerous factors and 

brings things into connection so as to produce what is beneficial to human 

beings around him. It is this creative aspect of an entrepreneur that is akin to 

God’s creative activity as we saw in the book of Genesis. Being the only 

creature that was made in the Creator’s image, humans are expected to be 

creative and innovative. So an entrepreneur is an astute participant in the 

divine call to creativity, innovation and productivity that God gives to the 

whole human race: 

 So God made man in his own image, in the image of God created 

He him, male and female created he them. And God blessed 

them, and 

God said unto them be fruitful, and multiply, and replenish the 

earth 

 And subdue it and have dominion over the fish of the sea, and 

over every living…Gen.1:26-28. 



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Roseline Uchenna Okeke. Ph.D                                                                                                                                             Page 6 
 

In order to exercise these mandates, the entrepreneur must have access to 

material factors of production. Bolton and Thompson buttress this view by 

asserting that an entrepreneur is a person who habitually creates and innovates 

to build something of recognized value around perceived opportunities (2000). 

Unlike animals that are bound to things by instinct, humans relate to things by 

reasoning. Humans are self-thinking beings who survive by the use of 

reasoning. The youth that can successfully be an entrepreneur is one who 

reasons, thinks constructively and comes out with what can be useful to the 

society. 

 

Christian ethics greatly supports entrepreneurship. Elisha asked the widow 

that cried for help “What do you have in the house?” Your maidservant had 

nothing except a jar of oil” She answered. The instruction that followed was 

for her to go out and borrow containers from neighbors, then go into the house 

lock up herself and her sons and fill all the containers after which she should 

go and sell the oil so that she could pay her debt first, and then feed with the 

rest(2kings4). The parable of the man that distributed ten talents among his 

servants is also illustrating Jesus support of entrepreneurship (Mtt.25:14ff). It 

suggests that every human being on the surface of the earth has been endowed 

with the means of survival, and each is given according to his or her abilities. 

Entrepreneurship from the Christian perspective means putting your talents 

and abilities into profitable use. The Christian Scripture, from which Christian 

ethics derives its major source enjoins ‘guarding the heart with all diligence 

for out of it comes issues of life’ (Prov. 4:23). In addition to this, is the 

declaration that a man who is diligent in his ways sits with men of repute, and 

never sits with mean men (Prov. 22:29). The Christian culture of clear critical 

thinking and consistency in business is being emphasized. Initiative and 

creative thinking are the major factors of entrepreneurship (Bolton and 

Thompson 2000). 

 

Pope Francis corroborated the need of creative entrepreneurship in the face of 

the present ‘scandalous poverty’ as a Christian value. In his message in St 

Peters audience in Vatican, he averred that creative entrepreneurship results in 

possession. According to the Pontiff, ‘if there is hunger on earth, it is not 

because food is missing, rather what is lacking is creative entrepreneurship, 

free and fair sighted entrepreneurship’. These qualities ensure adequate 

production and solidarity approach, which ultimately ensures fair 

distribution’, he continued.(2018). 

 

Every Nigerian youth is therefore, expected to discover his /her talent(s) and 

invest it meaningfully. It is important to note that entrepreneurship is not only 

trading. It can as well be constructing, crafting, manufacturing or even 

engagement in contemplative activities. Thus entrepreneurship is all about 

innovation and creativity that is accompanied with risk taking.(Peter 



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Roseline Uchenna Okeke. Ph.D                                                                                                                                             Page 7 
 

Drucker,1970). The fact remains that each person has been given something-

an innate potential which has to be invested into profitable usefulness. Based 

on the same parable, Christian religion also reveals that proper investment of 

our innate potentials and our current exposures through entrepreneurship can 

make a person to be more useful to the wider society.  

 

Christian Work Ethics and Entrepreneurship 

From the foregoing it is obvious that entrepreneurship is not a strange in 

Christianity. In the language of Okwueze, however, religion and science play 

complementary roles to each other like two pillars of a house. Though parallel 

to each other, they support the same structure to prevent a collapse (2012). 

This is exactly what Christian ethics does to entrepreneurship. While 

entrepreneurship deals with material facts, ethics deals with values. While 

harnessing the factors of production around us-time, land, money, machine, 

man applies his innate abilities for profitable ventures, and Christian ethics 

provides the moral values that are needed to conduct the business in ways it 

would be harmless to the person and the wider society. Fundamentally, 

Christian ethics provide us with the motivation and the guide to embark on 

entrepreneurship in the first place. 

 

The foundation of the relevance of Christian work ethics to entrepreneurship 

is enshrined in Calvins ideology of frugality and Max Weber’s thesis on 

protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism. The core of Weber’s thesis 

provides a set of beliefs and values about work, savings, investments and 

acquisition of wealth (Dorius et al 2012). Protestant ethic and spirit of 

capitalism represented a clean break from the old medieval Christian 

worldview that saw work as a sign of belonging to a low class, and the 

possession and acquisition of wealth as a violation of ascetic values. Through 

the philosophy of protestant work ethic, the meaning of work and savings has 

been redefined; whereby hard work is seen as a dignifying venture and the 

accrual of material goods as divine. 

 

Protestant work ethic can be so developed to be a part of certain cultures that 

one does not need to be a religious Calvinist to follow it( Ryken.,2010) .When 

this ideology was first developed and projected, the impact in the West was 

great. People were motivated to engage new activities that ultimately ushered 

in the industrial revolution and a period of economic growth never before seen 

in human history. It can have the same effect in the present Nigerian society 

when we begin to see hard work as dignifying instead of continually 

depending on parents and the government.  

 

 



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Roseline Uchenna Okeke. Ph.D                                                                                                                                             Page 8 
 

Christian Ethical Principles Needed for Entrepreneurial Development 

Among Nigerian Youths: A case of Students of Imo State University, 

Owerri 

 

In the course of this study, it was observed that a good number of students of 

Imo State University are on self-sponsorship. They are engaged in money-

yielding activities like trading, manufacturing of things like detergents and 

antiseptics and services like barbing /braiding. They engage in these 

entrepreneurial activities while in school. Believing that this is a prototype of 

Nigerian youths, some discussions were carried out to find out their 

motivation for embarking on those activities. Effort was also made to find out 

their views about the application of ethics in business. The summary of the 

findings are as follows: 

 

1) Most of these student entrepreneurs got involved in the various businesses 

as a stop-gap to enable them sponsor themselves through school. As far as 

they are concerned, their main objective is to complete their studies and 

obtain a certificate that will enable them obtain gainful employment, even 

when they know that the economy cannot provide employment to the 

army of graduates and potential graduates in their fields of study. For most 

of them, engaging in small scale businesses is humiliating; therefore it has 

to be a temporary venture. 

 

2) On the issue of applying Christian ethical principles in their businesses, 

most of the students interviewed still held the general opinion that 

business and religion cannot go together. Many of them said that they are 

in business to make money and not to please people. When asked whether 

they believe that the application of Christian ethical principles in their 

businesses can help them grow and sustain their businesses, their response 

was in the negative. 

 

These responses are indication that many youths in Nigeria are yet to 

understand the importance of imbibing the entrepreneurial behavior. More 

importantly, they are yet to understand the importance of Christian ethical 

principles in the development of entrepreneurial behavior. 

 

For Nigerian youths to come to accept and commit themselves to 

entrepreneurship as a worthwhile venture, the following Christian ethical 

principles need to be imbibed by not only the youths, but also the society in 

general: 

 

Principle of Hard work: In the discussion with thirty undergraduates, 

Seventeen (17) of them believe that it is possible to get the best in life without 

necessarily working hard. A student boldly claimed that the popular view 



EVAIA: INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ETHICS AND VALUES Volume 1, NO. 1,  July, 2020 

 

Roseline Uchenna Okeke. Ph.D                                                                                                                                             Page 9 
 

currently is hard work does not make a guy but smartness does’. Even parents 

are now indicting their children of sluggishness when they fail to come home 

with ill-gotten wealth, even as students. To such parents even the uneducated 

children in the communities are building houses and buying cars after a short 

trip.  This claim was supported and accentuated by majority of the audience. 

However, Nigerian youths have to deliberately dis-orientate their mindset 

from the possibility of achieving success without hard work. This is why there 

is so much fraud and other corrupt tendencies in Nigeria. Hard work and 

diligence makes one to live with confidence. Calvin Coolidge says “All 

growth depends upon activity. There is no development physically or 

intellectually without effort, and effort means work”. Thus through hard work 

and perseverance and a faith in God, you can live your dream (Ben Carson). 

Pope Paul VI corroborates this fact by saying “All life demands struggle.  

Those who have everything given to them become lazy, selfish and insensitive 

to the real values of life. The very striving and hard work we constantly try to 

avoid is the major building block in the person we are today. 

 

Principle of Creativity: Entrepreneurship is all about creativity. Creativity is 

one of the most important qualities an entrepreneur can have (Fallon, 2014). 

Creativity is a boundless imagination that is constantly innovating and always 

seeing the world through different lenses. Scholars have come to believe that 

it is the ultimate key to business success. Creativity comes easy when the 

mind is divested of all negative encumbrances. Psychology researchers have 

come to discover that addiction to pornographic materials and sexual 

perversions impede creativity and innovation. Creative efforts bring happiness 

(Roosevelt), just as God delighted in his creativity in Genesis1:31. 

 

Boldness: This is a virtue that any entrepreneur must have. According to the 

Aristotelian Golden mean, boldness is the middle course between cowardice 

and rashness in decision making (Okeke, 2015). It takes boldness to venture 

into the unknown terrain of entrepreneurship. 

 

Honesty: This is the virtue that will encourage your prospective clients to 

relate with you in confidence. Entrepreneurship involves so much risk. Risk 

taking among the stakeholders to any business is possible when there is 

considerable level of honesty. 

 

Frugality: This is the ability to always check and cross check one’s spending. 

This virtue keeps one away from unnecessary extravagance and ensures that 

every spending is rationally made. It builds in one, the ability to bargain 

effectively and enhances the savings culture. Earning and spending less from 

your income will help your enterprise to grow. Ruthlessly cut away from the 

unimportant and focus on the important. 



EVAIA: INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ETHICS AND VALUES Volume 1, NO. 1,  July, 2020 

 

Roseline Uchenna Okeke. Ph.D                                                                                                                                             Page 10 
 

Time Management: When one loses the control of his time it reflects in his 

disorganized life. An entrepreneur who is multitalented and enormously 

intelligent can squander it all if he is unable to seize control of his time. A 

good entrepreneur does what Gordon calls time budgeting. He knows the 

difference between fixed and discretionary desires (Gordon, 1988). Just as in 

financial budgeting, a good entrepreneur allocates more time in fixed or 

necessities and less time on discretionary issues or pleasures.  He makes the 

best of every minute because time is a scarce commodity. He sets goals for 

himself. This is what Calvinism referred to as discipline in Protestant ethics. 

 

Conclusion 

Christian ethics is different from Christian doctrine in the sense that it 

considers the Christian society as the agent in well-doing as they respond to 

the dictates and commandments of God, whereas doctrine studies God as the 

doers of all things whose authority is to be studied, obeyed and handed down. 

The import of this study can be summarized in parts. First contextualizing the 

study among Imo State University students appear to the researcher as a novel 

enterprise. While it constitutes a new dimension to be added in the study of 

religion and economic behavior, students of various citadels of learning 

should be encouraged to embark on profitable ventures in addition to being 

religious as they pursue academic excellence. Currently, religious activities 

are relatively high in the university environment so is entrepreneurial 

participation but it is not commensurate to the level of moral values of 

students. The apparent entrepreneurial participation is informed more by the 

harsh effects of poverty than a response to Christian ethical principle of hard 

work. This paper goes further to posit that religious ethics, especially 

Christian ethics is a strong tool in the process of developing youth 

entrepreneurial orientation in Nigeria and in the achievement of the highly 

averred sustainable development. 

 

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Roseline Uchenna Okeke. Ph.D                                                                                                                                             Page 11 
 

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