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 Ogbu                                                                                                    82 
 

GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE IN WORKPLACES: A CRITICAL 

EXAMINATION OF ITS IMPLICATIONS IN THE 

CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY 

 

 

Ogbu, Esther 

Department of philosophy 

Federal University NdufuAlike  Ebonyi State 

Email: somaga17@gmail.com 

 

Abstract 

Gender-based violence is a global issue. It is so common that one begins to 

wonder whether women are safe to work. Gender-based violence stops 

women and girls from reaching their potentials. It also increases women's risk 

of a number of other health problems, physical disability, drug abuse, 

depression, chronic pain etc. However, the causes of gender based violence 

are multi-dimensional; they include social, economic, cultural, political and 

religious factors. But in work places the senior and male co- workers have 

been reported to be the main perpetrators. Hence, this article argues that, there 

is immediate need to establish work friendly environment so that all senior as 

well as junior workers treat each other as a family member and also encourage 

victims to report violence, whenever it occurs. In order to achieve this, the 

article made use of newspapers, textbooks, conference and workshop papers, 

internet material, reputable journals etc. The method adopted in this study is 

philosophical analysis 

 

Keywords: violence, workforce, women, inequality, society  

 

Introduction 

The issue of violence against women in the work force is so prevalent in the 

society that one begins to wonder whether women are safe to work. The high 

prevalence might be due to lack of rules and regulations, lack of self-defence 

and empowerment, patriarchal society etc. It could come inform of rape, 

incest, sexual harassment at work or at school, sexual violence against women 

detainees or prisoners, trafficking in women, domestic violence etc. Gender-

based violence reflects and reinforces inequalities between women and men 

(Glenn et al 2009). It is one of the most important and widespread obstacles to 

women’s economic empowerment, autonomy and independence and to the 

realisation of gender equality. It stems from a social and political hierarchy 

that values and enforces traditionally defined masculinity as an expression of 

power and prestige. It reinforces a gendered hierarchy within workplaces and 

this perceived threat to the natural order, combined with women’s isolation 

creates an atmosphere where many of these workers are subjected to abuse. 

 

mailto:somaga17@gmail.com


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 Ogbu                                                                                                    83 
 

Gender-based violence is a phenomenon deeply rooted in gender inequality 

and continues to be one of the most notable human rights violations within all 

societies. Both men and women experience gender based violence but the 

majority of victims are women and girls (https://eige.europa.eu/gender-based-

violence/what-is-gender-based-violence). The issue has become a priority for 

women’s organisation and the subject for feminist thought during the United 

Nations Decade for women Equality, Development and Peace (1976 – 1985). 

It is also a cause of concern for a number of international organizations. This 

is based on its individual, physical and psychological consequences. Gender-

based violence against women in the world of work is an epidemic that 

requires a systematic response. 

 

Meaning of Gender Based Violence 

Gender-based violence is an umbrella definition including a wide range of 

expressions of violence. Gender-based violence is defined as violence that 

reflects the existing asymmetry in the power relations between men and 

women and that perpetuate the subordination and devaluation of the female as 

opposed to the male. This violence exist within the frame work of the 

patriarchy as a symbolic system that engenders an array of day to day 

practices which deny women their rights and reproduced existing imbalance 

and inequity between the sexes. The World Bank defines gender based 

violence as ‘violence that is directed against a person on the basis of gender. It 

constitutes a breach of the fundamental right to life, liberty, security, dignity, 

equality between women and men, non-discrimination and physical mental 

integrity’. Sida defines gender based violence as ‘any harm or suffering that is 

perpetrated against a woman or girl, man or boy and that has a negative 

impact on the physical, sexual or psychological development or identity of a 

person’. The cause of the violence is founded in gender-based power 

inequalities and gender based discrimination. 

 

As a general term, it captures violence that occurs as a result of the normative 

role expectations associated with each gender, along with the unequal power 

relationships between the two genders, within the context of a specific society. 

It is a key social mechanism for perpetuating the subordination of women. 

Since male hegemony (power being considered the generic patrimony of men) 

is based on social control over women. Gender-based violence was 

significantly associated with place of residence, witnessing parental violence, 

substance abuse, marital status and educational status. It includes physical, 

sexual and psychological abuse from intimate partners or non-partners. 

Indeed, all acts of aggression against women exhibit some characteristics or 

other that provides a basis for their classification as gender based violence. 

Gender-based violence is different from other types of violence because they 

risk factor is the mere fact of being a woman. Though men tends to experience 

slightly higher levels of physical violence while women experience 

https://eige.europa.eu/gender-based-violence/what-is-gender-based-violence
https://eige.europa.eu/gender-based-violence/what-is-gender-based-violence


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 Ogbu                                                                                                    84 
 

marginally more verbal abuse and sexual assault. These could be due to some 

men’s socialization into gender patterns of behaviour that may lead them to be 

more likely to meet aggression with aggression, while women may be better at 

defusing, coping with and avoiding aggressive incident. Concerning males as 

victims of violence, groups more vulnerable include those who work in 

nightshifts in small stores, as they are more frequently exposed to armed 

robberies and related violence; men are also over represented in law 

enforcement jobs (chappell et al 2006). 

 

The term violence against women means any act of gender based violence that 

results in or is likely to result in physical, sexual or psychological harm or 

suffering to women, including traits of such acts coercion or arbitrary 

deprivation of liberty whether occurring in public or private life. Violence 

against women encompasses but is not limited to the following: (a) Physical, 

sexual and psychological violence occurring in the family, including battering, 

sexual abuse of female children in the house hold, dowry-related violence, 

marital rape, female genital mutilation and other traditional practices harmful 

to women, non-spousal violence and violence related to exploitations; (b) 

Physical, sexual and psychological violence occurring within the general 

community including rape and sexual abuse, sexual harassment and 

intimidation at work, in education institutions and elsewhere, trafficking in 

women and forced prostitution and (c)Physical, sexual and psychological 

violence perpetrated or condoned by the state wherever it occurs. Acts of 

violence against women also include forced sterilization and forced abortion, 

coercive/forced use of contraceptive, female infanticide and prenatal sex 

selection (Hari et al 2014). 

 

Forms of Gender Based Violence 

Throughout history various forms of violence have manifested themselves in 

the society as a consequence of certain sectors or groups domination over 

others. They include: 

 

a. Domestic violence: Gender-based violence in the household is a behaviour 

pattern that has become assimilated as a type of marital relationship. It is 

usually covered up by the society because of the existing bias against 

intervening in the privacy of married and family life.  The truth of the matter 

is that domestic violence causes more harm to individuals than auto accidents, 

rape and muggings combined (Alpert et al 1998). The main victims of 

domestic and family violence are normally children, the elderly and women, 

but research shows that the most victims are women. In the views of Lee 

“victims come from a mixed range of backgrounds as do abusers and domestic 

violence happens to a wide variety of individuals, regardless of socio-

economic and educational levels, age, race, sexual orientation or religion”. 

(Lee 2005). 



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 Ogbu                                                                                                    85 
 

b. Sexual harassment: Sexual harassment not only arises out of objective 

differences in the amount of power held in the work place but also out of the 

cultural power which men exercise over women in accordance with the 

predominant gender system which discriminates against women through the 

control, disposition and use of their sexuality and bodies. There are also cases 

therefore of sexual harassment among colleagues or on the part of lower 

ranking employees of women managers. Harassment is a mechanism used to 

debase their role in the work place, their professional capabilities and their 

leadership abilities and to draw attention to their sexuality.  Harassment 

happening on the job site can create a work environment that feels unsafe, 

unsupportive, dismissive or even threatening. This can cause employee’s 

stress, anxiety, fear and disrupt concentration, which can lower productivity. 

The problem of sexual harassment is usually related to the position women 

occupy in the hierarchy. So, policies and laws must be made to prevent such 

conduct in order to promote equal opportunities in the work place and to 

improve the status of women in general. In 1991, Mexico made sexual 

harassment an offence under title XV of its penal code, and it is punishable by 

up to 40 days in prison. Sexual harassment is an issue that affects both men 

and women. In the United States, sexual claims by men doubled between 1990 

and 2009, although in other countries, men may feel embarrassed or less 

willing to report harassment. Reflecting a growing consensus, an increasing 

number of countries are making workplace sexual harassment illegal (Ellen 

2014). 

 

c. Sexual tourism/illegal trafficking: Sexual tourism, illegal trafficking and 

their exploitation through prostitution are other forms of gender based 

violence which merit special attention, especially in the light of the increase of 

poverty and unemployment in the society both of which are aggravating 

factors. 

 

d. Forced or compulsory labour: Forced or compulsory labour is when work 

or service is exacted from any person under the menace of any penalty and for 

which the person has not voluntarily offered. A state or individuals can 

threaten such persons and keep them in such work against their free will, 

withholding food or wages, threatening or committing physical or 

psychological violence restricting the labourer’s movement or threatening 

denunciation to the authorities. Forced labour can take the form of debt 

bondage, trafficking for labour or sexual exploitation and other forms of 

slavery-like practices such as forced domestic servitude, farm workers kept 

against their will by illegal tactics with little or no pay.   

 

Causes of Gender Based Violence 

The origins of gender based violence can be traced to a variety of socio-

cultural factors, namely, hierarchical relationship between men and women, 



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 Ogbu                                                                                                    86 
 

the differentiated socialization of boys and girls, the political, economic and 

legal discrimination faced by women, the use of violent means to restore 

interpersonal conflict and unequal symbolizations and valuations of women’s 

and men’s bodies and sexuality. Others include:  

 

(a) Job precariousness, young age and inexperience, for example, a young 

nurse with little professional work experience may more likely be the target of 

sexual harassment than an experienced nurse with a permanent contract. 

 

(b) The incapacity of the state to put an end to social, economic and cultural 

conditions that expose women to gender based violence. The state’s failure to 

actively contribute to eradicating injustices and inequalities that manifest 

themselves in gender relations. 

 

(c) It is difficult for victims to prove that they have been harassed which 

heightens the negative consequences not only for their mental health but also 

in the work place, hence, harassment effects female workers, efficiency and 

productivity, their attitude towards work, their professional development and 

the overall atmosphere at the work place. 

 

(d) The victims are often blamed and their version of the facts is placed in 

doubt, the severity of acts of aggression is often down played especially, when 

it is associated with such factors as drunkenness and adultery and there is a 

great deal of resistance to recent legal changes. When employees attempt to 

access their legal rights by filling a complaint form with a state or federal 

agency or pursuing a civil lawsuit, they face a number of challenges (Sara et 

al 2016). 

 

(e) None of the cases of sexual violence like emotional violence had been 

reported to the Police Station and even when it is reported, sometimes the 

police response to the demands of victims of gender based violence is 

unsatisfactory and exhibit a tendency towards secondary victimization.  In 

other words, systematic failure of police, justice personnel and armies put 

women and girls at risk of violence and prevent access to justice. 

 

(f) Poverty and socio-economic insecurity is also one of the factors 

contributing to gender based violence particularly trafficking, early marriage 

and sexual violence in displacement. 

 

(g) Segregation into jobs or occupations which are mainly female or mainly 

male also often increases the risk of exposure to gender based violence. 

 

 

 



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 Ogbu                                                                                                    87 
 

The Reality of Gender Based Violence 

In reality, gender based violence is based on gender stereotypes such as ideals 

linking masculinity to the provider role, macho behaviour and violence as well 

as ideals linking femininity to chastity, submission and victimhood. Evidence 

has it that, at least one in every five women around the world is estimated to 

have been coerced into sex, physically beaten and or otherwise abused in her 

life time. But In reality, they put up with violence because they are 

economically dependent on the aggressor.   

 

It is obvious that women in sectors like construction that are traditionally 

male-dominated, experience some of the highest rate of gender based 

violence. Even, a woman might lose her job for challenging a violent 

colleague. In the US, gender based violence is responsible for approximately 

$8 million in lost paid work days per year. In Australia, for each woman who 

experiences violence, there is an estimated $1,500 in lost production related 

activity (Amy 2016). 

  

 In client-facing, tip-based service industry, workers, such as restaurant, 

entertainment and hospitality workers, are frequent target of gender based 

violence by bosses, co-workers and customers. Due to public facing nature of 

their jobs, managers are likely to encourage women workers to dress “sexier” 

and wear more revealing clothes, creating a climate where commenting and 

focusing on physical appearance is encouraged and normalized. 

Unfortunately, the society fails to take measures to defend the human right of 

women and also denies the public discussion of these crimes, their political 

significance and societal means of redressing them. 

 

Gender Based Violence and Womanhood 

In the past it was assumed that the majority of women are concentrated in 

lower paying and lower status jobs with little decision making powers while 

men predominate in better paying and higher status jobs. Women form a 

significant percentage of workers in occupations at higher risk to violence 

such as teachers, social and health care workers and as shop and bank clerks. 

Women are over represented among workers holding typical and precarious 

jobs and they often lack both individual and collective bargaining power. 

Some domestic workers who are also predominantly female are especially 

vulnerable to violence as they work and often live in private homes and hence 

are isolated from their own families and support systems. They are 

particularly exposed to risk as migrant workers and domestic workers as 

dependent family workers and within the informal economy. Poor women are 

more vulnerable to all forms of violence because they typically live in 

uncertain and dangerous environments.  Violence against women is the main 

outcome of gender-based inequalities creating far greater consequences for 

women’s wellbeing and empowerment than previously thought. This is 



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 Ogbu                                                                                                    88 
 

acknowledged in paragraph 117 of the Beijing Platform for Action, which 

states that “The fear of violence including harassment is a permanent 

constraint on the morbidity of women and limits their access to resources and 

basic activities.  Violence against women is one of the crucial social 

mechanisms by which women are forced into subordinate positions……”. 

(United Nations: The Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action, 1996, 

p.75) 

 

Implications of Gender Based Violence in The Contemporary Society 

Gender-based violence is one of the most prevalent and tolerated human rights 

violations in the world. Of the varied ways in which sex discrimination 

manifests itself across the globe, such violence is exceptionally dehumanizing, 

pervasive and oppressive.  No other form of sex discrimination violates so 

many fundamental human rights, as articulated in the 1984 United Nations 

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR, UN, General Assembly 

Resolution 217(111).  Gender-based violence including domestic violence, 

sexual violence, stalking and other forms of family violence and abuse have 

long affected women’s lives.  In fact, whether violence occurs within the 

workplace or outside, the detrimental effects of gender based violence at the 

workplace are substantial (Heise et al 2008).  

 

Gender-based violence is a global public health problem that poses challenges 

in health care with a higher prevalence in developing countries (Palitto et al 

2006). Gender based violence not only plays a significance component in the 

morbidity and mortality of women, but this form of violence 

disproportionately affects the health status of women and their children, 

(Garcia-Moreno et al 2013).  It increases women’s risk of a number of other 

health problems example physical disability, drug abuse, depression, chronic 

pain, gynaecological disorders etc. In the views of Bloom and others, gender 

based violence victims showed cognitive defects in working memory, verbal 

learning and recall, therefore it can be deduced that gender based violence is a 

predictor of poor performance on neuron cognitive functioning (Bloom et al 

2008). The fear of gender based violence or the stigma associated with having 

being victimized, is also an obstacle to accessing information, care and 

treatment for HIV/AIDS.  

 

Gender-based violence not only causes pain and suffering but also devastates 

families, undermines work place productivity, diminishes national 

competitiveness and  stalls development. In addition to pain and suffering, it 

has direct and indirect costs. Direct costs include those resulting from victim 

absenteeism and turnover, illness and accidents, disability or even death while 

indirect costs include the victims decreased functionality and performance, 

quality of work and timely production. It stops women and girls from reaching 



EVAIA: International Journal of Ethics and Values, Volume 1, Number 2, October 2020 

 

 Ogbu                                                                                                    89 
 

their potentials and perpetuates the devaluation of women and their 

subordination to men.  

 

Gender-based violence in the world of work not only has profound negative 

effects on survivors, it imposes high costs on employers, the economy and 

society at large. It creates an environment in which women may be afraid to 

go to work. It has a negative impact on all workers, on the victims who are 

targeted, the perpetrators and other co-workers who might be witnesses to the 

violence. Wherever gender based violence occurs, it is a major obstacle for the 

achievement of gender justice, posing a serious threat to democratic 

development. In other words, violence prevents women from contributing to 

and benefiting from development by restricting their choices and limiting their 

ability to act. It also inhibits women from playing a role in decision making 

within the household, at work and in the political, economic and social 

spheres and therefore directly influences their participation in public activities 

and hence the exercise of their citizenship. Hence, it is obvious that if women, 

girls, men and boys are not safe, they cannot be full citizens nor fully 

participate in the development of their own society. 

 

Furthermore, in an organization or company violence can also negatively 

affect the working climate, motivation and commitment among staff. The 

equality of opportunities for men and women in the labour force is 

jeopardized by the sexual harassment of women in the work place, which is a 

violation of the rights to equitable and satisfactory working conditions as well 

as the rights to sexual freedom. In the views of Williams, violence 

experienced at home led to absenteeism, lower efficiency at work, resignation 

and difficulties in recruiting and promoting women”(Williams C 2014). In all, 

when women are not safe they cannot fully participate in political life or in 

peace processes and recovery effort. Roxanna Carrillo, the author of violence 

against women was of the view that: 

“Violent acts against women, the world over attack their 

dignity as human beings and leave them vulnerable and fearful. 

Conditioned to undervalue their skills and abilities and 

paralyzed by real fears of violence and retribution. Women are 

marginalized in society and forced out of the decision making 

process which shape and determine the development of their 

communities. Violence against women is not limited to any one 

country.  The acts range from battering, incest, assault, rape 

worldwide to female circumcision in Africa, dowry, deaths in 

India and militarization in the Philippines. Along this 

continuum one must also include the limited employment 

opportunities for women, the lack of access to education, 

women social isolation and sexual harassment that women 

experience daily. The manifestations of violence against 



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 Ogbu                                                                                                    90 
 

women simply alter their forms according to the social, 

economic and historical realities in which they occur”.  

 

Solutions 

The psychological, physical, emotional, financial and health implications of 

gender based violence in the contemporary society makes its solution an 

imperative. In order to solve the problem of gender based violence, the 

following must be observed:  

 

(1)The United Nations should organize meetings of groups of experts on 

violence against women and  take various steps  to bring the issue to the 

attention of the commission on the status of women, the economic and social 

council, the division for the advancement of women, the United Nation 

statistical office and the committee on crime prevention and control. The 

agreed conclusion of the 57th session of the United Nations commission of the 

status of women (2013) call on government to take measures to ensure that all 

work places are free from discrimination, exploitation, violence, sexual 

harassment, bullying etc 

(http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/csw/57sess.htm#ac). 

 

(2)Society should respond to the phenomenon of gender based violence by 

eliminating the institutional hurdles facing women, which leads to secondary 

victimization. 

 

(3)Specific measures should be taken to uphold the human rights of women 

and to address the gender based violence to which they are subjected. 

 

(4)In technical institutes and universities, effort should be made to incorporate 

the issue of gender based violence and human right into academic 

programmes for the professions whose future practitioners will probably come 

into contact with the victims of abuse and violence. 

 

(5)The crimes associated with gender based violence must be defined as such 

in the laws of each country and commensurate penalties established so as to 

put an end to the impunity enjoyed by aggressors and guarantee the judicial 

protection of their victims. 

 

(6)Trade unions, together with feminist organisations and other civil society 

allies should campaign for a ground breaking international labour convention 

on gender based violence in the world of work. 

 

(7)The government should consider introducing legal provisions on sexual 

harassment in the work place as a key step towards ensuring women’s 

protection at work. 



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 Ogbu                                                                                                    91 
 

(8)Effective training programmes should be organized which will eliminate 

the cultural and societal norms that perpetuate gender based violence and 

engage men as well as women in changing the culture in the work place. 

 

Conclusion 

Women’s rights should receive the same attention as the rest and should be 

considered in conjunction with those regarded as being the most pressing or 

important. Emphasis should also be laid on interconnected strategies, which 

includes preventing violence, strengthening legal/policy framework and 

improving judicial and responsive services for survivors. Also, it is important 

to work towards transformed norms around gender relations and masculinity, 

in order to put an end to gender based violence in the society. 

 

 

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 Ogbu                                                                                                    92 
 

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