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Events and Tourism Review Vol. 5 No. 1 (2022), 29-39, DOI: 10.18060/26123                                                                                                  

               Copyright © 2022 Lilian Wanyonyi, Joseph Njoroge and Richard Juma 

  This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. 

 

Events and Tourism Review                                     
 
June 2022                                                                                                                                                 Volume 5 No. 1      

   

 

Beating Odds in Post Pandemic Times: Lessons from World Rally 

Championship 2021 

 

Lilian Wanyonyi 

 
Joseph Njoroge 
 

Richard Juma 
 
Murang’a University of Technology, Kenya 

Correspondence: alicialily0@gmail.com (L. Wanyonyi) 

 

 
 

 

 

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Recommended Citation 

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from World Rally Championship 2021. Events and Tourism Review, 5(1), 29-39.  
 

 

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Wanyonyi, L., Njoroge, J. & Juma, R. (2022) / Events and Tourism Review, 5(1), 29-39. 
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Events and Tourism Review Vol. 5 No. 1 (2022), 29-39, DOI: 10.18060/26123                                                                                                 

               Copyright © 2022 Lilian Wanyonyi, Joseph Njoroge and Richard Juma 

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. 

 

 

 
 

 

 

Abstract 

 

The Novel Corona virus pandemic has brought unprecedented impacts on different sectors of 

economies in countries across the globe. Sports tourism being the worst hit. Sports tourism events 

are important vehicles of development and mostly embedded in the development plans of many 

countries. They have been associated with promotion of socio-economic well-being to the host 

communities. Despite the wide spread of the pandemic, most countries are on the road to 

recoveries by adopting resilient measures to revamp tourism industry from the shocks of the 

pandemic. Kenya hosted the World Rally Championship in 2021 as a post pandemic measure to 

promote sports and tourism industries. The purpose of this paper is to bring to the prominence the 

benefits of hosting this event in Kenya amidst the pandemic to the host community. The paper 

adopted a qualitative research design where by 12 key sports and tourism stakeholders were 

interviewed during the event hosting period. The results indicated that despite the pandemic, the 

event generated both social and economic benefits to the hosts. Key recommendations were made. 

 

Keywords: Sports Tourism, Events, Covid 19, Effects 
 

 

 

Background 

 

Sport tourism industry has witnessed a momentous growth and development, as an area of 

research attention and as socio-economic growth strategy for many countries, globally. (Nyikana & 

Tichaawa, 2018, Hemmonsbey & Tichaawa, 2018; Hinch & Higham, 2011; Nyikana, 2016; 

Saayman, 2012; Tichaawa et al., 2018). Nyikana & Tichaawa, 2018 and Tichaawa et al. (2018), 

assert that sport tourism events, have played a great role in this growth of sport tourism. Getz & 

Page (2016) add on that, events are fundamental in marketing of host cities. The popularity of sport 

tourism events is linked to the fact that they leverage substantial benefits for host communities 

worldwide depending on the duration of hosting, type of event and size of event. Sport tourism has 

been renowned as an ideal vehicle that leads to employment generation and a tool for enhancing the 

quality of lives of the host community (Hemmonsbey & Tichaawa, 2018; Nyikana, 2016; Saayman, 

2012; Tichaawa et al., 2018). These benefits include, social, economic environmental and cultural 

(Wanyonyi, Njoroge & Juma 2021). Additionally, Chalip (2014) and Fairley, Lovegrove, & Brown 

(2016) state that events attract tourists who stay and spend money, before, during and after hosting 

of events. Sports events also attract investors in host cities who bring in economic benefits to the 

local thus promoting local economy development. Therefore, the synergies between the hosting of 

sports tourism events and tourism development for instance increasing tourist arrivals, curbing the 

seasonality of tourism, employment, boosting of business and increased tax revenue have often been 

analyzed in extant literature (Meurer & Lins, 2018; Duglio & Beltramo, 2017; Li & Jago, 2013; 

Khodr 2012). 

The Effects of mega events are widely discussed in sports tourism literature (Hinch & 

Higham, 2011). These mega sports events comprise of cultural events, festivals and international 

events such as the Olympics and FIFA World Cup. These high-profile events have high attendance 

of sports tourists thus increasing their role in creation of economic benefits to the locals and 

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Events and Tourism Review Vol. 5 No. 1 (2022), 29-39, DOI: 10.18060/26123                                                                                                 

               Copyright © 2022 Lilian Wanyonyi, Joseph Njoroge and Richard Juma 

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. 

 

 

promoting the image of the hosting destination. While mega-events are one off time events in a 

country, there exist a number of other small-scale sport tourism events which are hosted more 

oftenly and have become synonymous and influential to the host community’s livelihoods. 

However, these small-scale events have received little research attention such as the marathons and 

safari rallies. As put forward by Njoroge et al, (2017) small events have been preferred by many 

reviewers in sports research because mega events have received much criticism on their inability to 

leverage positive benefits to the host communities especially in the context of the developing 

nations. 

In spite of this, there is limited academic research focus on sports tourism potential to 

promote socioeconomic well-being to hosts through small scale events. At these levels of sport 

events, negative effects are minimized, while the tourism development benefits that they bring 

remains largely under researched (Higham, 1999; Mosko & Poczta, 2018). To date, much of the 

economic impact research have been based on mega-event impact. (Njoroge et al, 2017). There 

exists a research gap in relation to the analysis of economic effects of small-scale events from a 

local context (Kwiatkowski & Oklevic 2017). 

Covid 19 Pandemic and Sports Tourism 

Tourism industry is highly vulnerable to phenomena like earthquakes, tsunamis, hurricanes, 

floods and disease (Hall, 2010; Butler, 2017; Lenggogeni et al., 2019; Ritchie and Jang, 2019, 

Hemmonsbey, Tichaawa & Knott 2021). The COVID-19 outbreak brought the entire globe to halt. 

The disease originated from Wuhan city, China in 2019 and has had an impact in all parts of the 

world (Włoch, 2020). The COVID-19 virus has destabilized all sectors of the economies, tourism 

being the worst hit. Countries have been forced to put in place restrictive measures, for contain the 

disease (Rio-Chanona, Penny, Pichler, Lanfond & Farmer (2020). The pandemic brought a huge 

shock since the SARS outbreak, global financial crisis and the 9/11 terrorism attack (Zenker & Kock 

2020; Cheer, 2020). The pandemic has resulted to a turmoil across the global economies with severe 

effects in all the sectors. 

According to WHO (2020), COVID-19 had infected more than 60 million people and caused 

death of over 1 million- worldwide by November 2020 (WHO, 2020; Malra, 2021). Many nations 

closed down all their international borders for tourists. This resulted in total postponing of also 

domestic tourism as strict restrictions were imposed such as lock downs and curfews. Even though 

some destinations have started to open up for travelers slowly, many are afraid of international 

travelers. But the long-term closing of borders of countries have impacted adversely the global 

tourism industry and vast number of job losses (Malra2021). 

The sports sector wasn’t exempted from these restrictions. Ratten (2020) reports that the 

sport tourism sector has been affected by the Covid 19 pandemic in a way that has never happened 

before. All sporting activities were suspended indefinitely in many countries (Hammami, Harrabi, 

Mohr, Krustrup, 2020). Major events attract many attendees and have been associated with the rapid 

spread of a disease such as a close physical contact between sport participants and close proximity 

between fans can fasten the spread of the virus (Memish, Steffen, White, Dar, Azhar, Sharma, & 

Zumla, 2020). 

The pandemic has been an economic blow to many countries through the postponement or 

cancellation of sport events especially in emerging countries’ contexts. The Tokyo Olympics was 

postponed until 2021, World Championships, and World Cups for were cancelled or postponed and 

the calendars for most major sports have been severely disrupted with no clear indication yet of how 

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Wanyonyi, L., Njoroge, J. & Juma, R. (2022) / Events and Tourism Review, 5(1), 29-39. 
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Events and Tourism Review Vol. 5 No. 1 (2022), 29-39, DOI: 10.18060/26123                                                                                                 

               Copyright © 2022 Lilian Wanyonyi, Joseph Njoroge and Richard Juma 

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. 

 

 

or when this will be resolved. According to UNWTO report (2020), tourism industry estimated a 

loss of approximately 1.1 billion international tourist arrivals, with a loss of US$ 910 to 1.1 trillion 

export revenues and 100-120 million jobs due to the wider spread of the novel coronavirus. 

Similarly in Kenya, the pandemic led to postponing of mega events like the annual Magical Kenya 

Golf championships, WRC Championships, IAAF U20 Championships among others. It’s beyond 

doubt that sports events have initially been associated with providing positive socio-economic 

effects to the hosts (Nyikana &Tichaawa, 2018) but preventive actions by the different nations had 

hit hard the sports tourism’s ability to provide socio economic well-being as a way of promoting 

sustainable sports tourism. The virtual events and social distancing have imposed negative impacts 

on the livelihood of people and host economies. However, there are rays of hope as the country has 

opened up the sports sector and allowing the hosting of sports events but with strict adherence to 

masking, social distancing and promoting vaccination programs among the sports participants. This 

shows some great light at the end of the tunnel as sports events hosting will continue boosting the 

worst hit tourism businesses to be back on their feet and adjust with the new normal era. 

Sports Tourism Events Hosted Post Covid in Kenya. 

Despite the grip of the pandemic, Kenya has successfully hosted the following international 

events: 

Magical Kenya Golf Championships 

The Magical Kenya Open in the season 2021 was hosted in Nairobi city early this year. It’s 

part of the Elite European Tours golf championships. The event attracted over 156 golfers with over 

30 countries represented. The events were broadcasted to over 490 million viewer both locally and 

internationally. 

KipKeino Classics continental tour 

It’s a track and field event named after a famous athlete Kipchoge Keino. It is part of the 

inaugural World Athletics Continental Tour recognized by IAAF. It was initiated in 2020.The event 

was held in Kasarani stadium in Nairobi and attracted both local and international athletics. 

Rhino Charge: 

This is an annual event competition that works towards conservation and protection of the 

nature. 

IAAF U20 Championships 

This championship was held this year after it was postponed by a year due to the Covid-19 

pandemic at the Moi International Sports Centre, Kasarani, in Nairobi County. It was held in strict 

adherence to the covid 19 protocols. It attracted more than 900 athletes from 114 countries. 

World Rally Championships 

After a 19-year absence, Kenya got the privilege of hosting the WRC, with thousands of fans 

attending the famous Safari Rally. It is dubbed as one of the toughest races worldwide and one of its 

kind in the African soil. It is supported by FIA and WRC. It entails 18 stages of rough dirt roads 

covering the forests and savannah. The event was hosted starting from Kasarani in Nairobi city and 

the climax of it was in Naivasha, a town on the outskirts of Nairobi. It attracted participants, 

sponsors and fans from all over the world. The event was carried out in strict adherence to Covid 19 

protocols. 

 

 

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Wanyonyi, L., Njoroge, J. & Juma, R. (2022) / Events and Tourism Review, 5(1), 29-39. 
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Events and Tourism Review Vol. 5 No. 1 (2022), 29-39, DOI: 10.18060/26123                                                                                                 

               Copyright © 2022 Lilian Wanyonyi, Joseph Njoroge and Richard Juma 

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. 

 

 

Socio-Economic Benefits of Sports Tourism Events to the Host Community 

Host community’s participation in tourism activities in a destination is often liked to 

sustainable tourism development (Jigang & Jiuxia, 2007; Xu et al., 2019). Tosun (2006) elaborates 

that host community involvement in tourism enhances the achievement of sustainable tourism as a 

way of fostering inclusion and sharing of benefits derived from the sector. This enables the 

community to develop and improve their livelihoods (Xu, et al., 2019). Roberts (2011) adds that the 

main significance of community participation in tourism development is that the host group that is 

greatly affected by tourism activities should have a decisive voice in the manner in which the sector 

evolves within their locality and also external stakeholders being incapable to judge the preferences 

of hosts effectively. 

Community involvement in tourism activities is a way of maximizing on the socio-economic 

benefits and also their participation allows for needs of the hosts to be put into consideration during 

the planning, management and supervision of tourism (Jigang & Jiuxia, 2007). The aforementioned 

approach to tourism planning and development has been legalized by the Brundtland Report of 1987 

and the Local Agenda 21 (Roberts, 2011). Furthermore, Job and Paesler (2013) opine that one of the 

most significant way of poverty-reduction tourism is though host community participation tourism 

activities. 

The rapid growth of sports tourism events has led to the development of a niche sector in the 

global economy that is becoming a priority of many countries (Saayman, &Saayman 2012; Getz 

2013; Walker, Kaplanidou, Gibson, Thapa, Geldenhuys, & Coetzee, 2013; Nyikana, Tichaawa, & 

Swart, 2014, Tichaawa & Bob, 2015). Developing nations Developing countries have pursued the 

development of sports tourism as a socio-economic tool for enhancing local economies Fourie & 

Santana-Gallego, 2011; Gration, Raciti, Getz & Andersson, 2015; Tichaawa, Swart & Bob, 2018). 

This particular drive has been witnessed in Africa whereby many countries are using sports tourism 

as an economic and social strategic tool (Tichaawa et al., 2018). In Africa, sport tourism is seen as a 

way of fast-track economic development (Bob & Swart, 2010; Nyikana, et al., 2014; Tichaawa, et 

al., 2018). This is in relation to that existing literature points on sport tourism being a very powerful 

and ideal means to achieve in the short-term, socio-economic gains from both sport and tourism, 

that otherwise would have been achieved in the long-term (Nyikana, 2016). However, despite the 

growing popularity of sport tourism in the continent, specific research on the phenomenon is still 

largely missing (Bob & Swart, 2010; Hemmonsbey & Tichaawa, 2018; Tichaawa, 2016). 

Methodology 

The study was conducted in Naivasha town between 22-29th June 2021 during the event. This paper 

adopted a qualitative research design. Interviews were conducted to key industry stakeholders in 

sports events planning and hosting. A total of 12 participants were interviewed using purposive 

sampling technique. The stakeholders had a specific background experience in sports tourism events 

hosting, promotion and management. They included: Event sponsors, transport operators, Ministry 

of Tourism and Wildlife, volunteers, hoteliers, fans and Ministry of Sports. Each interviewee had 

thirty minutes session with the interviewer. All the 12 interviews were recorded and analyzed. Data 

analysis was done using content analysis. 

 

 

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Events and Tourism Review Vol. 5 No. 1 (2022), 29-39, DOI: 10.18060/26123                                                                                                 

               Copyright © 2022 Lilian Wanyonyi, Joseph Njoroge and Richard Juma 

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. 

 

 

Results 

Participant quotes were used to show their responses in order to protect the respondents. A number 

was assigned to each respondent to create anonymity. The following table 1 shows the benefits of 

hosting WRC and the key recommendations that governments can put in place to revamp sports 

tourism activities post pandemic. 

Table 1: Benefits and Recommendations for sports tourism events  
Benefits of hosting WRC  Recommendations on Strengthening the Sports 

Tourism Sector post-pandemic 

 

• Increases cultural exchange • Hosting of hybrid events 

• Increases interest in sports tourism events 

• Community engagements in sports 

tourism 

• Improves the reputation of host 

destination 

• Need for risk mitigation plan in sports 

tourism sector 

• Enhanced media coverage • Need for product diversification 

• Enhanced senses of belonging • Mobilizing mass vaccination programs 

• Promotion of cultural events • Marketing domestic tourism 

• Provided an opportunity for host visitor 

interaction 

•  counties to transform their tourism and 

health sectors to be able to survive 

crisis 

• Enhanced the self-esteem and recognition 

among community 

• Putting in place future intervention and 

resiliency measures for similar 

pandemic and other risks. 

• Enhanced social cohesion in the 

community 

• Invest in niche tourism products 

• Provides motivation for conservation of 

both natural and cultural sites 

• Need for rebranding of destinations 

post covid 19 

• Increased chances of exposing the hosts 

globally 

 

• Promotes image of hosting community  

• Promotes host identity in a destination  

• Built a reputable picture of host country  

• Increased trade for local community  

• Increased sporting facilities  

• Attracting of investors during and after 

events 

 

• Increased community development 

investments 

 

• Accelerated community growth  

• Long term promotional benefits  

 

Socio-economic benefits of World Rally Championship 

From the hosting of WRC event in Kenya a number of key benefits were highlighted by the 

respondents as follows: 

“Since COVID hit the country, most hotels have been recording low bookings. All 

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Events and Tourism Review Vol. 5 No. 1 (2022), 29-39, DOI: 10.18060/26123                                                                                                 

               Copyright © 2022 Lilian Wanyonyi, Joseph Njoroge and Richard Juma 

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. 

 

 

hotels in Naivasha were fully booked to accommodate over 2,500 rally participants, 

management and Government officials. R10 

Emphasizing this point, a respondent articulated the unique nature of sports events to 

local businesses as: 

“Accommodation of that many people was a challenge as there was a high turnout of 

attendees than expected. Some opted for hotels as far as Eldoret town and Nairobi. 

R2 

“The number of travelers to Naivasha and Nairobi increased two weeks prior to the 

events hosting. The public transports and taxis were overwhelmed with bookings 

during the period. The transport to major tourist attractions in Nakuru County also 

increased during the period. It was a great opportunity to operate to full capacity 

since the limit was put on the number of customers because of covid 19.” R7 

In relation to how the event promoted tourism activities in the Rift valley circuit. The 

respondents had this to say: 

Domestic and international visitors into Naivasha wasn’t just for WRC. The 

championship was like a magnet to hook them to other tourism products in the 

region. We are going to Naivasha, but we can still visit the Hells Gate National Park, 

Lake Nakuru National Park, Lake Elementaita, among other attractions in the rift 

valley like for a week or so. It’s about leveraging on those opportunities created by 

an event like WRC. The event is here to attract the fans to our beautiful country that 

is well endowed with natural and cultural attractions 

“Traffic snurls were however witnessed during the event hosting for hours along 

Nakuru-Nairobi highway because of high influx of visitors into the town.” R2 

“The Safari rally has brought some good fortunes. This has influenced a lot of 

social-economic benefits in the world gripped by the Covid-19”. 

“I am personally delighted. I have had a good sporting treat and impressed by a 

team from people of diverse background working together. I am proud of this great 

work outfit and wish you all the best” 

They said the Kenya Government will assist the Safari Rally organizers to achieve the 

desired goals, adding that the Government has been the biggest sponsor of the Safari since 2018 

when Kenya started an ambitious goal to return the iconic motor event to the WRC after 19 years. 

“For 19 years we have not been in the WRC there were other people working out 

there. We have had trainers particularly from Motorsport UK who have transferred 

knowledge to our local technical officials,” R8. 

“We have made several friends and want to have more and we are looking forward 

to working with all of you from the Government.” R4 

“The event was fantastic with all the laid down Covid procedures being taken into 

consideration. Over 1,200 safety marshals. Were deployed to ensure strict adherence 

to the protocols.” R1 

“Proper infrastructure was put in place in Naivasha to promote future hosting of the 

events. The local organizers in collaboration with the county and the ministry of 

sports made plan to provide space and infrastructure where competing teams will put 

up their own structures like garages and offices. Some roads were renovated in 

preparation for the event.” R11 

“The event attracted the local small businesses who were able to sell their 

merchandise during the event. It brought together the locals who developed pride in 

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Events and Tourism Review Vol. 5 No. 1 (2022), 29-39, DOI: 10.18060/26123                                                                                                 

               Copyright © 2022 Lilian Wanyonyi, Joseph Njoroge and Richard Juma 

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the event through their spectatorship. Interacting with other people from other 

countries created a sense of belonging and cultural interactions among them. The 

event was breathtaking and magnificent it defined the beauty of Kenya globally.” R5 

The event has placed Kenya on a global scale and showed its dedication in hosting of the 

events after 19 years. The event came handy as the country is trying to recovery its economy from 

the Covid 19 pandemic. This will help the already struggling business revamp their operations. 

            In relation on the environmental, implication of the WRC Championships, “the event 

created great sustainability initiatives through WRC greening program. 19 million trees were 

planted. There was strict observance to ecological degradation by ensuring that the rally doesn’t 

affect the ecological system and the fauna in the region that is surrounded by a variety of parks and 

conservancies.” 

Furthermore, the stakeholders in national and county government mentioned the value of 

sports events on the branding of the host city or town and the value it creates that enhances 

strengthening of stays and more spending on the auxiliary services thus promoting the local 

economy. 

Key Recommendations on Strengthening the Sports Tourism Sector Amidst the Pandemic 

The covid 19 has left significant disruptions in the global economy. Tourism is a great pillar 

of the Kenyan tourism contributing 10% to the Gross Domestic Product. Major destinations have 

suffered a contraction in revenues as a result of the pandemic especially the local communities 

whose livelihoods are directly derived from tourism benefits. The following are the key 

recommendations on rebuilding the sports tourism sector from the respondents. 

The sector should support product diversification. A high dependency on one tourism 

product could increase vulnerability when a crisis occurs. Niche tourism products 

like sports tourism should be explored. This will boost resilience and mitigate the 

cost of crisis shocks 

Additionally with the emergence of vaccines in the country, “Mobilization of citizens 

on the uptake of the vaccine will improve on the mobility and restoration of 

confidence in international tourism. 

While the international tourism remains the hardest hit, “Boosting the domestic tourism 

market is more ideal in order to cushion the adverse effects of the virus. Sports tourism events has a 

great potential of enhancing domestic tourism, whenever they are hosted. 

Counties need to formulate sound policies to be able to build more resilient tourism sector, 

“counties need to invest in transforming their tourism and health sectors so that they can survive 

future crises.” “There is a need to come up with post-COVID-19 reviews of sports tourism and 

putting in place alternative future intervention and resilience measures for similar pandemics and 

other risks.” This will help revamp the once most promising sector renown for enhancing the 

livelihoods of the hosts. 

Discussion 

The COVID 19 pandemic is a unique disaster of the century and crisis that have previously 

impacted the tourism sector (Hall et al, 2020, Sigala, 2020). The postponement of the event in 2020 

due to the novel COVID 19 pandemic had great implication on tourism, hotels and other auxiliaries 

that rely on tourism. They were greatly affected by the differed demand from the event. However, 

the decisions to host the event in 2020 came as a great relief when the country as it battles the third 

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Events and Tourism Review Vol. 5 No. 1 (2022), 29-39, DOI: 10.18060/26123                                                                                                 

               Copyright © 2022 Lilian Wanyonyi, Joseph Njoroge and Richard Juma 

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. 

 

 

wave of the Covid-19. Kenya is at a road to recovery from the grip of the pandemic. 

First and foremost, the sports events are not only considered as a vehicle of enhancing 

sustainable development but also a tool for enhancing the image of the host country. The event 

contributed to 4 billion for the period of time it was hosted in the country. (Standard newspaper, 

2020). Many research works have analyzed on the economic outcomes of hosting sports tourism on 

the host cities (Tinaz & Knott 2021). Hemmonsebey, Tichaawa and Knott (2021) affirm that sports 

tourism has a potential of providing development opportunity in emerging nations in form of social, 

economic, cultural and technology enhancements. Kenya’s quests to host this event was motivated 

by the need to promote the society and stimulate its economy as noted by Tinaz and Knott (2021). 

In this post pandemic era its evident that sports tourism has risen unwaveringly making 

many governments in developing countries to be proactive in reopening sports events with strict 

adherence to Covid protocols. This has given many counties an opportunity of developing their 

sports infrastructure in order to attract sports events hosting. 

Conclusion 

Substantial economic benefits, which tourism scholars refer to as the as pre-legacy, have 

been accrued for many years before COVD 19. It is possible, when tourists’ confidence returns and 

international travel opens up, that Kenya’s aggressive tourism development strategy will regain its 

momentum. The benefits of small-scale tourism development in the short and long-term are 

undeniable. WRC being hosted amidst the third wave of the virus is worth an applause for 

leveraging positive benefits to the hosts in both Naivasha and Nairobi counties. Therefore, countries 

should come up with proactive policies to revamp sports tourism as a post covid strategy of boosting 

the tourism sector. This will boost, the domestic tourism market, decrease seasonality and help in 

diversification of tourism products in the country. Furthermore, this will help in building up a more 

adaptive, resilient and a sustainable sports tourism sector. 

Limitations of the study 

While the current study was limited to the benefits of hosting sports tourism events post 

pandemic, there is need for future studies in the field of small-scale events, effects of crises in sports 

tourism events and how technology can be incorporated in hosting hybrid events post pandemic. 

Additionally, the study looked at a small-scale event using a qualitative data approach, future studies 

ought to adopt quantitative or mixed research approach basing them on a hall mark events. 

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Events and Tourism Review Vol. 5 No. 1 (2022), 29-39, DOI: 10.18060/26123                                                                                                 

               Copyright © 2022 Lilian Wanyonyi, Joseph Njoroge and Richard Juma 

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Events and Tourism Review Vol. 5 No. 1 (2022), 29-39, DOI: 10.18060/26123                                                                                                 

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