






































Events and Tourism Review


Events and Tourism Review Vol. 7 No. 1 (2024), 45-56, DOI: 10.18060/28481                                                                                                  

            Copyright © 2024 Lincoln I. Davie, Godwin-Charles Ogbeide and Kiyan Shafieizadeh 

  This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. 

 

Events and Tourism Review                                     
 
December 2024                                                                                                                                          Volume 7 No. 1      

   

 

Leveraging Nature-Based Tourism for Sustainable Community Development 

and Destination Marketing: A Social Capital Theory Perspective 

 
Lincoln I. Davie 
 

Godwin-Charles Ogbeide 
 
Kiyan Shafieizadeh 
 

Metropolitan State University of Denver 

Correspondence: gogbeide@msudenver.edu (G-C. Ogbeide) 

 

 
 

For Authors 

Interested in submitting to this journal? We recommend that you review the About the Journal 

page for the journal's section policies, as well as the Author Guidelines. Authors need to register 

with the journal prior to submitting or, if already registered, can simply log in and begin the 

five-step process. 

For Reviewers 

If you are interested in serving as a peer reviewer, please register with the journal. Make sure to 

select that you would like to be contacted to review submissions for this journal. Also, be sure 

to include your reviewing interests, separated by a comma. 

About Events and Tourism Review (ETR) 

ETR aims to advance the delivery of events, tourism and hospitality products and services by 

stimulating the submission of papers from both industry and academic practitioners and 

researchers. For more information about ETR visit the Events and Tourism Review. 

Recommended Citation 

Davie, L. I., Ogbeide, G-C. & Shafieizadeh, K. (2024). Leveraging Nature-Based Tourism for 

Sustainable Community Development and Destination Marketing: A Social Capital Theory 

Perspective. Events and Tourism Review, 7(1), 45-56.  
 

 

https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
http://journals.iupui.edu/index.php/jet/about
http://journals.iupui.edu/index.php/jet/about/submissions#authorGuidelines
http://journals.iupui.edu/index.php/jet/user/register
http://journals.iupui.edu/index.php/jet/user/register
http://journals.iupui.edu/index.php/index/login
https://journals.iupui.edu/index.php/ETR/user/register
http://journals.iupui.edu/index.php/ETR


Davie, L. I., Ogbeide, G-C. & Shafieizadeh, K. (2024) / Events and Tourism Review, 7(1), 45-56. 
46 

Events and Tourism Review Vol. 7 No. 1 (2024), 45-56, DOI: 10.18060/28481                                                                                                 

                                   Copyright © 2024 Lincoln I. Davie, Godwin-Charles Ogbeide and Kiyan Shafieizadeh 

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. 

 

 

 
 

 

 

Abstract 

 

The adverse impacts of mass tourism have led to the rise of alternative forms of tourism, such as 

nature-based tourism, which prioritize sustainable interactions with natural environments and local 

communities. This paper explores the potential of nature-based tourism for destination marketing 

and community empowerment. Using social capital theory, the study examines how strong social 

networks and community involvement enhance the benefits of nature-based tourism, leading to 

sustainable economic and social outcomes. The research addresses how communities can leverage 

nature-based tourism for destination marketing and its impacts on community development. The 

findings provide practical applications for policymakers and stakeholders, highlighting strategies 

for optimizing destination management and fostering equitable development. This study 

contributes to the broader discourse on sustainable tourism by demonstrating the 

interconnectedness of destination marketing, nature-based tourism, and community-based 

development, emphasizing a holistic and inclusive approach. 

 

Keywords: Destination Management; Nature-Based Tourism; Local Community; Sustainable 

Development; Social Capital Theory 
 

 

 

Introduction 

 

The growing recognition among tourists, local residents, and other stakeholders of the 

adverse impacts associated with mass tourism has spurred the development of novel forms of 

tourism, commonly referred to as "alternative tourism" or "special interest tourism” (Jovicic, 2016). 

Alternative tourism encompasses various formats, all aimed at mitigating the adverse 

environmental, social, and economic effects of conventional tourism (Weaver, 2014). Nature-based 

tourism, for instance, stands out as a viable alternative to mass tourism, prioritizing sustainable 

interactions with natural environments and local communities. The continual growth of nature-based 

tourism has significantly influenced destinations, leading to a robust market for economic 

development. The latest statistics demonstrate that outdoor recreation contributes $1.1 trillion to 

economic output (equivalent to 2.2% of GDP), sustains 4.98 million jobs, and represents 3.2% of the 

U.S. workforce (Outdoor Recreation Roundtable, 2023). As the focus shifts from mass tourism to 

nature-based experiences, the role of tourist destinations becomes more pronounced, necessitating a 

balanced approach to destination management and marketing (Buhalis, 2000; Pike, 2004; Solelhac, 

2022). Moreover, the nature-based tourism sector offers a promising avenue for generating both 

social and economic value within destinations, thereby empowering local communities and 

highlighting the importance of fostering equitable development (Mitchell & Ashley, 2010).  

While nature-based tourism, destination management, and community-based development 

are intertwined elements within the broader context of sustainable tourism, there remains a notable 

gap in research regarding the impact of nature-based tourism on local communities and its potential 

utilization in destination marketing and management strategies. The convergence of these elements 

is crucial for fostering environmentally responsible and socially inclusive tourism practices. This 

literature review explores key concepts and trends in these areas, highlighting their 

https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/


Davie, L. I., Ogbeide, G-C. & Shafieizadeh, K. (2024) / Events and Tourism Review, 7(1), 45-56. 
47 

Events and Tourism Review Vol. 7 No. 1 (2024), 45-56, DOI: 10.18060/28481                                                                                                 

                                   Copyright © 2024 Lincoln I. Davie, Godwin-Charles Ogbeide and Kiyan Shafieizadeh 

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. 

 

 

interconnectedness and the importance of a holistic approach to tourism development. Reflecting on 

the social capital theory, this study aims to provide practical applications for leveraging nature-

based tourism to benefit local communities and enhance destination management strategies. 

Specifically, this study aims to answer the following questions: a) How can communities leverage 

nature-based tourism for destination marketing? b) What are the impacts of nature-based tourism on 

community development? The study contributes to the existing literature by adopting a sustainable 

approach to examine the effects of nature-based tourism on destination marketing and management 

strategies, thereby facilitating local community empowerment. Furthermore, the findings will assist 

policymakers in identifying optimal strategies for efficient planning and leveraging nature-based 

tourism as a viable alternative to foster the development and promotion of destinations.   

 

Literature Review 

 

Social Capital Theory  

This study is based on social capital theory. Social capital theory provides a framework for 

understanding the value embedded within social relationships, networks, and community norms 

(Bourdieu, 1986; Coleman, 1988). It emphasizes the resources, trust, and cooperation that emerge 

from these social connections, contributing to individuals' and societies' overall well-being and 

functioning (Claridge, 2018; Porte, 1998). Social capital theory identifies three main dimensions of 

social capital: bonding, bridging, and linking capitals (Claridge, 2018). Bonding social capital refers 

to solid ties within homogeneous groups, such as family, close friends, or ethnic communities 

(Claridge, 2018). Bridging social capital encompasses connections between diverse individuals or 

groups, fostering cooperation and collaboration across different social boundaries (Claridge, 2018). 

Linking social capital extends beyond immediate networks to interactions with formal institutions 

and authorities, facilitating access to resources and opportunities (Claridge, 2018). In community 

development, social capital theory informs strategies to strengthen local networks, enhance social 

cohesion, and empower marginalized groups (Claridge, 2018; Porte, 1998; Woolcock & Narayan, 

2000).  

Social capital theory has been widely applied in the context of ecotourism in numerous 

studies. Pongponrat and Chantradoan (2012) suggest that social capital serves as a key mechanism 

for understanding local community participation in tourism development within a destination. Social 

capital plays a pivotal role in the success of community-based ecotourism initiatives (Liu et al., 

2014; Musavengane & Matikiti). Liu et al. (2014) also found that social capital influences pro-

environmental behaviors among local residents, contributing to the sustainable management of 

natural resources in community-based ecotourism. Additionally, it can foster a positive image of 

ecotourism destinations, ultimately driving the success of community-based ecotourism (Kencana & 

Mertha, 2014). 

Thus, social capital theory provides a valuable framework for understanding the complex 

dynamics between communities, destination marketing, and nature-based tourism. By fostering 

social cohesion, trust, and collaboration, social capital contributes to tourism destinations' 

sustainability, competitiveness, and resilience, and ultimately enhancing both visitor satisfaction and 

community well-being. Reflecting on the social capital theory, this study aims to explore the 

interconnection between destination management/marketing, nature-based tourism, and community-

based development. The research objectives are as follows: 

 

1. To explore how communities can leverage nature-based tourism for destination marketing. 

https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/


Davie, L. I., Ogbeide, G-C. & Shafieizadeh, K. (2024) / Events and Tourism Review, 7(1), 45-56. 
48 

Events and Tourism Review Vol. 7 No. 1 (2024), 45-56, DOI: 10.18060/28481                                                                                                 

                                   Copyright © 2024 Lincoln I. Davie, Godwin-Charles Ogbeide and Kiyan Shafieizadeh 

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. 

 

 

2. To determine the importance of nature-based tourism for community development. 

 

Destination Marketing and Management 

Effective destination marketing and management is essential for optimizing the benefits of 

tourism by providing a helpful tool for guiding the development of the destination's brand and 

promoting tourism opportunities within the location (Slocum & Curtis, 2017). Social capital theory 

highlights the importance of strong community networks in achieving these goals. Local businesses 

and Destination Marketing Organizations (DMOs) can collaborate more effectively by leveraging 

bonding social capital, ensuring that marketing efforts align with community values and enhance 

social cohesion (Bourdieu, 1986; Coleman, 1988). Bonding social capital, characterized by solid ties 

within homogeneous groups, can facilitate trust and cooperation among local stakeholders, thus 

improving the efficiency of marketing strategies and destination management (Claridge, 2018). 

Destination Marketing and Management Organizations (DMOs) are instrumental in guiding 

destination brand development and promoting tourism opportunities, ensuring tourists' awareness of 

local businesses, events, attractions, and available amenities (Slocum & Curtis, 2017). As the focus 

shifts from mass tourism to nature-based experiences, the role of tourist destinations becomes more 

pronounced, necessitating a balanced approach to destination management and marketing (Solelhac, 

2022; Buhalis, 2000; Pike, 2004). Social capital theory underscores the significance of bridging 

social capital in this context, where connections between diverse groups enhance cooperative efforts 

in destination branding and promotion, leading to more innovative and inclusive marketing 

strategies (Claridge, 2018). 

While marketing efforts in the tourism sector typically focus on boosting visibility and 

economic outcomes, it is imperative also to prioritize environmental and socio-cultural sustainability 

concerns when developing destination marketing strategies (Buhalis, 2000). In today's dynamic 

tourism market, which discerning travelers mark, there is an increasing demand for responsible 

tourism practices that directly benefit local communities (Slocum et al., 2020). Sustainable 

destination management considers the carrying capacity of natural ecosystems, local culture, and 

community aspirations. Additionally, scholars like Bramwell and Lane (2011) emphasize the need 

for community involvement and stakeholder collaboration in destination planning and management 

to achieve long-term sustainability. Ritchie and Crouch (2000) argue that destination management 

involves a coordinated approach to planning, marketing, and infrastructure development. 

 In light of the growing commodification of outdoor experiences and culture, the significance 

of implementing best practices in destination marketing is more pronounced than ever. Nature-based 

tourism, as an alternative form of tourism, plays a pivotal role in destination management, 

contributing to a destination's overall sustainability, economic prosperity, and cultural preservation 

(Honey, 1999). 

 

Empowering Local Communities 

Sustainable tourism encompasses various principles, including community empowerment 

(Solelhac, 2022). As tourism continues to burgeon, numerous scholars acknowledge its pivotal role 

in fostering economic growth within local communities. Nonetheless, it is crucial to recognize that 

community empowerment transcends mere economic factors. According to Scheyvens (1999), it 

also encompasses social, political, and psychological dimensions. 

Empowering local communities in nature-based tourism is a matter of ethical importance and 

a strategic necessity for sustainable and equitable development (Mitchell & Ashley, 2010; Buckley, 

2012). Social capital theory highlights the importance of strong social networks in achieving these 

https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/


Davie, L. I., Ogbeide, G-C. & Shafieizadeh, K. (2024) / Events and Tourism Review, 7(1), 45-56. 
49 

Events and Tourism Review Vol. 7 No. 1 (2024), 45-56, DOI: 10.18060/28481                                                                                                 

                                   Copyright © 2024 Lincoln I. Davie, Godwin-Charles Ogbeide and Kiyan Shafieizadeh 

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. 

 

 

goals. By leveraging bonding and bridging social capital, communities can enhance trust, 

cooperation, and collaboration with external stakeholders (Bourdieu, 1986; Coleman, 1988; 

Claridge, 2018). Collaboration between nature-based tourism initiatives and community 

stakeholders is pivotal in fostering sustainable community development. Nature-based tourism often 

involves local communities using a mechanism to enhance authentic tourist experiences (Brown, 

1999). 

It is critical to ensure that local populations are primary beneficiaries of the growth in nature-

based tourism (Britton, 1982; Gibson, 2009). The future of this sector lies in its ability to be 

inclusively developed, ensuring that the allure of natural destinations is matched by tangible benefits 

for those who call these places home (Koscak & O'Rourke, 2021). Empowering communities 

through tourism can lead to economic benefits, cultural preservation, and social well-being (Ashley 

& Haysom, 2006; Ashley & Roe, 1998; Ashley & Roe, 2002; Scheyvens, 2007). Engaging local 

communities in decision-making processes is crucial for ensuring that tourism development aligns 

with their values and aspirations (Fennell, 2008).  

 

Nature-Based Tourism 

Nature-based tourism plays a pivotal role in destination management, contributing to a 

destination's overall sustainability, economic prosperity, and cultural preservation (Honey, 1999). 

Nature-based tourism, one of the fastest growing sectors (WTTC, 2019; World Bank, 2021), 

revolves around interactions and experiences within natural settings (Coghlan & Buckley, 2013). 

This broad category encompasses a variety of tourism practices where the natural environment is the 

central element, particularly those in untouched or pristine conditions (Newsome et al., 2002; 

Buckley, 2003; Buckley, 2009). Consequently, nature-based tourism spans a range of activities, 

from the serene enjoyment of landscapes, geological features, and biodiversity to more dynamic 

pursuits such as adventure, ecotourism (NEAT – Nature, Eco, Adventure Tourism), and outdoor 

recreation. Additionally, it can include activities with consumptive elements like hunting and 

fishing, alongside altruistic endeavors supporting conservation and research efforts (Benson, 2005; 

Coghlan, 2006, 2007). Quite simple, nature-based tourism is tourism that takes place in natural 

settings (Coghlan & Buckley, 2013).  

Effective destination marketing and management is essential for optimizing the benefits of 

tourism by providing a helpful tool for guiding the development of the destination's brand and 

promoting tourism opportunities within the location (Slocum & Curtis, 2017). Marketing within the 

tourism sector aims to increase visibility and enhance economic output, but a more significant 

consideration of environmental and socio-cultural sustainability is also needed (Buhalis, 2000). 

Ritchie and Crouch (2000) argue that destination management involves a coordinated approach to 

planning, marketing, and infrastructure development. Sustainable destination management considers 

the carrying capacity of natural ecosystems, local culture, and community aspirations. Scholars like 

Bramwell and Lane (2011) emphasize the need for community involvement and stakeholder 

collaboration in destination planning and management to achieve long-term sustainability. Social 

capital theory underscores the importance of community involvement and stakeholder collaboration 

in this context, highlighting the role of strong social networks in achieving these goals (Bourdieu, 

1986; Coleman, 1988; Claridge, 2018).  

The transformative potential of nature-based tourism extends beyond environmental 

appreciation, impacting social and economic domains, particularly in protected areas and 

underdeveloped regions. This form of tourism is increasingly recognized for its role in enhancing 

conservation efforts and improving the quality of life in rural communities, often acting as a 

https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/


Davie, L. I., Ogbeide, G-C. & Shafieizadeh, K. (2024) / Events and Tourism Review, 7(1), 45-56. 
50 

Events and Tourism Review Vol. 7 No. 1 (2024), 45-56, DOI: 10.18060/28481                                                                                                 

                                   Copyright © 2024 Lincoln I. Davie, Godwin-Charles Ogbeide and Kiyan Shafieizadeh 

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. 

 

 

strategic pro-poor intervention (Bushell et al., 2002; Hill et al., 2006). The emotional connection 

tourists develop with natural environments, known as place attachment, moderates their experiences, 

enriching the interaction between visitors and nature (Kil et al., 2012). Social capital theory 

highlights how these emotional connections and strong social networks can enhance community 

well-being and collaboration in conservation efforts (Bourdieu, 1986; Coleman, 1988). Furthermore, 

destinations suffering from the adverse effects of over-tourism are increasingly turning towards 

nature-based tourism as a sustainable alternative, recognizing its potential to balance ecological 

integrity with visitor satisfaction (Fennell, 2003). This shift not only aids in preserving natural 

environments but also in revitalizing local communities affected by the downsides of conventional 

tourism practices. 

 

Methodology 

 

This study was based on the hospitality and tourism literature review syntheses about 

destination management, nature-based tourism, and community-based development. The literature 

review explores the interconnection between destination management, nature-based tourism, social 

capital theory, and community-based development. The authors reviewed several papers on the 

importance of nature-based tourism for community development and destination marketing. The 

study explored how communities can utilize social capital theory to leverage nature-based tourism 

for destination marketing and the importance of nature-based tourism for community development. 

Fifty journal articles, ranging from 1982 to 2024, were reviewed. Some main research journals cited 

include Annals of Tourism Research, Development Southern Africa, Journal of Ecotourism, Journal 

of Sustainable Tourism, Sustainability, and Tourism Management. 

This literature review was based on EBSCO Academic Search Premier, Google Scholar 

databases, ProQuest Central, and PsychINFO. The terms used to search within the databases 

included destination management, nature-based tourism, economic opportunities, sustainable 

development, and environmental conservation. These terms were chosen to find articles on how 

communities can leverage nature-based tourism for destination marketing and the importance of 

nature-based tourism for community development. Peer-reviewed journal articles on any of the 

above terms about empowering communities through nature-based tourism were reviewed, and the 

critical themes discovered were used to offer insights into how communities can be empowered 

through nature-based tourism and leverage nature-based tourism for destination marketing. The 

findings from the literature review constitute the result of the study. 

 

Results 

 

The first objective of this study was to explore how communities can leverage nature-based 

tourism for destination marketing. The investigation identified several advantages of nature-based 

tourism for destination marketing (see Table 1).  

 

Table 1. Advantage of Nature-Based Tourism for Destination Marketing 

 

Importance Summarized Description 

Market Sensing 

Capability 

Identifies and responds to changing tourist demands through market 

insights, ensuring destinations remain competitive and relevant. 

https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/


Davie, L. I., Ogbeide, G-C. & Shafieizadeh, K. (2024) / Events and Tourism Review, 7(1), 45-56. 
51 

Events and Tourism Review Vol. 7 No. 1 (2024), 45-56, DOI: 10.18060/28481                                                                                                 

                                   Copyright © 2024 Lincoln I. Davie, Godwin-Charles Ogbeide and Kiyan Shafieizadeh 

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. 

 

 

Reflects a strategic approach to understanding and meeting visitor 

expectations based on market trends (Buhalis, 2000; Jiang et al., 

2017; Pike, 2004; Slocum et al., 2020). 

Community 

Engagement 

Enhances destination image and visitor satisfaction by involving 

local communities in tourism planning and management. This aligns 

with tourists' increasing desire for authentic and sustainable travel 

experiences (Ashley & Roe, 2002; Bramwell & Lane, 2011; Mitchell 

& Ashley, 2010; Scheyvens, 1999). 

Environmental 

Sustainability 

Positions the destination as responsible and conservation-minded, 

appealing to eco-conscious tourists. It fosters a positive destination 

image that supports long-term tourism development (Bramwell & 

Lane, 2011; Fennell, 2003; Honey, 1999; Slocum et al., 2020). 

Economic 

Development 

Stimulates local economies through job creation and business 

opportunities related to nature-based activities. Encourages 

sustainable economic growth by balancing environmental 

preservation with tourism revenue (Ashley & Haysom, 2006; 

Mitchell & Ashley, 2010; Ritchie & Crouch, 2003). 

Destination 

Differentiation 

Provides unique, nature-based experiences that differentiate the 

destination from competitors. Offers activities and attractions that 

cannot be replicated, enhancing the destination's market position 

(Fennell, 2003; Fyall & Garrod, 2018; Jiang et al., 2017; Ritchie & 

Crouch, 2000). 

Authentic Experience 

and Brand 

Development 

Aligning brand development with authenticity enhances the 

marketing process, focusing on diversifying product offerings and 

providing personal experiences, crucial for brand loyalty and repeat 

visitation (Jiang et al., 2017; Pine & Gilmore, 1999; Slocum & 

Curtis, 2017; Wu & Liang, 2011). 

Stakeholder 

Engagement and 

Education 

Engaging stakeholders and providing educational tools for 

community members are vital for accurate messaging and 

collaborative marketing efforts, enhancing destination management 

and competitiveness (Ashley & Roe, 2002; Byrd, 2007; Jamal & 

Stronza, 2009; Scheyvens, 2007). 

 

The result shows that the advantages of nature-based tourism for destination marketing align 

with social capital theory. These advantages indicate that by fostering social capital within a 

community, destination marketers can help ensure that tourism development aligns with residents' 

needs and values, thereby minimizing negative impacts on social cohesion and cultural integrity.     

The second objective of this study was to determine the importance of nature-based tourism 

for community development. The investigation identified several important aspects of nature-based 

tourism for community development. Some of the importance include economic opportunities, 

cultural preservation, empowerment of local communities, infrastructure development, conservation 

awareness, skill development, capacity building, improved quality of life, social integration and 

cultural exchange, and sustainable development planning (see Table 2).  

 

 

https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/


Davie, L. I., Ogbeide, G-C. & Shafieizadeh, K. (2024) / Events and Tourism Review, 7(1), 45-56. 
52 

Events and Tourism Review Vol. 7 No. 1 (2024), 45-56, DOI: 10.18060/28481                                                                                                 

                                   Copyright © 2024 Lincoln I. Davie, Godwin-Charles Ogbeide and Kiyan Shafieizadeh 

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. 

 

 

Table 2. The Importance of Nature-based Tourism for Community Development 

 

Importance Summarized Description 

Economic 

Opportunities 

Nature-based tourism creates employment opportunities for residents, 

ranging from tour guides and hospitality staff to artisans and 

entrepreneurs (Ashley & Haysom, 2006; Ashley & Roe, 2002; Britton, 

1982; Gibson, 2009; Honey, 1999; Rocca & Zielinski, 2022; Scheyvens, 

2007; Weaver, 2006). 

Cultural 

Preservation 

Nature-based tourism often revolves around a community's unique 

cultural and natural assets (Ashley & Roe, 1998; Guerrero-Moreno & 

Oliveira-Junior, 2024; Koscak & O’Rourke, 2021; Wiratno et al., 2022). 

Empowerment of 

Local Communities 

Involving community stakeholders in nature-based tourism decision-

making processes empowers them to have a say in developing and 

managing tourism activities (Buckley, 2012; Buhalis, 2000; Fennell, 

2008; Mitchell & Ashley, 2010; Pike, 2004; Solelhac, 2022). 

Infrastructure 

Development 

The growth of nature-based tourism can stimulate community 

infrastructure development, including improved transportation, 

communication, and public facilities (Ritchie & Crouch, 2000). 

Conservation 

Awareness 

Nature-based tourism serves as a platform for raising awareness about 

the importance of environmental conservation (Benson, 2005; Coghlan, 

2006, 2007; Guerrero-Moreno & Oliveira-Junior, 2024; Honey, 1999; 

Weaver, 2006). 

Skill Development 

and Capacity 

Building 

Nature-based tourism allows community members to develop new 

skills and capacities, from guiding and hospitality to marketing and 

business management (Ashley & Haysom, 2006; Slocum et al., 2020). 

Improved Quality of 

Life 

Economic benefits derived from nature-based tourism can contribute to 

an improved quality of life for community members through increased 

income, better infrastructure, and enhanced access to education and 

healthcare (Ashley & Haysom, 2006; Ashley & Roe, 1998; Ashley & 

Roe, 2002; Giampiccoli et al., 2022; Scheyvens, 2007). 

Social Integration 

and Cultural 

Exchange 

Nature-based tourism fosters social integration by providing 

opportunities for cultural exchange between visitors and local 

communities (Bourdieu, 1986; Brown, 1999; Coleman, 1988; Claridge, 

2018; Daniels 2007). 

Sustainable 

Development 

Planning 

Engaging community stakeholders in nature-based tourism planning 

ensures that development initiatives align with community values and 

aspirations (Brown, 1999; Daniels 2007; Guerrero-Moreno & Oliveira-

Junior, 2024). 

 

Discussion, Conclusions, and Implications 

 

The convergence of destination management, nature-based tourism, and community-based 

development is increasingly recognized as essential for achieving sustainable tourism development. 

Higham and Lück (2008) highlight the interconnectedness of environmental, economic, and socio-

cultural dimensions in tourism development. Successful destination management, a key aspect of 

https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/


Davie, L. I., Ogbeide, G-C. & Shafieizadeh, K. (2024) / Events and Tourism Review, 7(1), 45-56. 
53 

Events and Tourism Review Vol. 7 No. 1 (2024), 45-56, DOI: 10.18060/28481                                                                                                 

                                   Copyright © 2024 Lincoln I. Davie, Godwin-Charles Ogbeide and Kiyan Shafieizadeh 

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. 

 

 

this convergence, integrates conservation efforts, community engagement, and responsible business 

practices. This literature review suggests a symbiotic relationship between destination, nature, and 

community is vital for creating a resilient and sustainable tourism model.   

Nature-based tourism often relies on the active involvement of local communities. Social 

capital theory emphasizes the importance of trust, reciprocity, and cooperation among community 

members. Strong social networks within a community can facilitate collaboration between residents, 

tourism operators, and local authorities to develop and promote sustainable nature-based tourism 

initiatives. Nature-based tourism can empower local communities by providing economic 

opportunities and encouraging environmental stewardship. Social capital theory suggests that 

communities with strong social ties are better equipped to capitalize on these opportunities. Through 

collective action and shared resources, communities can leverage their social capital to develop 

tourism infrastructure, preserve natural habitats, and showcase their unique cultural heritage. 

Sustainable tourism practices are essential for the long-term viability of nature-based tourism 

destinations. Social capital theory underscores the role of social cohesion and inclusion in promoting 

sustainability. By fostering social capital within a community, destination marketers can help ensure 

that tourism development aligns with the needs and values of residents, thereby minimizing negative 

impacts on social cohesion and cultural integrity. Social capital theory highlights the significance of 

social networks in spreading information and influencing behavior. Positive experiences shared by 

community members and visitors through word-of-mouth can significantly enhance destination 

marketing efforts. When residents feel a sense of pride and ownership in their natural surroundings, 

they are more likely to advocate for their community as a tourist destination. 

 

Theoretical Implications 

This study contributes to the literature by reinforcing the relevance of social capital theory in 

tourism research, particularly in understanding the dynamics of community engagement, trust-

building, and cooperation among stakeholders. By examining bonding, bridging, and linking social 

capital, the study provides a comprehensive framework for exploring how social networks influence 

tourism development and community well-being. Moreover, the findings underscore the theoretical 

importance of community empowerment in tourism development. The study highlights how local 

communities can leverage their social capital to actively participate in and benefit from nature-based 

tourism, aligning with broader goals of equitable and inclusive development. Lastly, by integrating 

concepts from social capital theory, destination marketing, and community empowerment, the study 

underscores the interconnectedness of these elements. This holistic approach enriches the theoretical 

discourse on sustainable tourism, suggesting that tourism development should not be viewed in 

isolation but as part of a broader socio-economic and environmental system. 

 

Practical Implications 

The study identifies practical strategies for leveraging nature-based tourism for destination 

marketing. By fostering community engagement and emphasizing authentic, sustainable travel 

experiences, destinations can enhance their market positioning and attract eco-conscious tourists. 

Marketing efforts should highlight the destination's unique natural and cultural assets, promoting 

responsible and conservation-minded tourism practices. Furthermore, this study provides valuable 

insights for policymakers on the role of nature-based tourism in sustainable development. Policies 

should focus on supporting community-led tourism projects, providing education and training for 

local residents, and fostering partnerships between communities, businesses, and governmental 

organizations to enhance social capital and achieve long-term sustainability. Effective destination 

https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/


Davie, L. I., Ogbeide, G-C. & Shafieizadeh, K. (2024) / Events and Tourism Review, 7(1), 45-56. 
54 

Events and Tourism Review Vol. 7 No. 1 (2024), 45-56, DOI: 10.18060/28481                                                                                                 

                                   Copyright © 2024 Lincoln I. Davie, Godwin-Charles Ogbeide and Kiyan Shafieizadeh 

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. 

 

 

management requires collaboration among diverse stakeholders, including local communities, 

businesses, government agencies, and tourists. The study emphasizes the importance of building, 

bridging, and linking social capital to facilitate cooperative efforts in tourism planning, marketing, 

and conservation initiatives. 

 

Limitations and Future Research 

The study is based on a literature review, which inherently limits its findings to the existing 

body of knowledge. The reliance on secondary data might omit emerging trends or recent 

developments that have yet to be covered extensively in academic literature. Future research can 

incorporate quantitative methods to measure the extent and impact of social capital in nature-based 

tourism. Additionally, nature-based tourism encompasses a wide range of activities and experiences. 

The study's general approach may overlook the challenges and opportunities associated with 

different forms of nature-based tourism, such as adventure tourism, ecotourism, or wildlife tourism. 

Future studies can focus on one type of nature-based tourism.  

 

References 

 

Ashley, C., & Haysom, G. (2006). From philanthropy to a different way of doing business: 

strategies and challenges in integrating pro-poor approaches into tourism business. Development 

Southern Africa, 23(2), 265–280.  

Ashley, C., & Roe, D. (1998). Enhancing community involvement in wildlife tourism: Issues 

and challenges. IIED Wildlife and Development Series No.11. London: International Institute for 

Environment and Development. 

Ashley, C., & Roe, D. (2002). Making tourism work for the poor: Strategies and challenges 

in southern Africa. Development Southern Africa, 19(1), 61–82. doi:10.1080/03768350220123855 

Benson, A. (2005) ‘Research tourism: Professional travel for useful discoveries’, in M. 

Novelli (Ed.) Niche tourism: Contemporary issues, trends and cases (pp. 133-142). Oxford: Elsevier 

Butterworth-Heinemann. 

Bourdieu, P. (1986). The forms of capital. In J. G. Richardson (Ed.), Handbook of theory 

and research for the sociology of education (pp. 241-258). Greenwood Press. 

Bramwell, B., & Lane, B. (2011). Critical research on the governance of tourism and 

sustainability. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 19(4-5), 411-421.  

Britton, S. G. (1982). The political economy of tourism in the third world. Annals of 

Tourism Research, 9, 331-358. 

Brown, K. (1999). Nature-based tourism often involves local communities used a 

mechanism to enhance authentic tourist experiences. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 7(3-4), 260-

273. 

Buckley, R. (2003). Case studies in ecotourism. CABI Publishing, Oxford, UK. 

Buckley, R. (2009). Ecotourism: Principles and practices. CABI Publishing, Oxford, UK. 

Buckley, R. (2012). Sustainable tourism: Research and reality. Annals of tourism research, 

39(2), 528-546. 

Buhalis, D. (2000). Marketing the competitive destination of the future. Tourism 

Management, 21(1), 97-116. 

Bushell, R., Staiff, R., & Conner, N. (2002). The role of nature-based tourism in the 

contribution of protected areas to quality of life in rural and regional communities in Australia. 

Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 9, 24–36. 

https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/


Davie, L. I., Ogbeide, G-C. & Shafieizadeh, K. (2024) / Events and Tourism Review, 7(1), 45-56. 
55 

Events and Tourism Review Vol. 7 No. 1 (2024), 45-56, DOI: 10.18060/28481                                                                                                 

                                   Copyright © 2024 Lincoln I. Davie, Godwin-Charles Ogbeide and Kiyan Shafieizadeh 

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. 

 

 

Claridge, T. (2018). Functions of social capital–bonding, bridging, linking. Social capital 

research, 20(1), 1-7. 

Coghlan, A. (2006). The ecotourism–nature conservation nexus in protected areas: A case 

study of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park, Australia. Journal of Ecotourism, 5(1–2), 1–16. 

Coghlan, A. (2007). Ecotourism and nature conservation: A contradiction in terms? Journal 

of Ecotourism, 6(1), 1–14. 

Coghlan, A., & Buckley, R. (2013). Nature-based tourism: Interactions and experiences 

within natural settings. In D. Weaver (Ed.), The Encyclopedia of Ecotourism (pp. 1–10). CABI. 

Coleman, J. S. (1988). Social capital in the creation of human capital. American Journal of  

Sociology, 94(Supplement), S95-S120. 

Daniels, M. J. (2007). “Central Place Theory and Sport Tourism Impacts.” Annals of 

Tourism Research, 34 (2): 332-47. 

Fennell, D. A. (2008). Ecotourism: An introduction (2nd ed.). Routledge. 

Fyall, A., & Garrod, B. (2018). Destination management. In C. Cooper, S. Volo, W. C. 

Gartner, & N. Scott (Eds.). The Sage Handbook of Tourism Management (2nd ed.). New York: 

Routledge. 

Giampiccoli, A., Dłużewska, A., & Mnguni, E. M. (2022). Host population well-being 

through community-based tourism and local control: Issues and ways forward. Sustainability, 14(7), 

4372. 

Gibson, C. (2009). Geographies of tourism: Critical research on capitalism and local 

livelihoods. Journal of Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure and Events, 1, 90-44 

Guerrero-Moreno, M. A., & Oliveira-Junior, J.M.B. (2024). Approaches, Trends, and Gaps 

in Community-Based Ecotourism Research: A Bibliometric Analysis of Publications between 2002 

and 2022. Sustainability, 16, 2639. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16072639  

Higham, J.E.S., & Luck, M. (2008). Marine wildlife and tourism management. Wallingford: 

CABI International.  

Honey, M. (1999) Ecotourism and sustainable development: Who owns paradise? 

Washington, DC: Island Press. 

Jiang, Y., Ramkissoon, H., Mavondo, F. T., & Feng, S. (2017). Authenticity: The link 

between destination image and place attachment. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 

26(2), 105-124. https://doi.org/10.1080/19368623.2016.1185988 

Jovicic, D. (2016). Cultural tourism in the context of relations between mass and alternative 

tourism. Current Issues in Tourism, 19(6), 605-612. 

Kencana, I. P. E. N., & Mertha, I. W. (2014). People participation as social capital form for 

realizing sustainable ecotourism. International Journal of Social, Management, Economics and 

Business Engineering, 8(10), 3014-3020. 

Koščak, M., & O’Rourke, T. (2021). Post-pandemic sustainable tourism management: The 

new reality of managing ethical and responsible tourism (1st ed.). London: Routledge. 

https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003153108 

Liu, J., Qu, H., Huang, D., Chen, G., Yue, X., Zhao, X., & Liang, Z. (2014). The role of 

social capital in encouraging residents' pro-environmental behaviors in community-based 

ecotourism. Tourism Management, 41, 190-201. 

Mitchell J., Ashley C. (2010). Tourism and poverty reduction: Pathways to prosperity. 

London: Earthscan 

Musavengane, R & Matikiti, R. (2015). Does social capital really enhance community based 

ecotourism? A review of the literature. African Journal of Hospitality. Tourism and Leisure 4(1), 1–

https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/


Davie, L. I., Ogbeide, G-C. & Shafieizadeh, K. (2024) / Events and Tourism Review, 7(1), 45-56. 
56 

Events and Tourism Review Vol. 7 No. 1 (2024), 45-56, DOI: 10.18060/28481                                                                                                 

                                   Copyright © 2024 Lincoln I. Davie, Godwin-Charles Ogbeide and Kiyan Shafieizadeh 

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. 

 

 

18. 

Newsome, D., Moore, S. A., & Dowling, R. K. (2002). Natural area tourism: Ecology, 

impacts and management. Clevedon, UK: Channel View Publications. 

Outdoor Recreation Roundtable (2023). Outdoor recreation contributes over $1 Trillion to 

the U.S. economy. Retrieved January 15, 2024, from https://recreationroundtable.org/news/new-

government-data-report-showcases-outdoor-recreation-economys-growth-clout/ 

Pike, S. (2004). Destination marketing organizations. Oxford, UK: Elsevier. 

Pongponrat, K., & Chantradoan, N. J. (2012). Mechanism of social capital in community 

tourism participatory planning in Samui Island, Thailand. Tourismos, 7(1), 339-349. 

Ritchie, B. W., & Crouch, G. I. (2000). The competitive destination: A sustainability 

perspective. Tourism Management 21(1), 1–7. 

Rocca, L. H. D., & Zielinski, S. (2022). Community-based tourism, social capital, and  

governance of post-conflict rural tourism destinations: the case of Minca, Sierra Nevada de 

Santa Marta, Colombia. Tourism management perspectives, 43, 100985. 

Scheyvens, R. (2007). Exploring the tourism–poverty nexus. Current Issues in Tourism, 

10(2), 231-254. 

Scheyvens, R. (1999). Ecotourism and the empowerment of local communities. Tourism 

management, 20(2), 245-249. 

Slocum, S. L., Aidoo, A., & McMahon, K. (2020). The business of sustainable tourism 

development and management. New York: Routledge.  

Slocum, S. L., & Curtis, K. R. (2017). Food and agricultural tourism: Theory and best 

practice. Abingdon: Routledge. 

Solelhac, A. (2022). Mountain resort marketing and management. New York: Routledge.  

Weaver, D. B. (2014). Asymmetrical dialectics of sustainable tourism: Toward enlightened 

mass tourism. Journal of Travel Research, 53(2), 131-140. 

Weaver, D. B. (2006). Sustainable tourism. Elsevier, Amsterdam. 

Wiratno, W., Withaningsih, S., Gunawan, B., & Iskandar, J. (2022). Ecotourism as a 

resource sharing strategy: Case study of community-based ecotourism at the Tangkahan Buffer 

Zone of Leuser National Park, Langkat District, North Sumatra, Indonesia. Sustainability, 14(6), 

3399. 

Woolcock, M., & Narayan, D. (2000). Social capital: Implications for development theory,  

research, and policy. The World Bank Research Observer, 15(2), 225-249. 

World Bank. (2021). Banking on protected Areas. Retreived January 15, 2024, from 

https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/environment/publication/banking-on-protected-areas-

promoting-sustainable-protected-area-tourism-to-benefitlocal-communities.  

WTTC. (2019). The economic impact of global wildlife tourism: Travel and tourism as an 

economic tool for the protection of wildlife. World Travel & Tourism Council. Oxford Economics, 

UK. 

 

https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

