Events and Tourism Review Events and Tourism Review Vol. 4 No. 2 (2021), 36-48, DOI: 10.18060/25965 Copyright © 2021 Jumana Baqaain and Suosheng Wang This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Events and Tourism Review December 2021 Volume 4 No. 2 Social Impacts of Tourism Perceived by Host Communities – A Review Paper Jumana Baqaain Suosheng Wang Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis Correspondence: jbaqaain@iu.edu (J. Baqaain) For Authors Interested in submitting to this journal? We recommend that you review the About the Journal page for the journal's section policies, as well as the Author Guidelines. Authors need to register with the journal prior to submitting or, if already registered, can simply log in and begin the five-step process. For Reviewers If you are interested in serving as a peer reviewer, please register with the journal. Make sure to select that you would like to be contacted to review submissions for this journal. Also, be sure to include your reviewing interests, separated by a comma. About Events and Tourism Review (ETR) ETR aims to advance the delivery of events, tourism and hospitality products and services by stimulating the submission of papers from both industry and academic practitioners and researchers. For more information about ETR, visit the Events and Tourism Review. Recommended Citation Baqaain, J. and Wang, S. (2021). Social Impacts of Tourism Perceived by Host Communities – A Review Paper. Events and Tourism Review, 4(2), 36-48. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://journals.iupui.edu/index.php/jet/about http://journals.iupui.edu/index.php/jet/about/submissions#authorGuidelines http://journals.iupui.edu/index.php/jet/user/register http://journals.iupui.edu/index.php/jet/user/register http://journals.iupui.edu/index.php/index/login https://journals.iupui.edu/index.php/ETR/user/register http://journals.iupui.edu/index.php/ETR Events and Tourism Review Vol. 4 No. 2 (2021), 36-48, DOI: 10.18060/25965 Copyright © 2021 Jumana Baqaain and Suosheng Wang This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Baqaain, J. & Wang, S. (2021) / Events and Tourism Review, 4(2) 37 Abstract This study aims to explore the significant social impacts of tourism experienced by residents in different societies and of different cultural backgrounds and the managerial ramifications for future tourism development. It is a descriptive, literature-rich study that investigates fifteen case studies focusing on the positive and negative social impacts of tourism as seen by residents or the host communities, a review of the theoretical concepts related to the topic, and factors that cause the positive-negative social impacts. Keywords: Sustainable Tourism; Host Communities; Impacts; Perceptions; Review Introduction Tourism has become a significant industry that has a vital role in developing many destinations. Tourism benefits are unquestionable; it can bring economic, environmental, and social benefits to the host communities. Tourism development generates an enormous job market, can enhance the quality of life, improve the infrastructure of a destination, and develop more facilities (Zhuang, Yao, & Li, 2019). It can increase cultural exchange and environmental benefits, such as protecting parks and wildlife (Andereck, Valentine, Knopf, & Vogt, 2005). Even though tourism's potential is measured in terms of its economic impacts as it increases the income level, attracts local /international investments (Zhuang et al., 2019), tourism is considered as a dynamic sector that can add a lot to the social development of a country. There is a growing concern among academics and practitioners about the impacts/effects of tourism development on the host communities, considering residents as crucial stakeholders in supporting tourism development. Besides, the support for tourism by the host community is associated with how residents perceive the costs and benefits that tourism brings. Tourism development impacts are perceived differently by residents of different countries and cultural backgrounds, and host communities' attitudes fluctuate between negative and positive (Zamani Farahaniab & Musaa, 2012). Tourism development can bring huge benefits, but it also has potential costs; for example, high growth rates often result in local identity and culture loss when poor planning and management are in place (Andereck et al., 2005). On the one hand, the social benefits of tourism are tremendous. Tourism can enhance the image of a host destination, learning, awareness, family bonding, community pride, an appreciation of ethnic identity, increased understanding and tolerance of others, and stronger cultural identity (Andereck et al., 2005; Besculides, Lee, & McCormick, 2002). On the other hand, negative impacts might include racial discrimination, the damage of the family structure, increase in crime, prostitution, traffic congestion, and crowding (Zhuang et al., 2019; Andereck et al., 2005). Other negative cultural impacts also include over-development, assimilation, conflict, and xenophobia, and artificial reconstruction (Besculides et al., 2002). As a result, a balanced development plan should be created from the starting point to increase the benefits and mitigate the negative impacts resulting from the presence of tourists in the host destination; because improper poor tourism planning can decrease the quality of the tourist https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Events and Tourism Review Vol. 4 No. 2 (2021), 36-48, DOI: 10.18060/25965 Copyright © 2021 Jumana Baqaain and Suosheng Wang This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Baqaain, J. & Wang, S. (2021) / Events and Tourism Review, 4(2) 38 experience and go in hand with degradation of the communities’ quality of Life (Pham, Andereck, & Vogt, 2019). Therefore, this paper focuses on the social impacts of the tourism activities and growth as perceived by the local communities in different regions around the globe. The Social impacts are the 'human impacts' of the tourism activities at a tourist destination and the consequences arising from the presence of tourists at the destination and their interaction with the residents (Jovivic, 2011; Gjerald, 2005; Zhuang et al., 2019). This interaction brings outcomes such as modifications in the social character of the host's community, including their daily life, value system, family relationships, attitudes, opinions, traditional beliefs, and behavioral patterns (Jovivic, 2011; Gjerald, 2005; Zhuang et al., 2019). This study explores how local communities perceive these impacts, whether positively or negatively, the factors that cause these different perceptions, and the managerial implications for a better tourism development in the future. Review of Case Studies on Social Impacts of Tourism The Literature is rich in the empirical studies that have examined the social impact of tourism development as perceived by residents or host communities. Many researchers have been studying the social implications of tourism since the early 1970s (Nunkoo & Ramkissoon, 2007; Gjerald, 2005). There are several reasons for this growing interest in understanding residents' attitudes towards the impacts of tourism. In the article of Sharma, Dyer, Carter, & Gursoy (2008), they claimed that the possible benefits and costs that tourism may introduce to a region as it expands must be understood and investigated for the industry to gain greater acceptance and support, and for a socially cohesive community to emerge. In addition, they claimed that it is critical for local governments, policymakers, and businesses to better understand the factors that influence host communities' support for tourism. Moreover, negative attitudes among residents, for example, could hinder long-term tourism development in a region, and the success of the industry depends on the friendliness of the locals. Zamani-Farahaniab & Musaa (2012) argued that a cheerful host is critical in establishing a positive image of the touristic area, which leads to positive word of mouth and can influence positively repeated visitation to a destination. This research selected fifteen cases to work on, which took place in America, Europe, Asia, the Middle East, and Africa, representing developed and developing countries, urban and rural areas, various cultures, secular and religious regions, and various stages of tourism development. These selected studies have been recently published in highly ranked tourism journals such as "International journal of hospitality & tourism administration," "Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change," "Annals of Tourism Research," and "International Journal of Tourism Research." The study's primary purpose is to investigate the positive and negative social impacts of tourism as perceived by host communities and illustrate the essential factors that are deemed to affect residents' perceptions of tourism development. Brief of the host communities being surveyed in the case studies 1. Hispanic and non -Hispanic communities' byway in southwestern Colorado, the United States (Besculides et al., 2002): This study examines the perceptions of cultural tourism by Hispanic and non-Hispanic residents living along the Los Caminos Antigua’s Scenic and Historic byway in southwestern Colorado, the United States. The LCA byway is 129 miles long and covers the southern portion of the San Luis Valley in south-central Colorado. The scenic byway was built to https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Events and Tourism Review Vol. 4 No. 2 (2021), 36-48, DOI: 10.18060/25965 Copyright © 2021 Jumana Baqaain and Suosheng Wang This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Baqaain, J. & Wang, S. (2021) / Events and Tourism Review, 4(2) 39 preserve the beauty of the scenic and to develop more economic opportunities for the local communities through enhancing tourism development. The primary goal of the LCA was to conserve the cultural heritage of the ethnic groups of the San Luis Valley. The byway passes through three counties, two of which are the poorest in Colorado. Communities along it ranges in population from 700 to 7,500 residents. The primary source of their income is agriculture, either farming or cattle ranching. The Hispanic is the ethnic rural community living along the ancient roads having their traditional lifestyle, their unique culture that is isolated from the American culture due to geographical and historical isolation. 2. Arizona, USA (Andereck et al., 2005): According to the researchers, this study differentiates itself from most research in recent years because it is anchored in a U.S. statewide population sample, thus providing a broader representation of the general population than most past investigations. Of note are the inclusion of many urban residents (including the Phoenix, Arizona, metropolitan area of over three million) and a large proportion of an ethnic minority (Latino), a situation different from past research conducted in rural areas with essentially Anglo populations. The resident’s income was between $20,000-$59.000 and education level higher than school diploma. At the time of the study, Arizona witnessed economic growth in all its different areas and a decent level of tourism development. Most of the respondents were from urban cities. 3. Mauritius (Nunkoo & Ramkissoon, 2007): Tourism contributes significantly to the economy after the manufacturing and agricultural sector. Residents are in urban, rural, and coastal regions. The host is stationary living his everyday life and has limited spending capacity. The differences in the financial situations between the wealthy tourists and the host community with limited spending capacity. This is because in the rural areas of Mauritius, tourism is a new activity, and as such, the level of tourism development in such locations is low. This can be explained by the fact that urban and coastal tourism is prevalent in Mauritius, and there is a high concentration of tourism in such areas. 4. The Sunshine Coast region, Australia (Sharma et al., 2008): The region is located 100 km north of Brisbane in Queensland, Australia. The Sunshine Coast region has experienced consistent annual growth of both domestic and international tourists. Most of the residents who participated in the survey were in the age group of over 34 years. 18% of the responses reported that they received income from tourism, 29% of respondents had an annual household income of more than $60,000. 5. Norway (Gjerald, 2005): In the case of the North Cape, both hosts and guests come from industrialized nations maritime communities in other parts of Scandinavia; the nature of the North Cape tourism is highly seasonal. The fieldwork was carried out in two different fishing villages, Skarsvag and Honningsvag. Skarsvag is the northernmost fishing village globally and has approximately 100 inhabitants. Honningsvag is the center of the North Cape borough with a resident population of 2565. Most of the inhabitants consider themselves islanders, 'mageryværinger,' and have close ties to other communities of the North Cape borough, especially Honningsvag. Mass tourism is also much more present in Honningsvag, and that is why Honningsvag, in addition to Skarsvag, was chosen to be the central location of the fieldwork. 6. Sare’in and Masooleh in Iran (Zamani-Farahaniab & Musaa, 2012): Sarin is a town in the northwest of Iran inhabited by 4446 people, providing a wide variety of tourist activities and attracting two million tourists annually for wellness and health purposes. The attraction is famed for its hot mineral springs. Masooleh, located in the northern part of Iran, is well known for its natural beauty, ancient history and architecture, and desirable climate conditions. The area is listed on the ICHTO, and in its peak season it might host 10,000 tourists per day. Less than one thousand people inhabit the town, and the job opportunities are abundant, especially in the tourism sector. They are a https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Events and Tourism Review Vol. 4 No. 2 (2021), 36-48, DOI: 10.18060/25965 Copyright © 2021 Jumana Baqaain and Suosheng Wang This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Baqaain, J. & Wang, S. (2021) / Events and Tourism Review, 4(2) 40 small town where tourist attraction is in the vicinity. The tourist development is in the hand of the local community, and the tourist facilities are available in the area. 7. The Cradle Coast region, Australia (Tovar & Lockwood, 2008): The study was conducted in the Cradle Coast region in the state of Tasmania, northwest of Australia, which is known for herds of dairy and beef cattle, vegetables and other horticulture, forest mountains, and the timber and mining industries. The estimated resident population of the study area was 102,830. The population declined across most areas of the study region because of net migration outflows. Developing a regional tourism industry has been crucial in reversing this economic and social decline. 8. Baan Tawai, OTOP Tourism Village, Thailand (Huttasin, 2008): Baan Tawai, located in Chiangmai Province in the northern region of Thailand, is well known for its craftsmanship in antique reproductions and the villagers’ fascinating woodcarving skills. Some women in the village were employed to polish and color the works. Baan Tawai’s reputation and popularity as a village of wood craftsmen grew by word of mouth. In 2004, the OTOP Tourism Village Plan named Baan Tawai the first OTOP Tourism Village in Thailand. This resulted in Baan Tawai becoming one of the most popular tourist attractions in the North of Thailand. 9. Lenggong Valley, Malaysia (Rasoolimanesh, Jaafar, Ahmad, & Barghi, 2017): Located in the northern state of Perak, the valley was recognized as a WHS in 2012. Situated in a rural area, most Lenggong Valley’s residents work in the agricultural sector. Lenggong Valley’s total population was 15,036. The unique combination of natural and cultural assets makes it an attractive destination for local and international tourists. Lenggong Valley is currently at the early stage of tourism development. Because of their involvement in the tourism industry, the residents were more aware of and subsequently more concerned about the negative impacts of tourism. 10. Petra, Jordan (Alhasanat & Hyasat, 2011; Alrwajfah, Almeida-García, & Cortés-Macías, 2019): Petra is the most famous attraction in Jordan. It was voted in 2007 as one of the “New 7 Wonders of the World” and is considered one of the world’s most important cultural heritage sites. The total number of visitors to Petra in 2007 was 577,860. Located in the south of Jordan, Petra is the primary historical site with antiquities dating back to 7500 B.C. The archaeological park covers an area of 200 square km and is surrounded by Sandstone Mountains, which provide natural fortification. Petraeus (the local community in Petra) themselves have a passion for and pride in their national culture and heritage. The Petraians are inherently loyal to the place and all its historical associations, and this passion is often the motivation for becoming involved in tourism. The population of this study is representative of five residential areas around Petra, comprising a total number of 25,366 people, covering Wadi Musa, Taybeh, Rajiv, Umm Saihoun, and Baydha, who are characterized by their Arab-Islamic culture and restrictive, conservative traditions. 11. Dubai (Zaidan, 2016): Dubai ranks the fifth among top global destinations for international travelers. Dubai is one of the fastest-growing tourism destinations of the early twenty- first century and attracts millions of visitors each year. The influences are not always obvious, as they are challenging to measure and are often indirect or hard to identify. The impacts become more evident when tourism leads to changes in the rooted cultural image, as in the case of Dubai, and thus intimidates local ethnic identity. Conversely, tourism can also cause positive impacts as it fosters pride among residents of their city. 12. Honk Kong, China (Piuchan, Chan, & Kaale, 2018): The tourism industry in Hong Kong has become an economic pillar, with the main tourists coming from mainland China, with 40 million visitors in 2013 out of 54 million tourists in Hong Kong. Most of the respondents were occupying job positions at the entry-level in different organizations. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Events and Tourism Review Vol. 4 No. 2 (2021), 36-48, DOI: 10.18060/25965 Copyright © 2021 Jumana Baqaain and Suosheng Wang This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Baqaain, J. & Wang, S. (2021) / Events and Tourism Review, 4(2) 41 13. Kaiping City, China (Zhuang et al., 2019): Kaiping is in Guangdong Province, China. Kaiping Diaolou and Villages feature multi-storied defensive tower clusters in several villages. The study was carried out at three ancient villages (Zili Village, Majianglong Village, and Jinjiangli Village) around the towers adjacent to each other geographically. Zili Village has 15 different styles of architecture with varying shapes of elegant roofs, most of which were built in the 1920s and 1930s. Although the three ancient villages were inscribed in the list of WHS at the same time on 28 June 2007 and gained unprecedented chances for developing their tourism industry, the tourism developments in the villages were not synchronized. Zili Village, Majianglong Village, and Jinjiangli Village opened in 2003, 2007, and 2010 respectively, and thus their levels of tourism development are different. 14. Botswana (Mbaiwa, 2005): Botswana’s Okavango is a place of 122,000 people who belongs to different ethnic groups, over 90% of these residents depend directly or indirectly on the resources of Delta to sustain their livelihood. The main economic activities for the rural people are fishing, hunting, rain-fed, crop farming, and livestock production. Although various ethnic groups have different social and economic activities, there are similarities in their lifestyle in terms of norms, traditions, and customs. Botswana’s tourism industry depends on wildlife resources and the wilderness experience in the Okavango and the Chobe areas. As a result, resources such as museums, historical sites, rock paintings, cultural and sports events remained untapped in their contribution to the tourism industry. 15. Crete (Andriotis, 2004): From 1971 to 2000, the number of total arrivals by charter flights to Crete increased from 15,500 to almost 2.5 million. Tourism in Crete generates approximately 500 billion Greek Drachmasayear, and about 40% of the local population are directly or indirectly involved in tourism activities. Today tourism is the most extensive economic activity on the island. Findings from the Review Summary of Social Impacts Being Reported in the Case Studies The table below illustrates the main positive and negative impacts being reported in the selected case studies. Table 1: social impacts as perceived by the local community Type of host community Positive impacts Negative impacts 1.The rural community of the Hispanic, USA (ethnic groups) Learning/awareness/greater knowledge of my culture/heritage. Stronger ethnic identity An amelioration of regional image. Preservation of the Cultural Heritage /resources /traditions. Increased understanding and tolerance of others. Little concern that sharing their culture might have negative impacts. 2.Phoenix-Arizona Urban Area, USA Awareness of my heritage. Increase the community pride and sense of belonging. Improve the social services and amenities. Enhance the image of the area. litter, traffic, congestion, and crime. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Events and Tourism Review Vol. 4 No. 2 (2021), 36-48, DOI: 10.18060/25965 Copyright © 2021 Jumana Baqaain and Suosheng Wang This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Baqaain, J. & Wang, S. (2021) / Events and Tourism Review, 4(2) 42 3.Mauritius urban, rural, and coastal regions Enhance the image of the area. Worsening the image of the area Petty crime is becoming a problem. Prostitution is another emerging problem. Seasonality problem. 4.The Sunshine Coast region, Australia Urban Area Opportunity to meet new people, greater knowledge of my culture and society. Traffic congestion and crime incidents. 5.North Cape, Norway (village) Stimulation of pride and the sense of community belonging Enhance resident's quality of life and satisfaction crime and alcoholism, litter, traffic congestions, and overcrowding. 6.Sarin, and Masooleh, Iran (touristic towns). Preserve the historical sites, enhance the image, improve quality and life satisfaction, better local infrastructure, recreational opportunities, maintenance of public facilities, cultural exchange, cultural preservation. Do not perceive any negative impacts due to tourism. 7.the Cradle Coast region, Australia (rural region) Stimulation of pride, enhance the quality of life. Increase in recreational options. Overcrowding 8.OTOP Valley, Thailand (rural community ). Stimulation of pride. Preservation of the cultural heritage and traditions Uplifting women by providing additional job opportunities. Appreciation and awareness of own culture. Do not perceive any negative impacts due to tourism. 9.Lenggong Valley, Malaysia (rural and WHS) Improve the public infrastructure and public facilities. Conservations of historical sites. They don’t perceive that tourism would result in traffic congestion, noise, and pollution. 10.Petra, Jordan Stimulation of national, locals’ pride An amelioration of regional image. Increased understanding and tolerance of other cultures. Improve the public infrastructure. The behavior of young generations becomes worse. Degradation of morality. Crowding. The demonstration effect. 11.Dubai Stimulation of locals’ pride. Improve the public infrastructure and public facilities. Better quality of life. Increase in recreational options and activities. Loss of cultural identity /Tourists do not respect the norms of the residents. Increased crime Conflicts and tension arise between the community 12.Hong Kong Improved public infrastructure. Improved education. Overcrowding in public facilities Rude awakening. Worsen the image of the city. Negative impact on the local culture. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Events and Tourism Review Vol. 4 No. 2 (2021), 36-48, DOI: 10.18060/25965 Copyright © 2021 Jumana Baqaain and Suosheng Wang This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Baqaain, J. & Wang, S. (2021) / Events and Tourism Review, 4(2) 43 13.three ancient villages and WHSs, China Strengthen the community bonds. Improve the quality of life and lifestyle of people; residents are less money-oriented. Enhance the sense of community belonging. Less traveling for younger generations. Family bonds loosened. 14. Rural community and ethnic groups (Botswana) Appreciation of own culture. Stimulation of local pride. Revitalized and preservation of cultural practices/traditions. Conversation of wildlife and nature. Improved public infrastructure and social services. Empowerment of local community. Enclave tourism, racism, and relocation of local communities. Breaking up the family structure. Increase in crime and prostitution. Demonstration effect. The behavior of young generations becomes worse. 15.Island Urban community, Crete Improvement in public infrastructure. Increase of cultural activities (Crafts, arts & music). The local community has no concerns about negative impacts on the social level. Influencing Factors of Residents’ Perceived Social Impacts According to the previous studies, local communities are not likely to share identical attitudes towards tourism impacts. While there is no evidence on the set of factors that lead to the raised positive or negative perceptions, the reviewed articles illustrated some of the factors that would be influential in affecting residents' support for tourism development and helping explain the relationship between tourism impacts and host population perceptions (Zamani-Farahaniab & Musaa, 2012). According to Alhasanat and Hyasat (2011), the factors that influence the perception of tourism impacts can be classified into two groups, intrinsic and extrinsic. Intrinsic factors refer to dependency on tourism, community attachment, distance from tourism zone, interaction with tourists, personal values, and demographic variables such as age, gender, and education (Alrwajfah et al., 2019). Extrinsic factors include the type of tourism, tourists, stage of tourism development, seasonality. Examples of such factors are discussed below. Distance from the tourist zone: According to Alrwajfah et al. (2019), people living within the tourist zone have more negative attitudes towards the development and are concerned about the negative impacts of tourism in the area. At the same time, other studies dispute and claim residents living close to the tourism zone perceive more positive effects of tourism than residents who do not live in it. The results revealed in Huttsain's (2008) study support the claim. Length of residence: residents with the most substantial ties to an area, whether through place attachment, long-term residency, often have positive perceptions of tourism and its development (Alrwajfah et al., 2019). Other studies debated that the longer the residents live in the community, the more hostile they are toward tourism (Andriotis, 2004). Socio-demographic: educations/ income /gender and age. Residents' attitudes are not significantly influenced by socio-demographic variables, including gender, age, and the community attachment variables, as claimed by Andereck et al. (2005). Besides, the study by Tovar and Lockwood (2008) agreed that gender, age, and length of residence did not influence respondents' perceptions of specific impacts at the personal level, in addition at the community level, there was no proof that either length of residency or distance from the tourist zone influenced residents` perceptions. Some cases revealed that older residents have more positive attitudes toward the industry than younger residents, younger and more educated residents were more worried about the https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Events and Tourism Review Vol. 4 No. 2 (2021), 36-48, DOI: 10.18060/25965 Copyright © 2021 Jumana Baqaain and Suosheng Wang This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Baqaain, J. & Wang, S. (2021) / Events and Tourism Review, 4(2) 44 negative impacts of tourism development on their community (Rasoolimanesh et al., 2017; Nunkoo & Ramkissoon, 2007), whereas in the study of Gjerald (2005), the researchers found that older generations seem to be concerned about the family structure and family lifestyle more than the younger people. The study in Crete by Andriotis (2004) revealed that the most significant variable affecting residents' perceptions within the sample was education. Dependency on the industry: The higher the level of engagement in the industry, the more positively residents perceive the impacts of tourism (Alhasanat & Hyasat, 2011; Andereck et al., 2005; Andriotis, 2004). On the other hand, the respondents involved in the tourism industry had more concerns about the perceived negative impacts of tourism in Lenggong Valley, Malaysia (Rasoolimanesh et al., 2017). Other impacting factors also include the involvement of the host community in the decision- making, awareness about the industry, the number, and type of tourists, the ratio between tourists and residents (Zamani-Farahaniab & Musaa, 2012). Managerial Implications Drawn from the Case Studies The following comments are drawn from the selected case studies, which are deemed to have important managerial implications for the tourism industry. 1. A steady, measured increase in tourism balances tourist satisfaction and retention, positive word-of-mouth, and interest in the local community. This aids in the progressive development of infrastructure and allows the host community sufficient time to acclimate. 2. Increase community participation in the process of decision-making. In planning, residents' participation should be a technique taken by diverse communities seeking sustainable tourism development. Community participation empowers residents by involving them in problem identification and decision-making. Local authorities can educate residents about the unique skills to manage tourism (Nunkoo & Ramkissoon, 2007; Huttsain, 2008). 3. It is important to educate tourists about the local culture and appropriate behavior to avoid cultural conflicts between hosts and tourists. Tourist guides should play an important role in informing tourists about the host community's culture, values, and beliefs (Alhasanat & Hyasat, 2011; Piuchan et al., 2018). 4. The local community will highly value tourism development if policymakers increase the benefits and the social welfare while targeting tourists with high-capacity spending rather than traditional marketing that encourage mass tourism (Nunkoo & Ramkissoon, 2007). 5. Policymakers should consider the destination's capacity and ability to absorb the influx of tourists (Zaidan, 2016). 6. The involvement of all stakeholders in tourism planning (i.e., local authorities, non- governmental organizations, private enterprises, and residents) should have discussions regularly and when needed (Mbaiwa, 2005). Local participation should start in the early stages of the planning process and stay active through the decision-making process (Zaidan, 2016). 7. A benefits-based approach to managing tourism should consider both the benefits and costs to residents and focus on management actions that ensure benefits to their communities (Besculides et al., 2002). 8. Awareness campaigns are necessary to educate the residents and sharpen their beliefs in the benefits of tourism development and try to influence the residents to perceive the negative impacts of tourism (Andereck et al., 2005). 9. It is also essential for the tourism planners to consider the views and concerns of younger people and the well-educated into the tourism policies and strategies (Nunkoo & Ramkissoon, 2007; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Events and Tourism Review Vol. 4 No. 2 (2021), 36-48, DOI: 10.18060/25965 Copyright © 2021 Jumana Baqaain and Suosheng Wang This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Baqaain, J. & Wang, S. (2021) / Events and Tourism Review, 4(2) 45 Rasoolimanesh et al., 2017). 10. A decent awareness of the physiological and sociological motivations behind the residents' different attitudes will help solve the conflict and lead to a better future in tourism. (Andereck et al., 2005). Discussion This paper explored the social impacts of tourism as perceived by the residents, as well as the factors causing these negative and positive perceptions, in an effort to identify the managerial implications for tourism development. The summaries of the articles on the social impacts of tourism reveal that the residents` attitudes toward tourism development fluctuate between negative and positive and vary between countries with different cultural backgrounds. This study distinguished itself from other studies in that it has made a comparison between fifteen different destinations which took place in America, Europe, Asia, the Middle East, and Africa, in developed and developing countries, urban and rural places, various cultures, secular and religious regions, and various stages of tourism development. Tourism was perceived as a reason to enhance the destination image, development of local infrastructure, improvement in social services (health, education), and increase recreational options. The positive social impacts as perceived by the local communities are increased community pride, a stronger sense of national identity, and community belonging. These positive outcomes are reasons that residents of a destination perceived better quality of life and an increase in life satisfaction, especially at the initial stages of the tourism development, as tourism can be seen as the main driver for local government to renovate the public infrastructure and to increase the number of shopping facilities, restaurants, and recreational facilities to attract tourists to the destination. Moreover, in many rural communities with ethnic groups, tourism increases residents' pride in the local culture and appreciation of their own culture. Tourism helps residents better understand and tolerate other cultures. Restoration of historic buildings, empowerment of the locals, preservation of local and cultural practices are perceived by rural communities as positive outcomes associated with tourism. One of the unique positive impacts, as perceived by the local community in the rural area of OTOP Valley Thailand, is uplifting the position of women by providing additional job opportunities. A general conclusion is that tourism development is highly welcomed by different host communities, especially at the inception stage of the growth. In particular, the findings of the studies conducted in the rural communities in the developing countries coincide with the Doxey Irritation model (Doxey, 1975) that residents are at the Euphoria stage at the initial stages of the development. Residents do not perceive any negative impacts due to tourism. Communities with ethnic groups are more concerned about sustaining their own culture while sharing it with tourists from different cultures. Therefore, this is one of the biggest challenges that interface community planners to maintain sustainable growth with the minor damage to these indigenous groups. On the contrary, the findings in the study by Mbaiwa (2005) on Botswana focus more on the negative impacts incurred at the initial stage of tourism development in developing countries. Although tourism is a new economic sector in the region, the rural community perceived tourism as the reason for enclave tourism, racism, and relocation of local communities, and breaking up the family structure, which are unique negative impacts that have been discovered in this paper. Another finding that opposed the concept of the Doxey Irritation Index (Doxey, 1975) is the study on the Crete Island, a mature tourism area by Andriotis (2004), who disputed that although tourism in the https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Events and Tourism Review Vol. 4 No. 2 (2021), 36-48, DOI: 10.18060/25965 Copyright © 2021 Jumana Baqaain and Suosheng Wang This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Baqaain, J. & Wang, S. (2021) / Events and Tourism Review, 4(2) 46 area is at the mature stage, urban residents do not perceive any negative impacts, and their perceptions have not yet reached the antagonism stage. The findings of the study also showed that residents in urban communities in the developed countries perceived traffic congestions, crowding, litter, and increase in crime incidents and prostitution as the common negative social impacts of tourism development. These are physical impacts that have a great influence on residents' quality of life and negatively impact the resident's perceptions toward future tourism development. Following the Butler's (1980) Life Cycle Model (Butler, 2006), the studied areas in the developed countries might see their tourism at the stagnation stage where the existing infrastructure (roads, railways) may not be able to cope with the high influx of tourists and the capacities of many facilities are exceeded which led to traffic congestion and overcrowding. Policymakers must consider the high number of tourists and the destination capacity with the rapid urbanization to avoid negative impacts of the development. These negative impacts are the main challenges for policymakers to prevent or mitigate the adverse effects and improve the transportation network, reduce traffic congestion, and noise, and decrease crime in the region (Sharma et al., 2008) to maintain a sustainable tourism development. The findings support the theory of the demonstration effect, which has been discussed by many researchers, that tourism may impact values, customs, and traditions in addition to changes in dressing patterns (Mbaiwa, 2005). These negative impacts are primarily noticed in developing countries (e.g., in Dubai, Petra, and Botswana). The cultural divergences might be the reason behind this negative perception. In other words, the more significant the difference of characteristics (race, nationality, appearance, culture, and affluence) between the interacting groups, the greater the potential for negative social impacts (Robin & Ramkissoon, 2007). In the cases taking place in the Arabic countries visited by western tourists, the younger generations are highly influenced by the tourists` behavior and lifestyles. This influence affects their behavior negatively and might lead to the loss of their cultural identity. Moreover, tourists might not unintentionally respect the local values and beliefs; therefore, conflicts might arise among both parties, as in the case of Dubai. Nevertheless, one case study showed some contradictive results. Iran, a Muslim country where tourism is at the early stage in the towns of Sarin and Masooleh, people do not perceive tourism development as being associated with any negative impacts on the local community, in contrast with the results identified in the countries of Dubai, UAE and Petra, Jordan which are also Muslim and influenced by severe Islamic principles. These countries perceived that tourism is associated with many negative impacts on the host communities. Besides, Zamani-Farahaniab and Musaa (2012) debated in the case study of Iran that the higher Islamic Practice and Religious Piety among respondents, the more likely they are to view that tourism provides positive benefit. Given the inconsistency, more studies are suggested to explore the consistency or reasons for not being consistent. Conclusion A review of the recently published case studies indicates that, in sum, the social impacts refer to changes in the quality of life of local people, behaviors, beliefs, and lifestyles at tourism destinations because of the interaction between tourists from different cultural backgrounds and residents. These impacts can be positive or negative; it depends on the type of community that perceives the consequences, the level of development, and the intrinsic and extrinsic factors that influence residents' perceptions. The findings of this study show many inconsistencies of the impacts as perceived by local https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Events and Tourism Review Vol. 4 No. 2 (2021), 36-48, DOI: 10.18060/25965 Copyright © 2021 Jumana Baqaain and Suosheng Wang This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Baqaain, J. & Wang, S. (2021) / Events and Tourism Review, 4(2) 47 communities in different countries, which are deemed possible as the host communities are not identical and similar. Still, it is believed that positive tourism impacts motivate the community to support tourism development and participate in tourism activities. The sustainability and support of the tourism industry depend on the positive perceptions of local /host residents (Rasoolimanesh et al, 2017) as well as the active participation of the host communities. Therefore, if the tourism development is appropriately managed, it may increase the positive perceptions of the social impacts among the local communities and subsequently lead to mitigation of residents' negative attitudes. Moreover, the social impacts of tourism should be examined constantly at each specific destination to increase the benefits of tourism. Such research sets a good foundation for similar studies in the future in terms of exploring the wide variety of positive and negative social impacts existing in various host communities, what specific social impacts of tourism may be expected in different host communities, and what factors to be aware of with regards to better understanding the causes of the impacts. Further, the managerial implications will be helpful for the destination planners and policymakers about how to increase the positive impacts and mitigate the negative impacts to ensure sustainable tourism development in the host communities. References Andriotis, K. (2004). The perceived impact of tourism development by Cretan residents. Tourism and Hospitality Planning & Development, 1(2), 123-144. Andriotis, K. (2005). The tourism life cycle: an overview of the Cretan case. In International Conference on Tourism Development and Planning, ATEI Patras (pp. 11-12). Alrwajfah, M. M., Almeida-García, F., & Cortés-Macías, R. (2019). Residents’ perceptions and satisfaction toward tourism development: A case study of Petra Region, Jordan. Sustainability, 11(7), 1907. Alhasanat, S., & Hyasat, A. S. (2011). Social impacts of tourism on the local community at Petra, Jordan. Jordan journal of social sciences, 4(1), 144-158. Besculides, A., Lee, M. E. & McCormick, P. J. (2002). Residents’ Perceptions of the Cultural Benefits of Tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp. 303–319, 2002. Butler, R. W. (2006). 2. The Origins of the Tourism Area Life Cycle. In The Tourism Area Life Cycle, Vol. 1 (pp. 13-26). Channel View Publications. Doxey, G. V. (1975). Theory of visitor-resident irritants, methodology and research inferences: The impact of tourism. In Sixth Annual Conference of the Travel Research Association, San Diego, USA. Gjerald, O. (2005) Sociocultural Impacts of Tourism: A Case Study from Norway, Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change, 3:1, 36-58. Huttasin, N. (2008) Perceived Social Impacts of Tourism by Residents in the OTOP Tourism Village, Thailand, Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 13:2, 175-191. Jovičić, D. (2011). Social impacts of contemporary tourism. Collegium antropologicum, 35(2), 599- 605. Kathleen L. Andereck, Karin M. Valentine, Richard C. Knopf & Christine A. Vogt (2005). Residents’ perceptions of community tourism impacts. Annals of Tourism Research, Volume 32, Issue 4, Pages 1056-1076. Mbaiwa, J. E. (2005). The social impacts of tourism development in the Okavango Delta, Botswana. Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change, 2(3), 163-185. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Events and Tourism Review Vol. 4 No. 2 (2021), 36-48, DOI: 10.18060/25965 Copyright © 2021 Jumana Baqaain and Suosheng Wang This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Baqaain, J. & Wang, S. (2021) / Events and Tourism Review, 4(2) 48 Nunkoo, R. & Ramkissoon, H. (2007). Residents' perceptions of the social impact of tourism in Mauritius. Anatolia, 18:1, 138-145. Pham, K., Andereck, K., & Vogt, C. (2019). Local Residents’ perceptions about tourism development. Piuchan, M., Chan, C. W., & Kaale, J. (2018). Economic and social impacts of Mainland Chinese tourists on Hong Kong residents. Kasetsart Journal of Social Sciences, 39(1), 9-14. Rasoolimanesh, S. M., Jaafar, M., Ahmad, A. G., & Barghi, R. (2017). Community participation in World Heritage Site conservation and tourism development. Tourism Management, 58, 142-153. Sharma, B., Dyer, P., Carter, J., & Gursoy, D. (2008). Exploring residents' perceptions of the social impacts of tourism on the Sunshine Coast, Australia. International journal of hospitality & tourism administration, 9(3), 288-311. Tovar, C. & Lockwood, M. (2008) Social impacts of tourism: an Australian regional case study. International Journal of Tourism Research, Volume 10, Issue 4, 365-378. Zamani-Farahaniab, H. & Musaa, G. (2012) The relationship between Islamic religiosity and residents’ perceptions of social impacts of tourism in Iran: Case studies of Sare’in and Masooleh. Tourism Management, Volume 33, Issue 4, Pages 802-814. Zhuang, X., Yao, Y., & Li, J. J. (2019). Social impacts of tourism on residents of world cultural heritage sites in China. Sustainability, 11(3), 840. Zaidan, E. (2016). The impact of cultural distance on local residents’ perception of tourism development: The case of Dubai in UAE. Tourism: An International Interdisciplinary Journal, 64(1), 109-126. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/