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Evidence Based Library and Information Practice 2006, 1:4
67
Evidence Based Library and Information Practice
Evidence Summary
Elementary, Middle, and High School Students Vary in Frequency and Purpose When
Using Online Digital References
A review of:
Silverstein, Joanne. “Just Curious: Children’s Use of Digital Reference for Unimposed Queries
and Its Importance in Informal Education.” Library Trends 54.2 (Fall 2005): 228‐44.
Reviewed by:
Julie Stephens
Media Specialist, Calhoun Educational Complex
Calhoun, Georgia, United States of America
E‐mail: stephensj@calhounschools.org
Received: 5 September 2006 Accepted: 26 October 2006
© 2006 Brown. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons
Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use,
distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Objective – To determine 1) how and with
what frequency children use digital
references to answer their own unimposed
questions; 2) whether digital reference
services support their self‐initiated learning;
3) whether digital reference services support
the transfer of student motivation and
curiosity from the formal to the informal;
and 4) what instructional and software
designers should consider in creating tools
that support learning.
Design – Inductive analysis.
Setting – Virtual Reference Desk’s (VRD)
Learning Center (http://vrd.askvrd.org/) and
the National Science Foundation’s (NSF)
digital reference service
(http://www.esteme.org) during Excellence
in Science, Technology, Engineering, and
Mathematics Education Week (ESTEME),
April 11‐16, 2005.
Subjects – Elementary (K‐5), middle (6‐8),
and high school (9‐12) students from the
general public. One hundred fourteen
questions were analyzed, however there is
no indication of the number of different
students who submitted the questions.
Methods – This study was conducted using
a pool of 600 questions from students,
teachers, parents, and the general public
that were submitted to two digital reference
services intended for students. Three
hundred experts in the fields of Math and
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0
http://vrd.askvrd.org/
http://www.esteme.org
Evidence Based Library and Information Practice 2006, 1:4
68
Science volunteered to answer the
submitted questions during Excellence in
Science, Technology, Engineering, and
Mathematics Education Week. Because the
digital services employed a pull‐down
menu to describe the user as a student,
teacher, parent, etc., the questions could be
narrowed to those submitted by students.
The questions were also narrowed to those
marked as “just curious” from a question
purpose menu that contained categories
including “written report,” “science fair
project,” and “just curious.” A total of 114
unique questions from elementary, middle,
and high school students were analyzed to
determine the study objectives. The 114
questions were loaded into a qualitative
software application (HyperResearch) for
inductive analysis. Questions from students
were coded as elementary, middle, or high
school and only those questions derived
from students’ self‐initiated interests were
analyzed.
Main results – Analysis revealed that
elementary students submitted a large
portion of the questions. Middle school
students asked the most questions, of which
some questions were compound (more than
one question in a given query). Older
students submitted the least amount of
questions. an unanticipated finding was that
students’ grade levels correlated to the foci
of their queries, which regarded “My Life,”
“My Stuff,” “Other People,” “The World,”
“The Universe,” or “Abstract Thought.”
High school students were interested in the
narrowest foci pertaining to their immediate
circumstance rather than the larger topics of
other people, the world, and the universe.
The majority of middle school students were
interested in abstract concepts, and 45% of
elementary school students’ queries were
about how the world works. Although this
study was not longitudinal, results suggest
that student curiosity may shift over time.
Results also indicated that younger children
demonstrated interests outside the
classroom that were related to formal
learning previously introduced within the
classroom. This carry over of interest
declined in upper grades. Queries that were
unimposed but related to an academic
subject such as science or social studies were
most evident in questions submitted by
elementary students, while questions
dealing more with career planning, health,
death, and anxiety were most frequently
addressed by middle school students. The
findings also indicated that the use of digital
reference services is at its highest in
elementary school, peaks in middle school,
and falls drastically in high school.
Conclusion – 1) How and with what
frequency do children use digital reference
services to answer their own unimposed
questions? The results of this study revealed
a trend on the frequency and purpose of use
of digital references when seeking answers
to self‐initiated questions. Elementary
students tend to use the digital reference
services more often and for answers to
questions that may be related to classroom
curriculum. Middle school students utilize
digital references to look for information
pertaining to careers, health and welfare,
death and anxiety. High school students
submitted questions pertaining to their
immediate circumstances (“My Life and My
World”) rather than focusing on others. 2)
Do digital reference services support self‐
initiated learning? Of the original 2,258
questions submitted, 13% were considered
“informal.” These findings indicate that
digital reference services support self‐
initiated learning. 3) Could digital reference
services support the transfer of student
motivation and curiosity from formal to
informal education and learning? The
frequency of questions from elementary
students that were coded as “Curriculum
Related Interest” leads one to conclude that
digital reference services can indeed support
the transfer of student interest from formal
to informal education. 4) What should
Evidence Based Library and Information Practice 2006, 1:4
69
instructional and software designers
consider when creating tools that support
the notion of transformed education and
learning? Although it is impossible to
actually know the nature of the difficulties
experienced by users, duplicate questions
from the same user were received by the
reference services, which suggests that the
user may be experiencing difficulty with the
software or that the software may actually
be malfunctioning during usage. Compound
questions were also frequently submitted.
Software designers should take note of these
findings to design services that are age‐
appropriate, especially regarding the type of
questions each age group tends to ask, and
that support the needs of elementary,
middle, and high school students. Software
designers should perhaps even consult with
students who use these services during the
design process.
Commentary
The results of this research were based on
only two digital reference services. Each
was designed for a different purpose: one
for academic subjects and one for only
science‐related questions. This circumstance
could, by nature, influence the type of
queries that were submitted and the validity
of the results. After weeding non‐
appropriate questions and users, the pool of
subjects was small; however enough data
was collected to observe a trend relevant to
digital reference librarians and software
designers. Some data from this study may
have been invalid due to the fact that
teachers and parents often register as
“students” when using the services. Even
with these limitations, this research
contributes to our understanding of the
nature of unimposed questions different age
groups seek to answer via digital reference
services. Conclusions from this study could
be used to improve the structure and
services of such tools. A close look at the
type of questions and questioning
techniques used by students could also
prove helpful to reference librarians and
software designers.
Works Cited
ESTEME: Excellence in Science, Technology,
Engineering, and Mathematics Education.
Department of Education. 4 Nov. 2006
.
Virtual Reference Desk AskA Service. 2006.
DREI Learning Center. 4 Nov. 2006
.
http://www.esteme.org/
http://vrd.askvrd.org/default.aspx