id sid tid token lemma pos elm-5389 1 1 informational informational ADJ elm-5389 1 2 content content NOUN elm-5389 1 3 vs. vs. ADP elm-5389 1 4 discourse discourse NOUN elm-5389 1 5 orientation orientation NOUN elm-5389 1 6 : : PUNCT elm-5389 1 7 experimental experimental ADJ elm-5389 1 8 and and CCONJ elm-5389 1 9 computational computational ADJ elm-5389 1 10 perspectives perspective NOUN elm-5389 1 11 grégoire grégoire PROPN elm-5389 1 12 winterstein winterstein ADJ elm-5389 1 13 , , PUNCT elm-5389 1 14 ghyslain ghyslain NOUN elm-5389 1 15 cantin cantin NOUN elm-5389 1 16 - - PUNCT elm-5389 1 17 savoie savoie PROPN elm-5389 1 18 , , PUNCT elm-5389 1 19 samuel samuel PROPN elm-5389 1 20 laperle laperle PROPN elm-5389 1 21 , , PUNCT elm-5389 1 22 josiane josiane PROPN elm-5389 1 23 van van PROPN elm-5389 1 24 dorpe dorpe PROPN elm-5389 1 25 & & CCONJ elm-5389 1 26 nora nora PROPN elm-5389 1 27 villeneuve villeneuve PROPN elm-5389 1 28 * * PUNCT elm-5389 2 1 abstract abstract PROPN elm-5389 2 2 . . PUNCT elm-5389 3 1 the the DET elm-5389 3 2 aim aim NOUN elm-5389 3 3 of of ADP elm-5389 3 4 this this DET elm-5389 3 5 study study NOUN elm-5389 3 6 is be AUX elm-5389 3 7 to to PART elm-5389 3 8 investigate investigate VERB elm-5389 3 9 how how SCONJ elm-5389 3 10 human human ADJ elm-5389 3 11 speakers speaker NOUN elm-5389 3 12 and and CCONJ elm-5389 3 13 computational computational ADJ elm-5389 3 14 language language NOUN elm-5389 3 15 models model NOUN elm-5389 3 16 process process NOUN elm-5389 3 17 ( ( PUNCT elm-5389 3 18 i i NOUN elm-5389 3 19 ) ) PUNCT elm-5389 3 20 the the DET elm-5389 3 21 informational informational ADJ elm-5389 3 22 content content NOUN elm-5389 3 23 and and CCONJ elm-5389 3 24 ( ( PUNCT elm-5389 3 25 ii ii NOUN elm-5389 3 26 ) ) PUNCT elm-5389 3 27 the the DET elm-5389 3 28 discourse discourse NOUN elm-5389 3 29 orientation orientation NOUN elm-5389 3 30 of of ADP elm-5389 3 31 natural natural ADJ elm-5389 3 32 language language NOUN elm-5389 3 33 sentences sentence NOUN elm-5389 3 34 . . PUNCT elm-5389 4 1 these these DET elm-5389 4 2 two two NUM elm-5389 4 3 dimensions dimension NOUN elm-5389 4 4 of of ADP elm-5389 4 5 meaning meaning NOUN elm-5389 4 6 have have AUX elm-5389 4 7 received receive VERB elm-5389 4 8 little little ADJ elm-5389 4 9 attention attention NOUN elm-5389 4 10 outside outside ADP elm-5389 4 11 theoretical theoretical ADJ elm-5389 4 12 literature literature NOUN elm-5389 4 13 , , PUNCT elm-5389 4 14 especially especially ADV elm-5389 4 15 in in ADP elm-5389 4 16 the the DET elm-5389 4 17 computational computational ADJ elm-5389 4 18 linguistics linguistic NOUN elm-5389 4 19 domain domain NOUN elm-5389 4 20 . . PUNCT elm-5389 5 1 to to PART elm-5389 5 2 help help VERB elm-5389 5 3 fill fill VERB elm-5389 5 4 this this DET elm-5389 5 5 void void NOUN elm-5389 5 6 , , PUNCT elm-5389 5 7 we we PRON elm-5389 5 8 present present VERB elm-5389 5 9 the the DET elm-5389 5 10 results result NOUN elm-5389 5 11 of of ADP elm-5389 5 12 four four NUM elm-5389 5 13 experiments experiment NOUN elm-5389 5 14 that that PRON elm-5389 5 15 exploit exploit VERB elm-5389 5 16 the the DET elm-5389 5 17 specific specific ADJ elm-5389 5 18 semantics semantic NOUN elm-5389 5 19 of of ADP elm-5389 5 20 two two NUM elm-5389 5 21 french french ADJ elm-5389 5 22 adverbs adverb NOUN elm-5389 5 23 , , PUNCT elm-5389 5 24 namely namely ADV elm-5389 5 25 presque presque ADJ elm-5389 5 26 ( ( PUNCT elm-5389 5 27 ≃ ≃ NOUN elm-5389 5 28 ’ ' PUNCT elm-5389 5 29 almost almost ADV elm-5389 5 30 ’ ' PUNCT elm-5389 5 31 ) ) PUNCT elm-5389 5 32 and and CCONJ elm-5389 5 33 à à PROPN elm-5389 5 34 peine peine X elm-5389 5 35 ( ( PUNCT elm-5389 5 36 ≃ ≃ NOUN elm-5389 5 37 ’ ' PUNCT elm-5389 5 38 barely barely ADV elm-5389 5 39 ’ ' PUNCT elm-5389 5 40 ) ) PUNCT elm-5389 5 41 , , PUNCT elm-5389 5 42 which which PRON elm-5389 5 43 put put VERB elm-5389 5 44 these these DET elm-5389 5 45 two two NUM elm-5389 5 46 dimensions dimension NOUN elm-5389 5 47 of of ADP elm-5389 5 48 meaning meaning NOUN elm-5389 5 49 at at ADP elm-5389 5 50 odds odd NOUN elm-5389 5 51 . . PUNCT elm-5389 6 1 each each DET elm-5389 6 2 experiment experiment NOUN elm-5389 6 3 focuses focus VERB elm-5389 6 4 on on ADP elm-5389 6 5 one one NUM elm-5389 6 6 kind kind NOUN elm-5389 6 7 of of ADP elm-5389 6 8 population population NOUN elm-5389 6 9 ( ( PUNCT elm-5389 6 10 humans human NOUN elm-5389 6 11 or or CCONJ elm-5389 6 12 language language NOUN elm-5389 6 13 models model NOUN elm-5389 6 14 ) ) PUNCT elm-5389 6 15 , , PUNCT elm-5389 6 16 and and CCONJ elm-5389 6 17 one one NUM elm-5389 6 18 kind kind NOUN elm-5389 6 19 of of ADP elm-5389 6 20 meaning meaning NOUN elm-5389 6 21 ( ( PUNCT elm-5389 6 22 informational informational ADJ elm-5389 6 23 content content NOUN elm-5389 6 24 or or CCONJ elm-5389 6 25 discourse discourse NOUN elm-5389 6 26 orientation orientation NOUN elm-5389 6 27 ) ) PUNCT elm-5389 6 28 . . PUNCT elm-5389 7 1 our our PRON elm-5389 7 2 results result NOUN elm-5389 7 3 show show VERB elm-5389 7 4 that that SCONJ elm-5389 7 5 humans human NOUN elm-5389 7 6 are be AUX elm-5389 7 7 indeed indeed ADV elm-5389 7 8 sensitive sensitive ADJ elm-5389 7 9 to to ADP elm-5389 7 10 informational informational ADJ elm-5389 7 11 content content NOUN elm-5389 7 12 and and CCONJ elm-5389 7 13 discourse discourse NOUN elm-5389 7 14 direction direction NOUN elm-5389 7 15 , , PUNCT elm-5389 7 16 as as SCONJ elm-5389 7 17 assumed assume VERB elm-5389 7 18 in in ADP elm-5389 7 19 the the DET elm-5389 7 20 theoretical theoretical ADJ elm-5389 7 21 literature literature NOUN elm-5389 7 22 . . PUNCT elm-5389 8 1 language language NOUN elm-5389 8 2 models model NOUN elm-5389 8 3 exhibit exhibit VERB elm-5389 8 4 a a DET elm-5389 8 5 less less ADV elm-5389 8 6 transparent transparent ADJ elm-5389 8 7 behavior behavior NOUN elm-5389 8 8 . . PUNCT elm-5389 9 1 their their PRON elm-5389 9 2 performances performance NOUN elm-5389 9 3 in in ADP elm-5389 9 4 dealing deal VERB elm-5389 9 5 with with ADP elm-5389 9 6 the the DET elm-5389 9 7 semantics semantic NOUN elm-5389 9 8 of of ADP elm-5389 9 9 presque presque NOUN elm-5389 9 10 appear appear VERB elm-5389 9 11 in in ADP elm-5389 9 12 line line NOUN elm-5389 9 13 with with ADP elm-5389 9 14 predictions prediction NOUN elm-5389 9 15 based base VERB elm-5389 9 16 on on ADP elm-5389 9 17 the the DET elm-5389 9 18 way way NOUN elm-5389 9 19 these these DET elm-5389 9 20 models model NOUN elm-5389 9 21 are be AUX elm-5389 9 22 trained train VERB elm-5389 9 23 , , PUNCT elm-5389 9 24 but but CCONJ elm-5389 9 25 this this PRON elm-5389 9 26 does do AUX elm-5389 9 27 not not PART elm-5389 9 28 extend extend VERB elm-5389 9 29 to to ADP elm-5389 9 30 à à PROPN elm-5389 9 31 peine peine NOUN elm-5389 9 32 . . PUNCT elm-5389 10 1 keywords keyword NOUN elm-5389 10 2 . . PUNCT elm-5389 11 1 semantics semantic NOUN elm-5389 11 2 ; ; PUNCT elm-5389 11 3 pragmatics pragmatic NOUN elm-5389 11 4 ; ; PUNCT elm-5389 11 5 language language NOUN elm-5389 11 6 models model NOUN elm-5389 11 7 ; ; PUNCT elm-5389 11 8 psycholinguistics psycholinguistic NOUN elm-5389 11 9 ; ; PUNCT elm-5389 11 10 entailment entailment ADJ elm-5389 11 11 ; ; PUNCT elm-5389 11 12 discourse discourse NOUN elm-5389 11 13 semantics semantic NOUN elm-5389 11 14 ; ; PUNCT elm-5389 11 15 natural natural ADJ elm-5389 11 16 langue langue PROPN elm-5389 11 17 inference inference PROPN elm-5389 11 18 1 1 NUM elm-5389 11 19 . . PUNCT elm-5389 12 1 introduction introduction NOUN elm-5389 12 2 . . PUNCT elm-5389 13 1 a a DET elm-5389 13 2 fair fair ADJ elm-5389 13 3 number number NOUN elm-5389 13 4 of of ADP elm-5389 13 5 approaches approach NOUN elm-5389 13 6 to to ADP elm-5389 13 7 natural natural ADJ elm-5389 13 8 language language NOUN elm-5389 13 9 semantics semantic NOUN elm-5389 13 10 consider consider VERB elm-5389 13 11 meaning meaning NOUN elm-5389 13 12 in in ADP elm-5389 13 13 terms term NOUN elm-5389 13 14 of of ADP elm-5389 13 15 informational informational ADJ elm-5389 13 16 content content NOUN elm-5389 13 17 , , PUNCT elm-5389 13 18 understood understand VERB elm-5389 13 19 as as ADP elm-5389 13 20 the the DET elm-5389 13 21 part part NOUN elm-5389 13 22 of of ADP elm-5389 13 23 an an DET elm-5389 13 24 utterance utterance NOUN elm-5389 13 25 ’s ’s PART elm-5389 13 26 meaning meaning NOUN elm-5389 13 27 which which PRON elm-5389 13 28 conveys convey VERB elm-5389 13 29 information information NOUN elm-5389 13 30 about about ADP elm-5389 13 31 the the DET elm-5389 13 32 world world NOUN elm-5389 13 33 . . PUNCT elm-5389 14 1 informational informational ADJ elm-5389 14 2 content content NOUN elm-5389 14 3 is be AUX elm-5389 14 4 typically typically ADV elm-5389 14 5 understood understand VERB elm-5389 14 6 in in ADP elm-5389 14 7 truth truth NOUN elm-5389 14 8 - - PUNCT elm-5389 14 9 conditional conditional ADJ elm-5389 14 10 terms term NOUN elm-5389 14 11 , , PUNCT elm-5389 14 12 and and CCONJ elm-5389 14 13 the the DET elm-5389 14 14 meaning meaning NOUN elm-5389 14 15 of of ADP elm-5389 14 16 a a DET elm-5389 14 17 declarative declarative NOUN elm-5389 14 18 sentence sentence NOUN elm-5389 14 19 is be AUX elm-5389 14 20 often often ADV elm-5389 14 21 defined define VERB elm-5389 14 22 in in ADP elm-5389 14 23 such such ADJ elm-5389 14 24 logical logical ADJ elm-5389 14 25 terms term NOUN elm-5389 14 26 . . PUNCT elm-5389 15 1 however however ADV elm-5389 15 2 , , PUNCT elm-5389 15 3 natural natural ADJ elm-5389 15 4 meaning meaning NOUN elm-5389 15 5 encompasses encompass VERB elm-5389 15 6 more more ADJ elm-5389 15 7 than than ADP elm-5389 15 8 informational informational ADJ elm-5389 15 9 content content NOUN elm-5389 15 10 , , PUNCT elm-5389 15 11 at at ADP elm-5389 15 12 least least ADJ elm-5389 15 13 at at ADP elm-5389 15 14 a a DET elm-5389 15 15 first first ADJ elm-5389 15 16 glance glance NOUN elm-5389 15 17 . . PUNCT elm-5389 16 1 to to PART elm-5389 16 2 see see VERB elm-5389 16 3 it it PRON elm-5389 16 4 , , PUNCT elm-5389 16 5 consider consider VERB elm-5389 16 6 the the DET elm-5389 16 7 ( ( PUNCT elm-5389 16 8 made make VERB elm-5389 16 9 - - PUNCT elm-5389 16 10 up up ADP elm-5389 16 11 ) ) PUNCT elm-5389 16 12 dialogue dialogue NOUN elm-5389 16 13 ( ( PUNCT elm-5389 16 14 1 1 NUM elm-5389 16 15 ) ) PUNCT elm-5389 16 16 , , PUNCT elm-5389 16 17 taking take VERB elm-5389 16 18 place place NOUN elm-5389 16 19 in in ADP elm-5389 16 20 a a DET elm-5389 16 21 pub pub NOUN elm-5389 16 22 in in ADP elm-5389 16 23 which which PRON elm-5389 16 24 patrons patron NOUN elm-5389 16 25 need need VERB elm-5389 16 26 to to PART elm-5389 16 27 get get VERB elm-5389 16 28 their their PRON elm-5389 16 29 beer beer NOUN elm-5389 16 30 at at ADP elm-5389 16 31 the the DET elm-5389 16 32 bar bar NOUN elm-5389 16 33 . . PUNCT elm-5389 17 1 a a DET elm-5389 17 2 finished finished ADJ elm-5389 17 3 their their PRON elm-5389 17 4 beer beer NOUN elm-5389 17 5 , , PUNCT elm-5389 17 6 gets get VERB elm-5389 17 7 up up ADP elm-5389 17 8 to to PART elm-5389 17 9 get get VERB elm-5389 17 10 another another DET elm-5389 17 11 one one NOUN elm-5389 17 12 , , PUNCT elm-5389 17 13 and and CCONJ elm-5389 17 14 asks ask VERB elm-5389 17 15 b b NUM elm-5389 17 16 : : PUNCT elm-5389 17 17 ( ( PUNCT elm-5389 17 18 1 1 X elm-5389 17 19 ) ) PUNCT elm-5389 17 20 a a X elm-5389 17 21 : : PUNCT elm-5389 17 22 can can AUX elm-5389 17 23 i i PRON elm-5389 17 24 bring bring VERB elm-5389 17 25 you you PRON elm-5389 17 26 another another DET elm-5389 17 27 beer beer NOUN elm-5389 17 28 ? ? PUNCT elm-5389 18 1 a. a. NOUN elm-5389 18 2 b b NOUN elm-5389 18 3 : : PUNCT elm-5389 18 4 yes yes INTJ elm-5389 18 5 , , PUNCT elm-5389 18 6 i i PRON elm-5389 18 7 ’m ’m VERB elm-5389 18 8 done do VERB elm-5389 18 9 with with ADP elm-5389 18 10 mine mine PRON elm-5389 18 11 . . PUNCT elm-5389 19 1 b. b. PROPN elm-5389 20 1 b b X elm-5389 20 2 ’ ' PUNCT elm-5389 20 3 : : PUNCT elm-5389 20 4 yes yes INTJ elm-5389 20 5 , , PUNCT elm-5389 20 6 i i PRON elm-5389 20 7 ’m ’m VERB elm-5389 20 8 almost almost ADV elm-5389 20 9 done do VERB elm-5389 20 10 with with ADP elm-5389 20 11 mine mine NOUN elm-5389 20 12 . . PUNCT elm-5389 21 1 c. c. PROPN elm-5389 21 2 b b PROPN elm-5389 21 3 ” " PUNCT elm-5389 21 4 : : PUNCT elm-5389 21 5 ? ? PUNCT elm-5389 22 1 yes yes INTJ elm-5389 22 2 , , PUNCT elm-5389 22 3 i i PRON elm-5389 22 4 ’m ’m VERB elm-5389 22 5 barely barely ADV elm-5389 22 6 done do VERB elm-5389 22 7 with with ADP elm-5389 22 8 mine mine PRON elm-5389 22 9 . . PUNCT elm-5389 23 1 several several ADJ elm-5389 23 2 things thing NOUN elm-5389 23 3 are be AUX elm-5389 23 4 to to PART elm-5389 23 5 be be AUX elm-5389 23 6 noticed notice VERB elm-5389 23 7 in in ADP elm-5389 23 8 that that DET elm-5389 23 9 example example NOUN elm-5389 23 10 . . PUNCT elm-5389 24 1 first first ADV elm-5389 24 2 , , PUNCT elm-5389 24 3 ( ( PUNCT elm-5389 24 4 1 1 NUM elm-5389 24 5 - - PUNCT elm-5389 24 6 a a NOUN elm-5389 24 7 ) ) PUNCT elm-5389 24 8 and and CCONJ elm-5389 24 9 ( ( PUNCT elm-5389 24 10 1 1 NUM elm-5389 24 11 - - PUNCT elm-5389 24 12 b b NOUN elm-5389 24 13 ) ) PUNCT elm-5389 24 14 can can AUX elm-5389 24 15 be be AUX elm-5389 24 16 used use VERB elm-5389 24 17 to to PART elm-5389 24 18 answer answer VERB elm-5389 24 19 a a DET elm-5389 24 20 ’s ’s ADJ elm-5389 24 21 question question NOUN elm-5389 24 22 with with ADP elm-5389 24 23 the the DET elm-5389 24 24 same same ADJ elm-5389 24 25 effect effect NOUN elm-5389 24 26 , , PUNCT elm-5389 24 27 i.e. i.e. X elm-5389 24 28 , , PUNCT elm-5389 24 29 to to PART elm-5389 24 30 indicate indicate VERB elm-5389 24 31 a a DET elm-5389 24 32 desire desire NOUN elm-5389 24 33 for for ADP elm-5389 24 34 another another DET elm-5389 24 35 drink drink NOUN elm-5389 24 36 . . PUNCT elm-5389 25 1 this this PRON elm-5389 25 2 is be AUX elm-5389 25 3 so so ADV elm-5389 25 4 , , PUNCT elm-5389 25 5 in in ADP elm-5389 25 6 spite spite NOUN elm-5389 25 7 of of ADP elm-5389 25 8 the the DET elm-5389 25 9 fact fact NOUN elm-5389 25 10 that that SCONJ elm-5389 25 11 those those DET elm-5389 25 12 two two NUM elm-5389 25 13 sentences sentence NOUN elm-5389 25 14 are be AUX elm-5389 25 15 at at ADP elm-5389 25 16 odds odd NOUN elm-5389 25 17 in in ADP elm-5389 25 18 terms term NOUN elm-5389 25 19 of of ADP elm-5389 25 20 informational informational ADJ elm-5389 25 21 content content NOUN elm-5389 25 22 . . PUNCT elm-5389 26 1 this this PRON elm-5389 26 2 is be AUX elm-5389 26 3 because because SCONJ elm-5389 26 4 being be AUX elm-5389 26 5 * * VERB elm-5389 26 6 the the DET elm-5389 26 7 authors author NOUN elm-5389 26 8 wish wish VERB elm-5389 26 9 to to PART elm-5389 26 10 thank thank VERB elm-5389 26 11 the the DET elm-5389 26 12 members member NOUN elm-5389 26 13 of of ADP elm-5389 26 14 the the DET elm-5389 26 15 slic slic PROPN elm-5389 26 16 research research NOUN elm-5389 26 17 group group NOUN elm-5389 26 18 , , PUNCT elm-5389 26 19 as as ADV elm-5389 26 20 well well ADV elm-5389 26 21 as as ADP elm-5389 26 22 members member NOUN elm-5389 26 23 of of ADP elm-5389 26 24 the the DET elm-5389 26 25 audience audience NOUN elm-5389 26 26 of of ADP elm-5389 26 27 elm2 elm2 NOUN elm-5389 26 28 for for ADP elm-5389 26 29 their their PRON elm-5389 26 30 input input NOUN elm-5389 26 31 and and CCONJ elm-5389 26 32 comments comment NOUN elm-5389 26 33 . . PUNCT elm-5389 27 1 this this DET elm-5389 27 2 work work NOUN elm-5389 27 3 was be AUX elm-5389 27 4 partially partially ADV elm-5389 27 5 funded fund VERB elm-5389 27 6 by by ADP elm-5389 27 7 the the DET elm-5389 27 8 centre centre NOUN elm-5389 27 9 de de X elm-5389 27 10 recherche recherche X elm-5389 27 11 sur sur X elm-5389 27 12 le le X elm-5389 27 13 langage langage PROPN elm-5389 27 14 , , PUNCT elm-5389 27 15 l’esprit l’esprit VERB elm-5389 27 16 et et PROPN elm-5389 27 17 le le X elm-5389 27 18 cerveau cerveau PROPN elm-5389 27 19 ( ( PUNCT elm-5389 27 20 crlec crlec NOUN elm-5389 27 21 - - PUNCT elm-5389 27 22 uqam uqam NOUN elm-5389 27 23 ) ) PUNCT elm-5389 27 24 . . PUNCT elm-5389 28 1 authors author NOUN elm-5389 28 2 : : PUNCT elm-5389 28 3 université université NOUN elm-5389 28 4 du du PROPN elm-5389 28 5 québec québec PROPN elm-5389 28 6 à à PROPN elm-5389 28 7 montréal montréal PROPN elm-5389 28 8 , , PUNCT elm-5389 28 9 grégoire grégoire PROPN elm-5389 28 10 winterstein winterstein ADJ elm-5389 28 11 ( ( PUNCT elm-5389 28 12 winterstein.gregoire@uqam.ca winterstein.gregoire@uqam.ca NOUN elm-5389 28 13 ) ) PUNCT elm-5389 28 14 & & CCONJ elm-5389 28 15 ghyslain ghyslain PROPN elm-5389 28 16 cantin cantin PROPN elm-5389 28 17 - - PUNCT elm-5389 28 18 savoie savoie PROPN elm-5389 28 19 , , PUNCT elm-5389 28 20 ( ( PUNCT elm-5389 28 21 cantin-savoie.ghyslain@courrier.uqam.ca cantin-savoie.ghyslain@courrier.uqam.ca NOUN elm-5389 28 22 ) ) PUNCT elm-5389 28 23 & & CCONJ elm-5389 28 24 samuel samuel PROPN elm-5389 28 25 laperle laperle PROPN elm-5389 28 26 , , PUNCT elm-5389 28 27 ( ( PUNCT elm-5389 28 28 laperle.samuel@courrier.uqam.ca laperle.samuel@courrier.uqam.ca NOUN elm-5389 28 29 ) ) PUNCT elm-5389 28 30 & & CCONJ elm-5389 28 31 josiane josiane PROPN elm-5389 28 32 van van PROPN elm-5389 28 33 dorpe dorpe PROPN elm-5389 28 34 , , PUNCT elm-5389 28 35 ( ( PUNCT elm-5389 28 36 vandorpe.josiane@courrier.uqam.ca vandorpe.josiane@courrier.uqam.ca NOUN elm-5389 28 37 ) ) PUNCT elm-5389 28 38 & & CCONJ elm-5389 28 39 nora nora PROPN elm-5389 28 40 villeneuve villeneuve PROPN elm-5389 28 41 , , PUNCT elm-5389 28 42 ( ( PUNCT elm-5389 28 43 villeneuve.nora@courrier.uqam.ca villeneuve.nora@courrier.uqam.ca NOUN elm-5389 28 44 ) ) PUNCT elm-5389 28 45 . . PUNCT elm-5389 29 1 proceedings proceeding NOUN elm-5389 29 2 of of ADP elm-5389 29 3 elm elm NOUN elm-5389 29 4 2 2 NUM elm-5389 29 5 : : PUNCT elm-5389 29 6 299 299 NUM elm-5389 29 7 - - NUM elm-5389 29 8 309 309 NUM elm-5389 29 9 , , PUNCT elm-5389 29 10 2023 2023 NUM elm-5389 29 11 c c X elm-5389 29 12 © © PROPN elm-5389 29 13 2023 2023 NUM elm-5389 29 14 grégoire grégoire NOUN elm-5389 29 15 winterstein winterstein ADJ elm-5389 29 16 , , PUNCT elm-5389 29 17 ghyslain ghyslain NOUN elm-5389 29 18 cantin cantin NOUN elm-5389 29 19 - - PUNCT elm-5389 29 20 savoie savoie PROPN elm-5389 29 21 , , PUNCT elm-5389 29 22 samuel samuel PROPN elm-5389 29 23 laperle laperle PROPN elm-5389 29 24 , , PUNCT elm-5389 29 25 josiane josiane PROPN elm-5389 29 26 van van PROPN elm-5389 29 27 dorpe dorpe PROPN elm-5389 29 28 and and CCONJ elm-5389 29 29 nora nora PROPN elm-5389 29 30 villeneuve villeneuve PROPN elm-5389 29 31 published publish VERB elm-5389 29 32 by by ADP elm-5389 29 33 the the DET elm-5389 29 34 lsa lsa NOUN elm-5389 29 35 with with ADP elm-5389 29 36 permission permission NOUN elm-5389 29 37 of of ADP elm-5389 29 38 the the DET elm-5389 29 39 author(s author(s NOUN elm-5389 29 40 ) ) PUNCT elm-5389 29 41 under under ADP elm-5389 29 42 a a DET elm-5389 29 43 cc cc NOUN elm-5389 29 44 by by ADP elm-5389 29 45 license license NOUN elm-5389 29 46 . . PUNCT elm-5389 30 1 299 299 NUM elm-5389 30 2 https://doi.org/10.3765/elm https://doi.org/10.3765/elm NOUN elm-5389 30 3 https://www.elm-conference.net/ https://www.elm-conference.net/ PRON elm-5389 30 4 almost almost ADV elm-5389 30 5 done do VERB elm-5389 30 6 with with ADP elm-5389 30 7 one one NUM elm-5389 30 8 ’s ’s PART elm-5389 30 9 beer beer NOUN elm-5389 30 10 entails entail VERB elm-5389 30 11 that that SCONJ elm-5389 30 12 one one NOUN elm-5389 30 13 is be AUX elm-5389 30 14 not not PART elm-5389 30 15 done do VERB elm-5389 30 16 with with ADP elm-5389 30 17 it it PRON elm-5389 30 18 ( ( PUNCT elm-5389 30 19 amaral amaral PROPN elm-5389 30 20 2007 2007 NUM elm-5389 30 21 , , PUNCT elm-5389 30 22 jayez jayez PROPN elm-5389 30 23 & & CCONJ elm-5389 30 24 tovena tovena NOUN elm-5389 30 25 2008 2008 NUM elm-5389 30 26 ) ) PUNCT elm-5389 30 27 . . PUNCT elm-5389 31 1 this this DET elm-5389 31 2 observation observation NOUN elm-5389 31 3 could could AUX elm-5389 31 4 be be AUX elm-5389 31 5 accounted account VERB elm-5389 31 6 for for ADP elm-5389 31 7 by by ADP elm-5389 31 8 considering consider VERB elm-5389 31 9 that that SCONJ elm-5389 31 10 even even ADV elm-5389 31 11 though though SCONJ elm-5389 31 12 being be AUX elm-5389 31 13 almost almost ADV elm-5389 31 14 done do VERB elm-5389 31 15 entails entail VERB elm-5389 31 16 not not PART elm-5389 31 17 being be AUX elm-5389 31 18 done do VERB elm-5389 31 19 , , PUNCT elm-5389 31 20 it it PRON elm-5389 31 21 still still ADV elm-5389 31 22 conveys convey VERB elm-5389 31 23 that that SCONJ elm-5389 31 24 one one NOUN elm-5389 31 25 is be AUX elm-5389 31 26 proximally proximally ADV elm-5389 31 27 close close ADJ elm-5389 31 28 to to ADP elm-5389 31 29 being be AUX elm-5389 31 30 done do VERB elm-5389 31 31 , , PUNCT elm-5389 31 32 which which PRON elm-5389 31 33 would would AUX elm-5389 31 34 be be AUX elm-5389 31 35 enough enough ADJ elm-5389 31 36 to to PART elm-5389 31 37 warrant warrant VERB elm-5389 31 38 getting get VERB elm-5389 31 39 another another DET elm-5389 31 40 round round NOUN elm-5389 31 41 . . PUNCT elm-5389 32 1 however however ADV elm-5389 32 2 , , PUNCT elm-5389 32 3 things thing NOUN elm-5389 32 4 get get VERB elm-5389 32 5 more more ADV elm-5389 32 6 complicated complicated ADJ elm-5389 32 7 when when SCONJ elm-5389 32 8 considering consider VERB elm-5389 32 9 ( ( PUNCT elm-5389 32 10 1 1 NUM elm-5389 32 11 - - SYM elm-5389 32 12 c c NOUN elm-5389 32 13 ) ) PUNCT elm-5389 32 14 . . PUNCT elm-5389 33 1 here here ADV elm-5389 33 2 , , PUNCT elm-5389 33 3 the the DET elm-5389 33 4 mention mention NOUN elm-5389 33 5 of of ADP elm-5389 33 6 being be AUX elm-5389 33 7 barely barely ADV elm-5389 33 8 done do VERB elm-5389 33 9 does do AUX elm-5389 33 10 not not PART elm-5389 33 11 support support VERB elm-5389 33 12 a a DET elm-5389 33 13 positive positive ADJ elm-5389 33 14 answer answer NOUN elm-5389 33 15 to to ADP elm-5389 33 16 a a DET elm-5389 33 17 ’s ’s ADJ elm-5389 33 18 question question NOUN elm-5389 33 19 in in ADP elm-5389 33 20 ( ( PUNCT elm-5389 33 21 1 1 NUM elm-5389 33 22 ) ) PUNCT elm-5389 33 23 , , PUNCT elm-5389 33 24 but but CCONJ elm-5389 33 25 rather rather ADV elm-5389 33 26 will will AUX elm-5389 33 27 support support VERB elm-5389 33 28 a a DET elm-5389 33 29 refusal refusal NOUN elm-5389 33 30 . . PUNCT elm-5389 34 1 note note VERB elm-5389 34 2 that that SCONJ elm-5389 34 3 being be AUX elm-5389 34 4 barely barely ADV elm-5389 34 5 done do VERB elm-5389 34 6 seemingly seemingly ADV elm-5389 34 7 entails entail VERB elm-5389 34 8 being be AUX elm-5389 34 9 done do VERB elm-5389 34 10 , , PUNCT elm-5389 34 11 admittedly admittedly ADV elm-5389 34 12 not not PART elm-5389 34 13 by by ADP elm-5389 34 14 a a DET elm-5389 34 15 long long ADJ elm-5389 34 16 stretch stretch NOUN elm-5389 34 17 , , PUNCT elm-5389 34 18 but but CCONJ elm-5389 34 19 still still ADV elm-5389 34 20 in in ADP elm-5389 34 21 a a DET elm-5389 34 22 way way NOUN elm-5389 34 23 that that PRON elm-5389 34 24 is be AUX elm-5389 34 25 objectively objectively ADV elm-5389 34 26 more more ADV elm-5389 34 27 advanced advanced ADJ elm-5389 34 28 than than ADP elm-5389 34 29 when when SCONJ elm-5389 34 30 one one PRON elm-5389 34 31 is be AUX elm-5389 34 32 almost almost ADV elm-5389 34 33 done do VERB elm-5389 34 34 . . PUNCT elm-5389 35 1 thus thus ADV elm-5389 35 2 , , PUNCT elm-5389 35 3 the the DET elm-5389 35 4 explanation explanation NOUN elm-5389 35 5 we we PRON elm-5389 35 6 sketched sketch VERB elm-5389 35 7 above above ADV elm-5389 35 8 , , PUNCT elm-5389 35 9 relying rely VERB elm-5389 35 10 on on ADP elm-5389 35 11 a a DET elm-5389 35 12 notion notion NOUN elm-5389 35 13 of of ADP elm-5389 35 14 proximality proximality NOUN elm-5389 35 15 , , PUNCT elm-5389 35 16 can can AUX elm-5389 35 17 not not PART elm-5389 35 18 help help VERB elm-5389 35 19 us we PRON elm-5389 35 20 here here ADV elm-5389 35 21 : : PUNCT elm-5389 35 22 it it PRON elm-5389 35 23 seems seem VERB elm-5389 35 24 that that SCONJ elm-5389 35 25 considerations consideration NOUN elm-5389 35 26 of of ADP elm-5389 35 27 purely purely ADV elm-5389 35 28 informational informational ADJ elm-5389 35 29 content content NOUN elm-5389 35 30 can can AUX elm-5389 35 31 not not PART elm-5389 35 32 fully fully ADV elm-5389 35 33 account account VERB elm-5389 35 34 for for ADP elm-5389 35 35 the the DET elm-5389 35 36 discourse discourse NOUN elm-5389 35 37 uses use NOUN elm-5389 35 38 of of ADP elm-5389 35 39 the the DET elm-5389 35 40 expressions expression NOUN elm-5389 35 41 at at ADP elm-5389 35 42 hand hand NOUN elm-5389 35 43 . . PUNCT elm-5389 36 1 such such ADJ elm-5389 36 2 observations observation NOUN elm-5389 36 3 form form VERB elm-5389 36 4 the the DET elm-5389 36 5 bedrock bedrock NOUN elm-5389 36 6 of of ADP elm-5389 36 7 ducrot ducrot PROPN elm-5389 36 8 and and CCONJ elm-5389 36 9 anscombre anscombre PROPN elm-5389 36 10 ’s ’s PART elm-5389 36 11 theory theory NOUN elm-5389 36 12 of of ADP elm-5389 36 13 argumentation argumentation NOUN elm-5389 36 14 within within ADP elm-5389 36 15 language language NOUN elm-5389 36 16 ( ( PUNCT elm-5389 36 17 anscombre anscombre PROPN elm-5389 36 18 & & CCONJ elm-5389 36 19 ducrot ducrot PROPN elm-5389 36 20 1983 1983 NUM elm-5389 36 21 ) ) PUNCT elm-5389 36 22 , , PUNCT elm-5389 36 23 which which PRON elm-5389 36 24 serves serve VERB elm-5389 36 25 as as ADP elm-5389 36 26 inspiration inspiration NOUN elm-5389 36 27 for for ADP elm-5389 36 28 the the DET elm-5389 36 29 present present ADJ elm-5389 36 30 work work NOUN elm-5389 36 31 . . PUNCT elm-5389 37 1 their their PRON elm-5389 37 2 main main ADJ elm-5389 37 3 claim claim NOUN elm-5389 37 4 is be AUX elm-5389 37 5 that that SCONJ elm-5389 37 6 the the DET elm-5389 37 7 meaning meaning NOUN elm-5389 37 8 of of ADP elm-5389 37 9 an an DET elm-5389 37 10 utterance utterance NOUN elm-5389 37 11 has have VERB elm-5389 37 12 an an DET elm-5389 37 13 argumentative argumentative ADJ elm-5389 37 14 component component NOUN elm-5389 37 15 which which PRON elm-5389 37 16 determines determine VERB elm-5389 37 17 the the DET elm-5389 37 18 discourse discourse NOUN elm-5389 37 19 orientation orientation NOUN elm-5389 37 20 of of ADP elm-5389 37 21 that that DET elm-5389 37 22 utterance utterance NOUN elm-5389 37 23 , , PUNCT elm-5389 37 24 i.e. i.e. X elm-5389 37 25 how how SCONJ elm-5389 37 26 a a DET elm-5389 37 27 speaker speaker NOUN elm-5389 37 28 can can AUX elm-5389 37 29 use use VERB elm-5389 37 30 that that DET elm-5389 37 31 sentence sentence NOUN elm-5389 37 32 in in ADP elm-5389 37 33 a a DET elm-5389 37 34 discourse discourse NOUN elm-5389 37 35 in in ADP elm-5389 37 36 order order NOUN elm-5389 37 37 to to PART elm-5389 37 38 support support VERB elm-5389 37 39 or or CCONJ elm-5389 37 40 refute refute VERB elm-5389 37 41 other other ADJ elm-5389 37 42 propositions proposition NOUN elm-5389 37 43 . . PUNCT elm-5389 38 1 crucially crucially ADV elm-5389 38 2 , , PUNCT elm-5389 38 3 the the DET elm-5389 38 4 discourse discourse NOUN elm-5389 38 5 orientation orientation NOUN elm-5389 38 6 of of ADP elm-5389 38 7 an an DET elm-5389 38 8 utterance utterance NOUN elm-5389 38 9 can can AUX elm-5389 38 10 be be AUX elm-5389 38 11 at at ADP elm-5389 38 12 odds odd NOUN elm-5389 38 13 with with ADP elm-5389 38 14 its its PRON elm-5389 38 15 informational informational ADJ elm-5389 38 16 content content NOUN elm-5389 38 17 , , PUNCT elm-5389 38 18 and and CCONJ elm-5389 38 19 the the DET elm-5389 38 20 examples example NOUN elm-5389 38 21 in in ADP elm-5389 38 22 ( ( PUNCT elm-5389 38 23 1 1 X elm-5389 38 24 ) ) PUNCT elm-5389 38 25 illustrate illustrate VERB elm-5389 38 26 such such ADJ elm-5389 38 27 cases case NOUN elm-5389 38 28 . . PUNCT elm-5389 39 1 this this DET elm-5389 39 2 dissociation dissociation NOUN elm-5389 39 3 between between ADP elm-5389 39 4 the the DET elm-5389 39 5 two two NUM elm-5389 39 6 kinds kind NOUN elm-5389 39 7 of of ADP elm-5389 39 8 content content NOUN elm-5389 39 9 in in ADP elm-5389 39 10 those those DET elm-5389 39 11 examples example NOUN elm-5389 39 12 is be AUX elm-5389 39 13 directly directly ADV elm-5389 39 14 imputable imputable ADJ elm-5389 39 15 to to ADP elm-5389 39 16 the the DET elm-5389 39 17 semantics semantic NOUN elm-5389 39 18 of of ADP elm-5389 39 19 almost almost ADV elm-5389 39 20 and and CCONJ elm-5389 39 21 barely barely ADV elm-5389 39 22 . . PUNCT elm-5389 40 1 these these DET elm-5389 40 2 two two NUM elm-5389 40 3 adverbs adverb NOUN elm-5389 40 4 belong belong VERB elm-5389 40 5 to to ADP elm-5389 40 6 the the DET elm-5389 40 7 class class NOUN elm-5389 40 8 of of ADP elm-5389 40 9 “ " PUNCT elm-5389 40 10 argumentative argumentative ADJ elm-5389 40 11 operators operator NOUN elm-5389 40 12 ” " PUNCT elm-5389 40 13 , , PUNCT elm-5389 40 14 i.e. i.e. X elm-5389 40 15 , , PUNCT elm-5389 40 16 natural natural ADJ elm-5389 40 17 language language NOUN elm-5389 40 18 expressions expression NOUN elm-5389 40 19 whose whose DET elm-5389 40 20 semantics semantic NOUN elm-5389 40 21 affect affect VERB elm-5389 40 22 the the DET elm-5389 40 23 argumentative argumentative ADJ elm-5389 40 24 orientation orientation NOUN elm-5389 40 25 of of ADP elm-5389 40 26 their their PRON elm-5389 40 27 host host NOUN elm-5389 40 28 utterance utterance NOUN elm-5389 40 29 . . PUNCT elm-5389 41 1 the the DET elm-5389 41 2 purpose purpose NOUN elm-5389 41 3 of of ADP elm-5389 41 4 this this DET elm-5389 41 5 research research NOUN elm-5389 41 6 is be AUX elm-5389 41 7 to to PART elm-5389 41 8 conduct conduct VERB elm-5389 41 9 an an DET elm-5389 41 10 experimental experimental ADJ elm-5389 41 11 investigation investigation NOUN elm-5389 41 12 of of ADP elm-5389 41 13 this this DET elm-5389 41 14 dichotomy dichotomy NOUN elm-5389 41 15 in in ADP elm-5389 41 16 both both CCONJ elm-5389 41 17 the the DET elm-5389 41 18 behaviour behaviour NOUN elm-5389 41 19 of of ADP elm-5389 41 20 human human ADJ elm-5389 41 21 subjects subject NOUN elm-5389 41 22 and and CCONJ elm-5389 41 23 that that PRON elm-5389 41 24 of of ADP elm-5389 41 25 large large ADJ elm-5389 41 26 language language NOUN elm-5389 41 27 models model NOUN elm-5389 41 28 , , PUNCT elm-5389 41 29 as as SCONJ elm-5389 41 30 used use VERB elm-5389 41 31 in in ADP elm-5389 41 32 contemporary contemporary ADJ elm-5389 41 33 applications application NOUN elm-5389 41 34 of of ADP elm-5389 41 35 natural natural ADJ elm-5389 41 36 language language NOUN elm-5389 41 37 processing processing NOUN elm-5389 41 38 . . PUNCT elm-5389 42 1 specifically specifically ADV elm-5389 42 2 , , PUNCT elm-5389 42 3 we we PRON elm-5389 42 4 want want VERB elm-5389 42 5 to to PART elm-5389 42 6 test test VERB elm-5389 42 7 the the DET elm-5389 42 8 sensitivity sensitivity NOUN elm-5389 42 9 of of ADP elm-5389 42 10 both both DET elm-5389 42 11 “ " PUNCT elm-5389 42 12 populations population NOUN elm-5389 42 13 ” " PUNCT elm-5389 42 14 ( ( PUNCT elm-5389 42 15 humans human NOUN elm-5389 42 16 and and CCONJ elm-5389 42 17 language language NOUN elm-5389 42 18 models model NOUN elm-5389 42 19 ) ) PUNCT elm-5389 42 20 to to ADP elm-5389 42 21 each each DET elm-5389 42 22 type type NOUN elm-5389 42 23 of of ADP elm-5389 42 24 meaning meaning NOUN elm-5389 42 25 ( ( PUNCT elm-5389 42 26 informational informational ADJ elm-5389 42 27 content content NOUN elm-5389 42 28 vs. vs. ADP elm-5389 42 29 discourse discourse NOUN elm-5389 42 30 orientation orientation NOUN elm-5389 42 31 ) ) PUNCT elm-5389 42 32 by by ADP elm-5389 42 33 testing test VERB elm-5389 42 34 their their PRON elm-5389 42 35 behavior behavior NOUN elm-5389 42 36 on on ADP elm-5389 42 37 sentences sentence NOUN elm-5389 42 38 that that PRON elm-5389 42 39 involve involve VERB elm-5389 42 40 argumentative argumentative ADJ elm-5389 42 41 operators operator NOUN elm-5389 42 42 like like ADP elm-5389 42 43 almost almost ADV elm-5389 42 44 and and CCONJ elm-5389 42 45 barely barely ADV elm-5389 42 46 which which PRON elm-5389 42 47 put put VERB elm-5389 42 48 those those DET elm-5389 42 49 two two NUM elm-5389 42 50 dimensions dimension NOUN elm-5389 42 51 at at ADP elm-5389 42 52 odds odd NOUN elm-5389 42 53 . . PUNCT elm-5389 43 1 this this PRON elm-5389 43 2 was be AUX elm-5389 43 3 done do VERB elm-5389 43 4 through through ADP elm-5389 43 5 four four NUM elm-5389 43 6 distinct distinct ADJ elm-5389 43 7 experiments experiment NOUN elm-5389 43 8 involving involve VERB elm-5389 43 9 the the DET elm-5389 43 10 french french ADJ elm-5389 43 11 adverbs adverb NOUN elm-5389 43 12 presque presque NOUN elm-5389 43 13 and and CCONJ elm-5389 43 14 à à PROPN elm-5389 43 15 peine peine NOUN elm-5389 43 16 , , PUNCT elm-5389 43 17 whose whose DET elm-5389 43 18 semantics semantic NOUN elm-5389 43 19 is be AUX elm-5389 43 20 close close ADJ elm-5389 43 21 to to ADP elm-5389 43 22 english english PROPN elm-5389 43 23 almost almost ADV elm-5389 43 24 and and CCONJ elm-5389 43 25 barely barely ADV elm-5389 43 26 . . PUNCT elm-5389 44 1 each each DET elm-5389 44 2 experiment experiment NOUN elm-5389 44 3 targeted target VERB elm-5389 44 4 a a DET elm-5389 44 5 specific specific ADJ elm-5389 44 6 population population NOUN elm-5389 44 7 and and CCONJ elm-5389 44 8 type type NOUN elm-5389 44 9 of of ADP elm-5389 44 10 meaning meaning NOUN elm-5389 44 11 . . PUNCT elm-5389 45 1 experiments experiment NOUN elm-5389 45 2 involving involve VERB elm-5389 45 3 humans human NOUN elm-5389 45 4 participants participant NOUN elm-5389 45 5 are be AUX elm-5389 45 6 reported report VERB elm-5389 45 7 in in ADP elm-5389 45 8 section section NOUN elm-5389 45 9 2 2 NUM elm-5389 45 10 , , PUNCT elm-5389 45 11 and and CCONJ elm-5389 45 12 those those PRON elm-5389 45 13 with with ADP elm-5389 45 14 language language NOUN elm-5389 45 15 models model NOUN elm-5389 45 16 in in ADP elm-5389 45 17 section section NOUN elm-5389 45 18 3 3 NUM elm-5389 45 19 . . PUNCT elm-5389 46 1 we we PRON elm-5389 46 2 conclude conclude VERB elm-5389 46 3 and and CCONJ elm-5389 46 4 discuss discuss VERB elm-5389 46 5 future future ADJ elm-5389 46 6 directions direction NOUN elm-5389 46 7 for for ADP elm-5389 46 8 our our PRON elm-5389 46 9 work work NOUN elm-5389 46 10 in in ADP elm-5389 46 11 section section NOUN elm-5389 46 12 4 4 NUM elm-5389 46 13 . . NOUN elm-5389 46 14 2 2 NUM elm-5389 46 15 . . X elm-5389 46 16 experiments experiment NOUN elm-5389 46 17 : : PUNCT elm-5389 46 18 human human ADJ elm-5389 46 19 participants participant NOUN elm-5389 46 20 . . PUNCT elm-5389 47 1 the the DET elm-5389 47 2 experiments experiment NOUN elm-5389 47 3 discussed discuss VERB elm-5389 47 4 in in ADP elm-5389 47 5 this this DET elm-5389 47 6 section section NOUN elm-5389 47 7 aimed aim VERB elm-5389 47 8 at at ADP elm-5389 47 9 providing provide VERB elm-5389 47 10 experimental experimental ADJ elm-5389 47 11 support support NOUN elm-5389 47 12 for for ADP elm-5389 47 13 the the DET elm-5389 47 14 hypothesis hypothesis NOUN elm-5389 47 15 that that SCONJ elm-5389 47 16 natural natural ADJ elm-5389 47 17 language language NOUN elm-5389 47 18 meaning meaning NOUN elm-5389 47 19 involves involve VERB elm-5389 47 20 ( ( PUNCT elm-5389 47 21 at at ADP elm-5389 47 22 least least ADJ elm-5389 47 23 ) ) PUNCT elm-5389 47 24 two two NUM elm-5389 47 25 distinct distinct ADJ elm-5389 47 26 dimensions dimension NOUN elm-5389 47 27 of of ADP elm-5389 47 28 meaning meaning NOUN elm-5389 47 29 : : PUNCT elm-5389 47 30 ( ( PUNCT elm-5389 47 31 i i NOUN elm-5389 47 32 ) ) PUNCT elm-5389 47 33 an an DET elm-5389 47 34 “ " PUNCT elm-5389 47 35 objective objective ADJ elm-5389 47 36 ” " PUNCT elm-5389 47 37 informational informational ADJ elm-5389 47 38 content content NOUN elm-5389 47 39 , , PUNCT elm-5389 47 40 which which PRON elm-5389 47 41 encodes encode NOUN elm-5389 47 42 descriptive descriptive ADJ elm-5389 47 43 and and CCONJ elm-5389 47 44 referential referential ADJ elm-5389 47 45 content content NOUN elm-5389 47 46 , , PUNCT elm-5389 47 47 and and CCONJ elm-5389 47 48 ( ( PUNCT elm-5389 47 49 ii ii NOUN elm-5389 47 50 ) ) PUNCT elm-5389 47 51 a a DET elm-5389 47 52 discourse discourse NOUN elm-5389 47 53 orientation orientation NOUN elm-5389 47 54 ( ( PUNCT elm-5389 47 55 or or CCONJ elm-5389 47 56 argumentative argumentative ADJ elm-5389 47 57 orientation orientation NOUN elm-5389 47 58 ) ) PUNCT elm-5389 47 59 which which PRON elm-5389 47 60 determines determine VERB elm-5389 47 61 how how SCONJ elm-5389 47 62 that that DET elm-5389 47 63 sentence sentence NOUN elm-5389 47 64 can can AUX elm-5389 47 65 be be AUX elm-5389 47 66 integrated integrate VERB elm-5389 47 67 in in ADP elm-5389 47 68 a a DET elm-5389 47 69 larger large ADJ elm-5389 47 70 discourse discourse NOUN elm-5389 47 71 . . PUNCT elm-5389 48 1 in in ADP elm-5389 48 2 a a DET elm-5389 48 3 way way NOUN elm-5389 48 4 , , PUNCT elm-5389 48 5 those those DET elm-5389 48 6 experiments experiment NOUN elm-5389 48 7 are be AUX elm-5389 48 8 mostly mostly ADV elm-5389 48 9 a a DET elm-5389 48 10 form form NOUN elm-5389 48 11 of of ADP elm-5389 48 12 sanity sanity NOUN elm-5389 48 13 check check NOUN elm-5389 48 14 : : PUNCT elm-5389 48 15 there there PRON elm-5389 48 16 is be VERB elm-5389 48 17 already already ADV elm-5389 48 18 a a DET elm-5389 48 19 large large ADJ elm-5389 48 20 body body NOUN elm-5389 48 21 of of ADP elm-5389 48 22 theoretical theoretical ADJ elm-5389 48 23 work work NOUN elm-5389 48 24 which which PRON elm-5389 48 25 argues argue VERB elm-5389 48 26 for for ADP elm-5389 48 27 such such ADJ elm-5389 48 28 distinctions distinction NOUN elm-5389 48 29 , , PUNCT elm-5389 48 30 and and CCONJ elm-5389 48 31 the the DET elm-5389 48 32 differences difference NOUN elm-5389 48 33 seem seem VERB elm-5389 48 34 intuitive intuitive ADJ elm-5389 48 35 enough enough ADV elm-5389 48 36 . . PUNCT elm-5389 49 1 there there PRON elm-5389 49 2 also also ADV elm-5389 49 3 exists exist VERB elm-5389 49 4 previous previous ADJ elm-5389 49 5 work work NOUN elm-5389 49 6 with with ADP elm-5389 49 7 similar similar ADJ elm-5389 49 8 goals goal NOUN elm-5389 49 9 . . PUNCT elm-5389 50 1 in in ADP elm-5389 50 2 particular particular ADJ elm-5389 50 3 amaral amaral NOUN elm-5389 50 4 ( ( PUNCT elm-5389 50 5 2007 2007 NUM elm-5389 50 6 : : PUNCT elm-5389 50 7 chap chap PROPN elm-5389 50 8 . . PUNCT elm-5389 51 1 3 3 X elm-5389 51 2 ) ) PUNCT elm-5389 51 3 discusses discuss VERB elm-5389 51 4 experimental experimental ADJ elm-5389 51 5 work work NOUN elm-5389 51 6 which which PRON elm-5389 51 7 also also ADV elm-5389 51 8 grounds ground VERB elm-5389 51 9 the the DET elm-5389 51 10 difference difference NOUN elm-5389 51 11 between between ADP elm-5389 51 12 the the DET elm-5389 51 13 truth truth NOUN elm-5389 51 14 - - PUNCT elm-5389 51 15 theoretic theoretic ADJ elm-5389 51 16 entailments entailment NOUN elm-5389 51 17 of of ADP elm-5389 51 18 proximal proximal ADJ elm-5389 51 19 adverbs adverb NOUN elm-5389 51 20 like like ADP elm-5389 51 21 almost almost ADV elm-5389 51 22 and and CCONJ elm-5389 51 23 barely barely ADV elm-5389 51 24 ( ( PUNCT elm-5389 51 25 which which PRON elm-5389 51 26 she she PRON elm-5389 51 27 calls call VERB elm-5389 51 28 the the DET elm-5389 51 29 polar polar ADJ elm-5389 51 30 component component NOUN elm-5389 51 31 of of ADP elm-5389 51 32 the the DET elm-5389 51 33 adverbs adverb NOUN elm-5389 51 34 ) ) PUNCT elm-5389 51 35 , , PUNCT elm-5389 51 36 and and CCONJ elm-5389 51 37 the the DET elm-5389 51 38 way way NOUN elm-5389 51 39 those those DET elm-5389 51 40 sentences sentence NOUN elm-5389 51 41 can can AUX elm-5389 51 42 be be AUX elm-5389 51 43 used use VERB elm-5389 51 44 in in ADP elm-5389 51 45 a a DET elm-5389 51 46 discourse discourse NOUN elm-5389 51 47 ( ( PUNCT elm-5389 51 48 which which PRON elm-5389 51 49 she she PRON elm-5389 51 50 refers refer VERB elm-5389 51 51 to to ADP elm-5389 51 52 as as ADP elm-5389 51 53 the the DET elm-5389 51 54 proximal proximal ADJ elm-5389 51 55 part part NOUN elm-5389 51 56 of of ADP elm-5389 51 57 proceedings proceeding NOUN elm-5389 51 58 of of ADP elm-5389 51 59 elm elm NOUN elm-5389 51 60 2 2 NUM elm-5389 51 61 : : PUNCT elm-5389 51 62 299 299 NUM elm-5389 51 63 - - SYM elm-5389 51 64 309 309 NUM elm-5389 51 65 , , PUNCT elm-5389 51 66 2023 2023 NUM elm-5389 51 67 grégoire grégoire NOUN elm-5389 51 68 winterstein winterstein ADJ elm-5389 51 69 , , PUNCT elm-5389 51 70 ghyslain ghyslain NOUN elm-5389 51 71 cantin cantin NOUN elm-5389 51 72 - - PUNCT elm-5389 51 73 savoie savoie PROPN elm-5389 51 74 , , PUNCT elm-5389 51 75 samuel samuel PROPN elm-5389 51 76 laperle laperle PROPN elm-5389 51 77 , , PUNCT elm-5389 51 78 josiane josiane PROPN elm-5389 51 79 van van PROPN elm-5389 51 80 dorpe dorpe PROPN elm-5389 51 81 and and CCONJ elm-5389 51 82 nora nora PROPN elm-5389 51 83 villeneuve villeneuve PROPN elm-5389 51 84 : : PUNCT elm-5389 51 85 informational informational ADJ elm-5389 51 86 content content NOUN elm-5389 51 87 vs. vs. ADP elm-5389 51 88 discourse discourse NOUN elm-5389 51 89 orientation orientation NOUN elm-5389 51 90 . . PUNCT elm-5389 52 1 300 300 NUM elm-5389 52 2 https://doi.org/10.3765/elm https://doi.org/10.3765/elm NOUN elm-5389 52 3 https://www.elm-conference.net/ https://www.elm-conference.net/ ADP elm-5389 52 4 the the DET elm-5389 52 5 meaning meaning NOUN elm-5389 52 6 ) ) PUNCT elm-5389 52 7 . . PUNCT elm-5389 53 1 amaral amaral PROPN elm-5389 53 2 ’s ’s PART elm-5389 53 3 results result NOUN elm-5389 53 4 are be AUX elm-5389 53 5 consistent consistent ADJ elm-5389 53 6 with with ADP elm-5389 53 7 the the DET elm-5389 53 8 ones one NOUN elm-5389 53 9 we we PRON elm-5389 53 10 present present VERB elm-5389 53 11 below below ADV elm-5389 53 12 , , PUNCT elm-5389 53 13 though though SCONJ elm-5389 53 14 there there PRON elm-5389 53 15 are be VERB elm-5389 53 16 differences difference NOUN elm-5389 53 17 in in ADP elm-5389 53 18 the the DET elm-5389 53 19 method method NOUN elm-5389 53 20 used use VERB elm-5389 53 21 , , PUNCT elm-5389 53 22 which which PRON elm-5389 53 23 we we PRON elm-5389 53 24 highlight highlight VERB elm-5389 53 25 whenever whenever SCONJ elm-5389 53 26 relevant relevant ADJ elm-5389 53 27 . . PUNCT elm-5389 54 1 in in ADP elm-5389 54 2 section section NOUN elm-5389 54 3 2.1 2.1 NUM elm-5389 54 4 , , PUNCT elm-5389 54 5 we we PRON elm-5389 54 6 describe describe VERB elm-5389 54 7 the the DET elm-5389 54 8 experiment experiment NOUN elm-5389 54 9 that that PRON elm-5389 54 10 targets target VERB elm-5389 54 11 the the DET elm-5389 54 12 sensitivity sensitivity NOUN elm-5389 54 13 of of ADP elm-5389 54 14 participants participant NOUN elm-5389 54 15 to to ADP elm-5389 54 16 the the DET elm-5389 54 17 informational informational ADJ elm-5389 54 18 content content NOUN elm-5389 54 19 of of ADP elm-5389 54 20 utterances utterance NOUN elm-5389 54 21 , , PUNCT elm-5389 54 22 and and CCONJ elm-5389 54 23 section section NOUN elm-5389 54 24 2.2 2.2 NUM elm-5389 54 25 introduces introduce NOUN elm-5389 54 26 the the DET elm-5389 54 27 experiment experiment NOUN elm-5389 54 28 about about ADP elm-5389 54 29 discourse discourse NOUN elm-5389 54 30 orientation orientation NOUN elm-5389 54 31 . . PUNCT elm-5389 55 1 we we PRON elm-5389 55 2 discuss discuss VERB elm-5389 55 3 the the DET elm-5389 55 4 results result NOUN elm-5389 55 5 of of ADP elm-5389 55 6 both both DET elm-5389 55 7 experiments experiment NOUN elm-5389 55 8 in in ADP elm-5389 55 9 section section NOUN elm-5389 55 10 2.3 2.3 NUM elm-5389 55 11 . . PUNCT elm-5389 55 12 2.1 2.1 NUM elm-5389 55 13 . . PUNCT elm-5389 56 1 human human ADJ elm-5389 56 2 participants participant NOUN elm-5389 56 3 and and CCONJ elm-5389 56 4 informational informational ADJ elm-5389 56 5 content content NOUN elm-5389 56 6 ( ( PUNCT elm-5389 56 7 experiment experiment NOUN elm-5389 56 8 1 1 NUM elm-5389 56 9 ) ) PUNCT elm-5389 56 10 . . PUNCT elm-5389 57 1 the the DET elm-5389 57 2 goal goal NOUN elm-5389 57 3 of of ADP elm-5389 57 4 the the DET elm-5389 57 5 first first ADJ elm-5389 57 6 experiment experiment NOUN elm-5389 57 7 was be AUX elm-5389 57 8 to to PART elm-5389 57 9 determine determine VERB elm-5389 57 10 whether whether SCONJ elm-5389 57 11 participants participant NOUN elm-5389 57 12 were be AUX elm-5389 57 13 sensitive sensitive ADJ elm-5389 57 14 to to ADP elm-5389 57 15 the the DET elm-5389 57 16 purported purport VERB elm-5389 57 17 logical logical ADJ elm-5389 57 18 entailments entailment NOUN elm-5389 57 19 of of ADP elm-5389 57 20 the the DET elm-5389 57 21 french french ADJ elm-5389 57 22 adverbs adverbs NOUN elm-5389 57 23 presque presque NOUN elm-5389 57 24 ( ( PUNCT elm-5389 57 25 ≃ ≃ NOUN elm-5389 57 26 ’ ' PUNCT elm-5389 57 27 almost almost ADV elm-5389 57 28 ’ ' PUNCT elm-5389 57 29 ) ) PUNCT elm-5389 58 1 and and CCONJ elm-5389 58 2 à à PROPN elm-5389 58 3 peine peine X elm-5389 58 4 ( ( PUNCT elm-5389 58 5 ≃ ≃ NOUN elm-5389 58 6 ’ ' PUNCT elm-5389 58 7 barely barely ADV elm-5389 58 8 ’ ' PUNCT elm-5389 58 9 ) ) PUNCT elm-5389 58 10 . . PUNCT elm-5389 59 1 both both DET elm-5389 59 2 adverbs adverb NOUN elm-5389 59 3 modify modify VERB elm-5389 59 4 gradable gradable ADJ elm-5389 59 5 , , PUNCT elm-5389 59 6 therefore therefore ADV elm-5389 59 7 scalar scalar ADJ elm-5389 59 8 , , PUNCT elm-5389 59 9 predicates predicate NOUN elm-5389 59 10 , , PUNCT elm-5389 59 11 and and CCONJ elm-5389 59 12 so so ADV elm-5389 59 13 the the DET elm-5389 59 14 entailments entailment NOUN elm-5389 59 15 at at ADP elm-5389 59 16 hand hand NOUN elm-5389 59 17 are be AUX elm-5389 59 18 as as SCONJ elm-5389 59 19 follows follow VERB elm-5389 59 20 : : PUNCT elm-5389 59 21 • • NUM elm-5389 59 22 an an DET elm-5389 59 23 expression expression NOUN elm-5389 59 24 of of ADP elm-5389 59 25 the the DET elm-5389 59 26 form form NOUN elm-5389 59 27 presque presque NOUN elm-5389 59 28 x x PUNCT elm-5389 59 29 should should AUX elm-5389 59 30 indicate indicate VERB elm-5389 59 31 a a DET elm-5389 59 32 degree degree NOUN elm-5389 59 33 of of ADP elm-5389 59 34 the the DET elm-5389 59 35 relevant relevant ADJ elm-5389 59 36 scale scale NOUN elm-5389 59 37 that that PRON elm-5389 59 38 is be AUX elm-5389 59 39 lower low ADJ elm-5389 59 40 than than ADP elm-5389 59 41 the the DET elm-5389 59 42 use use NOUN elm-5389 59 43 of of ADP elm-5389 59 44 x x PUNCT elm-5389 59 45 alone alone ADJ elm-5389 59 46 • • VERB elm-5389 59 47 an an DET elm-5389 59 48 expression expression NOUN elm-5389 59 49 of of ADP elm-5389 59 50 the the DET elm-5389 59 51 form form NOUN elm-5389 59 52 barely barely ADV elm-5389 59 53 x x PUNCT elm-5389 59 54 should should AUX elm-5389 59 55 indicate indicate VERB elm-5389 59 56 a a DET elm-5389 59 57 degree degree NOUN elm-5389 59 58 of of ADP elm-5389 59 59 the the DET elm-5389 59 60 relevant relevant ADJ elm-5389 59 61 scale scale NOUN elm-5389 59 62 that that PRON elm-5389 59 63 is be AUX elm-5389 59 64 higher high ADJ elm-5389 59 65 than than ADP elm-5389 59 66 the the DET elm-5389 59 67 use use NOUN elm-5389 59 68 almost almost ADV elm-5389 59 69 x x ADP elm-5389 59 70 , , PUNCT elm-5389 59 71 and and CCONJ elm-5389 59 72 equal equal ADJ elm-5389 59 73 or or CCONJ elm-5389 59 74 greater great ADJ elm-5389 59 75 than than ADP elm-5389 59 76 the the DET elm-5389 59 77 minimal minimal ADJ elm-5389 59 78 degree degree NOUN elm-5389 59 79 at at ADP elm-5389 59 80 which which PRON elm-5389 59 81 x x PUNCT elm-5389 59 82 is be AUX elm-5389 59 83 taken take VERB elm-5389 59 84 to to PART elm-5389 59 85 be be AUX elm-5389 59 86 true true ADJ elm-5389 59 87 2.1.1 2.1.1 NUM elm-5389 59 88 . . PUNCT elm-5389 59 89 method method NOUN elm-5389 59 90 . . PUNCT elm-5389 60 1 the the DET elm-5389 60 2 experiment experiment NOUN elm-5389 60 3 was be AUX elm-5389 60 4 administered administer VERB elm-5389 60 5 via via ADP elm-5389 60 6 an an DET elm-5389 60 7 online online ADJ elm-5389 60 8 questionnaire questionnaire NOUN elm-5389 60 9 , , PUNCT elm-5389 60 10 hosted host VERB elm-5389 60 11 on on ADP elm-5389 60 12 the the DET elm-5389 60 13 pcibexfarm pcibexfarm NOUN elm-5389 60 14 platform platform NOUN elm-5389 60 15 ( ( PUNCT elm-5389 60 16 zehr zehr NOUN elm-5389 60 17 & & CCONJ elm-5389 60 18 schwarz schwarz PROPN elm-5389 60 19 2018 2018 NUM elm-5389 60 20 ) ) PUNCT elm-5389 60 21 . . PUNCT elm-5389 61 1 43 43 NUM elm-5389 61 2 participants participant NOUN elm-5389 61 3 were be AUX elm-5389 61 4 presented present VERB elm-5389 61 5 with with ADP elm-5389 61 6 a a DET elm-5389 61 7 sentence sentence NOUN elm-5389 61 8 in in ADP elm-5389 61 9 bold bold ADJ elm-5389 61 10 face face NOUN elm-5389 61 11 and and CCONJ elm-5389 61 12 asked ask VERB elm-5389 61 13 to to PART elm-5389 61 14 place place VERB elm-5389 61 15 the the DET elm-5389 61 16 eventuality eventuality NOUN elm-5389 61 17 described describe VERB elm-5389 61 18 by by ADP elm-5389 61 19 the the DET elm-5389 61 20 sentence sentence NOUN elm-5389 61 21 along along ADP elm-5389 61 22 a a DET elm-5389 61 23 scale scale NOUN elm-5389 61 24 with with ADP elm-5389 61 25 the the DET elm-5389 61 26 use use NOUN elm-5389 61 27 of of ADP elm-5389 61 28 a a DET elm-5389 61 29 slider slider NOUN elm-5389 61 30 . . PUNCT elm-5389 62 1 the the DET elm-5389 62 2 scale scale NOUN elm-5389 62 3 was be AUX elm-5389 62 4 presented present VERB elm-5389 62 5 below below ADP elm-5389 62 6 the the DET elm-5389 62 7 sentence sentence NOUN elm-5389 62 8 , , PUNCT elm-5389 62 9 and and CCONJ elm-5389 62 10 both both DET elm-5389 62 11 extrema extrema NOUN elm-5389 62 12 of of ADP elm-5389 62 13 the the DET elm-5389 62 14 scale scale NOUN elm-5389 62 15 were be AUX elm-5389 62 16 spelt spell VERB elm-5389 62 17 out out ADP elm-5389 62 18 . . PUNCT elm-5389 63 1 the the DET elm-5389 63 2 scales scale NOUN elm-5389 63 3 were be AUX elm-5389 63 4 specific specific ADJ elm-5389 63 5 to to ADP elm-5389 63 6 each each DET elm-5389 63 7 item item NOUN elm-5389 63 8 , , PUNCT elm-5389 63 9 and and CCONJ elm-5389 63 10 designed design VERB elm-5389 63 11 so so SCONJ elm-5389 63 12 that that SCONJ elm-5389 63 13 the the DET elm-5389 63 14 middle middle NOUN elm-5389 63 15 of of ADP elm-5389 63 16 the the DET elm-5389 63 17 scale scale NOUN elm-5389 63 18 corresponds correspond VERB elm-5389 63 19 to to ADP elm-5389 63 20 the the DET elm-5389 63 21 minimal minimal ADJ elm-5389 63 22 degree degree NOUN elm-5389 63 23 such such ADJ elm-5389 63 24 that that SCONJ elm-5389 63 25 the the DET elm-5389 63 26 predicate predicate NOUN elm-5389 63 27 used use VERB elm-5389 63 28 in in ADP elm-5389 63 29 the the DET elm-5389 63 30 target target NOUN elm-5389 63 31 sentence sentence NOUN elm-5389 63 32 would would AUX elm-5389 63 33 be be AUX elm-5389 63 34 true true ADJ elm-5389 63 35 . . PUNCT elm-5389 64 1 figure figure NOUN elm-5389 64 2 1 1 NUM elm-5389 64 3 illustrates illustrate VERB elm-5389 64 4 an an DET elm-5389 64 5 item item NOUN elm-5389 64 6 . . PUNCT elm-5389 65 1 figure figure NOUN elm-5389 65 2 1 1 NUM elm-5389 65 3 : : PUNCT elm-5389 65 4 item item NOUN elm-5389 65 5 example example NOUN elm-5389 65 6 from from ADP elm-5389 65 7 slider slider NOUN elm-5389 65 8 experiment experiment NOUN elm-5389 65 9 ( ( PUNCT elm-5389 65 10 translations translation NOUN elm-5389 65 11 : : PUNCT elm-5389 65 12 top top ADJ elm-5389 65 13 sentence sentence NOUN elm-5389 65 14 ( ( PUNCT elm-5389 65 15 in in ADP elm-5389 65 16 bold bold ADJ elm-5389 65 17 ): ): PUNCT elm-5389 65 18 alex alex PROPN elm-5389 65 19 almost almost ADV elm-5389 65 20 finished finish VERB elm-5389 65 21 their their PRON elm-5389 65 22 beer beer NOUN elm-5389 65 23 . . PUNCT elm-5389 66 1 ; ; PUNCT elm-5389 66 2 instructions instruction NOUN elm-5389 66 3 : : PUNCT elm-5389 66 4 locate locate VERB elm-5389 66 5 the the DET elm-5389 66 6 situation situation NOUN elm-5389 66 7 described describe VERB elm-5389 66 8 by by ADP elm-5389 66 9 the the DET elm-5389 66 10 sentence sentence NOUN elm-5389 66 11 above above ADV elm-5389 66 12 on on ADP elm-5389 66 13 the the DET elm-5389 66 14 scale scale NOUN elm-5389 66 15 below below ADV elm-5389 66 16 ; ; PUNCT elm-5389 66 17 left leave VERB elm-5389 66 18 end end NOUN elm-5389 66 19 of of ADP elm-5389 66 20 the the DET elm-5389 66 21 slider slider NOUN elm-5389 66 22 : : PUNCT elm-5389 66 23 alex alex PROPN elm-5389 66 24 is be AUX elm-5389 66 25 30 30 NUM elm-5389 66 26 minutes minute NOUN elm-5389 66 27 away away ADV elm-5389 66 28 from from ADP elm-5389 66 29 finishing finish VERB elm-5389 66 30 their their PRON elm-5389 66 31 glass glass NOUN elm-5389 66 32 . . PUNCT elm-5389 67 1 ; ; PUNCT elm-5389 67 2 right right ADJ elm-5389 67 3 end end NOUN elm-5389 67 4 of of ADP elm-5389 67 5 the the DET elm-5389 67 6 slider slider NOUN elm-5389 67 7 : : PUNCT elm-5389 67 8 alex alex PROPN elm-5389 67 9 finished finish VERB elm-5389 67 10 their their PRON elm-5389 67 11 glass glass NOUN elm-5389 67 12 30 30 NUM elm-5389 67 13 minutes minute NOUN elm-5389 67 14 ago ago ADV elm-5389 67 15 . . PUNCT elm-5389 68 1 on on ADP elm-5389 68 2 figure figure NOUN elm-5389 68 3 1 1 NUM elm-5389 68 4 the the DET elm-5389 68 5 item item NOUN elm-5389 68 6 to to PART elm-5389 68 7 be be AUX elm-5389 68 8 judged judge VERB elm-5389 68 9 is be AUX elm-5389 68 10 alex alex PROPN elm-5389 68 11 finished finish VERB elm-5389 68 12 their their PRON elm-5389 68 13 beer beer NOUN elm-5389 68 14 . . PUNCT elm-5389 69 1 for for ADP elm-5389 69 2 that that DET elm-5389 69 3 sentence sentence NOUN elm-5389 69 4 , , PUNCT elm-5389 69 5 the the DET elm-5389 69 6 scale scale NOUN elm-5389 69 7 is be AUX elm-5389 69 8 a a DET elm-5389 69 9 temporal temporal ADJ elm-5389 69 10 one one NOUN elm-5389 69 11 , , PUNCT elm-5389 69 12 where where SCONJ elm-5389 69 13 the the DET elm-5389 69 14 extrema extrema NOUN elm-5389 69 15 are be AUX elm-5389 69 16 equally equally ADV elm-5389 69 17 distant distant ADJ elm-5389 69 18 from from ADP elm-5389 69 19 the the DET elm-5389 69 20 exact exact ADJ elm-5389 69 21 moment moment NOUN elm-5389 69 22 alex alex PROPN elm-5389 69 23 empties empty VERB elm-5389 69 24 their their PRON elm-5389 69 25 glass glass NOUN elm-5389 69 26 : : PUNCT elm-5389 69 27 any any DET elm-5389 69 28 place place NOUN elm-5389 69 29 on on ADP elm-5389 69 30 the the DET elm-5389 69 31 right right ADJ elm-5389 69 32 hand hand NOUN elm-5389 69 33 part part NOUN elm-5389 69 34 of of ADP elm-5389 69 35 the the DET elm-5389 69 36 scale scale NOUN elm-5389 69 37 thus thus ADV elm-5389 69 38 corresponds correspond VERB elm-5389 69 39 to to ADP elm-5389 69 40 an an DET elm-5389 69 41 instant instant NOUN elm-5389 69 42 when when SCONJ elm-5389 69 43 alex alex PROPN elm-5389 69 44 has have AUX elm-5389 69 45 finished finish VERB elm-5389 69 46 their their PRON elm-5389 69 47 beer beer NOUN elm-5389 69 48 . . PUNCT elm-5389 70 1 the the DET elm-5389 70 2 experiment experiment NOUN elm-5389 70 3 used use VERB elm-5389 70 4 18 18 NUM elm-5389 70 5 target target NOUN elm-5389 70 6 items item NOUN elm-5389 70 7 and and CCONJ elm-5389 70 8 18 18 NUM elm-5389 70 9 filler filler NOUN elm-5389 70 10 items item NOUN elm-5389 70 11 . . PUNCT elm-5389 71 1 we we PRON elm-5389 71 2 considered consider VERB elm-5389 71 3 three three NUM elm-5389 71 4 conditions condition NOUN elm-5389 71 5 across across ADP elm-5389 71 6 proceedings proceeding NOUN elm-5389 71 7 of of ADP elm-5389 71 8 elm elm NOUN elm-5389 71 9 2 2 NUM elm-5389 71 10 : : PUNCT elm-5389 71 11 299 299 NUM elm-5389 71 12 - - SYM elm-5389 71 13 309 309 NUM elm-5389 71 14 , , PUNCT elm-5389 71 15 2023 2023 NUM elm-5389 71 16 grégoire grégoire NOUN elm-5389 71 17 winterstein winterstein ADJ elm-5389 71 18 , , PUNCT elm-5389 71 19 ghyslain ghyslain NOUN elm-5389 71 20 cantin cantin NOUN elm-5389 71 21 - - PUNCT elm-5389 71 22 savoie savoie PROPN elm-5389 71 23 , , PUNCT elm-5389 71 24 samuel samuel PROPN elm-5389 71 25 laperle laperle PROPN elm-5389 71 26 , , PUNCT elm-5389 71 27 josiane josiane PROPN elm-5389 71 28 van van PROPN elm-5389 71 29 dorpe dorpe PROPN elm-5389 71 30 and and CCONJ elm-5389 71 31 nora nora PROPN elm-5389 71 32 villeneuve villeneuve PROPN elm-5389 71 33 : : PUNCT elm-5389 71 34 informational informational ADJ elm-5389 71 35 content content NOUN elm-5389 71 36 vs. vs. ADP elm-5389 71 37 discourse discourse NOUN elm-5389 71 38 orientation orientation NOUN elm-5389 71 39 . . PUNCT elm-5389 72 1 301 301 NUM elm-5389 72 2 https://doi.org/10.3765/elm https://doi.org/10.3765/elm ADJ elm-5389 72 3 https://www.elm-conference.net/ https://www.elm-conference.net/ CCONJ elm-5389 72 4 target target NOUN elm-5389 72 5 items item NOUN elm-5389 72 6 : : PUNCT elm-5389 72 7 • • NUM elm-5389 72 8 ∅ ∅ NOUN elm-5389 72 9 : : PUNCT elm-5389 72 10 the the DET elm-5389 72 11 target target NOUN elm-5389 72 12 sentence sentence NOUN elm-5389 72 13 with with ADP elm-5389 72 14 an an DET elm-5389 72 15 unmodified unmodified ADJ elm-5389 72 16 predicate predicate NOUN elm-5389 72 17 ( ( PUNCT elm-5389 72 18 as as ADP elm-5389 72 19 in in ADP elm-5389 72 20 figure figure NOUN elm-5389 72 21 1 1 NUM elm-5389 72 22 ) ) PUNCT elm-5389 72 23 • • NOUN elm-5389 72 24 presque presque NOUN elm-5389 72 25 : : PUNCT elm-5389 72 26 the the DET elm-5389 72 27 target target NOUN elm-5389 72 28 sentence sentence NOUN elm-5389 72 29 with with ADP elm-5389 72 30 the the DET elm-5389 72 31 predicate predicate NOUN elm-5389 72 32 modified modify VERB elm-5389 72 33 by by ADP elm-5389 72 34 presque presque ADJ elm-5389 72 35 • • NOUN elm-5389 72 36 apeine apeine NOUN elm-5389 72 37 : : PUNCT elm-5389 72 38 the the DET elm-5389 72 39 target target NOUN elm-5389 72 40 sentence sentence NOUN elm-5389 72 41 with with ADP elm-5389 72 42 the the DET elm-5389 72 43 predicate predicate NOUN elm-5389 72 44 modified modify VERB elm-5389 72 45 by by ADP elm-5389 72 46 à à PROPN elm-5389 72 47 peine peine NOUN elm-5389 72 48 the the DET elm-5389 72 49 presentation presentation NOUN elm-5389 72 50 of of ADP elm-5389 72 51 items item NOUN elm-5389 72 52 was be AUX elm-5389 72 53 pseudo pseudo NOUN elm-5389 72 54 - - VERB elm-5389 72 55 randomized randomized ADJ elm-5389 72 56 using use VERB elm-5389 72 57 a a DET elm-5389 72 58 latin latin ADJ elm-5389 72 59 - - PUNCT elm-5389 72 60 square square NOUN elm-5389 72 61 design design NOUN elm-5389 72 62 , , PUNCT elm-5389 72 63 so so SCONJ elm-5389 72 64 that that SCONJ elm-5389 72 65 every every DET elm-5389 72 66 participant participant NOUN elm-5389 72 67 saw see VERB elm-5389 72 68 each each DET elm-5389 72 69 condition condition NOUN elm-5389 72 70 6 6 NUM elm-5389 72 71 times time NOUN elm-5389 72 72 , , PUNCT elm-5389 72 73 with with ADP elm-5389 72 74 differing differ VERB elm-5389 72 75 orders order NOUN elm-5389 72 76 and and CCONJ elm-5389 72 77 condition condition NOUN elm-5389 72 78 instantiations instantiation NOUN elm-5389 72 79 across across ADP elm-5389 72 80 participants participant NOUN elm-5389 72 81 . . PUNCT elm-5389 73 1 participants participant NOUN elm-5389 73 2 were be AUX elm-5389 73 3 recruited recruit VERB elm-5389 73 4 via via ADP elm-5389 73 5 snowball snowball ADJ elm-5389 73 6 sampling sampling NOUN elm-5389 73 7 , , PUNCT elm-5389 73 8 and and CCONJ elm-5389 73 9 each each PRON elm-5389 73 10 received receive VERB elm-5389 73 11 a a DET elm-5389 73 12 link link NOUN elm-5389 73 13 that that PRON elm-5389 73 14 led lead VERB elm-5389 73 15 them they PRON elm-5389 73 16 to to ADP elm-5389 73 17 one one NUM elm-5389 73 18 of of ADP elm-5389 73 19 two two NUM elm-5389 73 20 online online ADJ elm-5389 73 21 questionnaires questionnaire NOUN elm-5389 73 22 : : PUNCT elm-5389 73 23 either either CCONJ elm-5389 73 24 the the DET elm-5389 73 25 one one NOUN elm-5389 73 26 for for ADP elm-5389 73 27 this this DET elm-5389 73 28 experiment experiment NOUN elm-5389 73 29 , , PUNCT elm-5389 73 30 or or CCONJ elm-5389 73 31 the the DET elm-5389 73 32 one one NOUN elm-5389 73 33 for for ADP elm-5389 73 34 experiment experiment NOUN elm-5389 73 35 2 2 NUM elm-5389 73 36 ( ( PUNCT elm-5389 73 37 described describe VERB elm-5389 73 38 in in ADP elm-5389 73 39 section section NOUN elm-5389 73 40 2.3 2.3 NUM elm-5389 73 41 ) ) PUNCT elm-5389 73 42 . . PUNCT elm-5389 74 1 participants participant NOUN elm-5389 74 2 were be AUX elm-5389 74 3 told tell VERB elm-5389 74 4 they they PRON elm-5389 74 5 could could AUX elm-5389 74 6 only only ADV elm-5389 74 7 answer answer VERB elm-5389 74 8 the the DET elm-5389 74 9 questionnaire questionnaire NOUN elm-5389 74 10 once once ADV elm-5389 74 11 , , PUNCT elm-5389 74 12 so so SCONJ elm-5389 74 13 that that SCONJ elm-5389 74 14 the the DET elm-5389 74 15 sets set NOUN elm-5389 74 16 of of ADP elm-5389 74 17 participants participant NOUN elm-5389 74 18 to to ADP elm-5389 74 19 the the DET elm-5389 74 20 two two NUM elm-5389 74 21 experiments experiment NOUN elm-5389 74 22 are be AUX elm-5389 74 23 disjoint disjoint NOUN elm-5389 74 24 . . PUNCT elm-5389 75 1 2.1.2 2.1.2 X elm-5389 75 2 . . NOUN elm-5389 75 3 results result NOUN elm-5389 75 4 . . PUNCT elm-5389 76 1 the the DET elm-5389 76 2 average average ADJ elm-5389 76 3 z z NOUN elm-5389 76 4 - - PUNCT elm-5389 76 5 scores score NOUN elm-5389 76 6 ( ( PUNCT elm-5389 76 7 per per ADP elm-5389 76 8 participant participant NOUN elm-5389 76 9 ) ) PUNCT elm-5389 76 10 for for ADP elm-5389 76 11 each each DET elm-5389 76 12 condition condition NOUN elm-5389 76 13 in in ADP elm-5389 76 14 experiment experiment NOUN elm-5389 76 15 1 1 NUM elm-5389 76 16 are be AUX elm-5389 76 17 presented present VERB elm-5389 76 18 on on ADP elm-5389 76 19 figure figure NOUN elm-5389 76 20 2 2 NUM elm-5389 76 21 . . PUNCT elm-5389 76 22 figure figure NOUN elm-5389 76 23 2 2 NUM elm-5389 76 24 : : PUNCT elm-5389 76 25 average average ADJ elm-5389 76 26 z z NOUN elm-5389 76 27 - - PUNCT elm-5389 76 28 scores score NOUN elm-5389 76 29 by by ADP elm-5389 76 30 condition condition NOUN elm-5389 76 31 in in ADP elm-5389 76 32 experiment experiment NOUN elm-5389 76 33 1 1 NUM elm-5389 76 34 to to PART elm-5389 76 35 measure measure VERB elm-5389 76 36 the the DET elm-5389 76 37 significance significance NOUN elm-5389 76 38 of of ADP elm-5389 76 39 the the DET elm-5389 76 40 condition condition NOUN elm-5389 76 41 under under ADP elm-5389 76 42 study study NOUN elm-5389 76 43 , , PUNCT elm-5389 76 44 we we PRON elm-5389 76 45 fitted fit VERB elm-5389 76 46 linear linear ADJ elm-5389 76 47 mixed mixed ADJ elm-5389 76 48 effect effect NOUN elm-5389 76 49 models model NOUN elm-5389 76 50 with with ADP elm-5389 76 51 random random ADJ elm-5389 76 52 intercepts intercept NOUN elm-5389 76 53 for for ADP elm-5389 76 54 items item NOUN elm-5389 76 55 and and CCONJ elm-5389 76 56 participants participant NOUN elm-5389 76 57 , , PUNCT elm-5389 76 58 and and CCONJ elm-5389 76 59 assessed assess VERB elm-5389 76 60 the the DET elm-5389 76 61 significance significance NOUN elm-5389 76 62 of of ADP elm-5389 76 63 our our PRON elm-5389 76 64 main main ADJ elm-5389 76 65 factor factor NOUN elm-5389 76 66 via via ADP elm-5389 76 67 model model NOUN elm-5389 76 68 comparison comparison NOUN elm-5389 76 69 using use VERB elm-5389 76 70 likelihood likelihood NOUN elm-5389 76 71 ratio ratio NOUN elm-5389 76 72 tests test NOUN elm-5389 76 73 . . PUNCT elm-5389 77 1 we we PRON elm-5389 77 2 found find VERB elm-5389 77 3 a a DET elm-5389 77 4 significant significant ADJ elm-5389 77 5 effect effect NOUN elm-5389 77 6 ( ( PUNCT elm-5389 77 7 χ2 χ2 NOUN elm-5389 77 8 = = SYM elm-5389 77 9 34.741 34.741 NUM elm-5389 77 10 , , PUNCT elm-5389 77 11 p p X elm-5389 77 12 < < X elm-5389 77 13 0.001 0.001 NUM elm-5389 77 14 ) ) PUNCT elm-5389 77 15 , , PUNCT elm-5389 77 16 with with ADP elm-5389 77 17 the the DET elm-5389 77 18 presque presque ADJ elm-5389 77 19 condition condition NOUN elm-5389 77 20 being be AUX elm-5389 77 21 scored score VERB elm-5389 77 22 significantly significantly ADV elm-5389 77 23 below below ADP elm-5389 77 24 the the DET elm-5389 77 25 other other ADJ elm-5389 77 26 two two NUM elm-5389 77 27 . . PUNCT elm-5389 78 1 the the DET elm-5389 78 2 difference difference NOUN elm-5389 78 3 between between ADP elm-5389 78 4 apeine apeine NOUN elm-5389 78 5 and and CCONJ elm-5389 78 6 ∅ ∅ NOUN elm-5389 78 7 was be AUX elm-5389 78 8 not not PART elm-5389 78 9 significant significant ADJ elm-5389 78 10 . . PUNCT elm-5389 79 1 2.2 2.2 NUM elm-5389 79 2 . . PUNCT elm-5389 80 1 human human ADJ elm-5389 80 2 participants participant NOUN elm-5389 80 3 and and CCONJ elm-5389 80 4 discursive discursive ADJ elm-5389 80 5 orientation orientation NOUN elm-5389 80 6 ( ( PUNCT elm-5389 80 7 experiment experiment NOUN elm-5389 80 8 2 2 NUM elm-5389 80 9 ) ) PUNCT elm-5389 80 10 . . PUNCT elm-5389 81 1 to to PART elm-5389 81 2 get get VERB elm-5389 81 3 an an DET elm-5389 81 4 account account NOUN elm-5389 81 5 of of ADP elm-5389 81 6 the the DET elm-5389 81 7 human human ADJ elm-5389 81 8 ability ability NOUN elm-5389 81 9 to to PART elm-5389 81 10 perceive perceive VERB elm-5389 81 11 the the DET elm-5389 81 12 argumentative argumentative ADJ elm-5389 81 13 or or CCONJ elm-5389 81 14 discourse discourse NOUN elm-5389 81 15 orientation orientation NOUN elm-5389 81 16 of of ADP elm-5389 81 17 utterances utterance NOUN elm-5389 81 18 , , PUNCT elm-5389 81 19 we we PRON elm-5389 81 20 ran run VERB elm-5389 81 21 an an DET elm-5389 81 22 experiment experiment NOUN elm-5389 81 23 in in ADP elm-5389 81 24 which which PRON elm-5389 81 25 we we PRON elm-5389 81 26 asked ask VERB elm-5389 81 27 subjects subject NOUN elm-5389 81 28 to to PART elm-5389 81 29 evaluate evaluate VERB elm-5389 81 30 the the DET elm-5389 81 31 naturality naturality NOUN elm-5389 81 32 of of ADP elm-5389 81 33 a a DET elm-5389 81 34 sentence sentence NOUN elm-5389 81 35 in in ADP elm-5389 81 36 a a DET elm-5389 81 37 given give VERB elm-5389 81 38 context context NOUN elm-5389 81 39 . . PUNCT elm-5389 82 1 regarding regard VERB elm-5389 82 2 our our PRON elm-5389 82 3 previously previously ADV elm-5389 82 4 discussed discuss VERB elm-5389 82 5 hypothesis hypothesis NOUN elm-5389 82 6 , , PUNCT elm-5389 82 7 our our PRON elm-5389 82 8 prediction prediction NOUN elm-5389 82 9 is be AUX elm-5389 82 10 that that SCONJ elm-5389 82 11 the the DET elm-5389 82 12 context context NOUN elm-5389 82 13 in in ADP elm-5389 82 14 which which PRON elm-5389 82 15 proceedings proceeding NOUN elm-5389 82 16 of of ADP elm-5389 82 17 elm elm NOUN elm-5389 82 18 2 2 NUM elm-5389 82 19 : : PUNCT elm-5389 82 20 299 299 NUM elm-5389 82 21 - - SYM elm-5389 82 22 309 309 NUM elm-5389 82 23 , , PUNCT elm-5389 82 24 2023 2023 NUM elm-5389 82 25 grégoire grégoire NOUN elm-5389 82 26 winterstein winterstein ADJ elm-5389 82 27 , , PUNCT elm-5389 82 28 ghyslain ghyslain NOUN elm-5389 82 29 cantin cantin NOUN elm-5389 82 30 - - PUNCT elm-5389 82 31 savoie savoie PROPN elm-5389 82 32 , , PUNCT elm-5389 82 33 samuel samuel PROPN elm-5389 82 34 laperle laperle PROPN elm-5389 82 35 , , PUNCT elm-5389 82 36 josiane josiane PROPN elm-5389 82 37 van van PROPN elm-5389 82 38 dorpe dorpe PROPN elm-5389 82 39 and and CCONJ elm-5389 82 40 nora nora PROPN elm-5389 82 41 villeneuve villeneuve PROPN elm-5389 82 42 : : PUNCT elm-5389 82 43 informational informational ADJ elm-5389 82 44 content content NOUN elm-5389 82 45 vs. vs. ADP elm-5389 82 46 discourse discourse NOUN elm-5389 82 47 orientation orientation NOUN elm-5389 82 48 . . PUNCT elm-5389 83 1 302 302 NUM elm-5389 83 2 https://doi.org/10.3765/elm https://doi.org/10.3765/elm NOUN elm-5389 83 3 https://www.elm-conference.net/ https://www.elm-conference.net/ ADP elm-5389 83 4 the the DET elm-5389 83 5 sentences sentence NOUN elm-5389 83 6 with with ADP elm-5389 83 7 presque presque NOUN elm-5389 83 8 are be AUX elm-5389 83 9 judged judge VERB elm-5389 83 10 to to PART elm-5389 83 11 be be AUX elm-5389 83 12 natural natural ADJ elm-5389 83 13 are be AUX elm-5389 83 14 the the DET elm-5389 83 15 same same ADJ elm-5389 83 16 contexts contexts NOUN elm-5389 83 17 in in ADP elm-5389 83 18 which which PRON elm-5389 83 19 bare bare ADJ elm-5389 83 20 sentences sentence NOUN elm-5389 83 21 are be AUX elm-5389 83 22 judged judge VERB elm-5389 83 23 natural natural ADJ elm-5389 83 24 , , PUNCT elm-5389 83 25 and and CCONJ elm-5389 83 26 that that SCONJ elm-5389 83 27 in in ADP elm-5389 83 28 such such ADJ elm-5389 83 29 contexts context NOUN elm-5389 83 30 the the DET elm-5389 83 31 use use NOUN elm-5389 83 32 of of ADP elm-5389 83 33 à à PROPN elm-5389 83 34 peine peine NOUN elm-5389 83 35 will will AUX elm-5389 83 36 be be AUX elm-5389 83 37 judged judge VERB elm-5389 83 38 odd odd ADJ elm-5389 83 39 . . PUNCT elm-5389 84 1 conversely conversely ADV elm-5389 84 2 , , PUNCT elm-5389 84 3 if if SCONJ elm-5389 84 4 we we PRON elm-5389 84 5 change change VERB elm-5389 84 6 the the DET elm-5389 84 7 context context NOUN elm-5389 84 8 in in ADP elm-5389 84 9 a a DET elm-5389 84 10 way way NOUN elm-5389 84 11 which which PRON elm-5389 84 12 allows allow VERB elm-5389 84 13 à à PROPN elm-5389 84 14 peine peine NOUN elm-5389 84 15 to to PART elm-5389 84 16 be be AUX elm-5389 84 17 natural natural ADJ elm-5389 84 18 , , PUNCT elm-5389 84 19 we we PRON elm-5389 84 20 expect expect VERB elm-5389 84 21 presque presque ADJ elm-5389 84 22 to to PART elm-5389 84 23 sound sound VERB elm-5389 84 24 degraded degraded ADJ elm-5389 84 25 . . PUNCT elm-5389 85 1 2.2.1 2.2.1 NUM elm-5389 85 2 . . PUNCT elm-5389 85 3 method method NOUN elm-5389 85 4 . . PUNCT elm-5389 86 1 as as ADP elm-5389 86 2 for for ADP elm-5389 86 3 experiment experiment NOUN elm-5389 86 4 1 1 NUM elm-5389 86 5 , , PUNCT elm-5389 86 6 experiment experiment NOUN elm-5389 86 7 2 2 NUM elm-5389 86 8 was be AUX elm-5389 86 9 administered administer VERB elm-5389 86 10 via via ADP elm-5389 86 11 an an DET elm-5389 86 12 online online ADJ elm-5389 86 13 questionnaire questionnaire NOUN elm-5389 86 14 , , PUNCT elm-5389 86 15 hosted host VERB elm-5389 86 16 on on ADP elm-5389 86 17 the the DET elm-5389 86 18 pcibexfarm pcibexfarm NOUN elm-5389 86 19 platform platform NOUN elm-5389 86 20 ( ( PUNCT elm-5389 86 21 zehr zehr NOUN elm-5389 86 22 & & CCONJ elm-5389 86 23 schwarz schwarz PROPN elm-5389 86 24 2018 2018 NUM elm-5389 86 25 ) ) PUNCT elm-5389 86 26 . . PUNCT elm-5389 87 1 30 30 NUM elm-5389 87 2 participants participant NOUN elm-5389 87 3 were be AUX elm-5389 87 4 presented present VERB elm-5389 87 5 with with ADP elm-5389 87 6 a a DET elm-5389 87 7 short short ADJ elm-5389 87 8 context context NOUN elm-5389 87 9 , , PUNCT elm-5389 87 10 followed follow VERB elm-5389 87 11 by by ADP elm-5389 87 12 a a DET elm-5389 87 13 line line NOUN elm-5389 87 14 break break NOUN elm-5389 87 15 and and CCONJ elm-5389 87 16 the the DET elm-5389 87 17 target target NOUN elm-5389 87 18 sentence sentence NOUN elm-5389 87 19 . . PUNCT elm-5389 88 1 participants participant NOUN elm-5389 88 2 were be AUX elm-5389 88 3 asked ask VERB elm-5389 88 4 to to PART elm-5389 88 5 rate rate VERB elm-5389 88 6 the the DET elm-5389 88 7 naturalness naturalness NOUN elm-5389 88 8 of of ADP elm-5389 88 9 the the DET elm-5389 88 10 sentence sentence NOUN elm-5389 88 11 in in ADP elm-5389 88 12 the the DET elm-5389 88 13 given give VERB elm-5389 88 14 context context NOUN elm-5389 88 15 , , PUNCT elm-5389 88 16 using use VERB elm-5389 88 17 a a DET elm-5389 88 18 7 7 NUM elm-5389 88 19 point point NOUN elm-5389 88 20 likert likert ADJ elm-5389 88 21 scale scale NOUN elm-5389 88 22 . . PUNCT elm-5389 89 1 in in ADP elm-5389 89 2 ( ( PUNCT elm-5389 89 3 2 2 X elm-5389 89 4 ) ) PUNCT elm-5389 89 5 we we PRON elm-5389 89 6 present present VERB elm-5389 89 7 a a DET elm-5389 89 8 ( ( PUNCT elm-5389 89 9 translated translated ADJ elm-5389 89 10 ) ) PUNCT elm-5389 89 11 example example NOUN elm-5389 89 12 of of ADP elm-5389 89 13 target target NOUN elm-5389 89 14 item item NOUN elm-5389 89 15 . . PUNCT elm-5389 90 1 ( ( PUNCT elm-5389 90 2 2 2 X elm-5389 90 3 ) ) PUNCT elm-5389 90 4 context context NOUN elm-5389 90 5 : : PUNCT elm-5389 91 1 alex alex PROPN elm-5389 91 2 and and CCONJ elm-5389 91 3 jackie jackie PROPN elm-5389 91 4 are be AUX elm-5389 91 5 enjoying enjoy VERB elm-5389 91 6 a a DET elm-5389 91 7 beer beer NOUN elm-5389 91 8 on on ADP elm-5389 91 9 a a DET elm-5389 91 10 terrace terrace NOUN elm-5389 91 11 of of ADP elm-5389 91 12 a a DET elm-5389 91 13 bar bar NOUN elm-5389 91 14 . . PUNCT elm-5389 92 1 the the DET elm-5389 92 2 waiter waiter NOUN elm-5389 92 3 comes come VERB elm-5389 92 4 near near ADP elm-5389 92 5 them they PRON elm-5389 92 6 and and CCONJ elm-5389 92 7 asks ask VERB elm-5389 92 8 : : PUNCT elm-5389 92 9 ” " PUNCT elm-5389 92 10 can can AUX elm-5389 92 11 i i PRON elm-5389 92 12 bring bring VERB elm-5389 92 13 you you PRON elm-5389 92 14 another another DET elm-5389 92 15 beer beer NOUN elm-5389 92 16 ? ? PUNCT elm-5389 92 17 ” " PUNCT elm-5389 92 18 . . PUNCT elm-5389 93 1 alex alex PROPN elm-5389 93 2 answers answer NOUN elm-5389 93 3 : : PUNCT elm-5389 93 4 target target VERB elm-5389 93 5 : : PUNCT elm-5389 93 6 < < X elm-5389 93 7 yes yes X elm-5389 93 8 / / SYM elm-5389 93 9 no no NOUN elm-5389 93 10 > > NOUN elm-5389 93 11 , , PUNCT elm-5389 93 12 i i PRON elm-5389 93 13 ’m ’m VERB elm-5389 93 14 < < X elm-5389 93 15 almost almost ADV elm-5389 93 16 / / SYM elm-5389 93 17 barely/∅ barely/∅ NOUN elm-5389 93 18 > > X elm-5389 93 19 done do VERB elm-5389 93 20 with with ADP elm-5389 93 21 mine mine PRON elm-5389 93 22 . . PUNCT elm-5389 94 1 as as SCONJ elm-5389 94 2 can can AUX elm-5389 94 3 be be AUX elm-5389 94 4 seen see VERB elm-5389 94 5 in in ADP elm-5389 94 6 ( ( PUNCT elm-5389 94 7 2 2 NUM elm-5389 94 8 ) ) PUNCT elm-5389 94 9 , , PUNCT elm-5389 94 10 we we PRON elm-5389 94 11 manipulated manipulate VERB elm-5389 94 12 two two NUM elm-5389 94 13 different different ADJ elm-5389 94 14 factors factor NOUN elm-5389 94 15 . . PUNCT elm-5389 95 1 the the DET elm-5389 95 2 first first ADJ elm-5389 95 3 was be AUX elm-5389 95 4 the the DET elm-5389 95 5 conclusion conclusion NOUN elm-5389 95 6 targeted target VERB elm-5389 95 7 by by ADP elm-5389 95 8 the the DET elm-5389 95 9 speaker speaker NOUN elm-5389 95 10 of of ADP elm-5389 95 11 the the DET elm-5389 95 12 target target NOUN elm-5389 95 13 sentence sentence NOUN elm-5389 95 14 . . PUNCT elm-5389 96 1 in in ADP elm-5389 96 2 ( ( PUNCT elm-5389 96 3 2 2 NUM elm-5389 96 4 ) ) PUNCT elm-5389 96 5 , , PUNCT elm-5389 96 6 the the DET elm-5389 96 7 two two NUM elm-5389 96 8 possibilities possibility NOUN elm-5389 96 9 were be AUX elm-5389 96 10 yes yes INTJ elm-5389 96 11 ( ( PUNCT elm-5389 96 12 pos pos NOUN elm-5389 96 13 conclusion conclusion NOUN elm-5389 96 14 ) ) PUNCT elm-5389 96 15 and and CCONJ elm-5389 96 16 no no INTJ elm-5389 96 17 ( ( PUNCT elm-5389 96 18 neg neg VERB elm-5389 96 19 conclusion conclusion NOUN elm-5389 96 20 ) ) PUNCT elm-5389 96 21 . . PUNCT elm-5389 97 1 the the DET elm-5389 97 2 other other ADJ elm-5389 97 3 factor factor NOUN elm-5389 97 4 was be AUX elm-5389 97 5 similar similar ADJ elm-5389 97 6 to to ADP elm-5389 97 7 the the DET elm-5389 97 8 one one NOUN elm-5389 97 9 in in ADP elm-5389 97 10 experiment experiment NOUN elm-5389 97 11 1 1 NUM elm-5389 97 12 , , PUNCT elm-5389 97 13 i.e. i.e. X elm-5389 97 14 the the DET elm-5389 97 15 modification modification NOUN elm-5389 97 16 of of ADP elm-5389 97 17 the the DET elm-5389 97 18 predicate predicate NOUN elm-5389 97 19 in in ADP elm-5389 97 20 the the DET elm-5389 97 21 target target NOUN elm-5389 97 22 sentence sentence NOUN elm-5389 97 23 ( ( PUNCT elm-5389 97 24 with with ADP elm-5389 97 25 three three NUM elm-5389 97 26 levels level NOUN elm-5389 97 27 ∅ ∅ NOUN elm-5389 97 28 , , PUNCT elm-5389 97 29 presque presque ADJ elm-5389 97 30 and and CCONJ elm-5389 97 31 apeine apeine NOUN elm-5389 97 32 ) ) PUNCT elm-5389 97 33 . . PUNCT elm-5389 98 1 this this PRON elm-5389 98 2 created create VERB elm-5389 98 3 6 6 NUM elm-5389 98 4 different different ADJ elm-5389 98 5 conditions condition NOUN elm-5389 98 6 in in ADP elm-5389 98 7 total total NOUN elm-5389 98 8 . . PUNCT elm-5389 99 1 the the DET elm-5389 99 2 experiment experiment NOUN elm-5389 99 3 included include VERB elm-5389 99 4 18 18 NUM elm-5389 99 5 target target NOUN elm-5389 99 6 items item NOUN elm-5389 99 7 and and CCONJ elm-5389 99 8 36 36 NUM elm-5389 99 9 distractors distractor NOUN elm-5389 99 10 . . PUNCT elm-5389 100 1 the the DET elm-5389 100 2 presentation presentation NOUN elm-5389 100 3 of of ADP elm-5389 100 4 items item NOUN elm-5389 100 5 was be AUX elm-5389 100 6 pseudo pseudo NOUN elm-5389 100 7 - - VERB elm-5389 100 8 randomized randomized ADJ elm-5389 100 9 using use VERB elm-5389 100 10 a a DET elm-5389 100 11 latin latin ADJ elm-5389 100 12 - - PUNCT elm-5389 100 13 square square NOUN elm-5389 100 14 design design NOUN elm-5389 100 15 , , PUNCT elm-5389 100 16 so so SCONJ elm-5389 100 17 that that SCONJ elm-5389 100 18 every every DET elm-5389 100 19 participant participant NOUN elm-5389 100 20 saw see VERB elm-5389 100 21 each each DET elm-5389 100 22 condition condition NOUN elm-5389 100 23 3 3 NUM elm-5389 100 24 times time NOUN elm-5389 100 25 , , PUNCT elm-5389 100 26 with with ADP elm-5389 100 27 differing differ VERB elm-5389 100 28 orders order NOUN elm-5389 100 29 and and CCONJ elm-5389 100 30 condition condition NOUN elm-5389 100 31 instantiations instantiation NOUN elm-5389 100 32 across across ADP elm-5389 100 33 participants participant NOUN elm-5389 100 34 . . PUNCT elm-5389 101 1 participants participant NOUN elm-5389 101 2 were be AUX elm-5389 101 3 recruited recruit VERB elm-5389 101 4 in in ADP elm-5389 101 5 the the DET elm-5389 101 6 same same ADJ elm-5389 101 7 manner manner NOUN elm-5389 101 8 and and CCONJ elm-5389 101 9 at at ADP elm-5389 101 10 the the DET elm-5389 101 11 same same ADJ elm-5389 101 12 time time NOUN elm-5389 101 13 as as ADP elm-5389 101 14 for for ADP elm-5389 101 15 experiment experiment NOUN elm-5389 101 16 1 1 NUM elm-5389 101 17 ( ( PUNCT elm-5389 101 18 see see VERB elm-5389 101 19 section section NOUN elm-5389 101 20 2.1.1 2.1.1 NUM elm-5389 101 21 above above ADP elm-5389 101 22 ) ) PUNCT elm-5389 101 23 . . PUNCT elm-5389 102 1 2.2.2 2.2.2 X elm-5389 102 2 . . X elm-5389 102 3 results result NOUN elm-5389 102 4 . . PUNCT elm-5389 103 1 the the DET elm-5389 103 2 results result NOUN elm-5389 103 3 of of ADP elm-5389 103 4 experiment experiment NOUN elm-5389 103 5 2 2 NUM elm-5389 103 6 are be AUX elm-5389 103 7 summarized summarize VERB elm-5389 103 8 in in ADP elm-5389 103 9 figure figure NOUN elm-5389 103 10 3 3 NUM elm-5389 103 11 . . PUNCT elm-5389 103 12 model model NOUN elm-5389 103 13 comparison comparison NOUN elm-5389 103 14 between between ADP elm-5389 103 15 ordinal ordinal ADJ elm-5389 103 16 mixed mixed ADJ elm-5389 103 17 models model NOUN elm-5389 103 18 with with ADP elm-5389 103 19 random random ADJ elm-5389 103 20 intercept intercept NOUN elm-5389 103 21 and and CCONJ elm-5389 103 22 slopes slope NOUN elm-5389 103 23 for for ADP elm-5389 103 24 items item NOUN elm-5389 103 25 and and CCONJ elm-5389 103 26 participants participant NOUN elm-5389 103 27 shows show VERB elm-5389 103 28 a a DET elm-5389 103 29 significant significant ADJ elm-5389 103 30 effect effect NOUN elm-5389 103 31 of of ADP elm-5389 103 32 each each PRON elm-5389 103 33 of of ADP elm-5389 103 34 the the DET elm-5389 103 35 factor factor NOUN elm-5389 103 36 under under ADP elm-5389 103 37 study study NOUN elm-5389 103 38 , , PUNCT elm-5389 103 39 i.e. i.e. X elm-5389 103 40 of of ADP elm-5389 103 41 the the DET elm-5389 103 42 modification modification NOUN elm-5389 103 43 of of ADP elm-5389 103 44 the the DET elm-5389 103 45 predicate predicate NOUN elm-5389 103 46 ( ( PUNCT elm-5389 103 47 ∅/presque ∅/presque NOUN elm-5389 103 48 / / SYM elm-5389 103 49 apeine apeine NOUN elm-5389 103 50 , , PUNCT elm-5389 103 51 χ2 χ2 PROPN elm-5389 103 52 = = PUNCT elm-5389 103 53 34.98 34.98 NUM elm-5389 103 54 , , PUNCT elm-5389 103 55 p p X elm-5389 103 56 < < X elm-5389 103 57 1e−8 1e−8 NUM elm-5389 103 58 ) ) PUNCT elm-5389 103 59 and and CCONJ elm-5389 103 60 the the DET elm-5389 103 61 type type NOUN elm-5389 103 62 of of ADP elm-5389 103 63 conclusion conclusion NOUN elm-5389 103 64 target target NOUN elm-5389 103 65 ( ( PUNCT elm-5389 103 66 pos pos NOUN elm-5389 103 67 / / SYM elm-5389 103 68 neg neg PROPN elm-5389 103 69 , , PUNCT elm-5389 103 70 χ2 χ2 PROPN elm-5389 103 71 = = PUNCT elm-5389 103 72 18.77 18.77 NUM elm-5389 103 73 , , PUNCT elm-5389 103 74 p p X elm-5389 103 75 < < X elm-5389 103 76 1e−5 1e−5 NUM elm-5389 103 77 ) ) PUNCT elm-5389 103 78 . . PUNCT elm-5389 104 1 the the DET elm-5389 104 2 interaction interaction NOUN elm-5389 104 3 between between ADP elm-5389 104 4 the the DET elm-5389 104 5 two two NUM elm-5389 104 6 factors factor NOUN elm-5389 104 7 is be AUX elm-5389 104 8 also also ADV elm-5389 104 9 significant significant ADJ elm-5389 104 10 ( ( PUNCT elm-5389 104 11 χ2 χ2 NOUN elm-5389 104 12 = = SYM elm-5389 104 13 160.65 160.65 NUM elm-5389 104 14 , , PUNCT elm-5389 104 15 p p X elm-5389 104 16 < < X elm-5389 104 17 1e−10 1e−10 NUM elm-5389 104 18 ) ) PUNCT elm-5389 104 19 . . PUNCT elm-5389 105 1 overall overall ADV elm-5389 105 2 , , PUNCT elm-5389 105 3 the the DET elm-5389 105 4 acceptability acceptability NOUN elm-5389 105 5 of of ADP elm-5389 105 6 context context NOUN elm-5389 105 7 favoring favor VERB elm-5389 105 8 positive positive ADJ elm-5389 105 9 conclusions conclusion NOUN elm-5389 105 10 was be AUX elm-5389 105 11 higher high ADJ elm-5389 105 12 , , PUNCT elm-5389 105 13 but but CCONJ elm-5389 105 14 within within ADP elm-5389 105 15 each each DET elm-5389 105 16 condition condition NOUN elm-5389 105 17 , , PUNCT elm-5389 105 18 preferences preference NOUN elm-5389 105 19 were be AUX elm-5389 105 20 reversed reverse VERB elm-5389 105 21 : : PUNCT elm-5389 105 22 within within ADP elm-5389 105 23 pos pos NOUN elm-5389 105 24 contexts contexts NOUN elm-5389 105 25 , , PUNCT elm-5389 105 26 ∅ ∅ NOUN elm-5389 105 27 patterned pattern VERB elm-5389 105 28 with with ADP elm-5389 105 29 presque presque NOUN elm-5389 105 30 . . PUNCT elm-5389 106 1 in in ADP elm-5389 106 2 neg neg PROPN elm-5389 106 3 contexts contexts NOUN elm-5389 106 4 , , PUNCT elm-5389 106 5 apeine apeine NOUN elm-5389 106 6 was be AUX elm-5389 106 7 judged judge VERB elm-5389 106 8 significantly significantly ADV elm-5389 106 9 more more ADV elm-5389 106 10 natural natural ADJ elm-5389 106 11 than than ADP elm-5389 106 12 the the DET elm-5389 106 13 two two NUM elm-5389 106 14 other other ADJ elm-5389 106 15 conditions condition NOUN elm-5389 106 16 , , PUNCT elm-5389 106 17 but but CCONJ elm-5389 106 18 some some DET elm-5389 106 19 discrepancies discrepancy NOUN elm-5389 106 20 were be AUX elm-5389 106 21 observed observe VERB elm-5389 106 22 between between ADP elm-5389 106 23 ∅ ∅ NOUN elm-5389 106 24 and and CCONJ elm-5389 106 25 presque presque ADJ elm-5389 106 26 . . PUNCT elm-5389 107 1 2.3 2.3 NUM elm-5389 107 2 . . PUNCT elm-5389 107 3 discussion discussion NOUN elm-5389 107 4 . . PUNCT elm-5389 108 1 the the DET elm-5389 108 2 results result NOUN elm-5389 108 3 of of ADP elm-5389 108 4 experiments experiment NOUN elm-5389 108 5 1 1 NUM elm-5389 108 6 and and CCONJ elm-5389 108 7 2 2 NUM elm-5389 108 8 largely largely ADV elm-5389 108 9 support support VERB elm-5389 108 10 the the DET elm-5389 108 11 predictions prediction NOUN elm-5389 108 12 of of ADP elm-5389 108 13 theoretical theoretical ADJ elm-5389 108 14 models model NOUN elm-5389 108 15 on on ADP elm-5389 108 16 the the DET elm-5389 108 17 interpretation interpretation NOUN elm-5389 108 18 of of ADP elm-5389 108 19 proximal proximal ADJ elm-5389 108 20 adverbs adverb NOUN elm-5389 108 21 and and CCONJ elm-5389 108 22 are be AUX elm-5389 108 23 in in ADP elm-5389 108 24 line line NOUN elm-5389 108 25 with with ADP elm-5389 108 26 previous previous ADJ elm-5389 108 27 experimental experimental ADJ elm-5389 108 28 work work NOUN elm-5389 108 29 in in ADP elm-5389 108 30 this this DET elm-5389 108 31 domain domain NOUN elm-5389 108 32 . . PUNCT elm-5389 109 1 comparing compare VERB elm-5389 109 2 our our PRON elm-5389 109 3 experiments experiment NOUN elm-5389 109 4 with with ADP elm-5389 109 5 those those PRON elm-5389 109 6 of of ADP elm-5389 109 7 amaral amaral PROPN elm-5389 109 8 ( ( PUNCT elm-5389 109 9 2007 2007 NUM elm-5389 109 10 ) ) PUNCT elm-5389 109 11 , , PUNCT elm-5389 109 12 we we PRON elm-5389 109 13 mostly mostly ADV elm-5389 109 14 differ differ VERB elm-5389 109 15 in in ADP elm-5389 109 16 how how SCONJ elm-5389 109 17 we we PRON elm-5389 109 18 tested test VERB elm-5389 109 19 the the DET elm-5389 109 20 sensitivity sensitivity NOUN elm-5389 109 21 of of ADP elm-5389 109 22 participants participant NOUN elm-5389 109 23 to to ADP elm-5389 109 24 the the DET elm-5389 109 25 entailments entailment NOUN elm-5389 109 26 of of ADP elm-5389 109 27 the the DET elm-5389 109 28 target target NOUN elm-5389 109 29 sentences sentence NOUN elm-5389 109 30 . . PUNCT elm-5389 110 1 while while SCONJ elm-5389 110 2 amaral amaral PROPN elm-5389 110 3 asked ask VERB elm-5389 110 4 participants participant NOUN elm-5389 110 5 for for ADP elm-5389 110 6 binary binary ADJ elm-5389 110 7 entailment entailment PROPN elm-5389 110 8 judgment judgment NOUN elm-5389 110 9 , , PUNCT elm-5389 110 10 our our PRON elm-5389 110 11 method method NOUN elm-5389 110 12 relied rely VERB elm-5389 110 13 on on ADP elm-5389 110 14 graded grade VERB elm-5389 110 15 behaviors behavior NOUN elm-5389 110 16 in in ADP elm-5389 110 17 experiment experiment NOUN elm-5389 110 18 1 1 NUM elm-5389 110 19 . . PUNCT elm-5389 111 1 this this PRON elm-5389 111 2 allowed allow VERB elm-5389 111 3 us we PRON elm-5389 111 4 to to PART elm-5389 111 5 observe observe VERB elm-5389 111 6 that that SCONJ elm-5389 111 7 for for ADP elm-5389 111 8 certain certain ADJ elm-5389 111 9 items item NOUN elm-5389 111 10 , , PUNCT elm-5389 111 11 the the DET elm-5389 111 12 degree degree NOUN elm-5389 111 13 associated associate VERB elm-5389 111 14 to to ADP elm-5389 111 15 ∅ ∅ NOUN elm-5389 111 16 was be AUX elm-5389 111 17 close close ADJ elm-5389 111 18 to to ADP elm-5389 111 19 that that PRON elm-5389 111 20 of of ADP elm-5389 111 21 apeine apeine NOUN elm-5389 111 22 while while SCONJ elm-5389 111 23 in in ADP elm-5389 111 24 other other ADJ elm-5389 111 25 cases case NOUN elm-5389 111 26 the the DET elm-5389 111 27 degree degree NOUN elm-5389 111 28 of of ADP elm-5389 111 29 ∅ ∅ NOUN elm-5389 111 30 appeared appear VERB elm-5389 111 31 higher high ADJ elm-5389 111 32 than than ADP elm-5389 111 33 apeine apeine NOUN elm-5389 111 34 ’s ’s PART elm-5389 111 35 . . PUNCT elm-5389 112 1 both both DET elm-5389 112 2 configurations configuration NOUN elm-5389 112 3 are be AUX elm-5389 112 4 compatible compatible ADJ elm-5389 112 5 with with ADP elm-5389 112 6 a a DET elm-5389 112 7 truth truth NOUN elm-5389 112 8 - - PUNCT elm-5389 112 9 conditional conditional ADJ elm-5389 112 10 entailment entailment ADJ elm-5389 112 11 pattern pattern NOUN elm-5389 112 12 of of ADP elm-5389 112 13 à à PROPN elm-5389 112 14 peine peine NOUN elm-5389 112 15 to to ADP elm-5389 112 16 its its PRON elm-5389 112 17 prejacent prejacent NOUN elm-5389 112 18 , , PUNCT elm-5389 112 19 but but CCONJ elm-5389 112 20 not not PART elm-5389 112 21 necessarily necessarily ADV elm-5389 112 22 one one NUM elm-5389 112 23 in in ADP elm-5389 112 24 terms term NOUN elm-5389 112 25 of of ADP elm-5389 112 26 degrees degree NOUN elm-5389 112 27 , , PUNCT elm-5389 112 28 i.e. i.e. X elm-5389 112 29 though though SCONJ elm-5389 112 30 à à PROPN elm-5389 112 31 peine peine NOUN elm-5389 112 32 might might AUX elm-5389 112 33 be be AUX elm-5389 112 34 felt feel VERB elm-5389 112 35 to to PART elm-5389 112 36 entail entail VERB elm-5389 112 37 the the DET elm-5389 112 38 truth truth NOUN elm-5389 112 39 of of ADP elm-5389 112 40 its its PRON elm-5389 112 41 prejacent prejacent NOUN elm-5389 112 42 , , PUNCT elm-5389 112 43 it it PRON elm-5389 112 44 does do AUX elm-5389 112 45 not not PART elm-5389 112 46 entail entail VERB elm-5389 112 47 that that SCONJ elm-5389 112 48 the the DET elm-5389 112 49 prototypical prototypical ADJ elm-5389 112 50 degree degree NOUN elm-5389 112 51 associated associate VERB elm-5389 112 52 to to ADP elm-5389 112 53 the the DET elm-5389 112 54 property property NOUN elm-5389 112 55 holds hold VERB elm-5389 112 56 proceedings proceeding NOUN elm-5389 112 57 of of ADP elm-5389 112 58 elm elm NOUN elm-5389 112 59 2 2 NUM elm-5389 112 60 : : PUNCT elm-5389 112 61 299 299 NUM elm-5389 112 62 - - SYM elm-5389 112 63 309 309 NUM elm-5389 112 64 , , PUNCT elm-5389 112 65 2023 2023 NUM elm-5389 112 66 grégoire grégoire NOUN elm-5389 112 67 winterstein winterstein ADJ elm-5389 112 68 , , PUNCT elm-5389 112 69 ghyslain ghyslain NOUN elm-5389 112 70 cantin cantin NOUN elm-5389 112 71 - - PUNCT elm-5389 112 72 savoie savoie PROPN elm-5389 112 73 , , PUNCT elm-5389 112 74 samuel samuel PROPN elm-5389 112 75 laperle laperle PROPN elm-5389 112 76 , , PUNCT elm-5389 112 77 josiane josiane PROPN elm-5389 112 78 van van PROPN elm-5389 112 79 dorpe dorpe PROPN elm-5389 112 80 and and CCONJ elm-5389 112 81 nora nora PROPN elm-5389 112 82 villeneuve villeneuve PROPN elm-5389 112 83 : : PUNCT elm-5389 112 84 informational informational ADJ elm-5389 112 85 content content NOUN elm-5389 112 86 vs. vs. ADP elm-5389 112 87 discourse discourse NOUN elm-5389 112 88 orientation orientation NOUN elm-5389 112 89 . . PUNCT elm-5389 113 1 303 303 NUM elm-5389 113 2 https://doi.org/10.3765/elm https://doi.org/10.3765/elm NOUN elm-5389 113 3 https://www.elm-conference.net/ https://www.elm-conference.net/ PRON elm-5389 113 4 figure figure NOUN elm-5389 113 5 3 3 NUM elm-5389 113 6 : : PUNCT elm-5389 113 7 average average ADJ elm-5389 113 8 z z NOUN elm-5389 113 9 - - PUNCT elm-5389 113 10 scores score NOUN elm-5389 113 11 of of ADP elm-5389 113 12 naturality naturality NOUN elm-5389 113 13 judgments judgment NOUN elm-5389 113 14 by by ADP elm-5389 113 15 condition condition NOUN elm-5389 113 16 in in ADP elm-5389 113 17 experiment experiment NOUN elm-5389 113 18 2 2 NUM elm-5389 113 19 ( ( PUNCT elm-5389 113 20 which which PRON elm-5389 113 21 corresponds correspond VERB elm-5389 113 22 to to ADP elm-5389 113 23 the the DET elm-5389 113 24 minimizing minimize VERB elm-5389 113 25 effect effect NOUN elm-5389 113 26 of of ADP elm-5389 113 27 à à PROPN elm-5389 113 28 peine peine PROPN elm-5389 113 29 ) ) PUNCT elm-5389 113 30 . . PUNCT elm-5389 114 1 overall overall ADV elm-5389 114 2 , , PUNCT elm-5389 114 3 our our PRON elm-5389 114 4 results result NOUN elm-5389 114 5 are be AUX elm-5389 114 6 thus thus ADV elm-5389 114 7 consistent consistent ADJ elm-5389 114 8 with with ADP elm-5389 114 9 the the DET elm-5389 114 10 hypothesis hypothesis NOUN elm-5389 114 11 that that PRON elm-5389 114 12 the the DET elm-5389 114 13 linguistic linguistic ADJ elm-5389 114 14 knowledge knowledge NOUN elm-5389 114 15 of of ADP elm-5389 114 16 participants participant NOUN elm-5389 114 17 encompasses encompass VERB elm-5389 114 18 both both CCONJ elm-5389 114 19 the the DET elm-5389 114 20 informational informational ADJ elm-5389 114 21 content content NOUN elm-5389 114 22 of of ADP elm-5389 114 23 the the DET elm-5389 114 24 utterances utterance NOUN elm-5389 114 25 and and CCONJ elm-5389 114 26 their their PRON elm-5389 114 27 discourse discourse NOUN elm-5389 114 28 orientation orientation NOUN elm-5389 114 29 , , PUNCT elm-5389 114 30 and and CCONJ elm-5389 114 31 that that SCONJ elm-5389 114 32 they they PRON elm-5389 114 33 are be AUX elm-5389 114 34 able able ADJ elm-5389 114 35 to to PART elm-5389 114 36 tease tease VERB elm-5389 114 37 those those PRON elm-5389 114 38 apart apart ADV elm-5389 114 39 . . PUNCT elm-5389 115 1 3 3 X elm-5389 115 2 . . X elm-5389 115 3 experiments experiment NOUN elm-5389 115 4 : : PUNCT elm-5389 115 5 language language NOUN elm-5389 115 6 models model NOUN elm-5389 115 7 . . PUNCT elm-5389 116 1 computational computational ADJ elm-5389 116 2 language language NOUN elm-5389 116 3 models model NOUN elm-5389 116 4 are be AUX elm-5389 116 5 often often ADV elm-5389 116 6 taken take VERB elm-5389 116 7 to to PART elm-5389 116 8 encode encode VERB elm-5389 116 9 complex complex ADJ elm-5389 116 10 grammatical grammatical ADJ elm-5389 116 11 knowledge knowledge NOUN elm-5389 116 12 . . PUNCT elm-5389 117 1 in in ADP elm-5389 117 2 particular particular ADJ elm-5389 117 3 , , PUNCT elm-5389 117 4 contemporary contemporary ADJ elm-5389 117 5 models model NOUN elm-5389 117 6 such such ADJ elm-5389 117 7 as as ADP elm-5389 117 8 transformer transformer NOUN elm-5389 117 9 based base VERB elm-5389 117 10 models model NOUN elm-5389 117 11 ( ( PUNCT elm-5389 117 12 vaswani vaswani X elm-5389 117 13 et et PROPN elm-5389 117 14 al al PROPN elm-5389 117 15 . . PROPN elm-5389 117 16 2017 2017 NUM elm-5389 117 17 ) ) PUNCT elm-5389 117 18 ( ( PUNCT elm-5389 117 19 e.g. e.g. ADV elm-5389 117 20 those those PRON elm-5389 117 21 of of ADP elm-5389 117 22 the the DET elm-5389 117 23 bert bert PROPN elm-5389 117 24 family family NOUN elm-5389 117 25 , , PUNCT elm-5389 117 26 devlin devlin PROPN elm-5389 117 27 et et PROPN elm-5389 117 28 al al PROPN elm-5389 117 29 . . PROPN elm-5389 117 30 2019 2019 NUM elm-5389 117 31 ) ) PUNCT elm-5389 117 32 are be AUX elm-5389 117 33 typically typically ADV elm-5389 117 34 pre pre ADJ elm-5389 117 35 - - VERB elm-5389 117 36 trained train VERB elm-5389 117 37 on on ADP elm-5389 117 38 large large ADJ elm-5389 117 39 amounts amount NOUN elm-5389 117 40 of of ADP elm-5389 117 41 data datum NOUN elm-5389 117 42 on on ADP elm-5389 117 43 relatively relatively ADV elm-5389 117 44 general general ADJ elm-5389 117 45 tasks task NOUN elm-5389 117 46 ( ( PUNCT elm-5389 117 47 such such ADJ elm-5389 117 48 as as ADP elm-5389 117 49 predicting predict VERB elm-5389 117 50 the the DET elm-5389 117 51 nature nature NOUN elm-5389 117 52 of of ADP elm-5389 117 53 a a DET elm-5389 117 54 masked mask VERB elm-5389 117 55 token token NOUN elm-5389 117 56 ) ) PUNCT elm-5389 117 57 . . PUNCT elm-5389 118 1 this this PRON elm-5389 118 2 pre pre NOUN elm-5389 118 3 - - NOUN elm-5389 118 4 training training NOUN elm-5389 118 5 is be AUX elm-5389 118 6 supposed suppose VERB elm-5389 118 7 to to PART elm-5389 118 8 capture capture VERB elm-5389 118 9 general general ADJ elm-5389 118 10 linguistic linguistic ADJ elm-5389 118 11 knowledge knowledge NOUN elm-5389 118 12 , , PUNCT elm-5389 118 13 which which PRON elm-5389 118 14 can can AUX elm-5389 118 15 later later ADV elm-5389 118 16 be be AUX elm-5389 118 17 fine fine ADV elm-5389 118 18 - - PUNCT elm-5389 118 19 tuned tune VERB elm-5389 118 20 for for ADP elm-5389 118 21 particular particular ADJ elm-5389 118 22 tasks task NOUN elm-5389 118 23 . . PUNCT elm-5389 119 1 the the DET elm-5389 119 2 pre pre NOUN elm-5389 119 3 - - NOUN elm-5389 119 4 training training NOUN elm-5389 119 5 of of ADP elm-5389 119 6 the the DET elm-5389 119 7 models model NOUN elm-5389 119 8 crucially crucially ADV elm-5389 119 9 relies rely VERB elm-5389 119 10 on on ADP elm-5389 119 11 distributional distributional ADJ elm-5389 119 12 information information NOUN elm-5389 119 13 : : PUNCT elm-5389 119 14 the the DET elm-5389 119 15 representations representation NOUN elm-5389 119 16 encoded encode VERB elm-5389 119 17 by by ADP elm-5389 119 18 the the DET elm-5389 119 19 models model NOUN elm-5389 119 20 are be AUX elm-5389 119 21 rooted root VERB elm-5389 119 22 in in ADP elm-5389 119 23 the the DET elm-5389 119 24 observation observation NOUN elm-5389 119 25 of of ADP elm-5389 119 26 co co ADJ elm-5389 119 27 - - NOUN elm-5389 119 28 occurrence occurrence ADJ elm-5389 119 29 patterns pattern NOUN elm-5389 119 30 in in ADP elm-5389 119 31 the the DET elm-5389 119 32 training training NOUN elm-5389 119 33 data datum NOUN elm-5389 119 34 . . PUNCT elm-5389 120 1 in in ADP elm-5389 120 2 that that DET elm-5389 120 3 sense sense NOUN elm-5389 120 4 , , PUNCT elm-5389 120 5 we we PRON elm-5389 120 6 expect expect VERB elm-5389 120 7 the the DET elm-5389 120 8 models model NOUN elm-5389 120 9 to to PART elm-5389 120 10 have have AUX elm-5389 120 11 captured capture VERB elm-5389 120 12 information information NOUN elm-5389 120 13 related relate VERB elm-5389 120 14 to to ADP elm-5389 120 15 the the DET elm-5389 120 16 discourse discourse NOUN elm-5389 120 17 orientation orientation NOUN elm-5389 120 18 of of ADP elm-5389 120 19 linguistic linguistic ADJ elm-5389 120 20 elements element NOUN elm-5389 120 21 , , PUNCT elm-5389 120 22 since since SCONJ elm-5389 120 23 discourse discourse NOUN elm-5389 120 24 orientation orientation NOUN elm-5389 120 25 precisely precisely ADV elm-5389 120 26 relates relate VERB elm-5389 120 27 to to ADP elm-5389 120 28 matters matter NOUN elm-5389 120 29 of of ADP elm-5389 120 30 cooccurrence cooccurrence NOUN elm-5389 120 31 at at ADP elm-5389 120 32 the the DET elm-5389 120 33 discourse discourse NOUN elm-5389 120 34 level level NOUN elm-5389 120 35 . . PUNCT elm-5389 121 1 language language NOUN elm-5389 121 2 models model NOUN elm-5389 121 3 are be AUX elm-5389 121 4 however however ADV elm-5389 121 5 often often ADV elm-5389 121 6 fine fine ADV elm-5389 121 7 - - PUNCT elm-5389 121 8 tuned tune VERB elm-5389 121 9 for for ADP elm-5389 121 10 tasks task NOUN elm-5389 121 11 like like ADP elm-5389 121 12 the the DET elm-5389 121 13 natural natural ADJ elm-5389 121 14 language language NOUN elm-5389 121 15 inference inference NOUN elm-5389 121 16 ( ( PUNCT elm-5389 121 17 nli nli PROPN elm-5389 121 18 ) ) PUNCT elm-5389 121 19 task task NOUN elm-5389 121 20 in in ADP elm-5389 121 21 which which PRON elm-5389 121 22 the the DET elm-5389 121 23 model model NOUN elm-5389 121 24 is be AUX elm-5389 121 25 used use VERB elm-5389 121 26 to to PART elm-5389 121 27 predict predict VERB elm-5389 121 28 whether whether SCONJ elm-5389 121 29 one one NUM elm-5389 121 30 sentence sentence NOUN elm-5389 121 31 , , PUNCT elm-5389 121 32 called call VERB elm-5389 121 33 the the DET elm-5389 121 34 premise premise NOUN elm-5389 121 35 , , PUNCT elm-5389 121 36 entails entail VERB elm-5389 121 37 another another PRON elm-5389 121 38 , , PUNCT elm-5389 121 39 called call VERB elm-5389 121 40 the the DET elm-5389 121 41 hypothesis hypothesis NOUN elm-5389 121 42 ( ( PUNCT elm-5389 121 43 poliak poliak PROPN elm-5389 121 44 2020 2020 NUM elm-5389 121 45 ) ) PUNCT elm-5389 121 46 . . PUNCT elm-5389 122 1 such such DET elm-5389 122 2 a a DET elm-5389 122 3 task task NOUN elm-5389 122 4 would would AUX elm-5389 122 5 thus thus ADV elm-5389 122 6 rely rely VERB elm-5389 122 7 on on ADP elm-5389 122 8 the the DET elm-5389 122 9 manipulation manipulation NOUN elm-5389 122 10 of of ADP elm-5389 122 11 informational informational ADJ elm-5389 122 12 content content NOUN elm-5389 122 13 rather rather ADV elm-5389 122 14 than than ADP elm-5389 122 15 discourse discourse NOUN elm-5389 122 16 orientation orientation NOUN elm-5389 122 17 . . PUNCT elm-5389 123 1 experiments experiment NOUN elm-5389 123 2 1 1 NUM elm-5389 123 3 and and CCONJ elm-5389 123 4 2 2 NUM elm-5389 123 5 are be AUX elm-5389 123 6 consistent consistent ADJ elm-5389 123 7 with with ADP elm-5389 123 8 the the DET elm-5389 123 9 hypothesis hypothesis NOUN elm-5389 123 10 that that PRON elm-5389 123 11 human human ADJ elm-5389 123 12 speakers speaker NOUN elm-5389 123 13 are be AUX elm-5389 123 14 sensitive sensitive ADJ elm-5389 123 15 to to ADP elm-5389 123 16 , , PUNCT elm-5389 123 17 and and CCONJ elm-5389 123 18 can can AUX elm-5389 123 19 distinguish distinguish VERB elm-5389 123 20 between between ADP elm-5389 123 21 , , PUNCT elm-5389 123 22 discourse discourse NOUN elm-5389 123 23 orientation orientation NOUN elm-5389 123 24 and and CCONJ elm-5389 123 25 informational informational ADJ elm-5389 123 26 content content NOUN elm-5389 123 27 . . PUNCT elm-5389 124 1 we we PRON elm-5389 124 2 designed design VERB elm-5389 124 3 two two NUM elm-5389 124 4 additional additional ADJ elm-5389 124 5 experiments experiment NOUN elm-5389 124 6 proceedings proceeding NOUN elm-5389 124 7 of of ADP elm-5389 124 8 elm elm NOUN elm-5389 124 9 2 2 NUM elm-5389 124 10 : : PUNCT elm-5389 124 11 299 299 NUM elm-5389 124 12 - - SYM elm-5389 124 13 309 309 NUM elm-5389 124 14 , , PUNCT elm-5389 124 15 2023 2023 NUM elm-5389 124 16 grégoire grégoire NOUN elm-5389 124 17 winterstein winterstein ADJ elm-5389 124 18 , , PUNCT elm-5389 124 19 ghyslain ghyslain NOUN elm-5389 124 20 cantin cantin NOUN elm-5389 124 21 - - PUNCT elm-5389 124 22 savoie savoie PROPN elm-5389 124 23 , , PUNCT elm-5389 124 24 samuel samuel PROPN elm-5389 124 25 laperle laperle PROPN elm-5389 124 26 , , PUNCT elm-5389 124 27 josiane josiane PROPN elm-5389 124 28 van van PROPN elm-5389 124 29 dorpe dorpe PROPN elm-5389 124 30 and and CCONJ elm-5389 124 31 nora nora PROPN elm-5389 124 32 villeneuve villeneuve PROPN elm-5389 124 33 : : PUNCT elm-5389 124 34 informational informational ADJ elm-5389 124 35 content content NOUN elm-5389 124 36 vs. vs. ADP elm-5389 124 37 discourse discourse NOUN elm-5389 124 38 orientation orientation NOUN elm-5389 124 39 . . PUNCT elm-5389 125 1 304 304 NUM elm-5389 125 2 https://doi.org/10.3765/elm https://doi.org/10.3765/elm NOUN elm-5389 125 3 https://www.elm-conference.net/ https://www.elm-conference.net/ PRON elm-5389 125 4 to to PART elm-5389 125 5 test test VERB elm-5389 125 6 whether whether SCONJ elm-5389 125 7 language language NOUN elm-5389 125 8 models model NOUN elm-5389 125 9 are be AUX elm-5389 125 10 also also ADV elm-5389 125 11 sensitive sensitive ADJ elm-5389 125 12 to to ADP elm-5389 125 13 both both DET elm-5389 125 14 dimensions dimension NOUN elm-5389 125 15 , , PUNCT elm-5389 125 16 using use VERB elm-5389 125 17 the the DET elm-5389 125 18 same same ADJ elm-5389 125 19 adverbs adverb NOUN elm-5389 125 20 as as ADP elm-5389 125 21 in in ADP elm-5389 125 22 the the DET elm-5389 125 23 experiments experiment NOUN elm-5389 125 24 with with ADP elm-5389 125 25 human human ADJ elm-5389 125 26 participants participant NOUN elm-5389 125 27 . . PUNCT elm-5389 126 1 we we PRON elm-5389 126 2 begin begin VERB elm-5389 126 3 by by ADP elm-5389 126 4 describing describe VERB elm-5389 126 5 how how SCONJ elm-5389 126 6 we we PRON elm-5389 126 7 built build VERB elm-5389 126 8 the the DET elm-5389 126 9 dataset dataset NOUN elm-5389 126 10 used use VERB elm-5389 126 11 in in ADP elm-5389 126 12 both both DET elm-5389 126 13 experiments experiment NOUN elm-5389 126 14 ( ( PUNCT elm-5389 126 15 section section NOUN elm-5389 126 16 3.1 3.1 NUM elm-5389 126 17 ) ) PUNCT elm-5389 126 18 . . PUNCT elm-5389 127 1 we we PRON elm-5389 127 2 then then ADV elm-5389 127 3 introduce introduce VERB elm-5389 127 4 experiment experiment NOUN elm-5389 127 5 3 3 NUM elm-5389 127 6 in in ADP elm-5389 127 7 which which PRON elm-5389 127 8 we we PRON elm-5389 127 9 test test VERB elm-5389 127 10 the the DET elm-5389 127 11 predictions prediction NOUN elm-5389 127 12 of of ADP elm-5389 127 13 fine fine ADV elm-5389 127 14 - - PUNCT elm-5389 127 15 tuned tune VERB elm-5389 127 16 language language NOUN elm-5389 127 17 models model NOUN elm-5389 127 18 on on ADP elm-5389 127 19 detecting detect VERB elm-5389 127 20 the the DET elm-5389 127 21 inferential inferential ADJ elm-5389 127 22 patterns pattern NOUN elm-5389 127 23 associated associate VERB elm-5389 127 24 with with ADP elm-5389 127 25 each each DET elm-5389 127 26 adverbs adverb NOUN elm-5389 127 27 ( ( PUNCT elm-5389 127 28 section section NOUN elm-5389 127 29 3.2 3.2 NUM elm-5389 127 30 ) ) PUNCT elm-5389 127 31 . . PUNCT elm-5389 128 1 in in ADP elm-5389 128 2 section section NOUN elm-5389 128 3 3.3 3.3 NUM elm-5389 128 4 , , PUNCT elm-5389 128 5 we we PRON elm-5389 128 6 present present VERB elm-5389 128 7 experiment experiment NOUN elm-5389 128 8 4 4 NUM elm-5389 128 9 which which PRON elm-5389 128 10 targets target VERB elm-5389 128 11 the the DET elm-5389 128 12 sensitivity sensitivity NOUN elm-5389 128 13 of of ADP elm-5389 128 14 language language NOUN elm-5389 128 15 models model NOUN elm-5389 128 16 to to PART elm-5389 128 17 discourse discourse VERB elm-5389 128 18 orientation orientation NOUN elm-5389 128 19 . . PUNCT elm-5389 129 1 we we PRON elm-5389 129 2 discuss discuss VERB elm-5389 129 3 the the DET elm-5389 129 4 results result NOUN elm-5389 129 5 of of ADP elm-5389 129 6 these these DET elm-5389 129 7 experiments experiment NOUN elm-5389 129 8 in in ADP elm-5389 129 9 section section NOUN elm-5389 129 10 3.4 3.4 NUM elm-5389 129 11 . . PUNCT elm-5389 129 12 3.1 3.1 NUM elm-5389 129 13 . . PUNCT elm-5389 130 1 dataset dataset NOUN elm-5389 130 2 . . PUNCT elm-5389 131 1 our our PRON elm-5389 131 2 dataset dataset NOUN elm-5389 131 3 consisted consist VERB elm-5389 131 4 in in ADP elm-5389 131 5 naturally naturally ADV elm-5389 131 6 occurring occur VERB elm-5389 131 7 sentences sentence NOUN elm-5389 131 8 containing contain VERB elm-5389 131 9 one one NUM elm-5389 131 10 of of ADP elm-5389 131 11 the the DET elm-5389 131 12 two two NUM elm-5389 131 13 adverbs adverb NOUN elm-5389 131 14 under under ADP elm-5389 131 15 study study NOUN elm-5389 131 16 . . PUNCT elm-5389 132 1 the the DET elm-5389 132 2 dataset dataset NOUN elm-5389 132 3 was be AUX elm-5389 132 4 built build VERB elm-5389 132 5 by by ADP elm-5389 132 6 pseudo pseudo NOUN elm-5389 132 7 - - ADJ elm-5389 132 8 randomly randomly ADV elm-5389 132 9 extracting extract VERB elm-5389 132 10 sentences sentence NOUN elm-5389 132 11 from from ADP elm-5389 132 12 a a DET elm-5389 132 13 subset subset NOUN elm-5389 132 14 of of ADP elm-5389 132 15 the the DET elm-5389 132 16 french french ADJ elm-5389 132 17 version version NOUN elm-5389 132 18 of of ADP elm-5389 132 19 wikipedia wikipedia PROPN elm-5389 132 20 which which PRON elm-5389 132 21 contained contain VERB elm-5389 132 22 either either CCONJ elm-5389 132 23 presque presque ADJ elm-5389 132 24 ( ( PUNCT elm-5389 132 25 1990 1990 NUM elm-5389 132 26 items item NOUN elm-5389 132 27 ) ) PUNCT elm-5389 132 28 or or CCONJ elm-5389 132 29 à à PROPN elm-5389 132 30 peine peine X elm-5389 132 31 ( ( PUNCT elm-5389 132 32 2770 2770 NUM elm-5389 132 33 items item NOUN elm-5389 132 34 ) ) PUNCT elm-5389 132 35 . . PUNCT elm-5389 133 1 in in ADP elm-5389 133 2 addition addition NOUN elm-5389 133 3 to to ADP elm-5389 133 4 the the DET elm-5389 133 5 target target NOUN elm-5389 133 6 sentence sentence NOUN elm-5389 133 7 , , PUNCT elm-5389 133 8 we we PRON elm-5389 133 9 also also ADV elm-5389 133 10 extracted extract VERB elm-5389 133 11 the the DET elm-5389 133 12 two two NUM elm-5389 133 13 preceding precede VERB elm-5389 133 14 sentences sentence NOUN elm-5389 133 15 to to PART elm-5389 133 16 serve serve VERB elm-5389 133 17 as as ADP elm-5389 133 18 context context NOUN elm-5389 133 19 . . PUNCT elm-5389 134 1 every every DET elm-5389 134 2 target target NOUN elm-5389 134 3 sentence sentence NOUN elm-5389 134 4 was be AUX elm-5389 134 5 then then ADV elm-5389 134 6 replicated replicate VERB elm-5389 134 7 in in ADP elm-5389 134 8 three three NUM elm-5389 134 9 conditions condition NOUN elm-5389 134 10 : : PUNCT elm-5389 134 11 • • NOUN elm-5389 134 12 original original ADJ elm-5389 134 13 : : PUNCT elm-5389 134 14 the the DET elm-5389 134 15 original original ADJ elm-5389 134 16 extracted extract VERB elm-5389 134 17 sentence sentence NOUN elm-5389 134 18 • • NOUN elm-5389 134 19 bare bare ADJ elm-5389 134 20 : : PUNCT elm-5389 134 21 the the DET elm-5389 134 22 sentence sentence NOUN elm-5389 134 23 with with ADP elm-5389 134 24 the the DET elm-5389 134 25 target target NOUN elm-5389 134 26 adverb adverb NOUN elm-5389 134 27 removed remove VERB elm-5389 134 28 • • NOUN elm-5389 134 29 switched switch VERB elm-5389 134 30 : : PUNCT elm-5389 134 31 the the DET elm-5389 134 32 sentence sentence NOUN elm-5389 134 33 with with ADP elm-5389 134 34 the the DET elm-5389 134 35 target target NOUN elm-5389 134 36 adverb adverb NOUN elm-5389 134 37 replaced replace VERB elm-5389 134 38 by by ADP elm-5389 134 39 the the DET elm-5389 134 40 other other ADJ elm-5389 134 41 ( ( PUNCT elm-5389 134 42 i.e. i.e. X elm-5389 134 43 presque presque NOUN elm-5389 134 44 replaced replace VERB elm-5389 134 45 by by ADP elm-5389 134 46 à à PROPN elm-5389 134 47 peine peine NOUN elm-5389 134 48 and and CCONJ elm-5389 134 49 vice vice NOUN elm-5389 134 50 - - NOUN elm-5389 134 51 versa versa ADJ elm-5389 134 52 ) ) PUNCT elm-5389 134 53 every every DET elm-5389 134 54 sentence sentence NOUN elm-5389 134 55 was be AUX elm-5389 134 56 also also ADV elm-5389 134 57 tagged tag VERB elm-5389 134 58 with with ADP elm-5389 134 59 the the DET elm-5389 134 60 adverb adverb NOUN elm-5389 134 61 that that PRON elm-5389 134 62 actually actually ADV elm-5389 134 63 appears appear VERB elm-5389 134 64 in in ADP elm-5389 134 65 it it PRON elm-5389 134 66 ( ( PUNCT elm-5389 134 67 irrespective irrespective ADV elm-5389 134 68 of of ADP elm-5389 134 69 its its PRON elm-5389 134 70 original original ADJ elm-5389 134 71 form form NOUN elm-5389 134 72 ) ) PUNCT elm-5389 134 73 , , PUNCT elm-5389 134 74 with with ADP elm-5389 134 75 the the DET elm-5389 134 76 same same ADJ elm-5389 134 77 possible possible ADJ elm-5389 134 78 values value NOUN elm-5389 134 79 as as ADP elm-5389 134 80 in in ADP elm-5389 134 81 experiment experiment NOUN elm-5389 134 82 1 1 NUM elm-5389 134 83 and and CCONJ elm-5389 134 84 2 2 NUM elm-5389 134 85 , , PUNCT elm-5389 134 86 i.e. i.e. X elm-5389 134 87 ∅/presque ∅/presque NOUN elm-5389 134 88 / / SYM elm-5389 134 89 apeine apeine NOUN elm-5389 134 90 . . PUNCT elm-5389 135 1 3.2 3.2 NUM elm-5389 135 2 . . PUNCT elm-5389 136 1 language language NOUN elm-5389 136 2 models model NOUN elm-5389 136 3 and and CCONJ elm-5389 136 4 informational informational ADJ elm-5389 136 5 content content NOUN elm-5389 136 6 ( ( PUNCT elm-5389 136 7 experiment experiment NOUN elm-5389 136 8 3 3 NUM elm-5389 136 9 ) ) PUNCT elm-5389 136 10 . . PUNCT elm-5389 137 1 to to PART elm-5389 137 2 test test VERB elm-5389 137 3 the the DET elm-5389 137 4 sensitivity sensitivity NOUN elm-5389 137 5 of of ADP elm-5389 137 6 language language NOUN elm-5389 137 7 models model NOUN elm-5389 137 8 to to ADP elm-5389 137 9 informational informational ADJ elm-5389 137 10 content content NOUN elm-5389 137 11 , , PUNCT elm-5389 137 12 we we PRON elm-5389 137 13 evaluated evaluate VERB elm-5389 137 14 a a DET elm-5389 137 15 model model NOUN elm-5389 137 16 that that PRON elm-5389 137 17 was be AUX elm-5389 137 18 previously previously ADV elm-5389 137 19 fine fine ADV elm-5389 137 20 - - PUNCT elm-5389 137 21 tuned tune VERB elm-5389 137 22 to to ADP elm-5389 137 23 the the DET elm-5389 137 24 nli nli PROPN elm-5389 137 25 task task NOUN elm-5389 137 26 on on ADP elm-5389 137 27 pairs pair NOUN elm-5389 137 28 of of ADP elm-5389 137 29 sentences sentence NOUN elm-5389 137 30 from from ADP elm-5389 137 31 our our PRON elm-5389 137 32 dataset dataset NOUN elm-5389 137 33 . . PUNCT elm-5389 138 1 if if SCONJ elm-5389 138 2 the the DET elm-5389 138 3 model model NOUN elm-5389 138 4 acquired acquire VERB elm-5389 138 5 some some DET elm-5389 138 6 knowledge knowledge NOUN elm-5389 138 7 about about ADP elm-5389 138 8 the the DET elm-5389 138 9 informational informational ADJ elm-5389 138 10 content content NOUN elm-5389 138 11 of of ADP elm-5389 138 12 the the DET elm-5389 138 13 adverbs adverb NOUN elm-5389 138 14 under under ADP elm-5389 138 15 study study NOUN elm-5389 138 16 , , PUNCT elm-5389 138 17 we we PRON elm-5389 138 18 expect expect VERB elm-5389 138 19 it it PRON elm-5389 138 20 to to PART elm-5389 138 21 predict predict VERB elm-5389 138 22 that that PRON elm-5389 138 23 : : PUNCT elm-5389 138 24 • • ADP elm-5389 138 25 a a DET elm-5389 138 26 sentence sentence NOUN elm-5389 138 27 containing contain VERB elm-5389 138 28 presque presque NOUN elm-5389 138 29 should should AUX elm-5389 138 30 contradict contradict VERB elm-5389 138 31 its its PRON elm-5389 138 32 prejacent prejacent NOUN elm-5389 138 33 • • ADP elm-5389 138 34 a a DET elm-5389 138 35 sentence sentence NOUN elm-5389 138 36 containing contain VERB elm-5389 138 37 à à PROPN elm-5389 138 38 peine peine NOUN elm-5389 138 39 should should AUX elm-5389 138 40 entail entail VERB elm-5389 138 41 its its PRON elm-5389 138 42 prejacent prejacent NOUN elm-5389 138 43 3.2.1 3.2.1 NUM elm-5389 138 44 . . PUNCT elm-5389 138 45 method method NOUN elm-5389 138 46 . . PUNCT elm-5389 139 1 for for ADP elm-5389 139 2 the the DET elm-5389 139 3 experiment experiment NOUN elm-5389 139 4 , , PUNCT elm-5389 139 5 we we PRON elm-5389 139 6 used use VERB elm-5389 139 7 the the DET elm-5389 139 8 camembert camembert NOUN elm-5389 139 9 model model NOUN elm-5389 139 10 for for ADP elm-5389 139 11 french french ADJ elm-5389 139 12 ( ( PUNCT elm-5389 139 13 martin martin PROPN elm-5389 139 14 et et PROPN elm-5389 139 15 al al PROPN elm-5389 139 16 . . PROPN elm-5389 139 17 2020 2020 NUM elm-5389 139 18 ) ) PUNCT elm-5389 139 19 which which PRON elm-5389 139 20 is be AUX elm-5389 139 21 pre pre ADJ elm-5389 139 22 - - VERB elm-5389 139 23 trained train VERB elm-5389 139 24 on on ADP elm-5389 139 25 french french ADJ elm-5389 139 26 data datum NOUN elm-5389 139 27 and and CCONJ elm-5389 139 28 fine fine ADV elm-5389 139 29 - - PUNCT elm-5389 139 30 tuned tune VERB elm-5389 139 31 on on ADP elm-5389 139 32 the the DET elm-5389 139 33 french french ADJ elm-5389 139 34 part part NOUN elm-5389 139 35 of of ADP elm-5389 139 36 the the DET elm-5389 139 37 mnli mnli ADJ elm-5389 139 38 dataset dataset NOUN elm-5389 139 39 ( ( PUNCT elm-5389 139 40 williams williams PROPN elm-5389 139 41 et et PROPN elm-5389 139 42 al al PROPN elm-5389 139 43 . . PROPN elm-5389 139 44 2018 2018 NUM elm-5389 139 45 ) ) PUNCT elm-5389 139 46 . . PUNCT elm-5389 140 1 we we PRON elm-5389 140 2 tested test VERB elm-5389 140 3 the the DET elm-5389 140 4 entailment entailment ADJ elm-5389 140 5 patterns pattern NOUN elm-5389 140 6 by by ADP elm-5389 140 7 taking take VERB elm-5389 140 8 original original ADJ elm-5389 140 9 sentences sentence NOUN elm-5389 140 10 as as ADP elm-5389 140 11 premises premise NOUN elm-5389 140 12 , , PUNCT elm-5389 140 13 and and CCONJ elm-5389 140 14 the the DET elm-5389 140 15 bare bare ADJ elm-5389 140 16 sentences sentence NOUN elm-5389 140 17 as as ADP elm-5389 140 18 hypothesis hypothesis NOUN elm-5389 140 19 . . PUNCT elm-5389 141 1 for for ADP elm-5389 141 2 each each DET elm-5389 141 3 premise premise NOUN elm-5389 141 4 / / SYM elm-5389 141 5 hypothesis hypothesis NOUN elm-5389 141 6 pair pair NOUN elm-5389 141 7 the the DET elm-5389 141 8 model model NOUN elm-5389 141 9 gave give VERB elm-5389 141 10 us we PRON elm-5389 141 11 the the DET elm-5389 141 12 probability probability NOUN elm-5389 141 13 that that SCONJ elm-5389 141 14 the the DET elm-5389 141 15 hypothesis hypothesis NOUN elm-5389 141 16 is be AUX elm-5389 141 17 true true ADJ elm-5389 141 18 given give VERB elm-5389 141 19 the the DET elm-5389 141 20 premise premise NOUN elm-5389 141 21 . . PUNCT elm-5389 142 1 3.2.2 3.2.2 X elm-5389 142 2 . . PUNCT elm-5389 142 3 results result NOUN elm-5389 142 4 . . PUNCT elm-5389 143 1 the the DET elm-5389 143 2 results result NOUN elm-5389 143 3 of of ADP elm-5389 143 4 the the DET elm-5389 143 5 experiment experiment NOUN elm-5389 143 6 are be AUX elm-5389 143 7 summarized summarize VERB elm-5389 143 8 in in ADP elm-5389 143 9 figure figure NOUN elm-5389 143 10 4 4 NUM elm-5389 143 11 . . PUNCT elm-5389 144 1 as as SCONJ elm-5389 144 2 can can AUX elm-5389 144 3 be be AUX elm-5389 144 4 seen see VERB elm-5389 144 5 on on ADP elm-5389 144 6 the the DET elm-5389 144 7 figure figure NOUN elm-5389 144 8 , , PUNCT elm-5389 144 9 the the DET elm-5389 144 10 entailment entailment ADJ elm-5389 144 11 patterns pattern NOUN elm-5389 144 12 of of ADP elm-5389 144 13 the the DET elm-5389 144 14 two two NUM elm-5389 144 15 adverbs adverb NOUN elm-5389 144 16 starkly starkly ADV elm-5389 144 17 differ differ VERB elm-5389 144 18 . . PUNCT elm-5389 145 1 for for ADP elm-5389 145 2 sentences sentence NOUN elm-5389 145 3 containing contain VERB elm-5389 145 4 presque presque NOUN elm-5389 145 5 the the DET elm-5389 145 6 general general ADJ elm-5389 145 7 prediction prediction NOUN elm-5389 145 8 is be AUX elm-5389 145 9 that that SCONJ elm-5389 145 10 they they PRON elm-5389 145 11 entail entail VERB elm-5389 145 12 their their PRON elm-5389 145 13 prejacent prejacent NOUN elm-5389 145 14 . . PUNCT elm-5389 146 1 on on ADP elm-5389 146 2 the the DET elm-5389 146 3 other other ADJ elm-5389 146 4 hand hand NOUN elm-5389 146 5 , , PUNCT elm-5389 146 6 sentences sentence NOUN elm-5389 146 7 with with ADP elm-5389 146 8 à à PROPN elm-5389 146 9 peine peine PROPN elm-5389 146 10 appear appear VERB elm-5389 146 11 to to PART elm-5389 146 12 be be AUX elm-5389 146 13 divided divide VERB elm-5389 146 14 in in ADP elm-5389 146 15 two two NUM elm-5389 146 16 groups group NOUN elm-5389 146 17 : : PUNCT elm-5389 146 18 those those PRON elm-5389 146 19 that that PRON elm-5389 146 20 entail entail VERB elm-5389 146 21 their their PRON elm-5389 146 22 prejacent prejacent NOUN elm-5389 146 23 and and CCONJ elm-5389 146 24 those those PRON elm-5389 146 25 that that PRON elm-5389 146 26 do do VERB elm-5389 146 27 not not PART elm-5389 146 28 , , PUNCT elm-5389 146 29 with with ADP elm-5389 146 30 few few ADJ elm-5389 146 31 sentences sentence NOUN elm-5389 146 32 in in ADP elm-5389 146 33 between between ADP elm-5389 146 34 . . PUNCT elm-5389 147 1 3.3 3.3 NUM elm-5389 147 2 . . PUNCT elm-5389 148 1 language language NOUN elm-5389 148 2 models model NOUN elm-5389 148 3 and and CCONJ elm-5389 148 4 discursive discursive ADJ elm-5389 148 5 orientation orientation NOUN elm-5389 148 6 ( ( PUNCT elm-5389 148 7 experiment experiment NOUN elm-5389 148 8 4 4 NUM elm-5389 148 9 ) ) PUNCT elm-5389 148 10 . . PUNCT elm-5389 149 1 to to PART elm-5389 149 2 test test VERB elm-5389 149 3 the the DET elm-5389 149 4 sensitivity sensitivity NOUN elm-5389 149 5 of of ADP elm-5389 149 6 language language NOUN elm-5389 149 7 models model NOUN elm-5389 149 8 to to ADP elm-5389 149 9 discursive discursive ADJ elm-5389 149 10 orientation orientation NOUN elm-5389 149 11 we we PRON elm-5389 149 12 relied rely VERB elm-5389 149 13 on on ADP elm-5389 149 14 pre pre ADJ elm-5389 149 15 - - ADJ elm-5389 149 16 trained train VERB elm-5389 149 17 models model NOUN elm-5389 149 18 , , PUNCT elm-5389 149 19 before before ADP elm-5389 149 20 any any DET elm-5389 149 21 task task NOUN elm-5389 149 22 - - PUNCT elm-5389 149 23 specific specific ADJ elm-5389 149 24 fine fine ADJ elm-5389 149 25 - - PUNCT elm-5389 149 26 tuning tuning NOUN elm-5389 149 27 . . PUNCT elm-5389 150 1 the the DET elm-5389 150 2 rationale rationale NOUN elm-5389 150 3 of of ADP elm-5389 150 4 our our PRON elm-5389 150 5 choice choice NOUN elm-5389 150 6 is be AUX elm-5389 150 7 that that SCONJ elm-5389 150 8 the the DET elm-5389 150 9 pre pre NOUN elm-5389 150 10 - - NOUN elm-5389 150 11 training training NOUN elm-5389 150 12 of of ADP elm-5389 150 13 language language NOUN elm-5389 150 14 models model NOUN elm-5389 150 15 aims aim VERB elm-5389 150 16 at at ADP elm-5389 150 17 capturing capture VERB elm-5389 150 18 matters matter NOUN elm-5389 150 19 related relate VERB elm-5389 150 20 to to ADP elm-5389 150 21 the the DET elm-5389 150 22 distribution distribution NOUN elm-5389 150 23 of of ADP elm-5389 150 24 linguistic linguistic ADJ elm-5389 150 25 expressions expression NOUN elm-5389 150 26 , , PUNCT elm-5389 150 27 and and CCONJ elm-5389 150 28 that that SCONJ elm-5389 150 29 discursive discursive ADJ elm-5389 150 30 proceedings proceeding NOUN elm-5389 150 31 of of ADP elm-5389 150 32 elm elm NOUN elm-5389 150 33 2 2 NUM elm-5389 150 34 : : PUNCT elm-5389 150 35 299 299 NUM elm-5389 150 36 - - SYM elm-5389 150 37 309 309 NUM elm-5389 150 38 , , PUNCT elm-5389 150 39 2023 2023 NUM elm-5389 150 40 grégoire grégoire NOUN elm-5389 150 41 winterstein winterstein ADJ elm-5389 150 42 , , PUNCT elm-5389 150 43 ghyslain ghyslain NOUN elm-5389 150 44 cantin cantin NOUN elm-5389 150 45 - - PUNCT elm-5389 150 46 savoie savoie PROPN elm-5389 150 47 , , PUNCT elm-5389 150 48 samuel samuel PROPN elm-5389 150 49 laperle laperle PROPN elm-5389 150 50 , , PUNCT elm-5389 150 51 josiane josiane PROPN elm-5389 150 52 van van PROPN elm-5389 150 53 dorpe dorpe PROPN elm-5389 150 54 and and CCONJ elm-5389 150 55 nora nora PROPN elm-5389 150 56 villeneuve villeneuve PROPN elm-5389 150 57 : : PUNCT elm-5389 150 58 informational informational ADJ elm-5389 150 59 content content NOUN elm-5389 150 60 vs. vs. ADP elm-5389 150 61 discourse discourse NOUN elm-5389 150 62 orientation orientation NOUN elm-5389 150 63 . . PUNCT elm-5389 151 1 305 305 NUM elm-5389 151 2 https://doi.org/10.3765/elm https://doi.org/10.3765/elm NOUN elm-5389 151 3 https://www.elm-conference.net/ https://www.elm-conference.net/ PRON elm-5389 151 4 figure figure NOUN elm-5389 151 5 4 4 NUM elm-5389 151 6 : : PUNCT elm-5389 151 7 probability probability NOUN elm-5389 151 8 of of ADP elm-5389 151 9 entailment entailment NOUN elm-5389 151 10 of of ADP elm-5389 151 11 the the DET elm-5389 151 12 prejacent prejacent NOUN elm-5389 151 13 for for ADP elm-5389 151 14 sentences sentence NOUN elm-5389 151 15 containing contain VERB elm-5389 151 16 the the DET elm-5389 151 17 target target NOUN elm-5389 151 18 adverbs adverb NOUN elm-5389 151 19 orientation orientation NOUN elm-5389 151 20 boils boil VERB elm-5389 151 21 down down ADP elm-5389 151 22 to to ADP elm-5389 151 23 a a DET elm-5389 151 24 question question NOUN elm-5389 151 25 of of ADP elm-5389 151 26 distribution distribution NOUN elm-5389 151 27 . . PUNCT elm-5389 152 1 in in ADP elm-5389 152 2 experiment experiment NOUN elm-5389 152 3 2 2 NUM elm-5389 152 4 , , PUNCT elm-5389 152 5 we we PRON elm-5389 152 6 used use VERB elm-5389 152 7 the the DET elm-5389 152 8 naturality naturality NOUN elm-5389 152 9 of of ADP elm-5389 152 10 discourses discourse NOUN elm-5389 152 11 to to PART elm-5389 152 12 assess assess VERB elm-5389 152 13 the the DET elm-5389 152 14 sensitivity sensitivity NOUN elm-5389 152 15 of of ADP elm-5389 152 16 human human ADJ elm-5389 152 17 participants participant NOUN elm-5389 152 18 to to PART elm-5389 152 19 discursive discursive ADJ elm-5389 152 20 orientation orientation NOUN elm-5389 152 21 . . PUNCT elm-5389 153 1 here here ADV elm-5389 153 2 , , PUNCT elm-5389 153 3 we we PRON elm-5389 153 4 will will AUX elm-5389 153 5 use use VERB elm-5389 153 6 the the DET elm-5389 153 7 perplexity perplexity NOUN elm-5389 153 8 of of ADP elm-5389 153 9 a a DET elm-5389 153 10 model model NOUN elm-5389 153 11 towards towards ADP elm-5389 153 12 the the DET elm-5389 153 13 target target NOUN elm-5389 153 14 sentences sentence NOUN elm-5389 153 15 , , PUNCT elm-5389 153 16 a a DET elm-5389 153 17 measure measure NOUN elm-5389 153 18 we we PRON elm-5389 153 19 define define VERB elm-5389 153 20 in in ADP elm-5389 153 21 the the DET elm-5389 153 22 next next ADJ elm-5389 153 23 subsection subsection NOUN elm-5389 153 24 .. .. PUNCT elm-5389 153 25 if if SCONJ elm-5389 153 26 the the DET elm-5389 153 27 model model NOUN elm-5389 153 28 acquired acquire VERB elm-5389 153 29 some some DET elm-5389 153 30 information information NOUN elm-5389 153 31 about about ADP elm-5389 153 32 the the DET elm-5389 153 33 discursive discursive ADJ elm-5389 153 34 orientation orientation NOUN elm-5389 153 35 of of ADP elm-5389 153 36 the the DET elm-5389 153 37 adverbs adverb NOUN elm-5389 153 38 under under ADP elm-5389 153 39 study study NOUN elm-5389 153 40 , , PUNCT elm-5389 153 41 we we PRON elm-5389 153 42 expect expect VERB elm-5389 153 43 it it PRON elm-5389 153 44 to to PART elm-5389 153 45 predict predict VERB elm-5389 153 46 that that PRON elm-5389 153 47 : : PUNCT elm-5389 153 48 • • ADP elm-5389 153 49 replacing replace VERB elm-5389 153 50 presque presque NOUN elm-5389 153 51 by by ADP elm-5389 153 52 à à PROPN elm-5389 153 53 peine peine PROPN elm-5389 153 54 , , PUNCT elm-5389 153 55 or or CCONJ elm-5389 153 56 vice vice NOUN elm-5389 153 57 - - NOUN elm-5389 153 58 versa versa ADJ elm-5389 153 59 should should AUX elm-5389 153 60 increase increase VERB elm-5389 153 61 the the DET elm-5389 153 62 perplexity perplexity NOUN elm-5389 153 63 • • NOUN elm-5389 153 64 deleting delete VERB elm-5389 153 65 presque presque NOUN elm-5389 153 66 should should AUX elm-5389 153 67 not not PART elm-5389 153 68 significantly significantly ADV elm-5389 153 69 alter alter VERB elm-5389 153 70 the the DET elm-5389 153 71 perplexity perplexity NOUN elm-5389 153 72 , , PUNCT elm-5389 153 73 or or CCONJ elm-5389 153 74 do do VERB elm-5389 153 75 it it PRON elm-5389 153 76 in in ADP elm-5389 153 77 a a DET elm-5389 153 78 way way NOUN elm-5389 153 79 not not PART elm-5389 153 80 as as ADV elm-5389 153 81 marked mark VERB elm-5389 153 82 as as ADP elm-5389 153 83 a a DET elm-5389 153 84 deletion deletion NOUN elm-5389 153 85 of of ADP elm-5389 153 86 à à PROPN elm-5389 153 87 peine peine X elm-5389 153 88 3.3.1 3.3.1 PROPN elm-5389 153 89 . . PUNCT elm-5389 153 90 method method NOUN elm-5389 153 91 . . PUNCT elm-5389 154 1 to to PART elm-5389 154 2 test test VERB elm-5389 154 3 the the DET elm-5389 154 4 sensitivity sensitivity NOUN elm-5389 154 5 of of ADP elm-5389 154 6 language language NOUN elm-5389 154 7 models model NOUN elm-5389 154 8 to to PART elm-5389 154 9 discourse discourse VERB elm-5389 154 10 orientation orientation NOUN elm-5389 154 11 , , PUNCT elm-5389 154 12 we we PRON elm-5389 154 13 relied rely VERB elm-5389 154 14 on on ADP elm-5389 154 15 the the DET elm-5389 154 16 the the DET elm-5389 154 17 french french ADJ elm-5389 154 18 - - PUNCT elm-5389 154 19 gpt gpt NOUN elm-5389 154 20 model model NOUN elm-5389 154 21 ( ( PUNCT elm-5389 154 22 simoulin simoulin NOUN elm-5389 154 23 & & CCONJ elm-5389 154 24 crabbé crabbé ADJ elm-5389 154 25 2021 2021 NUM elm-5389 154 26 ) ) PUNCT elm-5389 154 27 . . PUNCT elm-5389 155 1 the the DET elm-5389 155 2 rationale rationale NOUN elm-5389 155 3 for for ADP elm-5389 155 4 our our PRON elm-5389 155 5 choice choice NOUN elm-5389 155 6 was be AUX elm-5389 155 7 that that SCONJ elm-5389 155 8 , , PUNCT elm-5389 155 9 unlike unlike ADP elm-5389 155 10 bert bert PROPN elm-5389 155 11 models model NOUN elm-5389 155 12 , , PUNCT elm-5389 155 13 gpt gpt NOUN elm-5389 155 14 - - PUNCT elm-5389 155 15 like like ADJ elm-5389 155 16 models model NOUN elm-5389 155 17 are be AUX elm-5389 155 18 directional directional ADJ elm-5389 155 19 , , PUNCT elm-5389 155 20 and and CCONJ elm-5389 155 21 thus thus ADV elm-5389 155 22 are be AUX elm-5389 155 23 suited suit VERB elm-5389 155 24 to to ADP elm-5389 155 25 measuring measure VERB elm-5389 155 26 the the DET elm-5389 155 27 perplexity perplexity NOUN elm-5389 155 28 of of ADP elm-5389 155 29 the the DET elm-5389 155 30 model model NOUN elm-5389 155 31 about about ADP elm-5389 155 32 the the DET elm-5389 155 33 continuation continuation NOUN elm-5389 155 34 of of ADP elm-5389 155 35 a a DET elm-5389 155 36 discourse discourse NOUN elm-5389 155 37 . . PUNCT elm-5389 156 1 as as SCONJ elm-5389 156 2 mentioned mention VERB elm-5389 156 3 above above ADV elm-5389 156 4 , , PUNCT elm-5389 156 5 we we PRON elm-5389 156 6 take take VERB elm-5389 156 7 the the DET elm-5389 156 8 perplexity perplexity NOUN elm-5389 156 9 of of ADP elm-5389 156 10 the the DET elm-5389 156 11 model model NOUN elm-5389 156 12 as as ADP elm-5389 156 13 a a DET elm-5389 156 14 proxy proxy NOUN elm-5389 156 15 for for ADP elm-5389 156 16 the the DET elm-5389 156 17 naturality naturality NOUN elm-5389 156 18 of of ADP elm-5389 156 19 a a DET elm-5389 156 20 discourse discourse NOUN elm-5389 156 21 : : PUNCT elm-5389 156 22 the the PRON elm-5389 156 23 higher high ADJ elm-5389 156 24 the the DET elm-5389 156 25 perplexity perplexity NOUN elm-5389 156 26 , , PUNCT elm-5389 156 27 the the DET elm-5389 156 28 less less ADV elm-5389 156 29 natural natural ADJ elm-5389 156 30 the the DET elm-5389 156 31 discourse discourse NOUN elm-5389 156 32 . . PUNCT elm-5389 157 1 we we PRON elm-5389 157 2 thus thus ADV elm-5389 157 3 calculated calculate VERB elm-5389 157 4 the the DET elm-5389 157 5 average average ADJ elm-5389 157 6 perplexity perplexity NOUN elm-5389 157 7 of of ADP elm-5389 157 8 the the DET elm-5389 157 9 model model NOUN elm-5389 157 10 on on ADP elm-5389 157 11 our our PRON elm-5389 157 12 target target NOUN elm-5389 157 13 sentences sentence NOUN elm-5389 157 14 , , PUNCT elm-5389 157 15 in in ADP elm-5389 157 16 the the DET elm-5389 157 17 three three NUM elm-5389 157 18 conditions condition NOUN elm-5389 157 19 original original ADJ elm-5389 157 20 , , PUNCT elm-5389 157 21 switched switch VERB elm-5389 157 22 and and CCONJ elm-5389 157 23 bare bare ADJ elm-5389 157 24 , , PUNCT elm-5389 157 25 using use VERB elm-5389 157 26 the the DET elm-5389 157 27 two two NUM elm-5389 157 28 previous previous ADJ elm-5389 157 29 sentences sentence NOUN elm-5389 157 30 as as ADP elm-5389 157 31 the the DET elm-5389 157 32 context context NOUN elm-5389 157 33 against against ADP elm-5389 157 34 which which PRON elm-5389 157 35 to to PART elm-5389 157 36 measure measure VERB elm-5389 157 37 the the DET elm-5389 157 38 perplexity perplexity NOUN elm-5389 157 39 of of ADP elm-5389 157 40 the the DET elm-5389 157 41 model model NOUN elm-5389 157 42 . . PUNCT elm-5389 158 1 the the DET elm-5389 158 2 perplexity perplexity NOUN elm-5389 158 3 measure measure NOUN elm-5389 158 4 uses use VERB elm-5389 158 5 the the DET elm-5389 158 6 context context NOUN elm-5389 158 7 before before ADP elm-5389 158 8 a a DET elm-5389 158 9 particular particular ADJ elm-5389 158 10 word word NOUN elm-5389 158 11 to to PART elm-5389 158 12 assess assess VERB elm-5389 158 13 its its PRON elm-5389 158 14 probability probability NOUN elm-5389 158 15 of of ADP elm-5389 158 16 occurrence occurrence NOUN elm-5389 158 17 . . PUNCT elm-5389 159 1 specifically specifically ADV elm-5389 159 2 , , PUNCT elm-5389 159 3 it it PRON elm-5389 159 4 is be AUX elm-5389 159 5 defined define VERB elm-5389 159 6 as as ADP elm-5389 159 7 “ " PUNCT elm-5389 159 8 the the DET elm-5389 159 9 exponentiated exponentiated ADJ elm-5389 159 10 average average ADJ elm-5389 159 11 negative negative ADJ elm-5389 159 12 log log NOUN elm-5389 159 13 - - PUNCT elm-5389 159 14 likelihood likelihood NOUN elm-5389 159 15 of of ADP elm-5389 159 16 a a DET elm-5389 159 17 sequence sequence NOUN elm-5389 159 18 . . PUNCT elm-5389 160 1 if if SCONJ elm-5389 160 2 we we PRON elm-5389 160 3 have have VERB elm-5389 160 4 a a DET elm-5389 160 5 tokenized tokenized ADJ elm-5389 160 6 sequence sequence NOUN elm-5389 160 7 x x PUNCT elm-5389 160 8 = = SYM elm-5389 160 9 ( ( PUNCT elm-5389 160 10 x0 x0 PROPN elm-5389 160 11 , , PUNCT elm-5389 160 12 x1 x1 PROPN elm-5389 160 13 , , PUNCT elm-5389 160 14 . . PUNCT elm-5389 160 15 . . PUNCT elm-5389 161 1 . . PUNCT elm-5389 162 1 , , PUNCT elm-5389 162 2 xt xt PROPN elm-5389 162 3 ) ) PUNCT elm-5389 162 4 , , PUNCT elm-5389 162 5 then then ADV elm-5389 162 6 the the DET elm-5389 162 7 perplexity perplexity NOUN elm-5389 162 8 of of ADP elm-5389 162 9 xx xx NUM elm-5389 162 10 is be AUX elm-5389 162 11 defined define VERB elm-5389 162 12 [ [ PUNCT elm-5389 162 13 as as SCONJ elm-5389 162 14 follows follow VERB elm-5389 162 15 ] ] PUNCT elm-5389 162 16 , , PUNCT elm-5389 162 17 where where SCONJ elm-5389 162 18 log log VERB elm-5389 162 19 pθ(xi|x pθ(xi|x PROPN elm-5389 162 20 < < X elm-5389 162 21 i i X elm-5389 162 22 ) ) PUNCT elm-5389 162 23 is be AUX elm-5389 162 24 the the DET elm-5389 162 25 proceedings proceeding NOUN elm-5389 162 26 of of ADP elm-5389 162 27 elm elm NOUN elm-5389 162 28 2 2 NUM elm-5389 162 29 : : PUNCT elm-5389 162 30 299 299 NUM elm-5389 162 31 - - SYM elm-5389 162 32 309 309 NUM elm-5389 162 33 , , PUNCT elm-5389 162 34 2023 2023 NUM elm-5389 162 35 grégoire grégoire NOUN elm-5389 162 36 winterstein winterstein ADJ elm-5389 162 37 , , PUNCT elm-5389 162 38 ghyslain ghyslain NOUN elm-5389 162 39 cantin cantin NOUN elm-5389 162 40 - - PUNCT elm-5389 162 41 savoie savoie PROPN elm-5389 162 42 , , PUNCT elm-5389 162 43 samuel samuel PROPN elm-5389 162 44 laperle laperle PROPN elm-5389 162 45 , , PUNCT elm-5389 162 46 josiane josiane PROPN elm-5389 162 47 van van PROPN elm-5389 162 48 dorpe dorpe PROPN elm-5389 162 49 and and CCONJ elm-5389 162 50 nora nora PROPN elm-5389 162 51 villeneuve villeneuve PROPN elm-5389 162 52 : : PUNCT elm-5389 162 53 informational informational ADJ elm-5389 162 54 content content NOUN elm-5389 162 55 vs. vs. ADP elm-5389 162 56 discourse discourse NOUN elm-5389 162 57 orientation orientation NOUN elm-5389 162 58 . . PUNCT elm-5389 163 1 306 306 NUM elm-5389 163 2 https://doi.org/10.3765/elm https://doi.org/10.3765/elm NOUN elm-5389 163 3 https://www.elm-conference.net/ https://www.elm-conference.net/ ADP elm-5389 163 4 log log NOUN elm-5389 163 5 - - PUNCT elm-5389 163 6 likelihood likelihood NOUN elm-5389 163 7 of of ADP elm-5389 163 8 the the DET elm-5389 163 9 i i PROPN elm-5389 163 10 - - PUNCT elm-5389 163 11 th th X elm-5389 163 12 token token VERB elm-5389 163 13 conditioned condition VERB elm-5389 163 14 on on ADP elm-5389 163 15 the the DET elm-5389 163 16 preceding precede VERB elm-5389 163 17 tokens token NOUN elm-5389 163 18 x x X elm-5389 163 19 < < X elm-5389 163 20 i”1 i”1 NOUN elm-5389 163 21 . . PUNCT elm-5389 164 1 ppl(x ppl(x PROPN elm-5389 164 2 ) ) PUNCT elm-5389 164 3 = = PUNCT elm-5389 165 1 e− e− PROPN elm-5389 165 2 1 1 NUM elm-5389 165 3 t t NOUN elm-5389 165 4 ∑i ∑i PROPN elm-5389 165 5 t t PROPN elm-5389 165 6 log log NOUN elm-5389 165 7 pθ(xi|x pθ(xi|x PROPN elm-5389 165 8 < < X elm-5389 165 9 i i PROPN elm-5389 165 10 ) ) PUNCT elm-5389 165 11 ( ( PUNCT elm-5389 165 12 1 1 X elm-5389 165 13 ) ) PUNCT elm-5389 165 14 3.3.2 3.3.2 NUM elm-5389 165 15 . . PUNCT elm-5389 166 1 results result NOUN elm-5389 166 2 . . PUNCT elm-5389 167 1 figure figure VERB elm-5389 167 2 5 5 NUM elm-5389 167 3 summarizes summarize NOUN elm-5389 167 4 the the DET elm-5389 167 5 results result NOUN elm-5389 167 6 of of ADP elm-5389 167 7 the the DET elm-5389 167 8 experiment experiment NOUN elm-5389 167 9 by by ADP elm-5389 167 10 showing show VERB elm-5389 167 11 the the DET elm-5389 167 12 average average ADJ elm-5389 167 13 z z NOUN elm-5389 167 14 - - PUNCT elm-5389 167 15 score score NOUN elm-5389 167 16 for for ADP elm-5389 167 17 perplexity perplexity NOUN elm-5389 167 18 in in ADP elm-5389 167 19 each each PRON elm-5389 167 20 of of ADP elm-5389 167 21 the the DET elm-5389 167 22 three three NUM elm-5389 167 23 conditions condition NOUN elm-5389 167 24 , , PUNCT elm-5389 167 25 for for ADP elm-5389 167 26 each each DET elm-5389 167 27 adverb adverb NOUN elm-5389 167 28 that that PRON elm-5389 167 29 was be AUX elm-5389 167 30 present present ADJ elm-5389 167 31 in in ADP elm-5389 167 32 the the DET elm-5389 167 33 original original ADJ elm-5389 167 34 sentences sentence NOUN elm-5389 167 35 ( ( PUNCT elm-5389 167 36 e.g. e.g. ADV elm-5389 167 37 the the DET elm-5389 167 38 bar bar NOUN elm-5389 167 39 for for ADP elm-5389 167 40 switch switch NOUN elm-5389 167 41 / / SYM elm-5389 167 42 apeine apeine NOUN elm-5389 167 43 represents represent VERB elm-5389 167 44 cases case NOUN elm-5389 167 45 in in ADP elm-5389 167 46 which which PRON elm-5389 167 47 the the DET elm-5389 167 48 original original ADJ elm-5389 167 49 à à PROPN elm-5389 167 50 peine peine NOUN elm-5389 167 51 was be AUX elm-5389 167 52 replaced replace VERB elm-5389 167 53 by by ADP elm-5389 167 54 presque presque NOUN elm-5389 167 55 ) ) PUNCT elm-5389 167 56 . . PUNCT elm-5389 168 1 figure figure VERB elm-5389 168 2 5 5 NUM elm-5389 168 3 : : PUNCT elm-5389 168 4 z z NOUN elm-5389 168 5 - - PUNCT elm-5389 168 6 scores score NOUN elm-5389 168 7 for for ADP elm-5389 168 8 perplexity perplexity NOUN elm-5389 168 9 across across ADP elm-5389 168 10 conditions condition NOUN elm-5389 168 11 in in ADP elm-5389 168 12 experiment experiment NOUN elm-5389 168 13 4 4 NUM elm-5389 168 14 . . PUNCT elm-5389 169 1 the the DET elm-5389 169 2 general general ADJ elm-5389 169 3 patterns pattern NOUN elm-5389 169 4 we we PRON elm-5389 169 5 can can AUX elm-5389 169 6 observe observe VERB elm-5389 169 7 is be AUX elm-5389 169 8 that that SCONJ elm-5389 169 9 replacing replace VERB elm-5389 169 10 presque presque NOUN elm-5389 169 11 by by ADP elm-5389 169 12 à à PROPN elm-5389 169 13 peine peine NOUN elm-5389 169 14 will will AUX elm-5389 169 15 greatly greatly ADV elm-5389 169 16 augment augment VERB elm-5389 169 17 the the DET elm-5389 169 18 perplexity perplexity NOUN elm-5389 169 19 of of ADP elm-5389 169 20 the the DET elm-5389 169 21 model model NOUN elm-5389 169 22 , , PUNCT elm-5389 169 23 and and CCONJ elm-5389 169 24 that that SCONJ elm-5389 169 25 removing remove VERB elm-5389 169 26 the the DET elm-5389 169 27 adverbs adverb NOUN elm-5389 169 28 will will AUX elm-5389 169 29 lower lower VERB elm-5389 169 30 the the DET elm-5389 169 31 perplexity perplexity NOUN elm-5389 169 32 , , PUNCT elm-5389 169 33 especially especially ADV elm-5389 169 34 in in ADP elm-5389 169 35 the the DET elm-5389 169 36 case case NOUN elm-5389 169 37 of of ADP elm-5389 169 38 à à PROPN elm-5389 169 39 peine peine NOUN elm-5389 169 40 . . PUNCT elm-5389 170 1 3.4 3.4 NUM elm-5389 170 2 . . PUNCT elm-5389 170 3 discussion discussion NOUN elm-5389 170 4 . . PUNCT elm-5389 171 1 overall overall ADV elm-5389 171 2 , , PUNCT elm-5389 171 3 the the DET elm-5389 171 4 results result NOUN elm-5389 171 5 of of ADP elm-5389 171 6 experiments experiment NOUN elm-5389 171 7 3 3 NUM elm-5389 171 8 and and CCONJ elm-5389 171 9 4 4 NUM elm-5389 171 10 suggest suggest VERB elm-5389 171 11 different different ADJ elm-5389 171 12 conclusions conclusion NOUN elm-5389 171 13 . . PUNCT elm-5389 172 1 for for ADP elm-5389 172 2 presque presque ADJ elm-5389 172 3 , , PUNCT elm-5389 172 4 experiment experiment NOUN elm-5389 172 5 3 3 NUM elm-5389 172 6 shows show VERB elm-5389 172 7 that that SCONJ elm-5389 172 8 a a DET elm-5389 172 9 model model NOUN elm-5389 172 10 specifically specifically ADV elm-5389 172 11 trained train VERB elm-5389 172 12 for for ADP elm-5389 172 13 natural natural ADJ elm-5389 172 14 language language NOUN elm-5389 172 15 inference inference NOUN elm-5389 172 16 will will AUX elm-5389 172 17 nevertheless nevertheless ADV elm-5389 172 18 predict predict VERB elm-5389 172 19 the the DET elm-5389 172 20 wrong wrong ADJ elm-5389 172 21 entailment entailment ADJ elm-5389 172 22 pattern pattern NOUN elm-5389 172 23 , , PUNCT elm-5389 172 24 namely namely ADV elm-5389 172 25 that that SCONJ elm-5389 172 26 presque presque NOUN elm-5389 172 27 entails entail VERB elm-5389 172 28 its its PRON elm-5389 172 29 prejacent prejacent NOUN elm-5389 172 30 . . PUNCT elm-5389 173 1 the the DET elm-5389 173 2 results result NOUN elm-5389 173 3 are be AUX elm-5389 173 4 more more ADV elm-5389 173 5 subtle subtle ADJ elm-5389 173 6 for for ADP elm-5389 173 7 à à PROPN elm-5389 173 8 peine peine NOUN elm-5389 173 9 , , PUNCT elm-5389 173 10 though though SCONJ elm-5389 173 11 they they PRON elm-5389 173 12 do do AUX elm-5389 173 13 make make VERB elm-5389 173 14 sense sense NOUN elm-5389 173 15 in in ADP elm-5389 173 16 the the DET elm-5389 173 17 light light NOUN elm-5389 173 18 of of ADP elm-5389 173 19 the the DET elm-5389 173 20 results result NOUN elm-5389 173 21 of of ADP elm-5389 173 22 experiment experiment NOUN elm-5389 173 23 1 1 NUM elm-5389 173 24 . . PUNCT elm-5389 174 1 these these DET elm-5389 174 2 results result NOUN elm-5389 174 3 showed show VERB elm-5389 174 4 that that SCONJ elm-5389 174 5 while while SCONJ elm-5389 174 6 human human ADJ elm-5389 174 7 participants participant NOUN elm-5389 174 8 systematically systematically ADV elm-5389 174 9 rated rate VERB elm-5389 174 10 the the DET elm-5389 174 11 presque presque ADJ elm-5389 174 12 condition condition NOUN elm-5389 174 13 below below ADP elm-5389 174 14 the the DET elm-5389 174 15 ∅ ∅ NOUN elm-5389 174 16 and and CCONJ elm-5389 174 17 the the DET elm-5389 174 18 à à PROPN elm-5389 174 19 peine peine NOUN elm-5389 174 20 conditions condition NOUN elm-5389 174 21 , , PUNCT elm-5389 174 22 the the DET elm-5389 174 23 rankings ranking NOUN elm-5389 174 24 of of ADP elm-5389 174 25 ∅ ∅ NOUN elm-5389 174 26 and and CCONJ elm-5389 174 27 à à PROPN elm-5389 174 28 peine peine NOUN elm-5389 174 29 were be AUX elm-5389 174 30 not not PART elm-5389 174 31 clear clear ADV elm-5389 174 32 - - PUNCT elm-5389 174 33 cut cut VERB elm-5389 174 34 . . PUNCT elm-5389 175 1 in in ADP elm-5389 175 2 other other ADJ elm-5389 175 3 words word NOUN elm-5389 175 4 , , PUNCT elm-5389 175 5 there there PRON elm-5389 175 6 were be VERB elm-5389 175 7 situations situation NOUN elm-5389 175 8 in in ADP elm-5389 175 9 which which PRON elm-5389 175 10 participants participant NOUN elm-5389 175 11 put put VERB elm-5389 175 12 the the DET elm-5389 175 13 prototypical prototypical ADJ elm-5389 175 14 degree degree NOUN elm-5389 175 15 of of ADP elm-5389 175 16 ∅ ∅ NOUN elm-5389 175 17 above above ADP elm-5389 175 18 that that PRON elm-5389 175 19 of of ADP elm-5389 175 20 à à PROPN elm-5389 175 21 peine peine PROPN elm-5389 175 22 . . PUNCT elm-5389 176 1 the the DET elm-5389 176 2 entailment entailment ADJ elm-5389 176 3 patterns pattern NOUN elm-5389 176 4 of of ADP elm-5389 176 5 à à PROPN elm-5389 176 6 peine peine NOUN elm-5389 176 7 in in ADP elm-5389 176 8 experiment experiment NOUN elm-5389 176 9 3 3 NUM elm-5389 176 10 could could AUX elm-5389 176 11 thus thus ADV elm-5389 176 12 be be AUX elm-5389 176 13 interpreted interpret VERB elm-5389 176 14 as as ADP elm-5389 176 15 reflecting reflect VERB elm-5389 176 16 those those DET elm-5389 176 17 two two NUM elm-5389 176 18 options option NOUN elm-5389 176 19 . . PUNCT elm-5389 177 1 when when SCONJ elm-5389 177 2 the the DET elm-5389 177 3 degree degree NOUN elm-5389 177 4 of of ADP elm-5389 177 5 ∅ ∅ NOUN elm-5389 177 6 significantly significantly ADV elm-5389 177 7 exceeds exceed VERB elm-5389 177 8 that that PRON elm-5389 177 9 of of ADP elm-5389 177 10 à à PROPN elm-5389 177 11 peine peine X elm-5389 177 12 , , PUNCT elm-5389 177 13 non non ADJ elm-5389 177 14 - - ADJ elm-5389 177 15 entailment entailment ADJ elm-5389 177 16 is be AUX elm-5389 177 17 predicted predict VERB elm-5389 177 18 , , PUNCT elm-5389 177 19 while while SCONJ elm-5389 177 20 in in ADP elm-5389 177 21 other other ADJ elm-5389 177 22 cases case NOUN elm-5389 177 23 , , PUNCT elm-5389 177 24 entailment entailment PROPN elm-5389 177 25 would would AUX elm-5389 177 26 be be AUX elm-5389 177 27 the the DET elm-5389 177 28 prediction prediction NOUN elm-5389 177 29 . . PUNCT elm-5389 178 1 1https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/perplexity 1https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/perplexity NOUN elm-5389 178 2 proceedings proceeding NOUN elm-5389 178 3 of of ADP elm-5389 178 4 elm elm NOUN elm-5389 178 5 2 2 NUM elm-5389 178 6 : : PUNCT elm-5389 178 7 299 299 NUM elm-5389 178 8 - - SYM elm-5389 178 9 309 309 NUM elm-5389 178 10 , , PUNCT elm-5389 178 11 2023 2023 NUM elm-5389 178 12 grégoire grégoire NOUN elm-5389 178 13 winterstein winterstein ADJ elm-5389 178 14 , , PUNCT elm-5389 178 15 ghyslain ghyslain NOUN elm-5389 178 16 cantin cantin NOUN elm-5389 178 17 - - PUNCT elm-5389 178 18 savoie savoie PROPN elm-5389 178 19 , , PUNCT elm-5389 178 20 samuel samuel PROPN elm-5389 178 21 laperle laperle PROPN elm-5389 178 22 , , PUNCT elm-5389 178 23 josiane josiane PROPN elm-5389 178 24 van van PROPN elm-5389 178 25 dorpe dorpe PROPN elm-5389 178 26 and and CCONJ elm-5389 178 27 nora nora PROPN elm-5389 178 28 villeneuve villeneuve PROPN elm-5389 178 29 : : PUNCT elm-5389 178 30 informational informational ADJ elm-5389 178 31 content content NOUN elm-5389 178 32 vs. vs. ADP elm-5389 178 33 discourse discourse NOUN elm-5389 178 34 orientation orientation NOUN elm-5389 178 35 . . PUNCT elm-5389 179 1 307 307 NUM elm-5389 179 2 https://doi.org/10.3765/elm https://doi.org/10.3765/elm NOUN elm-5389 179 3 https://www.elm-conference.net/ https://www.elm-conference.net/ X elm-5389 179 4 for for ADP elm-5389 179 5 discourse discourse NOUN elm-5389 179 6 orientation orientation NOUN elm-5389 179 7 , , PUNCT elm-5389 179 8 the the DET elm-5389 179 9 results result NOUN elm-5389 179 10 are be AUX elm-5389 179 11 not not PART elm-5389 179 12 fully fully ADV elm-5389 179 13 consistent consistent ADJ elm-5389 179 14 with with ADP elm-5389 179 15 the the DET elm-5389 179 16 hypothesis hypothesis NOUN elm-5389 179 17 that that PRON elm-5389 179 18 the the DET elm-5389 179 19 models model NOUN elm-5389 179 20 are be AUX elm-5389 179 21 sensitive sensitive ADJ elm-5389 179 22 to to ADP elm-5389 179 23 the the DET elm-5389 179 24 different different ADJ elm-5389 179 25 orientations orientation NOUN elm-5389 179 26 of of ADP elm-5389 179 27 presque presque ADJ elm-5389 179 28 and and CCONJ elm-5389 179 29 à à PROPN elm-5389 179 30 peine peine NOUN elm-5389 179 31 . . PUNCT elm-5389 180 1 while while SCONJ elm-5389 180 2 substituting substitute VERB elm-5389 180 3 à à PROPN elm-5389 180 4 peine peine NOUN elm-5389 180 5 for for ADP elm-5389 180 6 presque presque NOUN elm-5389 180 7 does do AUX elm-5389 180 8 increase increase VERB elm-5389 180 9 the the DET elm-5389 180 10 perplexity perplexity NOUN elm-5389 180 11 , , PUNCT elm-5389 180 12 as as SCONJ elm-5389 180 13 expected expect VERB elm-5389 180 14 , , PUNCT elm-5389 180 15 the the DET elm-5389 180 16 reverse reverse ADJ elm-5389 180 17 substitution substitution NOUN elm-5389 180 18 does do AUX elm-5389 180 19 not not PART elm-5389 180 20 seem seem VERB elm-5389 180 21 to to PART elm-5389 180 22 alter alter VERB elm-5389 180 23 the the DET elm-5389 180 24 perplexity perplexity NOUN elm-5389 180 25 in in ADP elm-5389 180 26 any any DET elm-5389 180 27 significant significant ADJ elm-5389 180 28 way way NOUN elm-5389 180 29 . . PUNCT elm-5389 181 1 this this PRON elm-5389 181 2 suggests suggest VERB elm-5389 181 3 that that SCONJ elm-5389 181 4 it it PRON elm-5389 181 5 is be AUX elm-5389 181 6 à à PROPN elm-5389 181 7 peine peine NOUN elm-5389 181 8 itself itself PRON elm-5389 181 9 which which PRON elm-5389 181 10 is be AUX elm-5389 181 11 responsible responsible ADJ elm-5389 181 12 for for ADP elm-5389 181 13 a a DET elm-5389 181 14 high high ADJ elm-5389 181 15 perplexity perplexity NOUN elm-5389 181 16 . . PUNCT elm-5389 182 1 indeed indeed ADV elm-5389 182 2 , , PUNCT elm-5389 182 3 if if SCONJ elm-5389 182 4 we we PRON elm-5389 182 5 compare compare VERB elm-5389 182 6 the the DET elm-5389 182 7 bare bare ADJ elm-5389 182 8 cases case NOUN elm-5389 182 9 with with ADP elm-5389 182 10 the the DET elm-5389 182 11 original original ADJ elm-5389 182 12 ones one NOUN elm-5389 182 13 for for ADP elm-5389 182 14 à à PROPN elm-5389 182 15 peine peine PROPN elm-5389 182 16 , , PUNCT elm-5389 182 17 we we PRON elm-5389 182 18 find find VERB elm-5389 182 19 that that SCONJ elm-5389 182 20 removing remove VERB elm-5389 182 21 à à PROPN elm-5389 182 22 peine peine NOUN elm-5389 182 23 significantly significantly ADV elm-5389 182 24 reduces reduce VERB elm-5389 182 25 the the DET elm-5389 182 26 perplexity perplexity NOUN elm-5389 182 27 . . PUNCT elm-5389 183 1 this this PRON elm-5389 183 2 might might AUX elm-5389 183 3 possibly possibly ADV elm-5389 183 4 be be AUX elm-5389 183 5 related relate VERB elm-5389 183 6 to to ADP elm-5389 183 7 the the DET elm-5389 183 8 fact fact NOUN elm-5389 183 9 that that SCONJ elm-5389 183 10 à à PROPN elm-5389 183 11 peine peine PROPN elm-5389 183 12 is be AUX elm-5389 183 13 a a DET elm-5389 183 14 two two NUM elm-5389 183 15 words word NOUN elm-5389 183 16 expression expression NOUN elm-5389 183 17 , , PUNCT elm-5389 183 18 the the DET elm-5389 183 19 first first ADJ elm-5389 183 20 of of ADP elm-5389 183 21 which which PRON elm-5389 183 22 , , PUNCT elm-5389 183 23 à à PROPN elm-5389 183 24 , , PUNCT elm-5389 183 25 is be AUX elm-5389 183 26 an an DET elm-5389 183 27 extremely extremely ADV elm-5389 183 28 frequent frequent ADJ elm-5389 183 29 preposition preposition NOUN elm-5389 183 30 in in ADP elm-5389 183 31 french french PROPN elm-5389 183 32 . . PUNCT elm-5389 184 1 overall overall ADV elm-5389 184 2 , , PUNCT elm-5389 184 3 the the DET elm-5389 184 4 appearance appearance NOUN elm-5389 184 5 of of ADP elm-5389 184 6 à à PROPN elm-5389 184 7 in in ADP elm-5389 184 8 à à PROPN elm-5389 184 9 peine peine X elm-5389 184 10 is be AUX elm-5389 184 11 a a DET elm-5389 184 12 rarer rare ADJ elm-5389 184 13 occasion occasion NOUN elm-5389 184 14 than than ADP elm-5389 184 15 its its PRON elm-5389 184 16 other other ADJ elm-5389 184 17 uses use NOUN elm-5389 184 18 , , PUNCT elm-5389 184 19 which which PRON elm-5389 184 20 in in ADP elm-5389 184 21 turn turn NOUN elm-5389 184 22 will will AUX elm-5389 184 23 affect affect VERB elm-5389 184 24 the the DET elm-5389 184 25 perplexity perplexity NOUN elm-5389 184 26 of of ADP elm-5389 184 27 the the DET elm-5389 184 28 model model NOUN elm-5389 184 29 when when SCONJ elm-5389 184 30 processing process VERB elm-5389 184 31 this this DET elm-5389 184 32 element element NOUN elm-5389 184 33 . . PUNCT elm-5389 185 1 4 4 X elm-5389 185 2 . . X elm-5389 185 3 general general ADJ elm-5389 185 4 discussion discussion NOUN elm-5389 185 5 and and CCONJ elm-5389 185 6 conclusion conclusion NOUN elm-5389 185 7 . . PUNCT elm-5389 186 1 overall overall ADJ elm-5389 186 2 , , PUNCT elm-5389 186 3 and and CCONJ elm-5389 186 4 as as SCONJ elm-5389 186 5 expected expect VERB elm-5389 186 6 , , PUNCT elm-5389 186 7 the the DET elm-5389 186 8 results result NOUN elm-5389 186 9 of of ADP elm-5389 186 10 experiments experiment NOUN elm-5389 186 11 1 1 NUM elm-5389 186 12 and and CCONJ elm-5389 186 13 2 2 NUM elm-5389 186 14 largely largely ADV elm-5389 186 15 support support VERB elm-5389 186 16 previous previous ADJ elm-5389 186 17 findings finding NOUN elm-5389 186 18 and and CCONJ elm-5389 186 19 theoretical theoretical ADJ elm-5389 186 20 claims claim NOUN elm-5389 186 21 about about ADP elm-5389 186 22 the the DET elm-5389 186 23 semantics semantic NOUN elm-5389 186 24 and and CCONJ elm-5389 186 25 interpretation interpretation NOUN elm-5389 186 26 of of ADP elm-5389 186 27 presque presque ADJ elm-5389 186 28 and and CCONJ elm-5389 186 29 à à PROPN elm-5389 186 30 peine peine X elm-5389 186 31 . . PUNCT elm-5389 187 1 french french ADJ elm-5389 187 2 speakers speaker NOUN elm-5389 187 3 ( ( PUNCT elm-5389 187 4 and and CCONJ elm-5389 187 5 most most ADV elm-5389 187 6 likely likely ADJ elm-5389 187 7 speakers speaker NOUN elm-5389 187 8 of of ADP elm-5389 187 9 other other ADJ elm-5389 187 10 languages language NOUN elm-5389 187 11 ) ) PUNCT elm-5389 187 12 are be AUX elm-5389 187 13 sensitive sensitive ADJ elm-5389 187 14 to to ADP elm-5389 187 15 both both CCONJ elm-5389 187 16 the the DET elm-5389 187 17 informational informational ADJ elm-5389 187 18 content content NOUN elm-5389 187 19 entailed entail VERB elm-5389 187 20 by by ADP elm-5389 187 21 those those DET elm-5389 187 22 adverbs adverb NOUN elm-5389 187 23 and and CCONJ elm-5389 187 24 the the DET elm-5389 187 25 way way NOUN elm-5389 187 26 these these DET elm-5389 187 27 adverbs adverb NOUN elm-5389 187 28 can can AUX elm-5389 187 29 be be AUX elm-5389 187 30 used use VERB elm-5389 187 31 in in ADP elm-5389 187 32 a a DET elm-5389 187 33 discourse discourse NOUN elm-5389 187 34 . . PUNCT elm-5389 188 1 depending depend VERB elm-5389 188 2 on on ADP elm-5389 188 3 the the DET elm-5389 188 4 task task NOUN elm-5389 188 5 at at ADP elm-5389 188 6 hand hand NOUN elm-5389 188 7 , , PUNCT elm-5389 188 8 participants participant NOUN elm-5389 188 9 exhibited exhibit VERB elm-5389 188 10 different different ADJ elm-5389 188 11 behaviors behavior NOUN elm-5389 188 12 , , PUNCT elm-5389 188 13 pairing pair VERB elm-5389 188 14 almost almost ADV elm-5389 188 15 with with ADP elm-5389 188 16 its its PRON elm-5389 188 17 prejacent prejacent NOUN elm-5389 188 18 in in ADP elm-5389 188 19 terms term NOUN elm-5389 188 20 of of ADP elm-5389 188 21 discourse discourse NOUN elm-5389 188 22 orientation orientation NOUN elm-5389 188 23 , , PUNCT elm-5389 188 24 but but CCONJ elm-5389 188 25 teasing tease VERB elm-5389 188 26 them they PRON elm-5389 188 27 apart apart ADV elm-5389 188 28 for for ADP elm-5389 188 29 matters matter NOUN elm-5389 188 30 of of ADP elm-5389 188 31 entailment entailment NOUN elm-5389 188 32 , , PUNCT elm-5389 188 33 with with ADP elm-5389 188 34 a a DET elm-5389 188 35 mirror mirror NOUN elm-5389 188 36 behavior behavior NOUN elm-5389 188 37 for for ADP elm-5389 188 38 à à PROPN elm-5389 188 39 peine peine PROPN elm-5389 188 40 . . PUNCT elm-5389 189 1 this this PRON elm-5389 189 2 is be AUX elm-5389 189 3 thus thus ADV elm-5389 189 4 consistent consistent ADJ elm-5389 189 5 with with ADP elm-5389 189 6 the the DET elm-5389 189 7 hypothesis hypothesis NOUN elm-5389 189 8 that that PRON elm-5389 189 9 speakers speaker NOUN elm-5389 189 10 distinguish distinguish VERB elm-5389 189 11 between between ADP elm-5389 189 12 these these DET elm-5389 189 13 two two NUM elm-5389 189 14 dimensions dimension NOUN elm-5389 189 15 of of ADP elm-5389 189 16 meaning meaning NOUN elm-5389 189 17 , , PUNCT elm-5389 189 18 using use VERB elm-5389 189 19 them they PRON elm-5389 189 20 as as ADP elm-5389 189 21 the the DET elm-5389 189 22 basis basis NOUN elm-5389 189 23 of of ADP elm-5389 189 24 distinct distinct ADJ elm-5389 189 25 processes process NOUN elm-5389 189 26 . . PUNCT elm-5389 190 1 on on ADP elm-5389 190 2 the the DET elm-5389 190 3 other other ADJ elm-5389 190 4 side side NOUN elm-5389 190 5 , , PUNCT elm-5389 190 6 the the DET elm-5389 190 7 results result NOUN elm-5389 190 8 of of ADP elm-5389 190 9 our our PRON elm-5389 190 10 experiments experiment NOUN elm-5389 190 11 on on ADP elm-5389 190 12 language language NOUN elm-5389 190 13 models model NOUN elm-5389 190 14 are be AUX elm-5389 190 15 less less ADV elm-5389 190 16 straightforward straightforward ADJ elm-5389 190 17 to to PART elm-5389 190 18 interpret interpret VERB elm-5389 190 19 . . PUNCT elm-5389 191 1 though though SCONJ elm-5389 191 2 we we PRON elm-5389 191 3 can can AUX elm-5389 191 4 account account VERB elm-5389 191 5 for for ADP elm-5389 191 6 some some PRON elm-5389 191 7 of of ADP elm-5389 191 8 the the DET elm-5389 191 9 wrongful wrongful ADJ elm-5389 191 10 entailment entailment ADJ elm-5389 191 11 patterns pattern NOUN elm-5389 191 12 by by ADP elm-5389 191 13 making make VERB elm-5389 191 14 the the DET elm-5389 191 15 hypothesis hypothesis NOUN elm-5389 191 16 that that PRON elm-5389 191 17 such such ADJ elm-5389 191 18 models model NOUN elm-5389 191 19 learn learn VERB elm-5389 191 20 from from ADP elm-5389 191 21 distributional distributional ADJ elm-5389 191 22 data datum NOUN elm-5389 191 23 , , PUNCT elm-5389 191 24 and and CCONJ elm-5389 191 25 are be AUX elm-5389 191 26 thus thus ADV elm-5389 191 27 more more ADV elm-5389 191 28 sensitive sensitive ADJ elm-5389 191 29 to to PART elm-5389 191 30 discourse discourse VERB elm-5389 191 31 orientation orientation NOUN elm-5389 191 32 , , PUNCT elm-5389 191 33 other other ADJ elm-5389 191 34 patterns pattern NOUN elm-5389 191 35 can can AUX elm-5389 191 36 not not PART elm-5389 191 37 be be AUX elm-5389 191 38 fully fully ADV elm-5389 191 39 accounted account VERB elm-5389 191 40 for for ADP elm-5389 191 41 by by ADP elm-5389 191 42 that that DET elm-5389 191 43 explanation explanation NOUN elm-5389 191 44 . . PUNCT elm-5389 192 1 one one NUM elm-5389 192 2 possible possible ADJ elm-5389 192 3 explanation explanation NOUN elm-5389 192 4 rests rest VERB elm-5389 192 5 on on ADP elm-5389 192 6 the the DET elm-5389 192 7 fact fact NOUN elm-5389 192 8 that that SCONJ elm-5389 192 9 à à PROPN elm-5389 192 10 peine peine PROPN elm-5389 192 11 is be AUX elm-5389 192 12 a a DET elm-5389 192 13 two two NUM elm-5389 192 14 - - PUNCT elm-5389 192 15 words word NOUN elm-5389 192 16 expression expression NOUN elm-5389 192 17 , , PUNCT elm-5389 192 18 which which PRON elm-5389 192 19 might might AUX elm-5389 192 20 act act VERB elm-5389 192 21 as as ADP elm-5389 192 22 a a DET elm-5389 192 23 confound confound NOUN elm-5389 192 24 on on ADP elm-5389 192 25 the the DET elm-5389 192 26 measure measure NOUN elm-5389 192 27 of of ADP elm-5389 192 28 perplexity perplexity NOUN elm-5389 192 29 , , PUNCT elm-5389 192 30 which which PRON elm-5389 192 31 we we PRON elm-5389 192 32 use use VERB elm-5389 192 33 as as ADP elm-5389 192 34 an an DET elm-5389 192 35 approximation approximation NOUN elm-5389 192 36 of of ADP elm-5389 192 37 discourse discourse NOUN elm-5389 192 38 naturality naturality NOUN elm-5389 192 39 for for ADP elm-5389 192 40 language language NOUN elm-5389 192 41 models model NOUN elm-5389 192 42 . . PUNCT elm-5389 193 1 to to PART elm-5389 193 2 address address VERB elm-5389 193 3 that that DET elm-5389 193 4 point point NOUN elm-5389 193 5 , , PUNCT elm-5389 193 6 future future ADJ elm-5389 193 7 work work NOUN elm-5389 193 8 will will AUX elm-5389 193 9 go go VERB elm-5389 193 10 in in ADP elm-5389 193 11 two two NUM elm-5389 193 12 complementary complementary ADJ elm-5389 193 13 directions direction NOUN elm-5389 193 14 . . PUNCT elm-5389 194 1 first first ADV elm-5389 194 2 , , PUNCT elm-5389 194 3 we we PRON elm-5389 194 4 intend intend VERB elm-5389 194 5 to to PART elm-5389 194 6 run run VERB elm-5389 194 7 comparable comparable ADJ elm-5389 194 8 experiments experiment NOUN elm-5389 194 9 in in ADP elm-5389 194 10 languages language NOUN elm-5389 194 11 other other ADJ elm-5389 194 12 than than ADP elm-5389 194 13 french french PROPN elm-5389 194 14 , , PUNCT elm-5389 194 15 starting start VERB elm-5389 194 16 with with ADP elm-5389 194 17 english english PROPN elm-5389 194 18 . . PUNCT elm-5389 195 1 in in ADP elm-5389 195 2 many many ADJ elm-5389 195 3 of of ADP elm-5389 195 4 its its PRON elm-5389 195 5 uses use NOUN elm-5389 195 6 à à PROPN elm-5389 195 7 peine peine PROPN elm-5389 195 8 is be AUX elm-5389 195 9 comparable comparable ADJ elm-5389 195 10 to to ADP elm-5389 195 11 english english PROPN elm-5389 195 12 barely barely ADV elm-5389 195 13 , , PUNCT elm-5389 195 14 which which PRON elm-5389 195 15 consists consist VERB elm-5389 195 16 of of ADP elm-5389 195 17 only only ADV elm-5389 195 18 one one NUM elm-5389 195 19 word word NOUN elm-5389 195 20 , , PUNCT elm-5389 195 21 and and CCONJ elm-5389 195 22 would would AUX elm-5389 195 23 thus thus ADV elm-5389 195 24 not not PART elm-5389 195 25 entail entail VERB elm-5389 195 26 the the DET elm-5389 195 27 same same ADJ elm-5389 195 28 issues issue NOUN elm-5389 195 29 as as ADP elm-5389 195 30 à à PROPN elm-5389 195 31 peine peine PROPN elm-5389 195 32 . . PUNCT elm-5389 196 1 second second ADJ elm-5389 196 2 , , PUNCT elm-5389 196 3 we we PRON elm-5389 196 4 also also ADV elm-5389 196 5 intend intend VERB elm-5389 196 6 to to PART elm-5389 196 7 widen widen VERB elm-5389 196 8 the the DET elm-5389 196 9 range range NOUN elm-5389 196 10 of of ADP elm-5389 196 11 argumentative argumentative ADJ elm-5389 196 12 operators operator NOUN elm-5389 196 13 under under ADP elm-5389 196 14 study study NOUN elm-5389 196 15 . . PUNCT elm-5389 197 1 the the DET elm-5389 197 2 choice choice NOUN elm-5389 197 3 of of ADP elm-5389 197 4 presque presque NOUN elm-5389 197 5 and and CCONJ elm-5389 197 6 à à PROPN elm-5389 197 7 peine peine NOUN elm-5389 197 8 was be AUX elm-5389 197 9 motivated motivate VERB elm-5389 197 10 by by ADP elm-5389 197 11 their their PRON elm-5389 197 12 apparent apparent ADJ elm-5389 197 13 dual dual ADJ elm-5389 197 14 nature nature NOUN elm-5389 197 15 , , PUNCT elm-5389 197 16 especially especially ADV elm-5389 197 17 in in ADP elm-5389 197 18 the the DET elm-5389 197 19 way way NOUN elm-5389 197 20 they they PRON elm-5389 197 21 put put VERB elm-5389 197 22 their their PRON elm-5389 197 23 informational informational ADJ elm-5389 197 24 content content NOUN elm-5389 197 25 and and CCONJ elm-5389 197 26 discourse discourse NOUN elm-5389 197 27 orientation orientation NOUN elm-5389 197 28 at at ADP elm-5389 197 29 odds odd NOUN elm-5389 197 30 . . PUNCT elm-5389 198 1 these these DET elm-5389 198 2 two two NUM elm-5389 198 3 adverbs adverb NOUN elm-5389 198 4 are be AUX elm-5389 198 5 however however ADV elm-5389 198 6 not not PART elm-5389 198 7 the the DET elm-5389 198 8 only only ADJ elm-5389 198 9 ones one NOUN elm-5389 198 10 to to PART elm-5389 198 11 do do VERB elm-5389 198 12 so so ADV elm-5389 198 13 : : PUNCT elm-5389 198 14 exclusive exclusive ADJ elm-5389 198 15 adverbs adverb NOUN elm-5389 198 16 like like ADP elm-5389 198 17 only only ADV elm-5389 198 18 and and CCONJ elm-5389 198 19 just just ADV elm-5389 198 20 also also ADV elm-5389 198 21 reverse reverse VERB elm-5389 198 22 the the DET elm-5389 198 23 orientation orientation NOUN elm-5389 198 24 of of ADP elm-5389 198 25 their their PRON elm-5389 198 26 host host NOUN elm-5389 198 27 sentence sentence NOUN elm-5389 198 28 while while SCONJ elm-5389 198 29 still still ADV elm-5389 198 30 conveying convey VERB elm-5389 198 31 its its PRON elm-5389 198 32 content content NOUN elm-5389 198 33 ( ( PUNCT elm-5389 198 34 winterstein winterstein ADJ elm-5389 198 35 2012 2012 NUM elm-5389 198 36 ) ) PUNCT elm-5389 198 37 . . PUNCT elm-5389 199 1 we we PRON elm-5389 199 2 will will AUX elm-5389 199 3 thus thus ADV elm-5389 199 4 extend extend VERB elm-5389 199 5 our our PRON elm-5389 199 6 computational computational ADJ elm-5389 199 7 experiments experiment NOUN elm-5389 199 8 to to ADP elm-5389 199 9 more more ADJ elm-5389 199 10 operators operator NOUN elm-5389 199 11 , , PUNCT elm-5389 199 12 both both CCONJ elm-5389 199 13 similar similar ADJ elm-5389 199 14 in in ADP elm-5389 199 15 profile profile NOUN elm-5389 199 16 to to PART elm-5389 199 17 presque presque VERB elm-5389 199 18 and and CCONJ elm-5389 199 19 à à PROPN elm-5389 199 20 peine peine NOUN elm-5389 199 21 , , PUNCT elm-5389 199 22 but but CCONJ elm-5389 199 23 also also ADV elm-5389 199 24 that that PRON elm-5389 199 25 exhibit exhibit VERB elm-5389 199 26 other other ADJ elm-5389 199 27 configurational configurational ADJ elm-5389 199 28 patterns pattern NOUN elm-5389 199 29 between between ADP elm-5389 199 30 their their PRON elm-5389 199 31 entailed entailed ADJ elm-5389 199 32 content content NOUN elm-5389 199 33 and and CCONJ elm-5389 199 34 discourse discourse NOUN elm-5389 199 35 orientation orientation NOUN elm-5389 199 36 . . PUNCT elm-5389 200 1 references reference NOUN elm-5389 200 2 amaral amaral PROPN elm-5389 200 3 , , PUNCT elm-5389 200 4 patricia patricia PROPN elm-5389 200 5 . . PROPN elm-5389 200 6 2007 2007 NUM elm-5389 200 7 . . PUNCT elm-5389 201 1 the the DET elm-5389 201 2 meaning meaning NOUN elm-5389 201 3 of of ADP elm-5389 201 4 approximative approximative ADJ elm-5389 201 5 adverbs adverb NOUN elm-5389 201 6 : : PUNCT elm-5389 201 7 evidence evidence NOUN elm-5389 201 8 from from ADP elm-5389 201 9 european european PROPN elm-5389 201 10 portuguese portuguese PROPN elm-5389 201 11 : : PUNCT elm-5389 201 12 the the DET elm-5389 201 13 ohio ohio PROPN elm-5389 201 14 state state PROPN elm-5389 201 15 university university NOUN elm-5389 201 16 dissertation dissertation NOUN elm-5389 201 17 . . PUNCT elm-5389 202 1 anscombre anscombre PROPN elm-5389 202 2 , , PUNCT elm-5389 202 3 jean jean PROPN elm-5389 202 4 - - PUNCT elm-5389 202 5 claude claude PROPN elm-5389 202 6 & & CCONJ elm-5389 202 7 oswald oswald PROPN elm-5389 202 8 ducrot ducrot PROPN elm-5389 202 9 . . PUNCT elm-5389 203 1 1983 1983 NUM elm-5389 203 2 . . PUNCT elm-5389 204 1 l’argumentation l’argumentation NOUN elm-5389 204 2 dans dan VERB elm-5389 204 3 la la PROPN elm-5389 204 4 langue langue PROPN elm-5389 204 5 . . PUNCT elm-5389 205 1 liège liège PROPN elm-5389 205 2 , , PUNCT elm-5389 205 3 bruxelles bruxelle NOUN elm-5389 205 4 : : PUNCT elm-5389 205 5 pierre pierre PROPN elm-5389 205 6 mardaga mardaga NOUN elm-5389 205 7 . . PUNCT elm-5389 206 1 proceedings proceeding NOUN elm-5389 206 2 of of ADP elm-5389 206 3 elm elm NOUN elm-5389 206 4 2 2 NUM elm-5389 206 5 : : PUNCT elm-5389 206 6 299 299 NUM elm-5389 206 7 - - SYM elm-5389 206 8 309 309 NUM elm-5389 206 9 , , PUNCT elm-5389 206 10 2023 2023 NUM elm-5389 206 11 grégoire grégoire NOUN elm-5389 206 12 winterstein winterstein ADJ elm-5389 206 13 , , PUNCT elm-5389 206 14 ghyslain ghyslain NOUN elm-5389 206 15 cantin cantin NOUN elm-5389 206 16 - - PUNCT elm-5389 206 17 savoie savoie PROPN elm-5389 206 18 , , PUNCT elm-5389 206 19 samuel samuel PROPN elm-5389 206 20 laperle laperle PROPN elm-5389 206 21 , , PUNCT elm-5389 206 22 josiane josiane PROPN elm-5389 206 23 van van PROPN elm-5389 206 24 dorpe dorpe PROPN elm-5389 206 25 and and CCONJ elm-5389 206 26 nora nora PROPN elm-5389 206 27 villeneuve villeneuve PROPN elm-5389 206 28 : : PUNCT elm-5389 206 29 informational informational ADJ elm-5389 206 30 content content NOUN elm-5389 206 31 vs. vs. ADP elm-5389 206 32 discourse discourse NOUN elm-5389 206 33 orientation orientation NOUN elm-5389 206 34 . . PUNCT elm-5389 207 1 308 308 NUM elm-5389 207 2 https://doi.org/10.3765/elm https://doi.org/10.3765/elm NOUN elm-5389 207 3 https://www.elm-conference.net/ https://www.elm-conference.net/ PRON elm-5389 207 4 devlin devlin PROPN elm-5389 207 5 , , PUNCT elm-5389 207 6 jacob jacob PROPN elm-5389 207 7 , , PUNCT elm-5389 207 8 ming ming PROPN elm-5389 207 9 - - PUNCT elm-5389 207 10 wei wei PROPN elm-5389 207 11 chang chang PROPN elm-5389 207 12 , , PUNCT elm-5389 207 13 kenton kenton PROPN elm-5389 207 14 lee lee PROPN elm-5389 207 15 & & CCONJ elm-5389 207 16 kristina kristina PROPN elm-5389 207 17 toutanova toutanova PROPN elm-5389 207 18 . . PROPN elm-5389 207 19 2019 2019 NUM elm-5389 207 20 . . PUNCT elm-5389 208 1 bert bert PROPN elm-5389 208 2 : : PUNCT elm-5389 208 3 pre pre ADJ elm-5389 208 4 - - NOUN elm-5389 208 5 training training NOUN elm-5389 208 6 of of ADP elm-5389 208 7 deep deep ADJ elm-5389 208 8 bidirectional bidirectional ADJ elm-5389 208 9 transformers transformer NOUN elm-5389 208 10 for for ADP elm-5389 208 11 language language NOUN elm-5389 208 12 understanding understanding NOUN elm-5389 208 13 . . PUNCT elm-5389 209 1 in in ADP elm-5389 209 2 association association NOUN elm-5389 209 3 for for ADP elm-5389 209 4 computational computational ADJ elm-5389 209 5 linguistics linguistic NOUN elm-5389 209 6 ( ( PUNCT elm-5389 209 7 ed ed NOUN elm-5389 209 8 . . PUNCT elm-5389 209 9 ) ) PUNCT elm-5389 209 10 , , PUNCT elm-5389 209 11 proceedings proceeding NOUN elm-5389 209 12 of of ADP elm-5389 209 13 naacl naacl PROPN elm-5389 209 14 - - PUNCT elm-5389 209 15 hlt hlt PROPN elm-5389 209 16 2019 2019 NUM elm-5389 209 17 , , PUNCT elm-5389 209 18 4171–4186 4171–4186 NUM elm-5389 209 19 . . PUNCT elm-5389 210 1 jayez jayez PROPN elm-5389 210 2 , , PUNCT elm-5389 210 3 jacques jacques PROPN elm-5389 210 4 & & CCONJ elm-5389 210 5 lucia lucia PROPN elm-5389 210 6 tovena tovena PROPN elm-5389 210 7 . . PUNCT elm-5389 211 1 2008 2008 NUM elm-5389 211 2 . . PUNCT elm-5389 212 1 presque presque ADJ elm-5389 212 2 and and CCONJ elm-5389 212 3 almost almost ADV elm-5389 212 4 : : PUNCT elm-5389 212 5 how how SCONJ elm-5389 212 6 argumentation argumentation NOUN elm-5389 212 7 derives derive VERB elm-5389 212 8 from from ADP elm-5389 212 9 comparative comparative ADJ elm-5389 212 10 meaning meaning NOUN elm-5389 212 11 . . PUNCT elm-5389 213 1 in in ADP elm-5389 213 2 olivier olivier PROPN elm-5389 213 3 bonami bonami PROPN elm-5389 213 4 & & CCONJ elm-5389 213 5 patricia patricia PROPN elm-5389 213 6 cabredo cabredo PROPN elm-5389 213 7 hofherr hofherr PROPN elm-5389 213 8 ( ( PUNCT elm-5389 213 9 eds ed NOUN elm-5389 213 10 . . PUNCT elm-5389 213 11 ) ) PUNCT elm-5389 213 12 , , PUNCT elm-5389 213 13 empirical empirical ADJ elm-5389 213 14 issues issue NOUN elm-5389 213 15 in in ADP elm-5389 213 16 syntax syntax NOUN elm-5389 213 17 and and CCONJ elm-5389 213 18 semantics semantic NOUN elm-5389 213 19 , , PUNCT elm-5389 213 20 vol vol NOUN elm-5389 213 21 . . PROPN elm-5389 213 22 7 7 NUM elm-5389 213 23 , , PUNCT elm-5389 213 24 1–23 1–23 NOUN elm-5389 213 25 . . PUNCT elm-5389 214 1 cnrs cnrs NOUN elm-5389 214 2 . . PUNCT elm-5389 215 1 martin martin PROPN elm-5389 215 2 , , PUNCT elm-5389 215 3 louis louis PROPN elm-5389 215 4 , , PUNCT elm-5389 215 5 benjamin benjamin PROPN elm-5389 215 6 muller muller PROPN elm-5389 215 7 , , PUNCT elm-5389 215 8 pedro pedro PROPN elm-5389 215 9 javier javier PROPN elm-5389 215 10 ortiz ortiz PROPN elm-5389 215 11 suárez suárez PROPN elm-5389 215 12 , , PUNCT elm-5389 215 13 yoann yoann PROPN elm-5389 215 14 dupont dupont PROPN elm-5389 215 15 , , PUNCT elm-5389 215 16 laurent laurent NOUN elm-5389 215 17 romary romary NOUN elm-5389 215 18 , , PUNCT elm-5389 215 19 éric éric PROPN elm-5389 215 20 villemonte villemonte PROPN elm-5389 215 21 de de X elm-5389 215 22 la la PROPN elm-5389 215 23 clergerie clergerie PROPN elm-5389 215 24 , , PUNCT elm-5389 215 25 djamé djamé NOUN elm-5389 215 26 seddah seddah NOUN elm-5389 215 27 & & CCONJ elm-5389 215 28 benoı̂t benoı̂t PROPN elm-5389 215 29 sagot sagot PROPN elm-5389 215 30 . . PUNCT elm-5389 216 1 2020 2020 NUM elm-5389 216 2 . . PUNCT elm-5389 217 1 camembert camembert NOUN elm-5389 217 2 : : PUNCT elm-5389 217 3 a a DET elm-5389 217 4 tasty tasty ADJ elm-5389 217 5 french french ADJ elm-5389 217 6 language language NOUN elm-5389 217 7 model model NOUN elm-5389 217 8 . . PUNCT elm-5389 218 1 in in ADP elm-5389 218 2 proceedings proceeding NOUN elm-5389 218 3 of of ADP elm-5389 218 4 the the DET elm-5389 218 5 58th 58th ADJ elm-5389 218 6 annual annual ADJ elm-5389 218 7 meeting meeting NOUN elm-5389 218 8 of of ADP elm-5389 218 9 the the DET elm-5389 218 10 association association NOUN elm-5389 218 11 for for ADP elm-5389 218 12 computational computational ADJ elm-5389 218 13 linguistics(acl linguistics(acl NOUN elm-5389 218 14 , , PUNCT elm-5389 218 15 . . PUNCT elm-5389 219 1 poliak poliak PROPN elm-5389 219 2 , , PUNCT elm-5389 219 3 adam adam PROPN elm-5389 219 4 . . PUNCT elm-5389 220 1 2020 2020 NUM elm-5389 220 2 . . PUNCT elm-5389 221 1 a a DET elm-5389 221 2 survey survey NOUN elm-5389 221 3 on on ADP elm-5389 221 4 recognizing recognize VERB elm-5389 221 5 textual textual ADJ elm-5389 221 6 entailment entailment NOUN elm-5389 221 7 as as ADP elm-5389 221 8 an an DET elm-5389 221 9 nlp nlp NOUN elm-5389 221 10 evaluation evaluation NOUN elm-5389 221 11 . . PUNCT elm-5389 222 1 in in ADP elm-5389 222 2 proceedings proceeding NOUN elm-5389 222 3 of of ADP elm-5389 222 4 the the DET elm-5389 222 5 first first ADJ elm-5389 222 6 workshop workshop NOUN elm-5389 222 7 on on ADP elm-5389 222 8 evaluation evaluation NOUN elm-5389 222 9 and and CCONJ elm-5389 222 10 comparison comparison NOUN elm-5389 222 11 of of ADP elm-5389 222 12 nlp nlp NOUN elm-5389 222 13 systems system NOUN elm-5389 222 14 , , PUNCT elm-5389 222 15 92–109 92–109 NUM elm-5389 222 16 . . PUNCT elm-5389 222 17 online online PROPN elm-5389 222 18 : : PUNCT elm-5389 222 19 association association NOUN elm-5389 222 20 for for ADP elm-5389 222 21 computational computational ADJ elm-5389 222 22 linguistics linguistic NOUN elm-5389 222 23 . . PUNCT elm-5389 223 1 10.18653 10.18653 NUM elm-5389 223 2 / / SYM elm-5389 223 3 v1/2020.eval4nlp-1.10 v1/2020.eval4nlp-1.10 NOUN elm-5389 223 4 . . PUNCT elm-5389 223 5 https https NOUN elm-5389 223 6 : : PUNCT elm-5389 223 7 //aclanthology.org/2020.eval4nlp-1.10 //aclanthology.org/2020.eval4nlp-1.10 PROPN elm-5389 223 8 . . PUNCT elm-5389 224 1 simoulin simoulin PROPN elm-5389 224 2 , , PUNCT elm-5389 224 3 antoine antoine PROPN elm-5389 224 4 & & CCONJ elm-5389 224 5 benoit benoit PROPN elm-5389 224 6 crabbé. crabbé. PROPN elm-5389 224 7 2021 2021 NUM elm-5389 224 8 . . PUNCT elm-5389 225 1 un un PROPN elm-5389 225 2 modèle modèle PROPN elm-5389 225 3 transformer transformer NOUN elm-5389 225 4 génératif génératif PROPN elm-5389 225 5 pré-entrainé pré-entrainé PROPN elm-5389 225 6 pour pour VERB elm-5389 225 7 le le X elm-5389 225 8 français français PROPN elm-5389 225 9 . . PUNCT elm-5389 226 1 in in ADP elm-5389 226 2 pascal pascal ADJ elm-5389 226 3 denis denis PROPN elm-5389 226 4 , , PUNCT elm-5389 226 5 natalia natalia PROPN elm-5389 226 6 grabar grabar PROPN elm-5389 226 7 , , PUNCT elm-5389 226 8 amel amel PROPN elm-5389 226 9 fraisse fraisse PROPN elm-5389 226 10 , , PUNCT elm-5389 226 11 rémi rémi PROPN elm-5389 226 12 cardon cardon PROPN elm-5389 226 13 , , PUNCT elm-5389 226 14 bernard bernard PROPN elm-5389 226 15 jacquemin jacquemin PROPN elm-5389 226 16 , , PUNCT elm-5389 226 17 eric eric PROPN elm-5389 226 18 kergosien kergosien PROPN elm-5389 226 19 & & CCONJ elm-5389 226 20 antonio antonio PROPN elm-5389 226 21 balvet balvet PROPN elm-5389 226 22 ( ( PUNCT elm-5389 226 23 eds ed NOUN elm-5389 226 24 . . PUNCT elm-5389 226 25 ) ) PUNCT elm-5389 226 26 , , PUNCT elm-5389 226 27 traitement traitement PROPN elm-5389 226 28 automatique automatique PROPN elm-5389 226 29 des des PROPN elm-5389 226 30 langues langues PROPN elm-5389 226 31 naturelles naturelles PROPN elm-5389 226 32 , , PUNCT elm-5389 226 33 246–255 246–255 NUM elm-5389 226 34 . . PUNCT elm-5389 227 1 atala atala PROPN elm-5389 227 2 . . PUNCT elm-5389 228 1 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03265900 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03265900 ADJ elm-5389 228 2 . . PUNCT elm-5389 229 1 vaswani vaswani ADJ elm-5389 229 2 , , PUNCT elm-5389 229 3 ashish ashish PROPN elm-5389 229 4 , , PUNCT elm-5389 229 5 noam noam PROPN elm-5389 229 6 shazeer shazeer PROPN elm-5389 229 7 , , PUNCT elm-5389 229 8 niki niki PROPN elm-5389 229 9 parmar parmar PROPN elm-5389 229 10 , , PUNCT elm-5389 229 11 jakob jakob PROPN elm-5389 229 12 uszkoreit uszkoreit PROPN elm-5389 229 13 , , PUNCT elm-5389 229 14 llion llion NOUN elm-5389 229 15 jones jones PROPN elm-5389 229 16 , , PUNCT elm-5389 229 17 aidan aidan PROPN elm-5389 229 18 n n PROPN elm-5389 229 19 gomez gomez PROPN elm-5389 229 20 , , PUNCT elm-5389 229 21 ł ł PROPN elm-5389 229 22 ukasz ukasz PROPN elm-5389 229 23 kaiser kaiser PROPN elm-5389 229 24 & & CCONJ elm-5389 229 25 illia illia PROPN elm-5389 229 26 polosukhin polosukhin PROPN elm-5389 229 27 . . PROPN elm-5389 229 28 2017 2017 NUM elm-5389 229 29 . . PUNCT elm-5389 230 1 attention attention NOUN elm-5389 230 2 is be AUX elm-5389 230 3 all all PRON elm-5389 230 4 you you PRON elm-5389 230 5 need need VERB elm-5389 230 6 . . PUNCT elm-5389 231 1 in in ADP elm-5389 231 2 i. i. PROPN elm-5389 231 3 guyon guyon PROPN elm-5389 231 4 , , PUNCT elm-5389 231 5 u. u. PROPN elm-5389 231 6 von von PROPN elm-5389 231 7 luxburg luxburg PROPN elm-5389 231 8 , , PUNCT elm-5389 231 9 s. s. PROPN elm-5389 231 10 bengio bengio PROPN elm-5389 231 11 , , PUNCT elm-5389 231 12 h. h. PROPN elm-5389 231 13 wallach wallach PROPN elm-5389 231 14 , , PUNCT elm-5389 231 15 r. r. PROPN elm-5389 231 16 fergus fergus PROPN elm-5389 231 17 , , PUNCT elm-5389 231 18 s. s. PROPN elm-5389 231 19 vishwanathan vishwanathan PROPN elm-5389 231 20 & & CCONJ elm-5389 231 21 r. r. PROPN elm-5389 231 22 garnett garnett PROPN elm-5389 231 23 ( ( PUNCT elm-5389 231 24 eds ed NOUN elm-5389 231 25 . . PUNCT elm-5389 231 26 ) ) PUNCT elm-5389 231 27 , , PUNCT elm-5389 231 28 advances advance NOUN elm-5389 231 29 in in ADP elm-5389 231 30 neural neural ADJ elm-5389 231 31 information information NOUN elm-5389 231 32 processing processing NOUN elm-5389 231 33 systems system NOUN elm-5389 231 34 ( ( PUNCT elm-5389 231 35 anips anips PROPN elm-5389 231 36 ) ) PUNCT elm-5389 231 37 , , PUNCT elm-5389 231 38 vol vol NOUN elm-5389 231 39 . . PROPN elm-5389 231 40 30 30 NUM elm-5389 231 41 , , PUNCT elm-5389 231 42 curran curran NOUN elm-5389 231 43 associates associates PROPN elm-5389 231 44 , , PUNCT elm-5389 231 45 inc inc PROPN elm-5389 231 46 . . PROPN elm-5389 231 47 https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2017/file/ https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2017/file/ ADP elm-5389 231 48 3f5ee243547dee91fbd053c1c4a845aa-paper.pdf 3f5ee243547dee91fbd053c1c4a845aa-paper.pdf NUM elm-5389 231 49 . . PUNCT elm-5389 232 1 williams williams PROPN elm-5389 232 2 , , PUNCT elm-5389 232 3 adina adina PROPN elm-5389 232 4 , , PUNCT elm-5389 232 5 nikita nikita PROPN elm-5389 232 6 nangia nangia PROPN elm-5389 232 7 & & CCONJ elm-5389 232 8 samuel samuel PROPN elm-5389 232 9 bowman bowman PROPN elm-5389 232 10 . . PROPN elm-5389 232 11 2018 2018 NUM elm-5389 232 12 . . PUNCT elm-5389 233 1 a a DET elm-5389 233 2 broad broad ADJ elm-5389 233 3 - - PUNCT elm-5389 233 4 coverage coverage NOUN elm-5389 233 5 challenge challenge NOUN elm-5389 233 6 corpus corpus NOUN elm-5389 233 7 for for ADP elm-5389 233 8 sentence sentence NOUN elm-5389 233 9 understanding understanding NOUN elm-5389 233 10 through through ADP elm-5389 233 11 inference inference NOUN elm-5389 233 12 . . PUNCT elm-5389 234 1 in in ADP elm-5389 234 2 proceedings proceeding NOUN elm-5389 234 3 of of ADP elm-5389 234 4 the the DET elm-5389 234 5 2018 2018 NUM elm-5389 234 6 conference conference NOUN elm-5389 234 7 of of ADP elm-5389 234 8 the the DET elm-5389 234 9 north north ADJ elm-5389 234 10 american american ADJ elm-5389 234 11 chapter chapter NOUN elm-5389 234 12 of of ADP elm-5389 234 13 the the DET elm-5389 234 14 association association NOUN elm-5389 234 15 for for ADP elm-5389 234 16 computational computational ADJ elm-5389 234 17 linguistics linguistic NOUN elm-5389 234 18 : : PUNCT elm-5389 234 19 human human ADJ elm-5389 234 20 language language NOUN elm-5389 234 21 technologies technology NOUN elm-5389 234 22 , , PUNCT elm-5389 234 23 volume volume NOUN elm-5389 234 24 1 1 NUM elm-5389 234 25 ( ( PUNCT elm-5389 234 26 long long ADJ elm-5389 234 27 papers paper NOUN elm-5389 234 28 ) ) PUNCT elm-5389 234 29 , , PUNCT elm-5389 234 30 1112–1122 1112–1122 NUM elm-5389 234 31 . . PUNCT elm-5389 235 1 new new PROPN elm-5389 235 2 orleans orleans PROPN elm-5389 235 3 , , PUNCT elm-5389 235 4 louisiana louisiana PROPN elm-5389 235 5 : : PUNCT elm-5389 235 6 association association NOUN elm-5389 235 7 for for ADP elm-5389 235 8 computational computational ADJ elm-5389 235 9 linguistics linguistic NOUN elm-5389 235 10 . . PUNCT elm-5389 236 1 10.18653 10.18653 NUM elm-5389 236 2 / / SYM elm-5389 236 3 v1 v1 PROPN elm-5389 236 4 / / SYM elm-5389 236 5 n18 n18 PROPN elm-5389 236 6 - - PUNCT elm-5389 236 7 1101 1101 NUM elm-5389 236 8 . . PUNCT elm-5389 237 1 https://aclanthology.org/n18-1101 https://aclanthology.org/n18-1101 PROPN elm-5389 237 2 . . PUNCT elm-5389 238 1 winterstein winterstein ADJ elm-5389 238 2 , , PUNCT elm-5389 238 3 grégoire grégoire PROPN elm-5389 238 4 . . PROPN elm-5389 238 5 2012 2012 NUM elm-5389 238 6 . . PUNCT elm-5389 239 1 ” " PUNCT elm-5389 239 2 only only ADV elm-5389 239 3 ” " PUNCT elm-5389 239 4 without without ADP elm-5389 239 5 its its PRON elm-5389 239 6 scales scale NOUN elm-5389 239 7 . . PUNCT elm-5389 240 1 sprache sprache PROPN elm-5389 240 2 und und PROPN elm-5389 240 3 datenverarbeitung datenverarbeitung PROPN elm-5389 240 4 35 35 NUM elm-5389 240 5 - - SYM elm-5389 240 6 36 36 NUM elm-5389 240 7 . . PUNCT elm-5389 241 1 29–47 29–47 NUM elm-5389 241 2 . . PUNCT elm-5389 242 1 zehr zehr NOUN elm-5389 242 2 , , PUNCT elm-5389 242 3 jeremy jeremy PROPN elm-5389 242 4 & & CCONJ elm-5389 242 5 florian florian PROPN elm-5389 242 6 schwarz schwarz PROPN elm-5389 242 7 . . PROPN elm-5389 242 8 2018 2018 NUM elm-5389 242 9 . . PUNCT elm-5389 243 1 penncontroller penncontroller NOUN elm-5389 243 2 for for ADP elm-5389 243 3 internet internet NOUN elm-5389 243 4 based base VERB elm-5389 243 5 experiments experiment NOUN elm-5389 243 6 ( ( PUNCT elm-5389 243 7 ibex ibex NOUN elm-5389 243 8 ) ) PUNCT elm-5389 243 9 . . PUNCT elm-5389 244 1 https://doi.org/10.17605/osf https://doi.org/10.17605/osf PROPN elm-5389 244 2 . . PUNCT elm-5389 245 1 io io PROPN elm-5389 245 2 / / SYM elm-5389 245 3 md832 md832 PROPN elm-5389 245 4 . . NOUN elm-5389 245 5 proceedings proceeding NOUN elm-5389 245 6 of of ADP elm-5389 245 7 elm elm NOUN elm-5389 245 8 2 2 NUM elm-5389 245 9 : : PUNCT elm-5389 245 10 299 299 NUM elm-5389 245 11 - - SYM elm-5389 245 12 309 309 NUM elm-5389 245 13 , , PUNCT elm-5389 245 14 2023 2023 NUM elm-5389 245 15 grégoire grégoire NOUN elm-5389 245 16 winterstein winterstein ADJ elm-5389 245 17 , , PUNCT elm-5389 245 18 ghyslain ghyslain NOUN elm-5389 245 19 cantin cantin NOUN elm-5389 245 20 - - PUNCT elm-5389 245 21 savoie savoie PROPN elm-5389 245 22 , , PUNCT elm-5389 245 23 samuel samuel PROPN elm-5389 245 24 laperle laperle PROPN elm-5389 245 25 , , PUNCT elm-5389 245 26 josiane josiane PROPN elm-5389 245 27 van van PROPN elm-5389 245 28 dorpe dorpe PROPN elm-5389 245 29 and and CCONJ elm-5389 245 30 nora nora PROPN elm-5389 245 31 villeneuve villeneuve PROPN elm-5389 245 32 : : PUNCT elm-5389 245 33 informational informational ADJ elm-5389 245 34 content content NOUN elm-5389 245 35 vs. vs. ADP elm-5389 245 36 discourse discourse NOUN elm-5389 245 37 orientation orientation NOUN elm-5389 245 38 . . PUNCT elm-5389 246 1 309 309 NUM elm-5389 246 2 https://doi.org/10.3765/elm https://doi.org/10.3765/elm NOUN elm-5389 246 3 https://www.elm-conference.net/ https://www.elm-conference.net/ PRON