id	author	title	date	pages	extension	mime	words	sentence	flesch	summary	cache	txt
eyereports-39	Alkatan, Hind; Ayoubi, Ayman	Orbital metastatic primary mediastinal neuroendocrine tumor: a histopathological case report	2012	3	.pdf	application/pdf	3023	149	47	However, if we isolate these 7 orbital cases, the primary site was unknown in 3, was ileum in 3 and trachea in one case only.11 In a review by Shetlar et al. of 18 cases of orbital metastases, including 3 cases report- ed by the authors and an additional 15 cases reported by others, 11 were of gastrointestinal origin, the primary site was unknown in 5, mediastinal in one and trachea in one.4 Mehta et al. reported their 13 cases of orbital metastatic NET among whom 11 were of gastrointestinal origin (ileal in 7 and colonic in 4), and only one each from breast and bronchus. ©Copyright H. Alkatan and A. Ayoubi, 2012 Licensee PAGEPress, Italy Eye Reports 2012; 2:e3 doi:10.4081/eye.2012.e3 Non -co mmerc ial us e o nly [Eye Reports 2012; 2:e3] [page 11] the gastrointestinal and bronchial tract.1,3 Carcinoid syndrome may develop in a small number of patients, usually in association with metastatic disease, and it manifests as cuta- neous flushing, cyanosis, diarrhea, asthma and endocardial fibrosis.4 Ophthalmic mani- festations of this syndrome include conjuncti- val injection, intravascular sludging, perivas- cular pigment clumping and a decrease in the ophthalmic artery pressure that are believed to be attributed to serotonin and vasoactive pep- tides secreted by a functioning NET.5 Several cases of non-ocular NET in various anatomic locations have been reported; howev- er, primary orbital NET is rare.1,2 Orbital involvement by NET accounts for only 4-5% of all orbital metastatic disease and it is usually from a gastrointestinal primary tumor, while ocular uveal involvement is often from primary bronchopulmonary NETs.2,6 Bilateral orbital metastasis has been also reported.7,8 An overall high proportion of NET cases (15%) metastasize to the orbit, although it is considered a relatively rare site for metastatic disease.9 Of these cases of orbital involvement by NET, the majority of the metastases are from primary gastrointestinal tumors or tumors of unknown primary origin.	cache/eyereports-39.pdf	txt/eyereports-39.txt