12536


FACTA UNIVERSITATIS  
Series: Electronics and Energetics Vol. 37, No 4, December 2024, pp. 655 – 669 

https://doi.org/10.2298/FUEE2404655M 

 

© 2024 by University of Niš, Serbia | Creative Commons License: CC BY-NC-ND 

Original scientific paper 

DESIGN OF MULTIPLE-BEAM MICROSTRIP SMART 

ANTENNA FOR MASSIVE MIMO APPLICATIONS 

Manisha Mishra, Anindita Khan, Jibendu Sekhar Roy   

School of Electronics Engineering, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India 

 
ORCID iDs:  Manisha Mishra   https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9635-4000 

Anindita Khan   https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8228-5568 

 Jibendu Sekhar Roy     https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3571-2708 

 
Abstract. To improve the capacity of a radio communication system, MIMO (multiple 

input, multiple output) wireless technology is used, where multiple antennas are installed 

at both the transmission and reception ends. At the receiving end, by combining the 

received signals from all antennas, the fading effect can be reduced, which increases 

signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and minimizes the error rate. Wireless networks in multi-user 

environments need massive MIMO (MMIMO) systems as multiple antenna networks. The 

MMIMO installs large antenna arrays in the base stations, using a large number of 

transceivers with other RF modules to produce a very narrow and targeted radiation 

beam with reduced interference. This paper describes the method of producing multiple 

targeted radiation beams using an MMIMO smart antenna system with a microstrip 

array. The sub-6 GHz band of 5 GHz is used for the design of multiple beam smart 

antennas. The adaptive signal processing algorithm least mean square (LMS) is used for 

the beamforming of microstrip smart antennas. The number of antenna elements in the 

smart antenna is varied from 30 to 45. In case of three beam formation, the achieved 

maximum side lobe level (SLL) is -13 dB and minimum null depth is -27 dB. In case of 

four beam formation, the achieved maximum side lobe level (SLL) is -12 dB and minimum 

null depth is -25 dB. There was no deviation of the generated beam directions from the 

target user directions. 

Key words: Massive MIMO, microstrip antenna, multiple beam, signal processing, 

smart antenna 

1. INTRODUCTION AND RELATED RESEARCH WORK 

The MIMO technology uses multiple antennas at both the transmitter end and receiver 

end to enhance the capacity and quality of the RF link using spatial diversity and spatial 

multiplexing [1-3]. The key concept of the massive MIMO system is to equip base stations 

with a large antenna array to serve many users simultaneously with the same time-frequency 

 
Received February 27, 2024; revised April 28, 2024; accepted June 26, 2024 

Corresponding author: Jibendu Sekhar Roy 
School of Electronics Engineering, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India 

E-mail: drjsroy@kiit.ac.in 

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9635-4000
https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8228-5568
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3571-2708


656 M. MISHRA, A. KHAN, J. S. ROY 

resource. In massive MIMO, advanced antenna technologies are used to produce radiation 

beams towards the predefined directions (Fig. 1), which reduces interference for other users 

by deploying larger antenna arrays [4-7]. One of the key building blocks of 5G new radio 

(5G NR) is MMIMO, which achieves multiple benefits to both network operators and end 

users [8, 9]. The key features of MMIMO are spatial diversity, spatial multiplexing, and 

beamforming. MMIMO systems use large antenna arrays at the base station for highly 

directive beam generation [10]. Beamforming technology in 5G MMIMO system can reduce 

noise. Several approaches are reported to generate highly directive beams in a MMIMO 

system [11-17]. In [11], for a massive MIMO system, the performances of both microstrip 

and dipole arrays are reported. In [12], a 12-port hybrid 5G MMIMO array is described for 

different LTE bands. 

 

Fig. 1 Multiple radiation beams of a massive MIMO system 

Different types of beamforming techniques in 5G MMIMO system are described [13, 

14]. The report of [14] includes circular, planar, and conformal arrays. In [15], a full-rank 

channel matrix is used for a MMIMO antenna system in the presence of a small number of 

virtually positioned scatterers. In the review paper [16], the design and development of 

antenna techniques for future 5G MMIMO system are described. A metamaterial-loaded 

64-element antenna system is designed in [17] for high efficiency and gain for millimeter-

wave MMIMO systems. The smart antenna is one of the potential candidates for the 

generation of a beam towards the target user and a null towards the interferer for an 

MMIMO radio communication. The smart antenna enhances security, spectral efficiency, 

and power savings in a cellular network [18-24]. In [18], the design considerations and 

applications of smart antennas in wireless communication are described. Various signal 

processing algorithms are reported for the beamforming of smart antennas, whereas the 

implementation of the least mean square (LMS) algorithm and its variants [19, 20] is easier 

compared to other algorithms. Recently, deep learning methods have been used for the 

beamforming of smart antennas [21, 22]. The machine learning methods are also used for 

the bean formation of smart antennas [23]. For low energy consumption, an optimized 

thinned smart antenna design is reported in [24]. Microstrip antenna is one of the promising 

candidates for massive MIMO system. Smart antenna using microstrip antenna is reported in 

[25] for sector beamforming for 28GHz millimeterwave mobile communication. A hybrid 

beamforming method, using Chebyshev tapering, is presented in [26] for the application to 



 Design of Multiple-beam Microstrip Smart Antenna for Massive MIMO Applications 657 

massive MIMO systems. In [27], a beam design method is proposed where one beam is used 

to serve multiple transmissions, thus reducing the overhead of frequency beam adjustment. 

This method uses a fractional programming based algorithm to solve the problem. The 

improvement methods for the error rate in massive MIMO beamforming are reported in 

[28]. The beamforming design for a massive MIMO integrated sensing and communication 

system with imperfect channel state information was investigated in [29]. An orthogonal 

beamforming technique for multi-user massive MIMO system is proposed in [30]. 

The previous reports were devoted to single beam generation in a MMIMO system, 

which is not sufficient in a multi-user environment, and also in most of the papers, isotropic 

antenna elements are used for the smart antenna array. In this paper, to serve a large number 

of users in a 5G NR MMIMO system, a method of simultaneous multiple beam generation 

(one beam per user) from the same set of antenna elements, is proposed. A smart antenna 

of microstrip antennas is considered for the generation of targeted beams with multiple 

nulls towards the interferer. Because of thin and low profile nature of microstrip antennas, 

these are attractive for large array applications. The analysis of array factor for both an E-

plane microstrip array and an H-plane microstrip array are presented. Multiple beams of 

microstrip smart antennas are formed using LMS algorithm in various user directions for 

particular null directions (interferer).  

2. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND OF MICROSTRIP ANTENNA 

The multiple beams of a microstrip smart antenna are generated using the adaptive 

signal processing LMS algorithm. The basic form of a microstrip antenna is a radiating 

metallic patch fabricated on a dielectric substrate backed by a ground plane, as shown in 

Fig. 2(a), and it radiates only on the upper hemisphere [31, 32]. The antenna is excited by 

a co-axial SMA connector. Microstrip antennas are used in miniaturized microwave and 

millimeter-wave systems. In a linear array of microstrip antennas, the antennas are arranged 

in a line with uniform inter-element spacing, as shown in Fig. 2(b). 

         
(a)                                                                             (b)    

Fig. 2 (a) Microstrip antenna (b) Multiple beams of a linear microstrip array 

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/computer-science/fractional-programming


658 M. MISHRA, A. KHAN, J. S. ROY 

The resonance frequency at TMmn mode for a microstrip antenna of dimension LxW 

can be calculated using the formula [32] 

𝑓𝑟𝑚𝑛 = (c
2⁄ √Ɛe )√[((

mπ

L
)

2

+ (
nπ

W
)

2

] (1) 

Where, ‘c’ is the free-space velocity of light and for a dielectric substrate of thickness ‘t’, 

the effective dielectric constant (ɛr) is given by [32] 

Ɛ𝑒 = (1
2⁄ ){(Ɛ𝑟 + 1) + (Ɛ𝑟 − 1) (1 +

12𝑡

𝑊
)

−1
2⁄ } (2) 

A microstrip array may be an E-plane array or an H-plane array, depending on the 

orientations of the patches and the mutual coupling between the antennas. The orientations 

of microstrip patches in E-plane and H-plane arrays are shown in Fig. 3. 

 

Fig. 3 E-plane and H-plane microstrip antenna arrays 

The radiation pattern of a microstrip antenna can be calculated using Fig. 4. The radiating 

slots due to the fringing fields radiate on the upper hemisphere. 

 

Fig. 4 Diagram to calculate radiation field of a microstrip antenna 



 Design of Multiple-beam Microstrip Smart Antenna for Massive MIMO Applications 659 

The far field at a distance ‘r’ from the origin for a single slot is given by [31, 32]. 

𝐸𝜑 = −𝑗2𝑉0𝑊𝑘0 (𝑒−𝑗𝑘0𝑟

4𝜋𝑟⁄ ) 𝐹(𝛳, 𝜑)𝐸𝛳 = 0 (3) 

V0=tEy is the voltage across the radiating slot and Ey is calculated considering a rectangular 

microstrip cavity, excited at fundamental TM10 mode. 

Where  

𝐹(𝛳, ∅) =
sin (

𝑘0ℎ
2

sinθ 𝑐𝑜𝑠∅ )

𝑘0ℎ
2

sinθ 𝑐𝑜𝑠∅

sin (
𝑘0𝑊

2
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛳)

𝑘0𝑊
2

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛳
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛳 (4) 

For θ=π/2, F(φ), the E- plane (x-z plane) pattern can be determined from 

𝐹(∅) =
sin (

𝑘0ℎ
2

𝑐𝑜𝑠∅)

𝑘0ℎ
2

𝑐𝑜𝑠∅
cos (

𝑘0𝐿

2
𝑐𝑜𝑠∅) (5) 

Slot width, h≈t/2, if t=1.6mm, and  h=0.8mm 

Similarly, for φ=π/2, F(θ),  will represent H-plane(y-z plane),which is  

𝐹(𝜃) =
sin (

𝑘0𝑊
2

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)

𝑘0𝑊
2

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 (6) 

Depending on the orientation of microstrip patches in antenna array, E-plane or H-plane 

radiations are calculated. 

A rectangular microstrip antenna is designed at 5GHz using CST Microwave Studio. 

The simulated S11 parameter and VSWR (voltage standing wave ratio) plots are presented 

in Fig. 5(a) and (b) respectively. 

The antenna resonates at 5.016 GHz with return loss of 25.69 dB. The 2:1 VSWR 

bandwidth of the patch antenna is 200 MHz. The RT-Duroid substrate of dielectric constant 

2.32, height 1.6 mm, and loss tangent [tan(δ)] 0.0005 is chosen for simulation. 

A four-element microstrip array is simulated using CST Microwave Studio. The patch 

elements are connected by microstrip lines and excited by an SMA connector (Fig. 6).  

The inter-element spacing in the array is 0.5λ. The S11 parameter and VSWR plot of 

the four-element patch array, for different feed line width (Wf in mm), are shown in Fig. 7 

(a) and (b) respectively.  



660 M. MISHRA, A. KHAN, J. S. ROY 

(a) 

b) 

Fig. 5 Simulated (a) S-parameter and (b) VSWR of the microstrip patch antenna 

 

Fig. 6 Diagram of the simulated microstrip antenna array 



 Design of Multiple-beam Microstrip Smart Antenna for Massive MIMO Applications 661 

(a) 

(b) 

Fig. 7 (a) S11 parameter (b) VSWR 

The radiation pattern of the microstrip array is shown in Fig. 8. 

 

Fig. 8 Radiation pattern of four-element microstrip array 



662 M. MISHRA, A. KHAN, J. S. ROY 

3. MULTIPLE BEAM FORMATION BY MICROSTRIP SMART ANTENNA 

For the multiple beam formation, adaptive signal processing algorithm LMS is used. 

LMS is a stochastic gradient-based algorithm. The weights of the algorithm are updated in 

every iteration using the formula [33, 34] 

𝑤(𝑛 + 1) = 𝑤(𝑛) +  𝜇 𝑒∗(𝑛)𝑥(𝑛) (7) 

The algorithm minimizes the error e(n) between the array output y(n)= 𝑤𝐻(𝑛)𝑥(𝑛) and 

the desired signal d(n) as 

𝑒(𝑛) = 𝑑(𝑛) − 𝑤𝐻(𝑛)𝑥(𝑛) (8) 

Here, wH(n) is the Hermitian transpose or conjugate transpose of weight w(n). The bound 

for the step-size parameter µ is given by   

𝜇 <
1

2 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑒[𝑅𝑥𝑥]
 (9) 

The Rxx is the correlation matrix. The LMS algorithm's main benefit is that it has a low 

level of computing complexity than other adaptive algorithms.  

The LMS algorithm is used for the generation of beams towards the desired beam 

directions (BD) and for the generation of null directions (ND) towards the undesired 

interferers. The array factor (AF) for a linear microstrip array of N microstrip antennas and 

inter-element spacing of ’d’, arranged in the E-plane, is  

𝐴𝐹 = ∑ 𝐹(∅)  𝑒𝑗(𝑛−1)(
2𝜋𝑑

𝜆
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃+𝛼)

𝑁

𝑛=1

 (10) 

Where, F(ϕ) is given by Eq. (5). The same expression of Eq. (10) is valid for H-plane 

microstrip array where F(ϕ) will be replaced by F(θ) of Eq. (6). The progressive phase shift 

of the array is ‘α’ at the wavelength ‘λ’. The normalized array factor is   

𝐴𝐹𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚 =
|𝐴𝐹|

|𝐴𝐹𝑚𝑎𝑥|⁄  (11) 

The AFmax is the maximum value of AF. 

The flow chart for the implementation of adaptive signal processing algorithm for 

multiple beam generation using microstrip smart antenna is shown in Fig. 9.  

The input parameters are frequency, inter-element spacing in the antenna array, number 

of microstrip antennas, dielectric constant, and height of the microstrip substrate. Here, Eq. 

(1) and Eq. (2) are used to calculate the width (W) and length (L) of the patch antenna at 

the given frequency. The calculated length and width of the microstrip antenna at 5 GHz 

are 20.61 mm (L) and 18 mm (W). The values of the different parameters used in the 

simulation are presented in Table 1. 



 Design of Multiple-beam Microstrip Smart Antenna for Massive MIMO Applications 663 

 
Fig. 9 Flow chart for multiple beam formation of microstrip smart antenna using LMS 

algorithm 

Table 1 Input parameters 

Input Parameters Values 

Frequency 5 GHz  

Number of microstrip antennas in the array (N) N=30, 35, 40, 45 

Element spacing in the antenna array 0.5λ 

Dielectric constant of the substrate (RT-Duroid) 2.32 

Thickness of the dielectric substrate 1.6 mm 

Channel Additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) 

SNR 20 dB 

No.of iteration 500 

Eq. (10) with Eq. (6) is the cost function for AF calculation for an H-plane microstrip 

smart antenna. Here, using the LMS algorithm, three and four beams are generated for a 

microstrip smart antenna. Various values of the number of microstrip antennas in the array 

(N), beam directions (BD) and null directions (ND) are considered. The H-plane radiation 

patterns for three beams are shown in Figs. 10(a) -11(b). In Fig. 10(a) N= 30, BD=-450, 00, 



664 M. MISHRA, A. KHAN, J. S. ROY 

300, and ND=-300,-150,100. In Fig. 10(b) N=35, BD= -600, 200, 450 and ND=-150, 100, 800. 

In Fig. 11(a) N=35, BD=-550, -200, 600 ND= -250,-150,100, and in Fig 11(b) N=30, BD= -

350, 00, 600 ND= -600, -100, 150.  

   
(a)                                                                (b)   

Fig. 10 H-plane pattern for three beams for microstrip smart antenna (a) N=30, (b) N=35 

 
(a)                                                                  (b)   

Fig. 11 H-plane pattern for three beams for microstrip smart antenna (a) N=35, (b) N=30 

In the above three beam formations, number of BDs are equal to number of NDs 

(interferer), but it is not mandatory, that is, while generating three beams, NDs may be 1 

or 2 or 3 or 4.  

The H-plane radiation patterns for four beams are shown in Figs. 12(a) -13(b). In Fig. 

12(a) N=30, BD= -600, 00, 300, 500, and ND=-100, 100, 250. In Fig. 12(b) N=40, BD= -600, 

-250, 300, 600, and ND=-100, 100. In Fig. 13(a) N=40, BD=-550, -150, 100, 450, and ND= -

100, 250, and in Fig 13(b) N=35, BD= -650, -150, 00, 550, and ND= -400, 250.  



 Design of Multiple-beam Microstrip Smart Antenna for Massive MIMO Applications 665 

   
(a)                                                                          (b)   

Fig. 12 H-plane pattern for four beams for microstrip smart antenna (a) N=30, (b) N=40 

   
(a)                                                                          (b)   

Fig. 13 H-plane pattern for four beams for microstrip smart antenna (a) N=40, (b) N=35 

The results are tabulated in Table 2. The HPBW, Null depth and SLLmax , obtained for 

generated multiple beams are included in the table. The multiple beams are generated on 

the both sides of the broadside direction of the array.  

Null depth is one of the important parameters for MMIMO applications which signifies 

how much interference is occurred by the user signal. For multiple beam formation, for an 

E-plane microstrip smart antenna, Eq. (10) with Eq. (5) is the cost function for AF 

calculation. The same parameter values, mentioned in Table 1, are considered for the 

formation of three and four beams using a microstrip smart antenna. The E-plane radiation 

patterns for three and four beams are shown in Fig. 14 and Fig. 15 respectively. In Fig. 

14(a) N=35, BD= 00, 200, 600, and ND=-600, -300, 100. In Fig. 14(b) N=40, BD=-550, -10, 

150 and ND=100, 300.  In Fig. 15(a) N=40, BD=-450, -100, 00, 300, and ND= -700, -400, 350, 

450, and in Fig 15(b) N=45, BD= -200, -100, 350, 650, and ND=-450, -300, 150.  



666 M. MISHRA, A. KHAN, J. S. ROY 

Table 2 Results for H-plane microstrip smart antenna 

No. of beams  Parameters Null depth SLLmax  

3 Beams N= 30, BD=-450, 00, 300, ND=-300,-150,100 
 

-70dB 
-37dB 
-48dB 

-12 dB 

3 Beams N=35, BD= -600, 200, 450, ND=-150, 100, 800 
 

-32dB  
-31dB  
-27dB 

-13 dB 

3 Beams N=35, BD=-550, -200, 600, ND=  -250,-150,100 
 
 

-34dB  
-32dB  
-30dB 

-12.5 dB 

3 Beams N=30, BD= -350, 00, 600   ND= -600, -100, 150.  
 
 

-46dB  
-73dB  
-40dB 

-12 dB 

4 Beams N=30, BD=-600,00,300,500  ND=-100,100,250 -25dB 
-38dB 
-37dB 

-11.5 dB 

4 Beams N=40, BD= -600, -250, 300, 600  ND= -100, 100 -35dB 
-57dB 

-12 dB 

4 Beams N=40, BD=-550, -150, 100, 450, ND= -100, 250 
 

-32dB 
-40dB 

-11 dB 

4 Beams N=35, BD= -650, -150, 00, 550, ND= -400,  250 
 

-33dB 
-40dB 

-12 dB 

   
(a)                                                                          (b)   

Fig. 14 E-plane pattern for four beams for microstrip smart antenna (a) N=35, (b) N=40 

   
(a)                                                                          (b)   

Fig. 15 E-plane pattern for four beams for microstrip smart antenna (a) N=40, (b) N=45 



 Design of Multiple-beam Microstrip Smart Antenna for Massive MIMO Applications 667 

The different parameters, obtained for E-plane microstrip smart antenna are tabulated 

in Table 3. 

Table 3 Results for E-plane microstrip smart antenna 

No. of beams  Parameters Null depth SLLmax  

3 Beams N=35, BD=00, 200, 600 , ND=-600, -300, 100  -45dB  

-55dB  

-40dB 

-12 dB 

3 Beams N=40, BD=-550, -10, 150 , ND=100, 300 -27dB  

-32dB  

-13 dB 

4 Beams N=40, BD=-450,-100,00, 300, ND=-700,-400, 350, 450 -70dB 

-42dB 

-43dB 

-48dB 

-11.5dB 

4 Beams N=45, BD=-200, -100, 350, 650, and  ND=-450, -300, 150  

 

-33dB 

-52dB 

-42dB 

-11 dB 

The graph for square errors both for an H-plane array and an E-plane are array are 

shown in Fig. 16(a) and Fig. 16(b). Here, in both the cases, N=35, BD=-600, -250, 250, 400, 

and ND=100, -100. 

 
(a) (b) 

Fig. 16 Error graphs for microstrip smart antenna 

Number of iteration used in simulation is 500.  

4. CONCLUSION 

In a MMIMO system, where microstrip antennas are closely spaced in a large antenna 

array, an H-plane array may be useful to avoid the mutual coupling effect, because the H-

plane coupling effect is less than the E-plane coupling. In order to have a basic idea, a 

microstrip antenna and a four-element microstrip antenna array are simulated using CST 

software. Their results are also presented. But this software doesn’t consider signal 

processing algorithm, and hence, beam control regarding main beam generation in the 

desired direction and null generation towards the interferer is not possible. The results 

presented here are the best results obtained after a number of simulations in each and every 



668 M. MISHRA, A. KHAN, J. S. ROY 

case. The method presented here can generate multiple beams both when the target users 

are close and when the target users are far from each other.  In MIMO system transmitting 

antenna radiates multiple beams towards the target receiving antenna and the antennas are 

diversity antennas not an array but in a MMIMO systems, the antenna system is an antenna 

array and radiation beam is sent single targeted beam per user basis. Therefore, the 

investigations, presented in this paper, are useful for MMIMO communication. Also, the 

proposed multiple beamforming method is well suited for millimeter wave massive MIMO. 

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