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Feldenkrais Research Journal • volume 2 (2005)

Article

“Who's there? / Who goes there?”
Point of View of the Feldenkrais Method® of Somatic Education

Odette Guimond
PhD

Abstract
Referring to seminal texts and influential authors in the field of biology of cognition, the author discusses
connections between mind and body, insisting on the critical role of the body in the acquisition of
knowledge viewed as a biological phenomena. She reviews in that context the principles of the
Feldenkrais method of somatic education whose goal is essentially to restore the integrity and unity of
sensorial, affective and intellectual levels of the self. This approach designed to enhance body awareness
and consolidate body image through sequences of movements and functional integration is said to be
most beneficial to actors and artists in their search for creativity but it may benefit as well individuals who
seek improvement of their health and personal growth.

Keywords
Feldenkrais Method, Somatic Education, body awareness, movement, body, mind, learning

Copyright ©: The copyright for this paper remains with the author(s).

First published in French: PRISME, Psychiatrie, recherche et intervention en santé mentale de l’enfant,
no 37, Montréal, Hôpital Sainte-Justine, 2002.

Please cite: Feldenkrais Research Journal, volume 2; 2005.

Service marks: The terms Feldenkrais®, Feldenkrais Method®, Awareness Through Movement®, ATM®,
Functional Integration®, and FI® are service marked terms of the International Feldenkrais® Federation
(IFF) and Feldenkrais professional guilds and associations in many countries. In keeping with academic
conventions, they will not be service marked in the entire text as may be required in nonacademic use,
but only for the first and most prominent use of the terms. In recognition that these phrases are formal
terms referring to specific practices within the Method, and to the Method as a whole, capitalization of all
the words in each term has been retained.

Published by the International Feldenkrais® Federation (IFF) https://feldenkrais-method.org
Available online at https://feldenkraisresearchjournal.org

https://feldenkrais-method.org/
https://feldenkraisresearchjournal.org


    
IFF Academy 

Feldenkrais Research Journal 2 (2005) 
® 2005 by the author 

ISSN 1817-4000  

 
“Who’s there? / Who goes there?”  Point of View of the 
Feldenkrais1 Method® of Somatic Education* 
 
Odette Guimond  The famous introductory line from Shakespeare’s Hamlet, held for centuries 

to be a universal masterpiece, has caused much ink to flow.  To how many 
commentaries and lectures has it not given rise even outside the realms of 
theatre and literature?  Psychoanalysis has mined the constituent ambiguities 
of this work, as it has the masterpieces of Greek theatre.  How can one not 
be fascinated both by the structure of the work and by the central role given 
to theatre, notably in the play-within-the-play, the presentation of The 
Mousetrap before the King?  This is Hamlet’s ultimate strategy for 
observing on the face of the Spectator suspected of murder the revelation of 
his true identity; however, in so doing, Hamlet is himself forced to 
contemplate his own choices. 

Translated by 
Eileen McGurk The French translation of the first line of Bernardo, one of the guards on the 

ramparts of Elsinore where the shade of the Ghost takes shape, conjures up 
either the phenomenon of being (“Qui est là” / “Who’s there?”) or of 
movement (“Qui va là” / “Who goes there?”).  For my purposes, I prefer the 
second.  It throws greater light on the fact that the question of identity is 
organically related to the awareness of the body moving in space. 

 
Even if Gerald M. Edelman is convinced that artists can take no more than 
an amateur’s interest in the phenomenon of consciousness,2 Antonio R. 
Damasio (2001), on the other hand, bases himself on various works, 
 
 
Certified teacher in the Feldenkrais Method® of somatic education since 1991, the 
author is also an actor and director and graduate of the Conservatoire d’Art 
dramatique de Montréal in 1976.  She completed her doctorate in French Studies at 
the Université de Montréal in 1987 with a thesis on L’acteur et le corps apparent.  
Since 1977, she has taught at universities and schools of theatre studies and 
directed a theatre company for more than fifteen years.  In 1995, she founded 
Autopoïésis, an arts school to integrate the Feldenkrais Method® into the training, 
research and professional development of artists. 
 
Address:  1012, Mont-Royal est, bureau 107, Montréal (Québec) H2J 1X6 
E-mail:  oguimond@videotron.ca   Web site:  //pages.infinit.net/oguimond 

                                                 
*  Translator’s note :  This article is a translation of «Qui va là?  Point de vue de la méthode Feldenkrais d’éducation 
somatique » in PRISME, Psychiatrie, recherche et intervention en santé mentale de l’enfant, no 37 (Corps Culture 
Identité), Montréal, Hôpital Sainte-Justine, 2002, pp. 98-106.  ISBN:  2-922770-34-06; ISSN:  17-1-7599.  The 
reference to the opening line of Hamlet in the second paragraph recalls the many occasions on which one 
Shakespearean character challenges another with either “Who’s there?” or  “Who goes there?”  Was Shakespeare’s 
choice a conscious pointer to Hamlet’s ambiguity concerning his identity? 



2 

 
including those of Shakespeare, to bring the public up to date on advances in 
the areas of neurology and psychiatry.3  The popular scientific works of 
Gerald M. Edelman such as A Biological Theory of Consciousness or How 
Matter Becomes Imagination, those of Antonio R. Damasio, Descartes’ 
Error or The Feeling of What Happens, those of Israel Rosenfield such as 
An Anatomy of Consciousness support the reflections of Francisco J. Varela, 
biologist and specialist in cognitive sciences,4 and agree with the research of 
the founders and practitioners of various methods of somatic education5 over 
the last hundred years or more, especially the Feldenkrais Method®.   This 
method has attracted the attention of Varela and other scientists for some 
time, even during the lifetime of Moshe Feldenkrais, doctor of physical 
science and judoka.6 
 
 
The body, metaphor for the mind? 
The mind, metaphor for the body? 
 
An article like that of Carl Ginsberg on “The Somatic Self Revisited”7 
proposes important paths not only in what pertains to the contribution of 
somatic education to the domain of consciousness, but also to the way that it 
envisages the question of identity.  In fact, somatic education is interested in 
the learning of awareness of the body moving in space and in relation to its 
environment, including through this the context of learning, the culture of 
the individual.  From now on, the question is no longer so much knowing 
who goes there as it is taking an interest in the process by which a living 
being knows, recognizes who he is and what his choices are to act more 
effectively and with minimum effort in a given situation, with maximum 
harmony and quality, sensitivity and awareness, indeed creativity. 
 
For a long time, this question, associated to the cognitive process, was 
treated as if the “body” were not involved in the cognitive process, which 
was called “mental”, as if the head were not part of the body or the body 
devoid of a head.  It must have required tremendous freedom of spirit, or 
perhaps more simply a quality of observation and scientific reflection free of 
philosophical or religious baggage, for medical research to reach the point of 
proposing in recent times that the brain be considered a bodily organ, and 
that that which had been referred to for centuries as the mind, in fact 
emerged from the functioning of the nervous system8 (Edelman and Tononi, 
2000).  Such has been the fundamental hypothesis of somatic education and 
especially of Moshe Feldenkrais since the 1940s, allowing escape from the 
duality of reductionist thinking that has been imposed since Descartes. 
 
If the scientific dream that drives research on consciousness results, for 
example, in Edelman’s production of sophisticated artefacts (“conscious” 
robots, that is, robots capable of learning and not only programmed from 



3 

without) whose function would be to objectively and quantitatively validate 
the functioning of a living organ like the brain, that of somatic educators 
emanates, above all, from their subjective experience and relies more on 
qualitative data.  Themselves often confronted with a health problem or 
more generally with a question of survival, like artists, they call upon their 
creativity to learn to feel more and more from within themselves the 
functioning of their organism and their environment and to guide their 
students in a similar learning process.  Just like artists, they have created and 
learned to master, in the course of long and demanding years of learning, 
extremely precise techniques, supported by objective knowledge, but based 
on a definition of consciousness as sensory and lived experience: in short, 
from the perspective of qualia, a stumbling block for present-day scientific 
research.  For somatic education, the cognitive processes are the same as the 
autopoietic biological process as defined by Humberto Maturana and 
Francisco J. Varela in Autopoiesis and Cognition, The Realization of the 
Living in the 1970s.9  In this process, a living being constantly recreates its 
own functional identity, through the incessant movement of its parts and its 
structure.  The brain and the rest of the body are but one, in fact, the brain 
nourished and affected by the movements, sensations and experiences of the 
entire nervous, skeletal, muscular and digestive system … Maturana and 
Varela were the first biologists to clearly propose the hypothesis that 
knowledge was a biological phenomenon and open the debate on this topic 
in the scientific world. 
 
 
How does the ground recognize you? 
 
If a mirror exists that cannot lie and that reveals not appearance but identity 
itself, it is the relation to gravity.  Didn’t Moshe Feldenkrais say that the 
greatest discovery of Freud was his use of the couch?  In somatic education, 
the quality of the contact with the ground and the capacity to subtly change 
this relationship at every stage of movement, that is, of life itself with every 
breath, are a means of revealing the person and, for Moshe Feldenkrais, the 
quality of the function of the nervous system.  Imprints on the ground, so 
revealing for police or scientists interested in the past of living species, are at 
the heart of somatic education.  But rather than discover only traces of a 
spent past, hidden or disclaimed, somatic education unlocks in this 
relationship to gravity the manifestation of the present moment, 
simultaneously revealing traces of a memory and the means by which a 
person manages, or doesn’t manage, to transform his intentions into actions, 
to organize himself in space and time.  Moreover, the ludic connection with 
the ground, the need to touch as first means of communication allow for 
starting up again the profound mechanisms of learning, survival and 
creation.  Moshe Feldenkrais constantly invokes three principal themes:  the 
inextricable unity of mind and body, the primordial importance of the 
relationship to gravity and the skeletal power that it incorporates, the body 
image (otherwise described as neuromuscular patterns) as reference to the 



4 

self that becomes clearer and therefore changes during lessons in somatic 
education.   
 
He has written many books, including those with provocative titles, 
Awareness Through Movement (1972, 1977) or The Elusive Obvious (1981).  
In 1948, he had already published Body and Mature Behaviour: A Study of 
Anxiety, Sex, Gravitation and Learning (1981), a surprising synthesis for the 
time, even for those with a global view of the human being.  The following 
year, in 1949, he wrote The Potent Self, proposing the learning of 
spontaneity as opposed to compulsion, which would not be published until 
1985, a year after his death. 
 
There are two ways developed by Moshe Feldenkrais to guide learning.  
Group lessons in Awareness Through Movement® are made up of movement 
sequences prepared to develop a better neuromuscular organization.  
Connected to specific functions, these movements are presented in an 
unaccustomed, non-linear way to stimulate creativity, to change habits and 
to find alternatives that are comfortable, based on an individual’s own 
sensory reference points.   
 
In individual lessons of Functional Integration® the student can be guided by 
the touch, as well as the verbal instruction, of the teacher who explores with 
him new options for movement.  It is a touch that listens and accompanies, a 
touch suggesting neuromuscular patterns that were either forgotten or had 
never previously existed in the collection of movements of the student, a 
contact that helps to define vague areas in the person’s perception of 
himself.  What the teacher does is to hold a dialogue with the student 
through movement.   
 
To sum up, the Feldenkrais Method® rests on an in-depth (and primarily 
experiential) understanding of several fundamental principles:  organization 
of the body in movement in the gravitational field; self-regulated functioning 
of the nervous system; total integration of the person on the sensory, 
emotional and intellectual levels; the primacy of body image in the control 
of behaviour.  The conditions created by our method are aimed at our 
learning capacities.   
 
It is a strategic approach that is interested in the “how” rather than in the 
“why” of things.  It uses reduction of effort and of speed; increase of keen 
sensitivity; a search for comfort and ease; an absence of models to imitate; 
the search for personal markers of quality; a graduated progression through 
the complex; an all-encompassing vision of the whole body and the whole 
person in movement.  The principal strategies of the method are articulated 
around an approach that gives the student a sense of security, an approach as 
indirect as possible to sites of pain or trauma or to “problem” areas, with the 
perspective of addressing the whole person, the intelligence of the nervous 



5 

system, that which is healthy within the person, and not his biased 
perceptions.   
 
 
How do you know who you are or where you’re going? 
 
The perspective of somatic education is both older and newer than is 
imagined; more important and more a bearer of organic solutions than is 
believed, confronted by issues that are too deep and shared by too many 
human beings to be simply individual, cultural or pathological.  People are 
interested with good reason in the chemical make-up of human function and 
in what the study of brain lesions can teach us about the function and indeed 
the very nature of living phenomena.  But my practice and teaching in the 
area of theatre and somatic education continue to teach me that, 
fundamentally, human beings cannot achieve total freedom and fully 
become creators without this constant recognition of their habits of 
movement in the gravitational field, of their behavioural preferences, of their 
own way of doing and perceiving.  And this, not to run away from 
themselves and conform to some ideal model, both inaccessible and unreal, 
but to make peace with themselves and take ownership of who they are and 
what they do.  The awareness of one’s neuromuscular patterns is 
fundamental and fosters not only the improvement of what one loves to do 
but also brings to it creative variations that can even be qualified as 
profound behavioural changes.   
 
In the theatre, we use words, many words.  We even learn them “by heart”.  
We “play” them.  We try to remember that a human being wrote them and 
that they exist to return us to ourselves and to let us communicate with other 
human beings.  Read a sentence that moves you, whether you do not know 
why it moves you or even if you feel that you do know why!  Name three 
typical words, three qualifiers or images that the sentence makes you think 
of.  Repeat the sentence out loud and listen to it resonate within you while 
discovering exactly where the images come from that you learn to 
differentiate one from the other.  What do you do to clarify these images 
inside yourself?  How do you know what you feel?  These images will 
translate quickly through a pattern of movement whose reference points are 
known to you alone, that allow you to repeat them until they become second 
nature.  Play at running the gamut among the three patterns of movement 
that will be integrated into a single form, something you could not have 
expected.  It is both simple and fun!  There you are, in contact with a new 
character that you may not even have recognized as an aspect of human 
nature within you… and of your identity.   
 
Pick out a verb, two, three action verbs that are connected to the person with 
whom you wish to share this sentence that will create a relationship between 
you.  Do your scales, run the gamut.  Listen from inside yourself to how you 
react to the construction of movement of the other who responds to your 



6 

intention, to his relationship to you, to the reply that wells up and changes 
with the rhythm of the changes in your own movements.  You have just 
created a dialogue, a fundamental relationship between two human beings.   
Now, what did you have to say that was so important?  Was it in the words?  
You have just managed to clarify this relationship and perhaps to enrich it in 
an unexpected way, for how do you know what you know so well about 
yourself and your intentions?  You have only to give a moment of attention 
to what you feel and to what you are doing in movement and to let yourself 
be guided by that within you that knows.   
 
My own journey in somatic education, equal to what is dear to me in artistic 
experience, has taught me, like so many others, to burn masks rather than 
disappear behind that which is imposed.  In a learning context, to quote the 
expression proposed by Antonio R. Damasio10 recently, it is to this freedom 
in the construction of differentiated characters, to this mobility in 
experiencing one’s own identity that the awareness of sensory markers in the 
construction of a behaviour associated to “somatic markers” leads. This is 
what actors have been doing since the first intuitions of Stanislavski.  But 
with the tools that somatic education offers, one can go much deeper in this 
type of research and with greater precision and pleasure.  In theatre, that is 
something extremely precious.  In everyday life, it is priceless. 
 
 
 
ABSTRACT 
 
Referring to the seminal texts and influential authors in the field of biology 
of cognition, the author discusses connections between mind and body, 
insisting on the critical role of the body in the acquisition of knowledge 
viewed as a biological phenomenon.  She reviews in that context the 
principles of the Feldenkrais method of somatic education whose goal is 
essentially to restore the integrity and unity of sensorial, affective and 
intellectual levels of the self.  This approach designed to enhance body 
awareness and consolidate body image through sequences of movements 
and functional integration is said to be most beneficial to actors and artists in 
their search for creativity but it may benefit as well individuals who seek 
improvement of their health and personal growth. 
 
 



7 

REFERENCES 
 
Damasio A.R.  The Feeling of What Happens:  Body and Emotion in the Making of Consciousness.  New York:  
Harcourt Brace 1999, 2000. 
Damasio A.R.  Descartes’ Error:  Emotion, Reason and the Human Brain.  New York:  Grosset/Putnam, 1994, Harper 
Collins 1995. 
Edelman G.M.  The Remembered Present:  A Biological Theory of Consciousness.  New York:  Basic Books 1989. 
Edelman G.M., Tononi G.  A Universe of Consciousness:  How Matter Becomes Imagination.  New York:  Basic 
Books 2001. 
Feldenkrais M.  Awareness Through Movement:  Health Exercises for Personal Growth..  New York:  Harper & Row; 
Toronto:  FitzHenry Whiteside 1972, 1977; Hammondsworth, Middlesex, England:  Penguin Books 1972-1977. 
Feldenkrais M.  The Elusive Obvious.  Cupertino, CA:  Meta Publications 1981. 
Feldenkrais M.  Body and Mature Behaviour:  A Study of Anxiety, Sex, Gravitation and Learning.  New York:  
International Universities Press 1981. 
Feldenkrais M.  The Potent Self:  A Guide to Spontaneity.  San Francisco:  Harper and Row 1985. 
Ginsberg C.  “The Somatic Self Revisited,” Newbury Park, CA:  Sage Publications, reprint of the Journal of 
Humanistic Psychology 1996; 36:124 –140. 
Rosenfield I.  The Strange, Familiar and Forgotten:  An Anatomy of Consciousness.  New York:  Alfred A. Knopf 
1992. 
Varela F.J., Thompson E., Rosch E.  The Embodied Mind:  Cognitive Science and Human Experience.  Cambridge, 
MA:  MIT Press 1991. 
                                                 
 
NOTES 
 
1  Feldenkrais,® Awareness Through Movement® and Functional Integration® are trademarks registered in Canada by 

the Feldenkrais® Guild of North America and protected in Québec by the Association Québecoise des Professeures et 
des Professeurs de la Méthode Feldenkrais® affiliated to the latter.  The use of these terms is reserved to practitioners 
who have completed professional training in the method over a period of four years and who have met the criteria for 
certification of each of the associations.  These latter are members of the International Feldenkrais® Federation. 

 
2  See the conclusion of the book by Gerald M. Edelman and Giulio Tononi, How Matter Becomes Imagination.  There 

we read, for example, “But there is one fascinating point that, here and now, bears on the exhaustiveness of the 
scientific pursuit.  It concerns whether all meaningful relations at the level of consciousness constitute objects for 
scientific study.  Think, for example, of meaningful sentences in ordinary language or, even better, of poetic 
exchanges as they are enacted by sentient humans.  Our conjecture is that they are, here and now, not fit objects for 
scientific study except in some trivial sense.”  p. 222. 

 
3  See, for example, “Wordless storytelling is natural. The imagetic representation of sequences of brain events, which 

occurs in brains simpler than ours, is the stuff of which stories are made.  A natural preverbal occurrence of 
storytelling may well be the reason why we ended up creating drama and eventually books (...) Be that as it may, the 
marvel is to think that the very first brains that constructed the story of consciousness were answering questions that 
no living being had yet posed:  Who is making these images that have just been happening?  Who owns these 
images?  ‘Who is there?’ as in the stirring first line of Hamlet, a play that so powerfully epitomizes the bewilderment 
of humans regarding the origins of their condition.  The answers had to come first, by which I mean that the organism 
had to construct first the kind of knowledge that looks like answers.  The organism had to be able to produce that 
primordial knowledge, unsolicited, so that a process of knowing could be founded (...) Telling stories, in the sense of 
registering what happens in the form of brain maps, is probably a brain obsession and probably begins relatively early 
both in terms of evolution and in terms of the complexity of the neural structures required to create narratives.  
Telling stories precedes language, since it is, in fact, a condition for language (...)” in A.R. Damasio, The Feeling of 
What Happens: Body and Emotion in the Making of Consciousness, pp.188-189. 

 
4  See, for example, Francisco J. Varela, Evan Thompson and Eleanor Rosch, The Embodied Mind:  Cognitive Science 

and Human Experience. 
 



8 

                                                                                                                                                                  
5  Among the founders of proven methods, Frederick Matthias Alexander, the late 19th –Century Australian actor 

realized to his horror that he would lose his voice on stage during performances and could find no specialist to help 
him to correct the problem.  He was left to his own devices to undo his habits of behaviour rather than remain a 
victim of his own stress.  At the same time as Moshe Feldenkrais was developing his fundamental ideas, a German 
doctor, Lily Ehrenfried, who had emigrated to France created the Gymnastique Holistique®:  even if she could no 
longer practise medicine, she could at least search for ways to keep people from becoming sicker.  Her aim was 
maintenance of health, prevention of illness and education.  Taking her inspiration, like Lily Ehrenfried, from the 
works of Elsa Gindler (a 1920s pioneer), Gerda Alexander, a dancer in Denmark who had taught Jacques- Dalcroze 
rhythmic dance in her youth, created her méthode d’Eutonie centred on good muscle tone when at the age of 25 she 
contracted rheumatoid arthritis.  More recently, Thérèse Bertherat, a kinesiotherapist in France of the Mézières 
school, created the Antigymnastique and taught the French-speaking public that The Body has its Reasons.  In the 
USA, Bonnie Benbridge Cohen, who also began as a dancer and therapist, continues her research on Body-Mind 
Centering.  This list is far from being exhaustive. 

 
6  The Feldenkrais Method® carries the name of its author, a Russian-Jew born in 1904.  Moshe Feldenkrais reached 

Palestine alone at the age of 14 and contributed to the building of his country.  From 1928, he studied in Paris where 
he became at one and the same time Doctor of Physical Science and engineer.  Among other things, he worked in the 
Juliot-Curie laboratory.  An accomplished sportsman, he was very active in promoting the development of Judo in 
France and in England in the 1930s and 1940s.  This long work of learning and teaching a martial art was a very 
important source of inspiration in the elaboration of his method and without doubt in his interest in the work of 
actors.  The other determining factor was a serious knee injury that forced him to take an interest in his rehabilitation, 
in the connection between movement and the functioning of the nervous system and in the inextricable unity of the 
psyche and the soma.  Actually, the prognosis for knee surgery at the time forced him to make a choice: either he 
would walk normally once again or he would find himself with still greater limitations.  He decided to forego surgery 
and find his own way to walk as normally as possible again.  The synthesis of his previous experiences, mixed with a 
great curiosity about biology, neuro-physiology, psychology and perinatal development, allowed him to take over his 
own rehabilitation.  This personal discovery led him to elaborate his research and the method of work that resulted.  
He taught in Europe, in the United States, in Australia and in Israel where he died in 1984. 

 
7  In the summary of the presentation of this article, we read, “Confusions as to how we use the concepts self, 

personality, sub-personality, and so on persist.  Updating a previous contribution, the notion of identities, as distinct 
constructions and organizations of the somatic being, is introduced.  In this way, it is possible to account for the 
observation that people exhibit, or experience within themselves, varying personalities in different contexts and, at 
the same time, acknowledge the underlying unity of being of the person.”  (Ginsburg, 1996) 

 
8  See, for example, Gerald M. Edelman and Giulio Tononi in A Universe of Consciousness:  How Matter Becomes 

Imagination, “As living systems, we are also subject to evolutionary constraints not considered by the laws of 
physics.  Consciousness, while special, arose as a result of evolutionary innovations in the morphology of brain and 
body.  The mind arises from the body and its development; it is embodied and therefore part of nature.” p.215. 

 
9  Autopoiesis, The Organization of the Living was originally published in Chile under the title Maquinas y Seres Vivos. 

Editor Univ. S.A., 1972.  Published subsequently with Humberto R. Maturana, Biology of Cognition (1970) in a work 
that brought together the two essays:  Maturana Humberto R., Varela Francisco J., Autopoiesis and Cognition, The 
Realization of the Living, D. Reidel Publishing Co.: Dodrecht, Holland and in Boston Studies in the Philosophy of 
Science, 1980, vol.42. 

 
10 Antonio R. Damasio posits the hypothesis of somatic markers in chapter 8 of Descartes’ Error:  Emotion, Reason 

and the Human Brain.  Damasio uncovered, among other things, the importance of the emotions in all decision 
making.  We read, for example, “In short, somatic markers are a special instance of feelings generated from 
secondary emotions.  Those emotions and feelings have been connected, by learning, to predicted future outcomes of 
certain scenarios.  When a negative somatic marker is juxtaposed to a particular future outcome the combination 
functions as an alarm bell.  When a positive somatic marker is juxtaposed instead, it becomes a beacon of incentive.”  
p.174. 


