untitled Fennia 180: 1–2 (2002), Special Issue, with CD-ROM Finland – Nature, Society, and Regions Guest Editors PAULIINA RAENTO and JOHN WESTERHOLM Contents PAULIINA RAENTO and JOHN WESTERHOLM Preface 3–4 Facts about Finland 5–6 Instructions for the user 7 Nature MATTI TIKKANEN and JUHA OKSANEN Late Weichselian and Holocene shore displacement history of the Baltic Sea in Finland 9–20 MATTI TIKKANEN The changing landforms of Finland 21–30 MATTI TIKKANEN Long-term changes in lake and river systems in Finland 31–42 HEIKKI SEPPÄ Mires of Finland: Regional and local controls of vegetation, landforms, and long-term dynamics 43–60 JYRKI AUTIO and OLAVI HEIKKINEN The climate of northern Finland 61–66 OLAVI HEIKKINEN, MERVI TUOVINEN and JYRKI AUTIO What determines the timberline? 67–74 Cartography and Landscapes JOUNI HÄKLI Mapping the historical sense of Finland 75–81 PIRJO JUKARAINEN The boundaries of Finland in transition 83–88 PETRI J. RAIVO The Finnish landscape and its meanings 89–98 PÄIVI MAARANEN Human touch, natural processes: The development of the rural cultural landscape in southern Finland from past to present 99–109 NIINA VUORELA, CHARLES BURNETT and RISTO KALLIOLA Cartographic traditions and the future of digital maps: A Finnish perspective 111–121 People and Culture JOHN WESTERHOLM Populating Finland 123–140 SEPPO SIIRILÄ, MARI VAATTOVAARA and VILLE VILJANEN Well-being in Finland: A comparison of municipalities and residential differentiation in two cities 141–149 PAULIINA RAENTO and KAI HUSSO Cultural diversity in Finland 151–164 PIRKKO SUIHKONEN The Uralic languages 165–176 REIJO NORIO and MARKKU LÖYTÖNEN The Finnish disease heritage 177–182 Regions, Economy, and Society JANNE ANTIKAINEN and PERTTU VARTIAINEN Finnish districts and regional differentiation 183–190 KAUKO MIKKONEN The competitive advantage of regions and small economic areas: The case of Finland 191–198 MATTI HÄKKILÄ Farms of northern Finland 199–211 MARKKU TYKKYLÄINEN Spatial turns of manufacturing since 1970 213–226 JARMO KORTELAINEN Forest industry on the map of Finland 227–235 ARI AUKUSTI LEHTINEN Globalisation and the Finnish forest sector: On the internationalisation of forest-industrial operations 237–250 KAI-VEIKKO VUORISTO Regional and structural patterns of tourism in Finland 251–259 KAI HUSSO and PAULIINA RAENTO Science policy and research in Finland 261–274 Preface PAULIINA RAENTO AND JOHN WESTERHOLM The volume you are about to read is yet another step in a process that has continued for over one hundred years. In 1999, a hundred years had passed since the first edition of the National At- las of Finland, the world’s first national atlas. At the time of its publication, Finland was an aspir- ing nation within the jurisdiction of the Russian Empire. There was a strong need to demonstrate to the outside world that Finland was a capable member of the society of nations and to inform people at home and abroad about this nation’s character and achievements. The current volume expands and updates se- lected themes of the Sixth Edition of the National Atlas of Finland. That edition was published in Finnish in 1999 to celebrate the hundredth anni- versary of the National Atlas. In the Finnish-lan- guage volume, the goal was twofold: first, to in- troduce the achievements and trends of academ- ic geography to the public and, second, to por- tray Finland as part of complex networks of inter- action that range from local environments to glo- bal contexts. The Anniversary Edition’s strong tem- poral approach underscored processes and the evolution of Finland toward its current form and status. The emphasis was now on cultural and re- gional diversity instead of demographic and re- gional uniformity, as in the earlier editions. This change of emphasis demonstrates the influence of each era and political, economic, and cultural context on what geographers do and how they do it. In this sense, each edition of the National At- las is a reflection of its time and a statement of what its authors deem important and interesting. During the one hundred years, Finland has be- come an equal member of the society of nations, but Finnish geographers still wish to share infor- mation about their research and their country. Thus emerged the idea to select some of the top- ics for an expanded, updated, and more academ- ic English-language version of the Anniversary Edition. The history of the National Atlas of Finland il- lustrates the development of academic geography, in particular, and scientific knowledge, in gener- al. The previous editions of the Atlas emphasized basic research. The First Edition, published in 1899, underscored the role of academic contri- butions in the making of a nation. This emphasis was still clear in the Third Edition, published in 1925 as the first National Atlas of independent Finland (since 1917). At the time of these early editions, many details and processes regarding the physical geography and regional structures of Fin- land remained unexamined and vaguely known, and the Atlas had a strong educational purpose. By the Fourth Edition, published in 1960, the ba- sics of Finland’s geography had been covered and academic foci gained weight over the political ones. In that edition, themes such as relief and settlement patterns were examined thematically. Waterways, vegetation, population, and econom- ic activities, among other themes, were portrayed through cartographic syntheses. Since the 1960s it has been necessary to add only details and up- date these basic data. The Fifth Edition of the At- las, published in folio format between 1972 and 1994, reflects the exponential growth of statisti- cal data and the development of analytical tools and technology. Many of the folios contain de- tailed representations of data in cartographic for- mat. Of course, the current volume is by no means comprehensive – Finland has many more faces than has been possible to portray in one volume, and very valuable geographical research is being conducted on other topics as well. These faces and research interests will continue to change, because Finland is undergoing a tremendous change in the dawn of the new millennium – just like the rest of the world. One key element in this change is the rapid evolution of information tech- nology and the growth of the amount of informa- tion. Political-administrative and cultural bound- aries are losing their previous significance as the interdependency of local, regional, national, and global spheres of human and natural activity in- tensifies. These processes will shape both the in- ternational exchanges and position of Finland and its internal structures. This means that new char- acteristics will be added to the geography of Fin- land. The fascinating, long history of the Nation- al Atlas of Finland is therefore likely to continue with future generations of Finnish geographers. This part of the project would not have been possible without the talent and patience of the authors of this volume. To them we are forever grateful. We wish to express our warmest grati- tude also to Kirsti Lehto, Pirkko Numminen, and Arttu Paarlahti of the University of Helsinki De- partment of Geography for their invaluable help with the illustrations. The technical execution of the attached CD-ROM would not have been pos- sible without our colleague Timo Korhonen of Mediakeel Ltd. And finally, we wish to thank the Geographical Society of Finland for its support. Facts about Finland Area 338,145 km2 Land area 304,473 km2 Maximum length 1,157 km Maximum width 542 km Highest elevation 1,328 m Population (end of 2001) 5,194,901 Men 2,537,597 Women 2,657,304 Population density 17.1 persons/km2 Life expectancy (2001) 77.6 years Men 73.9 years Women 81.4 years GDP per capita (2000) 22,156 US dollars Independence 6 December 1917 Capital city Helsinki–Helsingfors Population (end of 2001) 559,718 Municipalities (2002) 448 Regions 19 + 1 autonomous region Provinces 5 Official languages Finnish and Swedish Currency 1 euro = 100 cents For more facts about Finland, see Instructions for the user There are two kinds of figures in this volume: 1) Those named Figures are printed in black- and-white in the journal and reproduced in black-and-white or in color on the at- tached CD-ROM. 2) Those named CD-Figures are included in the CD-ROM only. Please consult the CD- ROM to see these color images. If you are using a Windows operating system, the CD-ROM’s Index Page should appear automati- cally, when the CD-ROM is inserted in the com- puter and the computer’s auto run option is ac- tive. In other systems, open the Index Page by do- ing the following: 1) Open Internet Browser program. 2) Go to the Browser’s File menu and choose the Open option. 3) Find Index from the CD-ROM station. 4) Click OK. The contents page of the CD-ROM provides the user with direct links to the full text of each arti- cle and its illustrations. For example: JANNE ANTIKAINEN and PERTTU VARTIAINEN Finnish districts and regional differentiation Figures 1 2 3 4 CD-Figures 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Tables 1 2 CD-Appendixes 1 2 3 (1) To open the text and illustrations file, click your mouse on the title of the article. (2) To examine a (color) version of the image included in the journal, click the number of the image. (3) To examine a color image included in the CD-ROM only, click the number of the im- age. (4) To examine a table included in the article, click the number of the table. (5) To examine an appendix included in the article, click the number of the appendix. All color images are available as Acrobat versions, allowing their high-quality reproduction for class- room use. To print a color image, it is easiest to (1) Proceed to the contents page of the CD- ROM. (2) Click the link to the desired Figure or CD- Figure. (3) Choose the link titled “Printable Acrobat version” below the image. (4) Print. To print a black-and-white image, (1) Proceed to the contents page of the CD- ROM. (2) Click the link to the desired Figure, Table, or Appendix. (3) Print. 1 2 3 4 5← ← ← ← ←