item: #1 of 108
          id: finefocus-1
      author: McKillip, John L.
       title: Objective Lens
        date: 2018
       words: 608
      flesch: 51
     summary: This issue reflects the dedication of dozens of students, faculty, and collaborators who have been active in managing Fine Focus, all while developing new partnerships with universities in the US and Europe over the last several months. 9 OBJECTIVE LENS JOHN L. MCKILLIP, PH.D MANAGING EDITOR, FINE FOCUS BALL STATE UNIVERSITY PERSPECTIVE“ OBJECTIVE LENS • Copyright 2018, Fine Focus.
    keywords: focus; issue
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        item: #2 of 108
          id: finefocus-1541
      author: McKillip, John L.
       title: Objective Lens
        date: 2018
       words: 558
      flesch: 34
     summary: In addition to UDM, we have initiated CAP arrangements for two interna- tional universities: the Technical University of Dresden (Germany), and the University of Akureyri (Iceland). Although the frequency and specific format for CAP meetings and activities will vary slightly at each institution, the activities could include: • Cultivate new ideas on how Fine Focus might work with the American Society for Microbiology (ASM, our existing primary community partner) to promote diversity and inclusion in the sciences •
    keywords: cap; focus
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        item: #3 of 108
          id: finefocus-1543
      author: Conant, Stephanie
       title: ReBUILDetroit and Fine Focus Collaboration to Foster Successful Stem Education Opportunities
        date: 2018
       words: 1292
      flesch: 29
     summary: In addition, UDM students are provided stipend and tuition support and intensive mentor- ing to help them navigate the academic and personal struggles that may come as they progress through their undergraduate educa- tion. Ten of our highly motivated ReBUILDetroit Scholars, Ball State student editors, staff, and faculty from both UDM and Ball State met four times over the course of the Fall 2017 semes- ter for intensive manuscript review sessions and student interview opportunities.
    keywords: rebuildetroit; research; students; udm
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        item: #4 of 108
          id: finefocus-1545
      author: Picardo, Kristen
       title: Faculty Perspective
        date: 2018
       words: 687
      flesch: 55
     summary: When students approach me or when I discuss research projects ongoing in my laboratory, I do two things: 1) get them excited and 2) use language that shows them that my research is accessible, understandable, and not just for senior students. Often times, students seek out a welcoming professor to ask about how they can get involved as a student researcher.
    keywords: research; students
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        item: #5 of 108
          id: finefocus-1547
      author: Shirali, Akio; Huijsmans, Wilson Minter; Sottocornola, Matteo
       title: Letter to the Editor: Genetic Editing of Secretory Pathway of Penicillium Chrysogenum After Observation of Increased Secretory Rates in an Increased Stress Environment (Microgravity), a Research Proposal by High School Students in Dubai
        date: 2018
       words: 2388
      flesch: 60
     summary: Why the stationary phase is important for secondary metabolites production? Secondary metabolites are organic compounds produced through the modification of primary metabolite synthesis.
    keywords: abu; chrysogenum; dhabi; genes; help; metabolites; microgravity; penicillium; uae
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        item: #6 of 108
          id: finefocus-1549
      author: Rickman, Olivia J.; Sigurbjörnsdóttir, M. Auður; Vilhemsson, Oddur
       title: Xylanolytic Psychotrophs From Andosolic Sedge Fens and Moss Heaths in Iceland 
        date: 2018
       words: 5889
      flesch: 60
     summary: Raghothama, S., Simpson, P. J., Szabó, L., Nagy, T., Gilbert, H. J., Williamson, M. P. (2000). 8. de Castro, A. L. M., Vollú, R. E., Peixoto, R. S., Grigorevsi-Lima, A. L., Coelho, R. R. R., Bon, E. P. S., Rosado, A. S., Seldin, L. (2011).
    keywords: activity; doi; family; gene; isolates; microbiol; ov2122; paenibacillus; strains; t p.; xylanase
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        item: #7 of 108
          id: finefocus-1551
      author: Postich, Cody A.; Kiser, Kevin B.
       title: Characterization of Antibioticproducing Bacterium Isolated From Anthill Sediment With Activity Against ESKAPE Pathogens 
        date: 2018
       words: 4864
      flesch: 49
     summary: 23.0 mg of isolate A2 extract was suspended in 5.0 mL of 20% methanol, then was pipetted onto the column. Dried extracts of isolate A2 were resuspended in 1.0 mL of 100% MeOH, then 30-40 µL of the mixture was pipetted onto sterile filter disks (Whatman #3, GE Healthcare Life Sciences, Marlborough, MA) in 10 µL increments (10).
    keywords: activity; antibiotic; aureus; bacteria; cell; compound; eskape; extract; fig; free; gram; isolate; pathogens
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        item: #8 of 108
          id: finefocus-1553
      author: Grutsch, Alyssa A.; Nimmer, Pierre S.; Pittsley, Rachel H.; Kornilow, Katherine G.; McKillip, John L.
       title: Molecular Pathogenesis of Bacillus spp., with Emphasis on the Dairy Industry
        date: 2018
       words: 8995
      flesch: 53
     summary: B. cereus and other closely-related species produce several types of exotoxins, including at least four hemolysins, three phospholipases, a heat/acid stable emetic toxin called cereulide, and three well-studied heat-labile enterotoxins that all cause gastroenteritis following ingestion. While a great deal of information on virulence gene presence and expression is known in B. cereus, very little has been done to explore the virulence potential of thermoduric spore-formers that may be found in ultrahigh temperature (UHT) pasteurized milk, and their ability to produce biofilms.
    keywords: aip; anthracis; b. cereus; bacillus; bacillus cereus; bacillus spp; cereus; endophthalmitis; et al; food; infection; journal; microbiology; plcr; species; spp; virulence
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        item: #9 of 108
          id: finefocus-1555
      author: Wagner, Ellen
       title: Undergraduate Perspective: the Benefits of Performing Undergraduate Research 
        date: 2018
       words: 1685
      flesch: 55
     summary: While it is important for undergraduates to learn research techniques, the most important aspect of research an undergraduate student can learn is how to critically think about scientific questions. It provided me the exposure I needed to understand how research labs work, and it taught me the fundamental skill of thinking critically when approaching a research question.
    keywords: research; school; undergraduate
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        item: #10 of 108
          id: finefocus-2077
      author: DeWitt, Hannah
       title: Objective Lens
        date: 2019
       words: 2454
      flesch: 50
     summary: -JLM The Council for Undergraduate Research (CUR) has been supporting undergraduate research initiatives since 1978 and supports over 900 colleges and universities in their endeavors and found that the benefits of undergraduate research are numerous (1). The Survey of Undergraduate Research Experiences (SURE) collected data on undergraduate researches and their progress over a 9-month period.
    keywords: focus; journal; research; students; undergraduate; work
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        item: #11 of 108
          id: finefocus-2079
      author: Salk, Kateri R.; Tomaswick, LeighAnn; Rober, Allison R.
       title: Peer Mentoring: the Missing Piece in Graduate Professional Development
        date: 2019
       words: 2622
      flesch: 47
     summary: Using evidence from experience as peer mentors (2011-2017), we examine established characteristics of peer mentoring and evaluate their strengths in the context of a future faculty professional development program. Peer mentors coached mentees by sharing common experiences related to teaching and learning, provided a safe space for mentees to discuss their experiences, and acted as a liaison between mentees and faculty advisors.
    keywords: development; faculty; mentees; mentoring; mentors; peer; professional
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        item: #12 of 108
          id: finefocus-2081
      author: Pickerill, Ethan S.; Embree, Caleb M.; Evans, Ben A.; North, Elena R.; Mager, Gennifer M.; Bernstein, Douglas A.
       title: How CRISPR-Mediated Genome Editing is Affecting Undergraduate Biology Education
        date: 2019
       words: 4904
      flesch: 51
     summary: How CRISPR is being applied to undergraduate education CRISPR mediated genome editing becomes widespread The groundbreaking realization that CRISPR genome editing was broadly applicable has since lead to the development of CRISPR systems in numerous organisms. A Candida albicans CRISPR system permits genetic engineering of essential genes and gene families.
    keywords: bacteria; biology; cas9; cleavage; crispr; dna; editing; engineering; gene; genome; genome editing; research; rna; students; systems; technology; undergraduate; yeast
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        item: #13 of 108
          id: finefocus-2083
      author: Langro, Justin M.; Chamberland, Megan M.; Gwin, Celena M.; Prakash, Natalia; Velez, Danielle T.; Rigel, Nathan W.
       title: TatC2 is Important for Growth of Acinetobacter baylyi Under Stress Conditions
        date: 2019
       words: 5230
      flesch: 64
     summary: We believe that biochemical methods will be needed to identify the full suite of Tat proteins in A. baylyi. Role of the Escherichia coli Tat pathway in outer membrane integrity.
    keywords: a. baylyi; acinetobacter; arginine; baylyi; growth; microbiol; mutant; pathway; protein; tat; tat pathway; tatc2; type; wild
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        item: #14 of 108
          id: finefocus-2085
      author: Cole, Sarah E.; Gasper, Brittany J.
       title: The Persistence of Staphylococcus aureus on Hospital Privacy Curtains
        date: 2019
       words: 5088
      flesch: 60
     summary: Staphylococci on hospital curtains • 53 The persistence of staphylococcus aureus on hospital privacy curtains. Despite the possi- bility of hospital curtains being a mode of infection transmission, studies have shown that 53% of hospitals surveyed did not have a policy for cleaning or changing their curtains.
    keywords: aureus; cultures; curtain; hospital; inoculation; persistence; s. aureus; times
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        item: #15 of 108
          id: finefocus-2087
      author: Haradean, John A.; Ralph-Epps, Tyler; Whiteacre, Zach; Neumann, Sarah; Becker, Donna M.
       title: Mixtures of Mycorrhizal Fungi Improve Growth of Lactuca Sativa and Reduce Levels of Zinc in Contaminated Soil
        date: 2019
       words: 4603
      flesch: 65
     summary: But, plants treated with VAM (T5, T6) in zinc amended soils had similar weekly plant diameters and biomass as the treatment groups that had no zinc present (Fig. 1). Plant tissue grown in zinc amended soil with- out VAM (T4) had very high levels of zinc (952 ppm) (Fig. 4).
    keywords: fungi; growth; mycorrhizal; plant; sativa; soil; species; treatment; vam; zinc
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        item: #16 of 108
          id: finefocus-2089
      author: Fluhler, Hannah
       title: The Art of the Sciences Through the Lens of Undergraduate Research
        date: 2019
       words: 2627
      flesch: 54
     summary: Needless to say, though I am truly just begin- ning the process of completing undergraduate research, and in a completely different light than microbiology, I have failed more than I have succeeded and am grateful for the opportunity to pass along what little knowledge I have gained from the hurdles along the way. I would love to thank Kelsey Davis for asking me to write this perspective piece and Professor John McKillip for fostering my first spurs of interest in undergraduate research during my time in Fine Focus.
    keywords: dance; lens; project; research; school; undergraduate
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        item: #17 of 108
          id: finefocus-2793
      author: Kuldell, James C.; Luknauth, Harshani; Ricigliano, Anthony E.; Rigel, Nathan W.
       title: Biogenesis of Lipoproteins in Gram-Negative Bacteria: 50 Years of Progress
        date: 2021
       words: 7274
      flesch: 54
     summary: A novel periplasmic carrier protein involved in the sorting and transport of Escherichia coli lipoproteins destined for the outer membrane. Outer membrane lipoproteins have vital functions including aiding in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) insertion in the OM and forming secretion systems (8, 9).
    keywords: acyl; bacteria; biol; cell; coli; escherichia; function; gram; lgt; lipoprotein; lnt; lspa; membrane; microbiol; pathway; peptide; prolipoprotein; signal
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        item: #18 of 108
          id: finefocus-3215
      author: Brenneman, Breanna R.; Adamson, Kyla L. ; Beer, Matthew R. ; Ho, Yenling ; Gracias, Kiev S.; Priest, Chelsea M.; Biernbaum, Erika N.; McKillip, John L.
       title: Real-time Screening of Foods Using Repetitive Element PCR Reveals a DNA Marker Characteristic for Enterotoxigenic Bacillus Species
        date: 2021
       words: 7683
      flesch: 62
     summary: The B. thuringiensis and B. cereus sample results were expected and confirm earlier work indicating that both are pathogenic (33, 39, 48). The B. cereus group includes B. cereus, B. mycoides, B. anthracis, B. thuringiensis, and B. weihenstephanensis.
    keywords: b. cereus; bacillus; bacillus cereus; cereus; food; melt; nhea; pcr; positive; samples; species; strains; table; thuringiensis; thuringiensis var; time; var
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        item: #19 of 108
          id: finefocus-3316
      author: McKillip, John
       title: Addressing the global antibiotic resistance crisis through a microbiology undergraduate course-based research experience (CURE)
        date: 2020
       words: 1012
      flesch: 26
     summary: Transforming the undergraduate microbiology curriculum in this way is completely new teaching and research direction for the PI, and will blend pedagogy and original research into an entirely different direction than at present. 6 | Fine Focus Objective Lens Addressing the global antibiotic resistance crisis through a microbiology undergraduate course-based research experi- ence (CURE) Dr. John McKillip Lead Editor and Professor of Biology, Ball State University, Muncie, IN Volume Six | 7 Fine Focus has, since our first issue back in 2014, showcased undergraduate research efforts globally.
    keywords: cure; research; undergraduate
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        item: #20 of 108
          id: finefocus-3317
      author: Roossien, Douglas H. 
       title: The benefits of mentoring undergraduate research students
        date: 2020
       words: 1052
      flesch: 61
     summary: Volume Six | 9 Faculty Perspective The benefits of mentoring undergraduate research students Douglas H. Roossien, Ph.D. Assistant Professor of Biology, Ball State University 10 | Fine Focus Science or history? Thankfully this misconception was shattered through a stint in undergraduate research.
    keywords: research; student; undergraduate
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        item: #21 of 108
          id: finefocus-3318
      author: Lal , Archana; Cheeptham, Naowarat 
       title: Factors Affecting Learning Gains among Students in Microbiology Class: A Preliminary Study Between a U.S. Community College and a Canadian Comprehensive University
        date: 2020
       words: 6476
      flesch: 50
     summary: Using test of equality of means, the figure show that hours devoted to learning outside the class and willingness for active class participation were statistically significantly higher amongst USCC students relative to CU students. However, performance of USCC students was statistically significantly lower in only 2 out of 4 post-tests (cell structure and microbial growth) relative to CU students.
    keywords: class; college; learning; microbiology; science; statistically; stem; students; test; uscc
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        item: #22 of 108
          id: finefocus-3319
      author: Warrick, Eric C. ; Thomas, Matthew J.; Barlow, Travis; Dean, Alexis; Ramos, Ambar; Slivonik, Brian; Gasper, Brittany J.
       title: Genetic classification of two Vibrio species isolated from Florida Gulf Coast using multi-locus sequence analysis
        date: 2020
       words: 6340
      flesch: 63
     summary: There was general agreement between the clustering of organisms in this MLSA and the clade designations from Sawabe et al., 2013 with the exception of the Nereis and Orientalis clades. More clade designation suggestions regarding the Vibrio organisms not included in the MLSA of Sawabe et al., 2013 can be made.
    keywords: 16s; analysis; clade; gazogenes; gene; identity; marine; mi-1; mi-2; microbiol; mlsa; organisms; production; ruber; sequence; species; vibrio
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        item: #23 of 108
          id: finefocus-3320
      author: Brock, Orion D. ; Larson, Jennifer R. 
       title: The prevalence and identification of multidrug-resistant bacteria in adjacent ecological systems in the Hocking Hills region of Appalachia
        date: 2020
       words: 5103
      flesch: 54
     summary: Antibiotic resistance genes in the bacteriophage DNA fraction of environmental samples. Occurrence of antibiotic resistance genes and bacterial markers in a tropical river receiving hospital and urban wastewaters.
    keywords: bacteria; plates; resistance; samples; sites; soil; tetracycline; zones
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        item: #24 of 108
          id: finefocus-3321
      author: Runnebohm, Avery M. ; Evans, Melissa D. ; Richardson, Adam E. ; Turk, Samantha M. ; Olesen, James B. ; Smaldino, Philip J.; Rubenstein, Eric M.
       title: Loss of protein quality control gene UBR1 sensitizes Saccharomyces cerevisiae to the aminoglycoside hygromycin B
        date: 2020
       words: 1952
      flesch: 55
     summary: Yeast were cultured in yeast extract-peptone- dextrose medium (1% yeast extract, 2% peptone, 2% glucose, 0.002% adenine, 2% agar) (5) with the indicated concentrations of hygromycin B (Corning). Zenker, M., Mayerle, J., Lerch, M. M., Tagariello, A., Zerres, K., Durie, P. R., . . .
    keywords: hygromycin; protein; ubr1; yeast
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        item: #25 of 108
          id: finefocus-3322
      author: Barral, Ana Maria ; Stenson, Ben
       title: Enrichment of Microbes Potentially Degrading Polyethylene Using a Microcosm Approach
        date: 2020
       words: 4877
      flesch: 57
     summary: We used PE previously exposed to ocean water as microbial source, and UV-irradiated PE as the sole carbon source in the growth medium. For microbial source, PE that had been previously exposed to ocean water (either in the field or in a laboratory setting, see section below) was added to a synthetic medium containing no carbon.
    keywords: degradation; environment; ftir; hdpe; incubation; ldpe; marine; microbes; microcosm; ocean; plastic; polyethylene; samples; set; source; weight
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        item: #26 of 108
          id: finefocus-3323
      author: Kutlesic, Nemanja R. ; Milosavljevic, Dimitrije
       title: Opinions and attitudes of Serbian high school students regarding usage of antibiotics
        date: 2020
       words: 6589
      flesch: 56
     summary: These worrying data related to antibiotics usage have been the motivation for the conduction of this research, which has encompassed a sample of 130 students of different age groups within a Serbian high school located in the country’s third-largest city that features a specialized clinical center [38]. The study’s main objective was to examine the overall knowledge, beliefs and habits of Serbian high school students from the sample regarding antibiotics usage.
    keywords: antibiotics; doi; family; high; knowledge; participants; questions; school; students; study; usage; use
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        item: #27 of 108
          id: finefocus-3324
      author: Jeong, Naari
       title: A Pre-Med Graduate’s Gap Year of Community Immersion: Finding a Greater Purpose
        date: 2020
       words: 1999
      flesch: 65
     summary: In this national Americorps-sponsored program, thousands of volunteers are placed in high-need public schools across the country to serve as near- peer mentors for students in elementary, middle, and high schools. After going through the team announcements for the day, we go outside to greet students to get them excited for the school day.
    keywords: community; day; school; students; year
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        item: #28 of 108
          id: finefocus-3325
      author: Popson, Devon
       title: STEMinists: An Exploration of the Impact of Female Educators in STEM Fields
        date: 2020
       words: 13054
      flesch: 56
     summary: For now, the wheels of progress for the inclusion of women in STEM education fields are slowly turning. The Historical Role of Women in STEM The first step in addressing the lack of women in STEM fields today is to look at past interactions.
    keywords: careers; education; females; fields; gender; girls; new; participation; programs; science; stem; stem education; stem fields; students; subjects; teachers; women
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        item: #29 of 108
          id: finefocus-3492
      author: Evans, Jadon; Jones, Aaron; Blumenthal, Elliott; Soule, Tanya
       title: Anti-proliferation of Melanoma Cells and Immune Stimulation by the Cyanobacterial Indole-alkaloid Scytonemin
        date: 2021
       words: 3437
      flesch: 55
     summary: The results of this study support that scytonemin inhibits melanoma cell proliferation and enhances the immune response via spleen cell proliferation. Scytonemin inhibits cell proliferation and arrests cell cycle through downregulating Plk1 activity in multiple myeloma cells.
    keywords: cells; concentration; control; melanoma; mice; proliferation; scytonemin; spleen; study
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        item: #30 of 108
          id: finefocus-3506
      author: Kalnina, Liga Astra; Guzelak, Stephanie; Herman, Maryann
       title: Isolation and Identification of Dermatophytes from Collegiate Runners
        date: 2021
       words: 3878
      flesch: 52
     summary: Inconsistencies about species identification and recognition exist in the Fusarium incarnatum-equiseti complex due to significant genetic variability and need for further research on differences among species (2,26,30). Macroconidia, typical of Fusarium species, are highlighted with arrows in microscopic morphology of isolates 4R and 13L in Table 2.
    keywords: dna; foot; fungal; fungi; fusarium; identification; isolates; journal; pedis; runners; species; tinea
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        item: #31 of 108
          id: finefocus-3508
      author: Heger, Parker; Russell, Andrew
       title: Nylon Oxygen Barrier Tubing Reduces Biofouling in Beer Draught Lines
        date: 2021
       words: 3912
      flesch: 50
     summary: In light of this financial burden, draught tubing composition was examined for its role in the prevention of biofouling in beer lines. Fluorescence Microscopy One foot of tubing was taken from each type of beer line and three 12.5mm samples were cut from each foot-long segment.
    keywords: barrier; beer; biofilm; biofouling; draught; lines; nylon; tubing
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        item: #32 of 108
          id: finefocus-3631
      author: Immadi Siva Ratnakar
       title: Phage Therapy: Challenges and Opportunities
        date: 2022
       words: 9561
      flesch: 52
     summary: Phages offered a great scope of enquiry, but the simplicity in the production of antibiotics gave antibiotic therapy a lead over phage therapy. Phages are found to be safe in all the trials, but only a single double-blind clinical trial claims the efficacy of phage therapy.
    keywords: administration; antibiotics; bacteria; bacteriophage; bacteriophage therapy; cell; coli; delivery; development; efficacy; focus; food; host; infections; journal; lytic; microbiology; phage; phage therapy; potential; pseudomonas; resistance; review; studies; therapeutic; therapy; treatment; trials; use
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        item: #33 of 108
          id: finefocus-3634
      author: Saha, Kreesha; Gedney, Clark
       title: The Impact of PETase’s Active Site Disulfide Bond on PET Biodegradation 
        date: 2022
       words: 6046
      flesch: 60
     summary: When compared with PET degradation activity of all reported enzymes, PETase demonstrated the best performance (Table 1). Protein concentrations of A1 PETase in the absence and presence of PMSF are 31.57 ± 3.09 μg/mL and 37.52 ±2.
    keywords: activity; bhet; bond; degradation; disulfide; enzyme; et al; petase; pmsf; protein; sequence
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        item: #34 of 108
          id: finefocus-3637
      author: Waynick, Geneva; Carmichael, Mary J.
       title: The Influence of Infant Formulae on the Growth of Commensal and Pathogenic Streptococcus Species in the Infant Oral Cavity
        date: 2022
       words: 10095
      flesch: 58
     summary: A commensal species, S. mitis, and a pathogenic species, S. mutans, were used to represent beneficial and pathogenic Streptococcus species commonly found in the infant oral cavity. Like S. mutans, S. mitis metabolizes carbohydrates such as lactose and sucrose into lactic acid (30, 38).
    keywords: enflora; figure; formula; growth; hour; infant; media; microbiome; neuropro; oral; s. mitis; s. mutans; species; time; tsb
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        item: #35 of 108
          id: finefocus-3661
      author: Sydney Rose Addorisio; Shteynberg, Rebecca; Dasilva, Matheus; Mixon, Jacob; Mucciarone, Kyla; Vu, Lily; Arsenault, Kristina; Briand, Vanessa; Parker, Sarah; Smith, Savannah; Vise, Claudia; Pina, Cara; Laranjo, Laura
       title: Oxidative Stress Response in Bacteria: A Review
        date: 2022
       words: 4934
      flesch: 55
     summary: The presence of ROS and oxidative stress in bacteria is connected to the evolution of microbes in an aerobic environment millions of years ago [25]. Oxidative stress is created by the production and accumulation of reactive oxygen species and the production of ROS and can be driven by numerous endogenous and exogenous factors
    keywords: bacteria; cell; coli; damage; dna; escherichia; hydrogen; lipid; membrane; oxygen; peroxide; proteins; redox; repair; ros; stress
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        item: #36 of 108
          id: finefocus-3759
      author: Edionwe, Airhenvbahihea; Campaniello, Sammie
       title: Undergraduate Student Perspective: Undergraduate research student interview
        date: 2021
       words: 984
      flesch: 58
     summary: Title: Bacteriophage control of Salmonella enterica in artificially contaminated 1%, pasteurized milk The genus Salmonella is made up of over 2,500 serovars between two species: Salmonella enterica and Salmonella bongori. We also expect that the bacteriophage will have a higher affinity to the S1 (unknown Salmonella species we isolated from the farm) bacteria than it does to the lab grown Salmonella enterica .
    keywords: lab; salmonella
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        item: #37 of 108
          id: finefocus-3760
      author: Yi, Irene
       title: Undergraduate Student Perspective
        date: 2021
       words: 3032
      flesch: 54
     summary: For example, I’ve done a handful of research projects where I realized quickly that certain ways of gathering data and analyzing it wasn’t anything I would want to do in the future. I decided to pick a topic and a few methodologies that I would never get tired of (after having experiences that I learned from on research projects where I would get tired of a certain method or not enjoy the methods to begin with), and it made all the difference.
    keywords: gender; linguistics; research; work
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        item: #38 of 108
          id: finefocus-3761
      author: McKillip, John L.
       title: Objective Lens: Double-Blind Peer Review
        date: 2021
       words: 734
      flesch: 51
     summary: Double- blind peer review is a good way to ensure that they stay honest and maintain confidence in our system by the submitting authors and editorial staff. Etkin and colleagues (2017) have reported that for one well- known academic journal publisher, 95 percent of physical science and health science journals operate single- blind peer review while 72 percent of life sciences journals are single blind.
    keywords: focus; peer; review
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        item: #39 of 108
          id: finefocus-3875
      author: Ambrose, Olivia Mae; Nguyen, Tiffany Thanh Mai; Nowicki, Emily M.
       title: Antibacterial Effects of Bitter Melon Extract in Combination With Commonly Prescribed Antibiotics 
        date: 2022
       words: 5710
      flesch: 39
     summary: We hypothesized that combining the antibiotics with bitter melon extract would result in increased antibacterial effects against one or more bacterial strains. We found that bitter melon extract individually had little to no antibacterial effect against any of the organisms tested.
    keywords: antibiotic; average; carbenicillin; colistin; combination; extract; melon; melon extract; zoi
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        item: #40 of 108
          id: finefocus-4003
      author: Pittsley, Rachel
       title: Undergraduate Student Perspective: Bacteriophage: An Underutilized Bacterial Combatant
        date: 2022
       words: 2068
      flesch: 60
     summary: Phage with a wide host range can be used to combat multiple bacterial infections, while phage who are selective to a certain bacterial host can be used against one particular infection. The length of the phage tail varies among phage types as some have no tail, some possess a short tail, and others have a tail twice the length of the capsid head.
    keywords: bacteriophage; cell; host; phage; plaque
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        item: #41 of 108
          id: finefocus-4004
      author: McKillip, John L.
       title: Objective Lens
        date: 2022
       words: 304
      flesch: 34
     summary: Since our inception in 2013, Fine Focus is managed as an “immersive learning” course at BSU – that is, a product- based course with the following unique attributes: • A project offered to undergraduate students for academic credit • Is conducted under the guidance of a faculty mentor • Fills a need or solves a problem for a community partner • Results in a specific outcome or deliverable • Is conducted by a team or teams of undergraduate students (in classes of 10 or more) working collaboratively These faculty-led, student-driven team model puts the students at the helm of day-to-day decision making (1). Fine Focus 6 I Fine Focus Objective Lens John L. McKillip, Managing Editor, Fine Focus Professor, Microbiology, Ball State University Vol 8 I 7 Fine Focus was not only the first international journal for undergraduate microbiology research, but also the Ball State University Chapter of the American Society for Microbiology (BSUASM) – that is, a campus recognized student organization, and an honor’s course at BSU.
    keywords: focus
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        item: #42 of 108
          id: finefocus-4211
      author: Little, William; Lopez, Andrea; Carris, Eleanna; Smith, Allie
       title: Polymicrobial Conditions Affect Antibiotic Susceptibility in Clinically Relevant Bacterial Species
        date: 2024
       words: 5722
      flesch: 39
     summary: Resulting in thousands of amputations per year and billions of dollars spent globally in treatment, chronic wounds are notoriously difficult to successfully treat. Two hallmarks of chronic wounds are that they are thought to harbor biofilm-associated bacteria and tend to be polymicrobial.
    keywords: antibiotic; bacteria; biofilm; chronic; conditions; individual; polymicrobial; results; species; susceptibility; wound
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        item: #43 of 108
          id: finefocus-4235
      author: Miller, Grace; Necessary, Kaley; Burchell, Robert; Iwase, Yui; Lautensack, Nicole; Russell, Blake; Holder, Erik; Knee, Emma; Sattley, Matthew
       title: Positive effects of Moringa oleifera and Moringa stenopetala seed and leaf extracts against selected bacteria
        date: 2024
       words: 5696
      flesch: 47
     summary: For preparation of Moringa seed extracts, 3 g of the powdered seed were combined with 15 ml of warm (60 °C) ddH2O and mixed by hand for 5 minutes using a glass rod. Antibacterial Activity of Moringa Leaf Extracts In addition to testing the antibacterial activity of Moringa seed extracts, we also collected and tested the potential for bacterial growth inhibi- tion using both aqueous and ethanolic leaf extracts.
    keywords: activity; bacteria; extracts; gram; leaf; leaf extracts; moringa; moringa oleifera; oleifera; seed; species; stenopetala
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        item: #44 of 108
          id: finefocus-4245
      author: Gaetano, Andrew; Danka , Elizabeth 
       title: Borrelia burgdorferi: The Deer Tick’s Dark Secret 
        date: 2024
       words: 10760
      flesch: 41
     summary: The goal of this literature review is to increase public knowledge of B. burgdorferi, its vector, and the disease it causes, along with suggesting preventative measures to protect individuals who reside in high-risk areas. Unlike most gram-negative organisms, B. burgdorferi lacks lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in the outer membrane and instead displays other immuno- genic glycolipids (70).
    keywords: borrelia; borrelia burgdorferi; burgdorferi; cases; cdc; danka; deer; disease; doi; figure; health; host; infection; ixodes; journal; lyme; lyme disease; mammalian; pathogen; public; spirochete; surface; tick; transmission; url; vector
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        item: #45 of 108
          id: finefocus-4294
      author: Froese, Jordan; Betts, Phillip
       title: Investigation of the Effects of Mutating Iron-Coordinating Residues in Rieske Dioxygenases
        date: 2024
       words: 6037
      flesch: 46
     summary: Inspired by the success of other recent enzyme engineering reports, our research group investigated the potential to alter or improve the reactivity of Rieske dioxygenases by altering or eliminating iron coordination in the active site of these enzymes. Rieske dioxygenases are non-heme iron dioxy- genases that are commonly found in soil bacte- ria (39).
    keywords: activity; cis; coordinating; dioxygenase; engineering; enzyme; iron; residues; substrates; tdo; toluene; variants
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        item: #46 of 108
          id: finefocus-4311
      author: Dery, Hanna; Holland, Chase; Baker, Jessica
       title: Embracing Ignorance and Failure Promotes Research Excellence
        date: 2023
       words: 2743
      flesch: 64
     summary: Undergraduate research is a rare opportunity to do research without the expectations and burdens of graduate school. In contrast, good research expands and works at the boundary of the known and unknown.
    keywords: data; failure; ignorance; project; research
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        item: #47 of 108
          id: finefocus-4312
      author: Edamkue, Israel; Chikere, Chioma; Okafo, Chidinma
       title: Elevational Gradient Effects on Microbial Distribution in Crude Oil Polluted Sites
        date: 2023
       words: 5410
      flesch: 55
     summary: It tested 3 null hypotheses: H01: That Soil depth has no significant effect on microorganism distribution H02: That Soil texture has no significant effect on microorganism distribution H03: That the interaction between soil texture and soil depth has no effect on microorganism distribution The two-way ANOVA revealed no significant difference (p=0.08) in the relationship between soil depth and microorganism distribution and no significant difference (p=0.998) in the relationship between soil texture and microorganism distribution. Soil samples were collected at 15 cm and 30 cm from each site.
    keywords: analysis; bacteria; bodo; crude; depth; distribution; hydrocarbon; petroleum; samples; site; soil; test; texture; tombia
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        item: #48 of 108
          id: finefocus-4313
      author: Hernandez, Julissa; Ugochukwu, Anieto
       title: Preliminary Studies on a Novel Antimicrobial Compound Producing Bacterium Discovered in the Rio Grande Valley of Texas
        date: 2023
       words: 3748
      flesch: 43
     summary: Abstract We analyzed different soil samples collected across the Rio Grande Valley (RGV) of Texas for bacteria capable of producing antimicrobial compounds. In addition to antimicrobial compounds derived from bacteria, a few studies have reported the use of other chemical compounds in our fight against multi-drug resistant bacteria, notably Behroozian et al.
    keywords: bacteria; bacterium; compound; eskape; inhibition; novel; plates; soil
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        item: #49 of 108
          id: finefocus-4314
      author: Lee, Spencer; Jonas, Robert
       title: Genomic Evolution in Pseudomonas fluorescens as a Result of Gradual Temperature Changes
        date: 2023
       words: 3662
      flesch: 50
     summary: Temperature selection experiments involve subjecting organisms to temperatures outside of their ideal temperature range and measuring the changes between the initial and final organisms. Temperature selection experiments were performed on Pseudomonas fluorescens to select for growth at lower temperatures.
    keywords: amino; change; climate; culture; fluorescens; genes; protein; temperature
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        item: #50 of 108
          id: finefocus-4315
      author: McKillip, John
       title: Objective Lens
        date: 2023
       words: 1695
      flesch: 40
     summary: This approach solves the core problem facing antibiotic drug development: the pressing need for innovative drugs that don’t have high sales potential in the private drug market. Traditionally, pharmaceutical profit margins are typically tied to how much of a drug is sold; however, PASTEUR contracts would instead pay for new antibiotics based on their exceptional value to public health.
    keywords: antibiotics; crisis; development; pasteur; research; undergraduate
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        item: #51 of 108
          id: finefocus-4316
      author: Pearson, Chelsea; Gawel, Rochelle; Maki, Donna
       title: Effects of Vermicompost and Beneficial Microbes on Biomass and Nutrient Density in Purple Lady Bok Choy (Brassica rapa var. chinensis) in A Vertical Hydroponic Grow Tower System
        date: 2023
       words: 6382
      flesch: 53
     summary: Overall, research results indicate there may be no “one size fits all” when it comes to the implementation of amendments to hydroponic systems to reach the goals of improvements in plant biomass and nutrient profiles. There are two fundamental systems for growing plants: in soil and soilless media.
    keywords: biomass; control; growth; hydroponic; mean; microbes; nutrient; plant; research; root; systems; tea; treatment; vermicompost
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        item: #52 of 108
          id: finefocus-4317
      author: Walsh, Monica; Ghosh, Soumya; Ponce, Alfredo; James, Chris; Kam, Gabriella; Lauriente, Tanna; Yu, Vincent; Safford, Kirk; Cheeptham, Naowarat
       title: Bacteria Isolated from Canada’s White Rabbit Cave Revealed Antimicrobial Activities
        date: 2023
       words: 4861
      flesch: 48
     summary: The current study has evaluated the antimicrobial activities of one hundred and six bacterial isolates cultured from White Rabbit Cave, among which only five have exhibited antimicrobial activities. In this study, we would like to understand whether there are some bacteria that live in this Canadian White Rabbit Cave who can produce antimicrobial activity against some chosen multidrug resistant bacteria in the hope to explore and discovery more potential new antibiotic sources.
    keywords: activities; activity; bacterial; canada; cave; coli; isolates; media; paenibacillus; rabbit; sample; spp; streptomyces; study; white
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        item: #53 of 108
          id: finefocus-4318
      author: Williams, Sarah
       title: Utilizing your Academic Advisor to Maximize your Opportunities and Success as an Undergraduate STEM Student
        date: 2023
       words: 1814
      flesch: 57
     summary: Since becoming an academic advisor six years ago, I’ve thought about this question a lot, and now it defines how I approach my job working with undergraduate biology students each day. This is a huge step forward for student success in college.
    keywords: advisor; research; student; undergraduate
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        item: #54 of 108
          id: finefocus-4513
      author: Marble, Lillia; McKillip, John
       title: Daily Case Trends of COVID-19: A Comparative Analysis of Indiana and Washington State
        date: 2024
       words: 6005
      flesch: 48
     summary: During the peak of the Omicron wave, Washington state also increased access to testing due to the increased incidence and prevalence of cases, which ultimately led to higher reported cases during the wave and throughout the rest of 2022; Indiana presum- ably had similar case levels but due to lack of Fine Focus | Volume 1052 testing accessibility, cases undoubtedly went untested, and therefore, unreported to the state. Furthermore, Washington’s response to the pandemic included an 93% increase in state public health spending per person from 2019 to 2021 ($46/person and $89/person, respectively), while Indiana’s state public health spending remained stagnant at $15 per person from 2019 to 2021 (30).
    keywords: analysis; cases; covid-19; data; health; indiana; pandemic; public; rates; state; table; variant; washington
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        item: #55 of 108
          id: finefocus-4672
      author: Datta, Neelabh
       title: JN.1: A New Threat to Global Health
        date: 2025
       words: 3084
      flesch: 56
     summary: More mutations and deletions and less protection to COVAXIN and COVISHILD vaccines were shown by spike protein of JN.1 along with more resis- tance to antibody of previously coronavirus-in- fected individual (6). Abstract A new coronavirus variation known as JN.1 first appeared in Luxembourg in August 2023 and has since spread to a number of nations.
    keywords: ba.2.86; cov-2; jn.1; mutations; protein; sars; spike; variants
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        item: #56 of 108
          id: finefocus-4860
      author: McKillip, John
       title: Objective Lens: Cora Wilson as a pioneer in education in rural Kentucky & beyond
        date: 2024
       words: 764
      flesch: 51
     summary: Objective Lens: Cora Wilson as a pioneer in education in rural Kentucky & beyond John L. McKillip, Fine Focus Managing Editor https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Objective Lens: Cora Wilson as a pioneer in education in rural Kentucky & beyond 3 Figure 1 Cora Stewart Wilson (1875-1958) in a photograph from January 1916, from Press Reference Book of Prominent Ken- tuckians, 1916, p. 224 (royalty-free im- age). During the first 30 years of the 20th Century, many scholars agree that Cora Wilson Stewart was the most widely known authority of adult literacy in the world.
    keywords: cora; education; wilson
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        item: #57 of 108
          id: finefocus-5274
      author: Swain, April; Colburn, Emily; De Andrade, Kamila; Rosales, Pamela; Addorisio, Sydney; Stuart, Taylor; Galvao, Angelina; Hubisz, Leigha; Ouellette, Margaret; Hamssa, Rana; Laranjo, Laura; Pina, Cara
       title: Analyzing selected FDA approved drugs for effects on template switch mutagenesis in E. coli
        date: 2025
       words: 4080
      flesch: 48
     summary: Further studies examining the interaction between the dexameth- asone-glucocorticoid receptor complex, and DNA have suggested the potential for dexamethasone to behave as an intercalating agent (18), giving it the potential to cause template switch mutations. | Analyzing selected FDA approved drugs for effects on template switch mutagenesis in E. coli 13 Introduction DNA mutations, changes that occur during DNA replication, can induce genetic instability.
    keywords: dna; drugs; fda; figure; frequency; mutation; replication; switch; template; tsm
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        item: #58 of 108
          id: finefocus-529
      author: Robinson-Hill, Rona
       title: Faculty Perspective
        date: 2018
       words: 1039
      flesch: 50
     summary: The impact of this program hopefully will change the look of STEM eventually, because the partnership between the BSU and UDM students are conscientiously making an effort to make sure their diverse student body has access to authentic research experiences that effect diverse populations. The educational system for historically underserved and marginalized students is currently ineffective, even though their schools are filled with highly qualified predominately white female teachers that are ill prepared to work with the population of students they serve.
    keywords: diversity; stem; students
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        item: #59 of 108
          id: finefocus-531
      author: Fjölnisdóttir, Birta Líf; Haraldsdóttir, Pálína; Ingvadóttir, Eva María; Scully, Sean M.; Örlygsson, Jóhann
       title: Characterization of a 1,2-Propanediol Producing Escherichia Strain Isolated from a Geothermally Heated Intertidal Pool in Northern Iceland
        date: 2018
       words: 7111
      flesch: 47
     summary: Strain CC5C also has various enzyme activities including alkaline and acid phosphatase activity as well as C4 and C8 esterase activity The substrate spectra of CC5C was evaluated using API test panels in parallel with the type strain of E. coli (DSM 30083); results for (Supplementary Table 4). Strain CC5C belongs to the family Enterobacteriaceae with greater than 99.1% similarity to Escherichia marmotae and Shigella dysenteriae based upon 16S rRNA gene analysis.
    keywords: cc5c; coli; conditions; escherichia; fucose; glucose; production; propanediol; rhamnose; strain; substrate
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        item: #60 of 108
          id: finefocus-533
      author: Miller, Ryan K.; Kirkham, Robert M.; Kleinschmit, Adam J.
       title: Bioinformatics Analysis of Microbial Abundance and Diversity in Acid Mine Drainage from the Solomon Mine Near Creede, Colorado
        date: 2018
       words: 7360
      flesch: 51
     summary: Thus, in conclusion, the unassigned taxa group is composed to a large degree with Chloroflexi taxa, which dominate AMD sample locations, especially wetland Cell 3. taxa richness and evenness (differential abundance), as a community may have a large number of taxa but be dominated by a few select taxa (37). A single statistically significant OTU (Bonferroni corrected; p=0.034), Acidobacteria-6 iii1-15, which was identified down to the order level, was absent in AMD samples, but present at low levels in the EWC samples.
    keywords: abundance; acid; adit; amd; analysis; cell; creek; diversity; drainage; ewc; figure; locations; microbial; otu; reads; relative; sample; solomon; table; taxa; wetland; willow
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        item: #61 of 108
          id: finefocus-535
      author: Schomaker, Rachel; Gasper, Brittany
       title: Waterfowl Influence on Fecal Indicator Bacteria in Central Florida Freshwater Lakes
        date: 2018
       words: 5222
      flesch: 56
     summary: The relationship between E. coli abundance and lake size resulted in a correlation coefficient of 0.191, suggesting a slight positive correlation may exist. While this area of research has been examined before, conflicting conclusions have been reached as to whether or not waterfowl abundance positively correlates with coliform bacteria abundance.
    keywords: abundance; average; bacteria; coli; coliform; correlation; e. coli; enterococcus; figure; lake; samples; study; waterfowl
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        item: #62 of 108
          id: finefocus-537
      author: Page, Kathleen A.; Flannery, Meghan K.
       title: Chytrid Fungi Associated with Pollen Decomposition in Crater Lake, Oregon
        date: 2018
       words: 5733
      flesch: 53
     summary: We hypothesize that Crater Lake pollen is subject to colonization and decomposition 87APPLIED & ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY • MATERIALS AND METHODS Sample collection and processing: A Crater Lake research and sample collection permit number CRLA-2016-SCI-0005 was obtained from the National Park Service. Phase contrast micrograph of Crater Lake pollen with attached fungal spo- rangia and bacteria.
    keywords: aquatic; chytrid; crater; crater lake; food; fungi; lake; nutrients; pollen; rrna; water; zooplankton
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        item: #63 of 108
          id: finefocus-539
      author: Evans, M.A.; Spieth, P.T.; Sparks-Thissen, R.L.
       title: The Escherichia coli Inner Membrane Protein YhiM is Necessary for Efficient Attachment of Bacteriophage T4
        date: 2018
       words: 3671
      flesch: 67
     summary: It is also possible that our mutants express abnormal levels of OmpC or LPS, the two receptors involved in T4 attachment on the cell surface. Alternatively, YhiM could be involved in other cell processes that are also necessary for T4 attachment.
    keywords: attachment; bacteriophage; cell; coli; nvu31; replication; ucb; virus; yhim
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        item: #64 of 108
          id: finefocus-541
      author: Collins, Crystal; Mosovsky, Kara
       title: Antibiotic Tolerance: Distinguishing between Classical Resistance and Persistence in a Macrophage Infection Model
        date: 2018
       words: 4046
      flesch: 44
     summary: Remaining extracellular bacteria were resuspended slowly and carefully, and transferred to 2 ml tubes, combining two identical wells into 1 tube due to low numbers of remaining bacteria. Figure 1: After 18 hour macrophage infection, remaining extracellular bacteria are still sensitive to high doses of antibiotic.
    keywords: antibiotic; bacteria; ceftazidime; cells; extracellular; infection; treatment
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        item: #65 of 108
          id: finefocus-543
      author: Bertuzzi, Stefano
       title: Diversity/Inclusion in Microbiology and Science Policy
        date: 2018
       words: 913
      flesch: 58
     summary: The power of diversity is that it creates better groups, better schools, and ultimately a better society. The trick is to transform conjunctive tasks into disjunctive tasks.
    keywords: diversity; problem
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        item: #66 of 108
          id: finefocus-545
      author: Buhay, Sarah; Issa, Ali; Jones, Christina; Matlock, Shelbi; Sesoko, Channing
       title: Undergraduate Perspectives from the Fine Focus Student Team, Fall Term 2017, University of Detroit Mercy
        date: 2018
       words: 1510
      flesch: 55
     summary: We ReBUILDetroit students that have collaborated with Fine Focus value diversity within the STEM fields, and we are ecstatic to see the fire for teaching others and diversifying the field ignite with a group organization like Fine Focus. With all the hard work Fine Focus is doing, I hope that we can establish a similar group on our campus who can publish undergraduate research from the Detroit area or even from all parts of the world.
    keywords: experience; focus; research
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        item: #67 of 108
          id: finefocus-5541
      author: Ebrahimbabie, Parisa
       title: Parisa Ebrahimbabaie’s Academic Sojourn at Bethune-Cookman University: Unraveling the Complexities
        date: 2024
       words: 786
      flesch: 13
     summary: As she continues navigating this intricate journey, her story stands as a testament to the resilience and adaptability required to thrive in the dynamic and diverse academic environments shaping the modern educational landscape. This adaptive resilience characterizes her approach to academic research within the distinctive institutional context.
    keywords: parisa; university
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        item: #68 of 108
          id: finefocus-559
      author: Alfaro, Julius Raynard D.; Alcayde, Donn Lorenz Ivan M.; Agbulos, Joel B.; Dagamac, Nikki Heherson A.; dela Cruz, Thomas Edison E.
       title: The occurrence of myxomycetes from a lowland montane forest and agricultural plantations of Negros Occidental, Western Visayas, Philippines
        date: 2014
       words: 5519
      flesch: 55
     summary: The most note- worthy contribution of this paper relates to the fact that it increases the knowledge about the local ecology of myxomycetes in an ecoregion of the world where investi- gations about myxomycete diversity is still considered to be in its infancy. Myxomycete diversity in the Tarim basin and eastern Tian-Shan, Xinjiang Prov., China.
    keywords: diversity; forest; fruiting; litter; moist; myxomycetes; negros; number; occidental; philippines; s.l; species; stephenson; study
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        item: #69 of 108
          id: finefocus-5596
      author: Sanchez, Leah; Hennigan, Jennifer
       title: Distribution of Tetracycline-Resistant Bacteria Within the Fort Phantom Hill Reservoir Watershed
        date: 2025
       words: 5537
      flesch: 48
     summary: A study in Portugal found that TET resistance genes were present in all multi- drug resistant (MDR) Enterobacteriaceae isolated from poultry, swine, and cattle manures (6). Antibiotic resistance genes and associated bacterial communities in agricultural soils amended with different sources of animal manures.
    keywords: creek; escherichia; fort; genes; hill; isolates; phantom; reservoir; resistant; sites; tet; tetb; tetracycline; watershed
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        item: #70 of 108
          id: finefocus-561
      author: Habegger, Rachel A.; Marshall, Jordan M.
       title: Relationships between algal biomass and diversity with stream size and adjacent land use
        date: 2014
       words: 3029
      flesch: 61
     summary: While there is minimal change in land cover types in Indiana, those persistent land cover types adjacent to streams may have sustained and continual influence on water quality. Land cover types provided significant multiple regression models for both algal richness and biomass Fig.
    keywords: area; biomass; cover; influence; land; phosphorus; richness; streams; types
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        item: #71 of 108
          id: finefocus-563
      author: Arena, Christopher M.; Galebach, John L.; Mandichak, Thomas M.; Engle, J. Michael; Anderson, Merrilee G.
       title: Identification of diatoms in a healthy Pennsylvania stream compared to three downstream sites impacted by Abandoned Mine Drainage
        date: 2014
       words: 3380
      flesch: 62
     summary: At the bridge site (pH 6.68), water quality data was very similar to that of the healthy site; total suspended solids were 9 mg/L, total iron was 1.58 mg/L, aluminum was 70.9 mg/L and sulfate was 1.16 mg/L. At Hughes borehole and settling pond sites extreme amounts of metals were detected. This possibly shows that the genera present, specifically Surirella, can survive in harsh environments at the borehole and settling pond sites but don’t thrive in that environment like at the bridge site where water quality was more suitable for life.
    keywords: borehole; diatom; diversity; site; stream; water
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        item: #72 of 108
          id: finefocus-565
      author: Willis, Michael G.; Treves, David S.
       title: Isolation and Characterization of Halotolerant 2,4- Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid Degrading Bacteria From Sulfidic, Low Salinity Salt Springs
        date: 2014
       words: 4424
      flesch: 61
     summary: The objective of this study was to isolate and characterize 2,4-D degrading bacteria from salt springs at Big Bone Lick State Park in Boone County, KY. The objective of this study was to undertake a culture-based approach to examine 2,4-D degrading bacteria in salt springs at Big Bone Lick State Park.
    keywords: bacteria; degradation; growth; isolates; nacl; salt; springs; tfda
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        item: #73 of 108
          id: finefocus-567
      author: Emmert, Elizabeth A. B.; Haupt, Zachary M.; Pflaum, Katherine M.; Lasbury, Jennifer L.; McGrath, Justin P.; Collins, Allison E.; Briand, Christopher H.
       title: Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus protects Caenorhabditis elegans from bacterial pathogens
        date: 2014
       words: 4937
      flesch: 63
     summary: E. coli HB101 was used as the non- pathogenic control in the biocontrol assays since our early work in this system used B. bacteriovorus 109J, which does not infect E. coli OP50, but does infect E. coli HB101. Worm survival on E. coli HB101 was not significantly different from worm survival on E. coli OP50 (p=0.5482).
    keywords: bacteriovorus; bdellovibrio; coli; e. coli; elegans; op50; pathogen; survival; worms
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        item: #74 of 108
          id: finefocus-569
      author: DuBois, Aubrey E.; Bennett, Zachary C.; Khalid, Umara; Khalid, Ariba; Meece, Reed A.; Difiore, Gabrielle J.; Gregory, Richard L.
       title: Nicotine: Its Stimulating and Inhibitory Effects on Oral Microorganisms
        date: 2014
       words: 5604
      flesch: 58
     summary: DISCUSSION Significant inhibition occurred with all tested organisms in nicotine concentrations of 16 and 32 mg/ml except E. faecalis, providing a MIC of 32 mg/ml for E. faecalis and a MIC of 16 mg/ml for the remaining organisms. It is possible that the MIC exists at nicotine concentrations between 8 and 16 mg/ml but further studies are required to determine the validity of this supposition.
    keywords: albicans; biofilm; concentration; dentocariosa; faecalis; growth; nicotine; oral; viscosus
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        item: #75 of 108
          id: finefocus-571
      author: Bange, Jill
       title: Undergraduate Research in the Sciences as a Series of Transformative Opportunities
        date: 2014
       words: 5524
      flesch: 48
     summary: The contributions which undergraduate research students make to the body of scientific knowledge are rewarding and stimulate further interest and motivation in scientific work. Undergraduate biology lab courses: comparing the impact of traditionally based ‘cookbook’ and authentic research-based courses on student lab experiences.
    keywords: classroom; experience; lab; process; project; research; science; students; undergraduate
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        item: #76 of 108
          id: finefocus-5781
      author: Smith, Abigail; Madison Wheeler
       title: Stepping into the Unknown: A Graduate’s Guide to the Real World
        date: 2025
       words: 4117
      flesch: 58
     summary: Author Smith: As graduation grew nearer and the daunting task of applying to jobs and enter- ing the workforce became more than a distant thought, I sought advice from those around me who had been through the process. Initially, I was overwhelmed by the sheer volume of job listings requiring a PhD or 10+ years of experience.
    keywords: career; graduate; job; life; school; time; work
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        item: #77 of 108
          id: finefocus-581
      author: Liu, Jun Hong; Guan, Le Luo
       title: Application of Molecular Techniques to Better Understand the Roles of Rumen Microbiota in Cattle Feed Efficiency
        date: 2016
       words: 4237
      flesch: 50
     summary: Other than the economic effect, improving feed efficiency can reduce GHG emission, as cattle with higher feed efficiency are reported to produce 20% to 30% less methane than inefficient ones under the same conditions (33). 2 Other than bacteria and rchaea, researchers have also tried to examine the relationship between cattle rumen feed efficiency and fungi or protozoa.
    keywords: cattle; efficiency; feed; feed efficiency; microbiota; rfi; rumen
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        item: #78 of 108
          id: finefocus-5824
      author: McKillip, John
       title: Objective Lens: Insect antimicrobial peptides as a promising source for antibiotic “substitutes”
        date: 2025
       words: 1001
      flesch: 38
     summary: Alexander Fleming’s discovery of penicillin in 1928 was met with his own prediction that bacterial resistance to this “miracle drug” would soon be documented (3,4). In the 70+ years since penicillin was introduced, overuse and misuse of antibiotics have contributed to the problem of MDR bacterial infections, as has the widespread use of antibiotics in agriculture for prophylaxis and growth promotion (8).
    keywords: antibiotics; health; insect; resistance
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        item: #79 of 108
          id: finefocus-583
      author: Preston, Kathryn E.; Huddlestone, Jennifer
       title: Gram-Negative, Oxidase-Positive Bacteria in Rainwater and Wind Samples
        date: 2016
       words: 4594
      flesch: 59
     summary: Wind Uncultured Novosphingobium clone SeqSEEZ199 99% Sphingomonas 44/40 0.942 KEP4: Wind Uncultured Novosphingobium clone SeqSEEZ199 99% Uncultured Sphingomonadaceae 0.942 KEP5: Rain Uncultured Pseudomonas 100% Pseudomonas fulva 0.98 KEP6: Rain* Pseudomonas plecoglossicida 89% Pseudomonas CPA30 0.520 KEP7: Rain Pseudomonas MC83 99% Pseudomonas MC83 0.974 KEP8: Rain Massilia varians 97% Naxibacter 6981 0.870 KEP9: Wind Pseudomonas JSM 2215099 100% Pseudomonas fulva 0.997 KEP10: Rain Pseudomonas fulva 100% Pseudomonas 471-1 0.997 KEP11: Rain Pseudomonas 9DLP 99% Pseudomonas PSB1 0.992 KEP12: Rain Paracoccus QUEBA07 99% Uncultured Proteobacterium 0.974 KEP13: Rain Paracoccus ‘Mali 27’ 99% Uncultured Proteobacterium 0.962 KEP14: Wind Novosphingobium clone SeqSEEZ199 99% Sphingomonas 40/40 0.949 KEP15: Wind Pseudomonas putida 99% Pseudomonas putida 0.969 KEP16: Wind Uncultured Novosphingobium clone SeqSEEZ199 99% Uncultured Sphingomonadaceae 0.942 KEP17: Rain Pseudomonas MC83 99% Pseudomonas MC83 0.974 KEP18: Rain Massilia varians 97% Naxibacter 6981 0.870 KEP19: Rain Pseudomonas JSM 2215099 100% Pseudomonas fulva 0.997 KEP20: Rain Pseudomonas fulva 100% Pseudomonas U471-1 0.997 KEP21: Rain Pseudomonas 9DLP 99% Pseudomonas PSB1 0.992 KEP22: Rain Uncultured Pseudomonas 100% Pseudomonas fulva 0.983 KEP23: Rain* Pseudomonas plecoglossicida 89% Pseudomonas CPA30 0.520 KEP24: Rain* Mesorhizobium opportunistum 94% Aurantimonas ureilytica 0.911 KEP25: Rain* Mesorhizobium opportunistum 94% Aurantimonas ureilytica 0.916 KEP26: Rain Agrobacterium H13-3 99% Rhizobium Gls-4 0.972 KEP27: Rain* Pseudomonas syringae 96% Pseudomonas fluorescens 0.876 KEP28: Rain* Pseudomonas syringae 93% Pseudomonas S1(2011b) 0.552 APPLIED & ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY• 98 DISCUSSION & CONCLUSIONS There are many reasons why Aeromonas may not have been found in the samples: 1) the lack of a proximal lake or stream as an initial source of Aeromonas prevents detection of these types of cells, 2)
    keywords: aeromonas; air; atmosphere; bacteria; genus; isolates; microbiol; pseudomonas; rain; rainwater; samples; species; study; wind
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        item: #80 of 108
          id: finefocus-585
      author: McMullan, Patrick J.; Krzyston, Jakob; Osgood, Robert
       title: Bactericidal Effects of Low-Irradiance Low Level Light Therapy on Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus in Vitro
        date: 2016
       words: 5044
      flesch: 58
     summary: Furthermore, it is expected that low-irradiance LLLT will provide a greater bactericidal rate when compared to delivering the same LLLT fluence at a higher-irradiance, because of the fact that visible blue LLLT is dependent upon oxygen supplies for ROS formation. However, it was observed that the optimal wavelength for visible blue LLLT was 405-nm (p < 0.0001)..
    keywords: blue; cm2; fluence; irradiance; light; lllt; load; mrsa; reduction
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        item: #81 of 108
          id: finefocus-587
      author: Scully, Sean Michael
       title: Exploiting an Interdisciplinary Approach Using Undergraduate Research
        date: 2016
       words: 6342
      flesch: 50
     summary: Two of my professors strongly encouraged me to seek out undergraduate research opportunities and to get involved in education rather than being a passive element in the process of higher education. Fortunately, a diversity of experiences in different types of professional labs as an undergraduate has shaped my interdisciplinary approach towards tackling research problems while giving a diverse skill set with which to take on new problems.
    keywords: career; chemistry; enzymes; lab; new; research; science; time; undergraduate; way; work; working
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        item: #82 of 108
          id: finefocus-589
      author: Pearce, Kaitlin M.; Kurtz, Alexandra; Ward, Rebekah J.
       title: Rhizofiltration of Lead Contaminated Soil by Helianthus annuus amended with Bacillus megaterium and EDTA
        date: 2015
       words: 5234
      flesch: 55
     summary: Phytoremediation of heavy metal polluted soils and water: Progresses and perspectives. Pie charts representing the class diversity in the control soil and non-vegetated soil.
    keywords: bacillus; bacteria; control; edta; metals; plants; rhizosphere; samples; soil
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        item: #83 of 108
          id: finefocus-591
      author: Vasquez-Espinoza, Rosa; Beck, David L.
       title: Detection of Borrelia and Ehrlichia in Rhipicephalus sanguineus
        date: 2015
       words: 5229
      flesch: 65
     summary: Dantas-Torres, F., Chomel, B. B., & Otranto, D. 2012. Sequencing has confirmed the presence of DNA from Ehrlichia canis and “Candidatus B. lonestari”, corroborating that Borrelia and Ehrlichia are present in domestic dogs in South Texas.
    keywords: 30sec; borrelia; burgdorferi; candidatus; canis; dogs; ehrlichia; lonestari; sanguineus; species; ticks; ° c
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        item: #84 of 108
          id: finefocus-593
      author: Bauer, Brandon M.; Rogers, Lewis; Macias, Monique; Iacovetti, Gabriella; Woodrow, Alexander M.; Labonte-Wilson, Melissa J.; Tallman, Kathleen G.
       title: Characterization of a mucoid-like Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm
        date: 2015
       words: 7388
      flesch: 62
     summary: This indicates that both phenotypes are exhibiting characteristics of biofilm formation; however, the biofilm structure between the two phenotypes remains different as observed by a flatter biofilm structure for non-mucoid biofilms using microscopy. Clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa biofilms can be classified by their motility patterns and biofilm structure (1, 10, 27).
    keywords: aeruginosa; attachment; biofilm; fig; formation; hour; motility; mucoid; phenotype; surface; twitching
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        item: #85 of 108
          id: finefocus-5934
      author: Paxton, Kaikeyi
       title: A Universal Tongue?
        date: 2025
       words: 1156
      flesch: 58
     summary: English Language-Old English, Middle English, Modern English. It is true that it is convenient to have some kind of common spoken language in case of travel, but does it make sense?
    keywords: english; language; world
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        item: #86 of 108
          id: finefocus-595
      author: Martini, Brooke; Orr, Cody; Webb, Ginny
       title: Striking up the conversation: quorum sensing in fungi
        date: 2015
       words: 6072
      flesch: 57
     summary: Fungi, along with INTRODUCTION 140 • FINE FOCUS, VOL. 1 (2) FinalJournal.indd 140 9/25/15 11:38 AM REVIEW • 141 other organisms, secrete compounds known as quorum sensing molecules (QSMs) into their environment to communicate with neighboring cells. Communication is accomplished through molecules, known as quorum sensing molecules, which are released into the extracellular environment.
    keywords: albicans; cell; effect; farnesol; formation; growth; neoformans; quorum; sensing
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        item: #87 of 108
          id: finefocus-597
      author: Schwartz, Antony; Clarkson, Adam; Baumann, Richard G.; Gentilli, Shruti M.; Potts, Jeffrey; Torres-Cruz, Rafael
       title: Safe science is good science
        date: 2015
       words: 2357
      flesch: 45
     summary: It is clear that improper adherence to biosafety practices and resulting LAIs could have a devastating impact on the individual. Diligent adherence to biosafety practices and procedures while working in the laboratory will ensure that workers are safe, the community and environment is protected and the progress of vital scientific research is not interrupted.
    keywords: biosafety; exposure; hazards; laboratory; research; risk
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        item: #88 of 108
          id: finefocus-599
      author: Cheeptham, Naowarat (Ann)
       title: Come Dine With Microbes: Where Microbiology, Food, and Culture Meet Community Outreach and Student Engagement
        date: 2015
       words: 4300
      flesch: 59
     summary: At the dinner, we arranged a non-traditional buffet style by having food stations (for each chosen fermented food) and having TRU microbiology students and NorKam students man each station (Fig. 5). Demonstration of bacteria cultured on the plates from swabs that NorKam students did; c)
    keywords: class; dinner; event; food; microbes; microorganisms; norkam; students
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        item: #89 of 108
          id: finefocus-601
      author: Chikere, Chioma Blaise; Ajuzieogu, Chinyere Augusta; Miller, Michael Chukwugoziem
       title: Characterization of Indigenous Bacterial Communities in Crude-Oil Impacted Sites at Obagi Town, Onelga, Rivers State, Nigeria
        date: 2016
       words: 2986
      flesch: 50
     summary: Table 2: Frequency of occurrence of hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria genera isolated from oil impacted soil samples. Statistical analyses revealed no significant difference at p>0.05 between Total Heterotrophic Bacterial (THB) and Hydrocarbon Utilizing Bacterial (HUB) counts, suggesting that most of the bacteria present in the sampled sites were hydrocarbon utilizers.
    keywords: bacillus; bacteria; bioremediation; crude; hydrocarbon; pseudomonas; soil
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        item: #90 of 108
          id: finefocus-603
      author: Beilke, Morgan L.; Fritz, Jeffery D.
       title: Frequency of Antibiotic Residues in a Central Wisconsin Dairy
        date: 2016
       words: 2336
      flesch: 53
     summary: Milk suppliers for these samples spanned a 100-mile radius from the dairy plant where milk samples were processed. Antibiotic residue analysis of milk samples in this study Source of Sample Total Samples Number Positive Percent Positive Disposition per Pounds Bulk Milk Pickup Tanker 3,147,302 429 0.014% 17,754,000 Pasteurized Fluid Milk and Milk Products 37,707 0 0.000% 0 Producer 445,223 266 0.060% 240,000 Other 49,953 8 0.016% 99,000 APPLIED/ENVIRONMENTAL • 19 BULK TANK SAMPLES All 264 samples originating from bulk milk samples were those that were deemed fit for bulk tank inclusion by the dairy producer, and thus added to the truckload.
    keywords: bulk; dairy; drug; milk; residues; samples
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        item: #91 of 108
          id: finefocus-605
      author: Hansen, Gregory M.; Laird, Tyler S.; Woertz, Erica; Ojala, Daniel; Glanzer, Daralynn; Ring, Kelly; Richart, Sarah M.
       title: Aspergillus sclerotiorum fungus is lethal to both Western drywood (Incisitermes minor) and Western subterranean (Reticulitermes hesperus)termites
        date: 2016
       words: 6965
      flesch: 58
     summary: The response of I. minor termites to increasing doses of A. sclerotiorum APU strain was determined for 4 different doses (150 mg, 70 mg, 30 mg, and 3 mg) by inoculating n=3 groups containing 25 termites each of differing developmental stages with each dose. A. I. minor termites were placed into groups of 25 and exposed to each mg quantity of fungus (n=3) or 75 mg powdered sugar (n=2).
    keywords: apu; apu strain; aspergillus; control; day; fungal; fungus; minor; sclerotiorum; species; spores; strain; termites
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        item: #92 of 108
          id: finefocus-607
      author: Lawton II, James K.; Kumar, Renu B.
       title: Characterization of water-types and their influence on the antimicrobial proper-ties of Kombucha ferments against bacteria and yeast
        date: 2016
       words: 4662
      flesch: 57
     summary: Figure 5: Zone-of-inhibition results of EB and CB treatments against S. aureus, E. coli and C. albicans S. aureus CB S. aureus E. coli CB E. coli C. albicans CB C. albicans (a -c ) Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometer (ICP-OES) results indicated that high cationic (Ca2+, Mg2+, and Na+) content water (well water) resulted in the largest zone of inhibition against S. aureus, with a 12.3% difference when compared to low cationic content water (type- II water).
    keywords: activity; aureus; ca2; kombucha; tea; type; water
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        item: #93 of 108
          id: finefocus-609
      author: Bange, Jill; Brumfield, Emily; Ellison, Alysha L.
       title: Recovery and Enumeration of Staphylococcus aureus by the Selective Agar
        date: 2016
       words: 3348
      flesch: 51
     summary: Artificial injury of S. aureus cells was accomplished by treatment with carvacrol, an extract from oil of oregano. Several stressors have the potential to sublethally injure S. aureus cells prior to recovery by the selective agar overlay method.
    keywords: agar; aureus; cells; media; method; overlay; recovery
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        item: #94 of 108
          id: finefocus-611
      author: Emmert, Elizabeth A.B.
       title: Letter
        date: 2016
       words: 1020
      flesch: 42
     summary: The article by Schwartz et al. emphasizes the importance of laboratory biosafety through its description of two laboratory accidents with unfortunate and deadly outcomes for the researchers involved who did not practice all aspects of proper biosafety (1). One was the laboratory- associated infections most relevant to undergraduate microbiology students and the other was the American Society for Microbiology (ASM) biosafety guidelines specifically developed for the undergraduate microbiology laboratory (2).
    keywords: biosafety; laboratory; microbiology
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        item: #95 of 108
          id: finefocus-613
      author: Fjölnisdóttir, Birta Líf; Haraldsdóttir, Pálína; Kristinsdóttir, Sigríður; Tronečková, Kristýna; Kristjánsdóttir, Sigþóra Brynja; Fjölnisdóttir, Birta Líf; Kallio, Saara-Maria; Helgadóttir, Helga
       title: Undergraduate perspectives from the Fine Focus student team, Fall Term 2015, University of Akureyri, Iceland
        date: 2016
       words: 2486
      flesch: 53
     summary: During Fine Focus Autumn 2015, I was mainly responsible for improving the marketing plan to increase the awareness of Fine Focus, especially in Europe, in order to increase the visibility of the journal and thereby the number of submitted undergraduate papers. Copyright 2016, Fine Focus all rights reserved PERSPECTIVE“UNDERGRADUATE PERSPECTIVES FROM THE FINE FOCUS STUDENT TEAM, FALL TERM 2015, UNIVERSITY OF AKUREYRI, ICELAND As an undergraduate science student, I feel like I have the constant urge to expand my knowledge in every possible way.
    keywords: course; focus; journal; paper; work
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        item: #96 of 108
          id: finefocus-615
      author: Wei, Lei; Rubenstein, Rebecca J.; Hanlon, Kathleen M.; Wade, Heidi; Peterson, Celeste N.; Klepac-Ceraj, Vanja
       title: Cutting wedge: bacterial community diversity and structure associated with the cheese rind and curd of seven natural rind cheeses
        date: 2017
       words: 10505
      flesch: 62
     summary: To better understand the differences in community structure and function between communities of cheese rinds and curds, we combined culture-based methods with culture-independent community profiling of curds and rinds. This inconsistency may be attributed to the overall lower taxonomical diversity in the curd communities and that the community samples collected for metabolic analysis were mainly derived from cheese rinds, contributing higher diversity.
    keywords: acid; carbon; cheese; communities; community; curd; diversity; figure; isolates; microbial; milk; rind; samples; sources
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        item: #97 of 108
          id: finefocus-617
      author: Morgan, Stephanie; Thomas, Matthew J.; Walstrom, Katherine M.; Warrick, Eric C.; Gasper, Brittany J.
       title: Characterization of prodiginine compounds produced by a Vibrio species isolated from salt flat sediment along the Florida Gulf Coast
        date: 2017
       words: 7393
      flesch: 62
     summary: Lee J. S., Kim Y-S., Park S., Kim J., Kang S-J., Lee M. H., Ryu S., Choi J. M., Oh T. K., and Yoon J. J. 2011. The table shows the AAI of MI-2 putative prodigiosin biosynthetic gene cluster homologs compared to known prodiginine biosynthetic proteins from S. marcescens ATCC 274, H. chejuensis KCTC 2396, and S. coelicor A3(2).
    keywords: abs; biosynthesis; cluster; gene; marcescens; marine; mass; mi-2; nacl; pigment; prodiginine; prodigiosin; production
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        item: #98 of 108
          id: finefocus-619
      author: Quigley, Colleen; Lamichhane-Khadka, Reena
       title: Metal Susceptibility of a Hetero-Vancomycin-Intermediate Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolate
        date: 2017
       words: 4883
      flesch: 58
     summary: Ho, T. T., Cadena, J., Childs, L. M., Gonzalez-Velez, M., & Lewis, J. S. 2012. Crupper, S. S., Worrell, V., Stewart, G. C., & Iandolo, J. J. 1999.
    keywords: atcc; aureus; gradient; growth; mm66; mrsa; resistance; silver; strains
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        item: #99 of 108
          id: finefocus-621
      author: Hamm, Ronda L.
       title: Become a Spokesperson for Science
        date: 2017
       words: 3093
      flesch: 58
     summary: I personally find this to be one of the most challenging aspects of science outreach. If you’re still having trouble finding an event, talk to faculty or others doing science outreach and see what suggestions they have to offer.
    keywords: activities; community; event; outreach; public; science; scientists; students
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        item: #100 of 108
          id: finefocus-667
      author: Kouritzin, Victoria A.; Guan, Leluo
       title: The Colonization and Establishment of the Neonatal Mammalian Microbiome
        date: 2017
       words: 4883
      flesch: 42
     summary: However, it was determined that future research is needed to investigate the relationship between early life microbiota and calf immune system, behavior, and metabolism (Figure 1). These results have demonstrated the differences in brain function between germ free and colonized mice, suggesting the potential relationship between gut microbiota and animal behavior.
    keywords: calf; colonization; development; diarrhea; gut; life; mice; microbial; microbiota; research
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        item: #101 of 108
          id: finefocus-669
      author: Lindsey, Maedgen Q.; Huddleston, Jennifer R.
       title: Isolation of Halophilic Bacteria from Inland Petroleum- Producing Wells
        date: 2017
       words: 3993
      flesch: 51
     summary: Microbial life at high salt concentrations: phylogenetic and metabolic diversity. In conclusion, organisms that are phylogenetically similar to marine microorganisms are present in oil well environments, and have variable salt tolerances, which may prove useful in microbial- mediated hydrocarbon bioremediation of high salinity environments.
    keywords: 16s; concentration; figure; growth; halophilic; idiomarina; isolate; marinobacter; microorganisms; nacl; oil; salt; saltwater
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        item: #102 of 108
          id: finefocus-671
      author: Kwok, Annie; Davis, Michael C.; Kang, Sanghoon
       title: Antibiotic resistant bacteria in an urban freshwater ecosystem in central Texas
        date: 2017
       words: 6120
      flesch: 48
     summary: For example, increasing occurrences of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in aquatic ecosystems elevates the risk of pathogenic microbes acquiring those resistance genes. Call of the wild: antibiotic resistance genes in natural environments.
    keywords: antibiotic; arb; bacteria; effluent; emb; influent; media; plates; resistance; samples; test; treatment; tsa; water
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        item: #103 of 108
          id: finefocus-673
      author: Scott, Helen G.; Wakeman, Catherine A.
       title: Predictions of Future Geographical Distribution of Two Vectors of American Trypanosomiasis: Implications for Endemic Chagas disease in Texas, USA
        date: 2017
       words: 3844
      flesch: 54
     summary: Changes in temperature and rainfall, as we are currently seeing in anthropogenic climate change, may affect the distribution and abundance of disease vectors (9). A global public database of disease vector and reservoir distributions.
    keywords: chagas; climate; disease; distribution; gerstaeckeri; species; temperature; texas; vectors
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        item: #104 of 108
          id: finefocus-675
      author: Costlow, Jessica L.; Krow, Erika S.; Steele, J. Jordan
       title: Imatinib Mesylate as an Effective Anti-viral Treatment for Alphavirus Infections
        date: 2017
       words: 4534
      flesch: 53
     summary: BHK cells/well). DISCUSSION IMATINIB MESYLATE • 147 Figure 1: Imatinib inhibition of Sindbis virus and cell viability Flow cytometry analysis of BHK cells infected with dsSINV-GFP at an MOI=1 and treated with dilutions of Imatinib SINV replication (Gray bars) and cell viability (Black line) are shown with increasing concentrations of Imatinib.
    keywords: alphavirus; bhk; cancer; cells; gfp; hours; imatinib; infection; mesylate; metabolic; replication; treatment; virus
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        item: #105 of 108
          id: finefocus-677
      author: Baskfield, Amanda
       title: Undergraduate Perspective: The Student Grant Application Process
        date: 2017
       words: 4140
      flesch: 52
     summary: Other grants available to student researchers include the Ball State Chapter of Sigma Xi (local), the Indiana Academy of Science Senior Research Grant SUMMATION PROCESS ANALYSIS STATEMENT THE GRANT APPLICATION PROCESS (state), or the Sigma Xi Grant-In-Aid Grant (national), and the Federal Pell Grant, which needs to be applied for in conjunction with the primary investigator. Other grants, such as the Indiana Academy of Science Grant, allows up to $2500 to be requested by applicants.
    keywords: applicant; application; bsu; cell; funding; grant; project; research
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        item: #106 of 108
          id: finefocus-679
      author: Stedman, Barbara
       title: How To Write a Good Recommendation Letter
        date: 2017
       words: 2566
      flesch: 53
     summary: In creating this “invitation,” consider what kind of impressions the student has made on other faculty in your department or on other students; you may want to quote one or two of them. In my work as the Director of National and International Scholarships at Ball State University, I see dozens of letters of recommendation each year, the vast majority of them written by faculty.
    keywords: letter; recommendation; research; scholarship; student
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        item: #107 of 108
          id: finefocus-681
      author: Trice, Autumn
       title: Book Review: Lab Manual – Microbiology: the Laboratory Experience (Steve Keating)
        date: 2017
       words: 977
      flesch: 46
     summary: In Microbiology: The Laboratory Experience, author Steve Keating takes lab manuals where they have not gone before. BOOK REVIEW: LAB MANUAL – “MICROBIOLOGY– THE LABORATORY EXPERIENCE” (STEVE KEATING) W.W. NORTON & COMPANY, ISBN 978-0-393-92364-3 AUTUMN TRICE UNDERGRADUATE STUDENT BIOLOGY BALL STATE UNIVERSITY Copyright 2017, Fine Focus.
    keywords: lab; manual; unit
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        item: #108 of 108
          id: finefocus-683
      author: Imbery, Jacob; Upton, Chris
       title: Organization of the multigene families of African Swine Fever Virus
        date: 2017
       words: 4023
      flesch: 58
     summary: Interestingly, although these viruses are all denoted as ASFV strains, there is significant divergence between them. ABSTRACT CORRESPONDING AUTHOR Chris Upton * Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada KEYWORDS • African swine fever virus • Multigene family • Annotation • Bioinformatics • Genomics African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV) is a large dsDNA virus in the family Asfarviridae; 23 genotypes have been characterized by sequencing of the p72 gene (1, 12, 13).
    keywords: asfv; fever; figure; gene; genomes; mgf; paralogs; supp; swine; virus
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