290 
 

journal homepage: www.fia.usv.ro/fiajournal 
Journal of Faculty of Food Engineering,  

Ştefan cel Mare University of Suceava, Romania  
Volume XIII, Issue  4  – 2014, pag. 290 -  298 

 

 

 

CONTRIBUTIONS TO ACHIEVE A COMPOSITE MATERIAL FOR ADVANCED 

ELECTROMAGNETIC SHIELDING OF LIVING AND WORKSPACES 

First part- Shielding material 
 

Cristian Florin ALEXUC1, *Gheorghe GUTT1, Sonia AMARIEI1  
Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, Romania 

*Corresponding author 
Received December 5th 2014, accepted December 18th 2014 

 
Abstract: The paper refers to a new material for electromagnetic shielding of living and workspaces 
in order to reduce the electro smog. The material and manufacturing technology described comes in 
support of the activities carried on by electromagnetic compatibility of high frequency radiation 
emitted by mobile antennas, radar, cell phones, microwaves, computers, wireless networking, on the 
environment. The shielding material described by the authors is of composite type and it is in the form 
of nets with fine meshes made of thin steel wires on which a high-purity copper shirt, coated in its turn 
by a polymer shirt, is deposited, the latter one’s aim is to protect against oxidation of copper coating. 
Nets, supplied in rolls, can be integrated under the plaster of working and living spaces performing an 
advanced electromagnetic shielding throughout the duration of building those spaces belong to. 
 
 Key words: electromagnetic compatibility with the environment, electromagnetic shielding nets. 
 
 
1.  Introduction 
 
Electromagnetic radiations are mixed 
waves containing electric and magnetic 
alternative fields. Electric field is 
generated by  potential differences and  
magnetic field is generated by current 
flow. Those radiations are present 
everywhere in the environment, they forms 
there the electricity is produced, consumed 
and distributed.  
Wavelengths   covers the field of 10-11 m 
(gamma radiation) up to 103 m (radio 
waves) and their frequency cover a total of  
14 orders of magnitude from 1 Hz to 10 
000 THz. Electromagnetic radiation need 

not matter to propagate. In vacuum the 
speed of propagation is those of the light 
and a propagation speed in given 
environment is limited due to its refractive 
index. The  interference extent of 
electromagnetic radiation with matter, 
including the living matter, depends on 
frequency and  wavelength thereof [1],[2]. 
Electromagnetic radiation is divided into 
two main areas after wavelength: ionizing 
and non-ionizing radiation. The  
wavelength of Ionizing radiation is 
between 0.01 nm to 100 nm and is 
represented by gamma radiation, X-ray 
radiation (X-rays) and ultraviolet radiation. 
The wavelengths of  non-ionizing radiation 



Food and Environment Safety - Journal of Faculty of Food Engineering, Ştefan cel Mare University – Suceava 
Volume XIII, Issue 4  – 2014 

 

 
Cristian Florin ALEXUC, Gheorghe GUTT, Sonia AMARIEI, Contributions to achievement a composite material for 
advanced electromagnetic shielding of living and workspaces. First part- Shielding material, Volume XIII, Issue 4 – 2014, 
pg. 290 – 298 

291 
 

is  between 1 mm and 1000m  and are 
represented by infrared radiation, 
microwaves, radio waves and low-
frequency waves  of power supply 
networks. Between the two types of 
radiation it is the visible range (neutral 
white light) of electromagnetic radiation, 

domain considered to be a buffer zone 
between ionizing radiation and non-
ionizing radiation.  When the visible 
spectrum is split by an optical system in 
different wavelength, it is perceived 
colorful and named visible color spectrum, 
Figure 1, [3]. 

 

 
 

Fig.1.Wavelength range covered by electromagnetic radiation. Recovering files [3] 
 

Due to the very small wavelength and 
extremely high frequency  effect of 
ionizing radiation on matter is pronounced 
causing its ionization. The effect of 
ionizing radiation on living organisms is  
destructive leading to rapid death in the 
case of  their relatively short exposures to 
gamma radiation and tumor diseases more 
likely in the case of a longer exposure to 
X-ray and UV radiation. [4],[5],[6].   
Higher wavelength and lower frequency of 
nonionizing radiation makes their effect on 

living organisms to be not so pronounced 
as that of ionizing radiation, but far from 
being neglected. The fact that the low 
intensity of this radiation effect on living 
organisms is not as strong as those ionizing 
radiation and that the harmful effects of 
this radiation occurs after long periods of 
the order of years or even decades, has led 
and lead  today many people to a tolerant 
viewpoint, often even the negation of the 
effect of this radiation. The latest scientific 
research clearly shows that non-ionizing 



Food and Environment Safety - Journal of Faculty of Food Engineering, Ştefan cel Mare University – Suceava 
Volume XIII, Issue 4  – 2014 

 

 
Cristian Florin ALEXUC, Gheorghe GUTT, Sonia AMARIEI, Contributions to achievement a composite material for 
advanced electromagnetic shielding of living and workspaces. First part- Shielding material, Volume XIII, Issue 4 – 2014, 
pg. 290 – 298 

292 
 

radiation acting on living organisms long 
time, leading to cell damage and advanced  
affecting of  nervous system [7],[8].   
As a protection against non-ionizing 
electromagnetic radiation in the 
electromagnetic compatibility dealing with 
the extent to which electrical devices 
influence each other by electromagnetic 
fields unwanted was defined a subdomain 
called electromagnetic compatibility with 
environment [9],[10],[11] that defines 
compatibility emission of electromagnetic 
fields with the environment, especially 
with the man  and sets limit values  to 
ensure his safety and to prevent his  
disease due to these radiations. Measuring 
instruments of electromagnetic radiation 
development, characterization, testing and 
production of special materials [12],[13] 
for shielding the high and low frequency 
fields and measuring their intensity are 
also  under the environment protection 
measures and [14],[15],[16]. In the 
electromagnetic compatibility of 
environmental the general term of electro-
smog is  used to express the pollution 
which refers  both at  forms of appearance 
and manifestation of electric fields, 
magnetic and electromagnetic fields and 
their undesirable effect on living matter. 
Viewed through the concept of 
electrosmog non-ionizing electromagnetic 
radiation can be divided into low-
frequency radiation (0 - 300 Hz) and high 
frequency radiation (300 Hz - 300 GHz). 
Low frequency radiation are produced by 
power lines, electric trains, electric 
generators, transformers, electrical 
household appliances and high-frequency 

radiation from radio broadcasting antennas, 
telephone, television and mobile, radar and 
microwaves, TVs, computers, etc. 
 
2. Shielding material used to shield 
living and workingspaces against 
electromagnetic radiation of low and 
high frequency 
 
Corresponding frequency domain of non-
ionizing electromagnetic radiation 
shielding means are divided into means of 
shielding for low frequency and high 
frequency. This paper deals with a 
shielding material both for low frequency 
of  electromagnetic radiation and those of 
high frequency.   The low-frequency 
electromagnetic radiation shielding is 
performed by means of Faraday cage, a 
mesh of metal wires binding connected to 
the ground. [1], [2]. The materials used for 
the Faraday cage consumes the electric 
component of the electromagnetic field by 
two mechanisms. A mechanism consists of 
earth leakage part of the electricity and the 
other mechanism is to use a part of the 
electric current through the resistive effect.      
The later  effect makes for achieving 
Faraday cage to be used and  metallic 
material having a lower electrical 
conductivity than copper, such as for 
example, the steel. High-frequency 
electromagnetic radiation shielding is 
achieved by eddy currents which  final 
effect is  local heat generation. The most 
important condition to be fulfilled in this 
case by the shielding materials is their high 
electrical conductivity. For shielding high - 
frequency electromagnetic radiation are 
used two solutions. First  solution consists 



Food and Environment Safety - Journal of Faculty of Food Engineering, Ştefan cel Mare University – Suceava 
Volume XIII, Issue 4  – 2014 

 

 
Cristian Florin ALEXUC, Gheorghe GUTT, Sonia AMARIEI, Contributions to achievement a composite material for 
advanced electromagnetic shielding of living and workspaces. First part- Shielding material, Volume XIII, Issue 4 – 2014, 
pg. 290 – 298 

293 
 

in the shielding with copper sheet of all 
areas of a space [16]. On the one hand this 
type of shielding is provided a shielding 
factor of more than 100 dB and, on the 
other hand is a very expensive solution, 
gives  real problems of integration  the 
copper plate  under the plaster of living or 
working space. Besides these 
disadvantages the oxidation phenomena  of 
copper sheet surface determine a sensitive 
lowering  of electrical conductivity of 
surface layer and its negative manifestation 
of the effect Skin [17], [18] in order to 
reduce the shielding capacity. Currently, 
this solution is mainly used for shielding of 
high generating frequency devices and less 
for shielding workspaces (apart from some 
military applications) or those for  living.
  A second solution refers to the 
development of some schielding nets with 
small meshes, with a matrix made of 
natural or synthetic wires. In this matrix 
are integrated by various methods 
electrically conductive materials such as 
carbon nanofibers, copper and silver[19], 
[20], [21], 22]. When using shielding nets 
besides high conductivity of the material 
must be respected and electrical resonance 
condition. The size of the mesh side should 
be less than half of the wavelength (λ/2) of 
the electromagnetic wave that is desired to 
be schielded.    Compared to massive 
copper shielding,  iron nets presents the 
advantage of  lower cost price,  high 
mechanical flexibility, as well as that of   
perfect compatibility with various coatings 
can be easily integrated together in 
finishing of walls structures or in fibrous 
wood boards used for making furniture, 

paneling etc. The disadvantage of this type 
of shielding mesh is that of a lower 
electrical conductivity than that of copper 
sheet. This technology is mainly due to the 
use of metallic and non-metallic powders 
(carbon nanofibers), usually in the form of 
inserts in a polymer matrix from which is 
then pulling the wires in order of nets 
achieving. Even if copper or silver carbon 
nanoparticles touch each other, in   the 
wires constituting the mesh shielding, the 
contact is only in one point that leading to 
a local electrical resistance increased and 
finally to a weaker closing of eddy currents 
in  the mesh shielding. This is why the 
shielding efficiency of such mesh shielding 
is at the maximum values of about 30 dB. 
In order to obtain the best values of  
shielding efficiency  the percentage of 
silver and copper particulates in mesh 
wires is greatly increased  that leads to 
values of 30-70 dB of shielding, at the 
same time, however, the price of  each m2 
of schield mesh  is over an order of 
magnitude, and    values over 70 dB of 
shielding lead to an increased price by 
more than two orders of magnitude.  
  
2.1.  Shielding mechanism 
 
In order to achieve the new type of 
shielding material proposed [23] and 
studied by the authors it is use primary 
metallic nets of thin steel wire mesh, small 
squares with the mesh side of millimeter 
order. In the first phase,  the net wires are 
coated uniformly, by electrochemical or 
chemical way, with a thin layer of high 
conductivity of pure copper, and in the 



Food and Environment Safety - Journal of Faculty of Food Engineering, Ştefan cel Mare University – Suceava 
Volume XIII, Issue 4  – 2014 

 

 
Cristian Florin ALEXUC, Gheorghe GUTT, Sonia AMARIEI, Contributions to achievement a composite material for 
advanced electromagnetic shielding of living and workspaces. First part- Shielding material, Volume XIII, Issue 4 – 2014, 
pg. 290 – 298 

294 
 

second phase, which follows immediately 
after the first stage, with a layer of 
monomer that is converted by ultraviolet 
irradiation in a thin polymer coat. 
The final product is a composite material 
in a net   form which is based on steel wire 
coated with a thin layer of electrolytic 
copper which in turn is coated with a 
polymeric structure that protects it against 
oxidation. The novelty character of this 
advanced shielding material results from 
the fact that the structure of steel wire core 
wrapped in a pure copper shirt so it shields 
both electromagnetic radiation of low 
frequency and high frequency. Shielding at 
low frequency occurs by  earth leakage of 
the electric field captured by the copper 
coating and by  the resistive power 
consumption achieved by the steel core of 
low-frequency current. As already 
mentioned, high-frequency 
electromagnetic radiation shielding is 
achieved by eddy currents whose final 
effect is local heat generation. Given the 
fact that at high frequency currents of 
contact, including eddy currents inductive 
generated, moving to the area and not in 
the depth of conductors, metallic material 
thickness that provides the shielding may 
decrease more, in terms of ensuring an 
advanced shielding with increasing of  
frequency (Skin effect). Based on this 
consideration, electrolytic copper coatings 
thicknesses of several μm, made around 
some thin steel wires, are an excellent 
electrical conductor, and these threads 
woven in small meshes  constitute an 
advanced electromagnetic shielding means. 
At these advantages is added a price of  

low cost compared to other shielding 
materials and a durability provided by the  
polymer coating of metallic  wires that 
delivers an  advanced protection against 
oxidation of copper from the shielding nets 
throughout the duration of building 
structure which includes the space 
shielded. 
 
3. Technology and flow realization of 
composite  material for shielding 
electromagnetic radiation of low and 
high frequency 
  
In order to achieve the new 
electromagnetic shielding material authors 
have developed three ways of achieving 
nets of composite material. The first 
method is based on electrochemical 
deposition,  galvanically, a pure copper 
coating on some nets of thin wire steel, 
Figure 1. A second way of achieving 
shielding  meshes is chemically reducing  a 
thin layer of pure copper on  meshes made 
of thin steel wire, Figure 2.,  and the third 
way consists in electrochemical deposition 
without an external power of   thin pure 
copper layer on steel wire of nets, the same 
Figure 2. 
 
3.1. Flow and continuous line  
production of metallic nets for 
electromagnetic shielding obtained by 
galvanic deposition of high-purity 
copper on wire steel meshes  
 
The manufacturing flow consists in, Figure 
1,  a power supply unit which comprises a 
drum 1 rolling a primary net 2 with  
meshes of  thin steel wire, a pickling bath  
3 for steel wire primary net 2, a  bath 4  for 



Food and Environment Safety - Journal of Faculty of Food Engineering, Ştefan cel Mare University – Suceava 
Volume XIII, Issue 4  – 2014 

 

 
Cristian Florin ALEXUC, Gheorghe GUTT, Sonia AMARIEI, Contributions to achievement a composite material for 
advanced electromagnetic shielding of living and workspaces. First part- Shielding material, Volume XIII, Issue 4 – 2014, 
pg. 290 – 298 

295 
 

rinsing the net 2,  a bath 5a galvanic 
thermostated for electrochemical 
deposition of copper containing an 
galvanic electrolyte 6  based on copper 
cyanide   for the electrolytic deposition of 
a thin coating of pure copper on steel wire 
of primary mesh 2, a power source 7 for 
supplying electric current  of soluble 
electrolytic copper anode 8 and metallic  
drum  9  that powering primary steel mesh 
2 that form the cathode of galvanic bath 5, 
Figure 2, another rinsing bath 11 for  
intermediate metal mesh 12 of steel wire 
wrapped in a shirt of pure copper, a tunnel 
13 for drying intermediate metallic net  12, 
a impregnating bath 14 for wire of 
intermediate metallic net 12  with a 
monomer in order to provide advanced 
protection from oxidation of copper 
deposited electrolytically, a line 15 in UV 
for polymerization of monomer deposited 
on intermediate metal wire mesh 12, a start 
drum 16, and a drum winder 17 of the final 
shielding  net 18  having a composite 

structure of the type: thin steel wire - 
electrolytic copper shirt - polymeric shirt.  
Production line includes some drums Tg 
with  guiding- stretch role and some drums 
Tt with traction- return role.  
Operator mode to obtain electromagnetic 
shielding nets by galvanic deposition of 
copper is as follows: the drum 1 is installed 
for rolling the primary net 2 of  thin steel 
wire  meshes, the end of the primary net 2 
is attached by means of a cross-clamps 
belonging to a net of polymeric material. 
The latter net has the same width with the 
net of steel wire, its role only  for traction 
it up when metallic  net passes through all 
stages of process. The net of polymeric  
material is driven by the opening drum 16 
that is under winding drum 17. After 
connecting the two nets it commands the 
starting of continuous manufacturing 
operation of final shielding nets 18 
respecting the forward speed prescribed for 
their high quality. 

 
Fig.1. Flow and continuous line of manufacturing metallic electromagnetic shielding nets obtained by 
galvanic deposition of high-purity copper on nets of  wire steel. 1-rolling drum, 2-primary net  with steel 
wire, 3- pickling bath, 4- rinsing bath, 5a- galvanic bath thermostated, 6- galvanic electrolyte, 7- continuous 
current power supply, 8- electrolytic copper soluble anode, 9- metallic drum for powered on, 10- thermostat, 
11- rinsing bath, 12- intermediate net with steel wire wrapped in a shirt of pure copper, 13- drying tunnel, 14- 
impregnating bath with monomer, 15- line of monomer polymerization with  ultraviolet radiation, 16- 
opening drum  of rolling, 17- winder drum, 18- final net shielding with a composite structure type: thin steel 
wire-  electrolytic copper shirt - polymeric shirt,  Tg- drums of guiding - stretch role, Tt- drums of traction-
return role. 



Food and Environment Safety - Journal of Faculty of Food Engineering, Ştefan cel Mare University – Suceava 
Volume XIII, Issue 4  – 2014 

 

 
Cristian Florin ALEXUC, Gheorghe GUTT, Sonia AMARIEI, Contributions to achievement a composite material for 
advanced electromagnetic shielding of living and workspaces. First part- Shielding material, Volume XIII, Issue 4 – 2014, 
pg. 290 – 298 

296 
 

 

 
 

Fig.2. Flow and continuous production line of metallic nets for electromagnetic shielding obtained by 
electrochemical deposition of high-purity copper on  nets of wire steel, without using external power sources or 
deposition of copper  by chemical reduction.1- rolling drum, 2-primary net  of steel wire, 3- pickling bath, 4- 
rinsing bath, 5b-galvanic bath thermostated, 11- rinsing bath, 12- intermediate net with steel wire wrapped in a 
shirt of pure copper, 13- drying tunnel, 14- impregnating bath with monomer, 15- line of monomer 
polymerization with  ultraviolet radiation, 16- opening drum of rolling, 17- winder drum, 18- final net 
shielding with a composite structure type: thin steel wire-  electrolytic copper shirt – polymeric shir 

 
 

When the end of  final net shielding 18 
reaches the winding drum 17 clip cross 
coupling of two nets automatically unfolds 
and the end of the final net shielding 18 is 
routed to the winding drum 17, operation 
taking place until the primary net 2 is 
entirely consumed  from the rolling drum 
1.  In Figure 2 is shown a flow of 
continuous production of the metallic  net  
shielding based on the achievement of  
high-purity copper deposit through 
electrochemical process without external 
power and  chemical reduction of copper in 
a copper sulfate bath, on thin steel wire, 
forming the primary meshes that is  
presented in turn, as well as that of the first 
embodiment, as a winding drum. The 
manufacturing flow based on chemical 
reduction of copper consists in   a power 
supply unit which comprises a rolling 
drum 1 of a primary net 2 with meshes 
from thin steel wire, a  pickling bath 3 for 
steel wire of primary mesh 2, a rinsing bath 
4 of primary net 2, a thermostatic bath 5b 
for depositing copper by chemical 
reduction of copper from a sulfate 
electrolyte 6c on the basis of copper 
sulftate, another rinsing bath 11 of the 

metallic  intermediate net with the coated 
steel wire in a shirt of pure copper, a tunnel 
13 for drying the intermediate metallic  
net, a bath 14 for Impregnation of metallic 
intermediate net wire with a monomer in 
order to provide superior protection to 
oxidation of copper electrolytically 
deposited, a line 15 for polymerization in 
UV radiation of the monomer deposited on 
the metal wire of intermediate net,  drum 
16 to open roling and a winding drum 17 
of  final shielding net 18, the latter having, 
like in the first embodiment, a composite 
structure of the same type: thin steel wire- 
electrolytic copper shirt- polymeric shirt. 
The operating mode of this example  is 
identical to that of the  first embodiment. 
  
4. Conclusion 
 
The composite material for shielding of 
living and  workspaces to electromagnetic 
radiation of low and high frequency 
presented in the paper is an achievement of 
authors team concerned to ensure an 
acceptable electromagnetic compatibility 
with the environment using for this 
purpose modern and efficient solutions.The 



Food and Environment Safety - Journal of Faculty of Food Engineering, Ştefan cel Mare University – Suceava 
Volume XIII, Issue 4  – 2014 

 

 
Cristian Florin ALEXUC, Gheorghe GUTT, Sonia AMARIEI, Contributions to achievement a composite material for 
advanced electromagnetic shielding of living and workspaces. First part- Shielding material, Volume XIII, Issue 4 – 2014, 
pg. 290 – 298 

297 
 

solution described combine into a single 
material in the form of nets, a high 
shielding capacity both against  low-
frequency radiation and high frequency 
radiation. By shielding performance and 
low cost price,  shielding nets described 
are recommended for advanced shielding 
of all six sides of living or workspace. 
Material forming shielding meshes of nets 
consists  in thin steel wires coated with 
high-purity copper and  outer polymeric 
coating for protection against copper 
oxidation. The nets can be invisible placed 
under the plaster of a certain space making 
its advanced electromagnetic shielding 
throughout the duration of the building to 
which it belongs. Full description of the 
manufacturing process flow of shielding 
nets enables immediate addressing of their 
production. 
 
5. References 
 
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t#mediaviewer/Datei:Skin_depth_by_Zureks.png 

 

 

 



Food and Environment Safety - Journal of Faculty of Food Engineering, Ştefan cel Mare University – Suceava 
Volume XIII, Issue 4  – 2014 

 

 
Cristian Florin ALEXUC, Gheorghe GUTT, Sonia AMARIEI, Contributions to achievement a composite material for 
advanced electromagnetic shielding of living and workspaces. First part- Shielding material, Volume XIII, Issue 4 – 2014, 
pg. 290 – 298 

298 
 

 
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