Microsoft Word - 3 Torosyan In FIA ROMANIA _1_.doc


Food and Environment Safety - Journal of Faculty of Food Engineering, Ştefan cel MareUniversity - Suceava  
Volume XI, Issue 1 – 2012 

 

 
 

23 

 
ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS AT REALIZATION OF ACTIVE INFLUENCE 

ON HAIL PROCESSES 
 

Suren HOVSEPYAN1,  Yeva TOROSYAN2, Gagik TOROSYAN3*  
 
 

1 State commercial organization “ The service of active influence  on atmospheric processes 
”, Yerevan, РА, hovsepyansuren@mail.ru 

2European Regional Educational Academy, Yerevan, Armenia, yevatorosyan@yahoo.com 
3State Engineering University of Armenia, department of chemical technology & environmental 

engineering, Yerevan, Armenia, gagiktorosyan@seua.am 
        *Corresponding author  

Received 10 November 2011, accepted 15 February 2012 
 

 
 
Abstract: The problems of environmental pollution are discussed at realization of activities of 
active influencet on hail. The results on application effective and rather ecological secure 
method against hail of protection in terrain of Republic Armenia are leaded. It`s necessary to 
realize activities on hail the continuous radar control of changes of aircraft attitude of clouds 
evolution.  
Technology of protection from hailstones beaten, as any technologies of environmental 
impact, should be ecological secure. Therefore one of prominent aspects for an estimation of 
technologies of protection from hail is the estimation of levels of an ill effect on an 
environment, collateral effects and ecological safety of used technologies. 
An effect is recognized successful, if the radar parameters of a cloud descend or terminate to 
grow, in this case cloud passes in stage of dissipation. One of the symptoms of a dissipation of 
polycell cloud is the termination of originating of filial cells or transition in one cell with 
cloud tendentious destructions of last cell. The agriculture of Armenia is responsive to 
instability of a climate and consequently requires to protection. The agriculture is in 
econiomical trouble and has low adaptation. 
The purpose of the present paper is: detection of contamination of an ambient environment in 
region against hails activities. 
 
Keywords: Environmental pollution, hail, hailstones, cannon, radar, cloud dissipation, noise,  
 
 
 
 
1. Introduction 
 
Hail can cause serious damage for society - 
and most commonly for agriculture, for 
farmer`s crops. Hail occurs most 
frequently within continental interiors at 
mid-latitudes and is less common in the 
tropics, despite a much higher frequency of 
thunderstorms than in the midlatitudes [1 ]. 

When hail stones exceed 13 mm in 
diameter the automobiles, aircraft, 
skylights, glasses and other planes can be 
seriously damaged within seconds [2]. 
Rarely, massive hailstones can to cause 
concussions or fatal head trauma [ 3 ], for 
instance, hail is one of India`s, China`s and 
Canada's most expensive hazards [ 3,4 ]. 



Food and Environment Safety - Journal of Faculty of Food Engineering, Ştefan cel MareUniversity - Suceava  
Volume XI, Issue 1 – 2012 

 

 
 

24 

Hail is formed in space and time an 
incidentally, but it`s a possible to insure 
against this damage. One of method for 
hail insuring hail formation and against 
hail fall processes are used the hail 
cannons. The cannon is a large impressive 
apparatus, it makes a lot of noise, and it 
comes with confidence-building detailed 
instruction. More ever, any times that are 
used the acetylene explosion for sound 
and infrared waves burning. That make 
also ecological problem for surrounding.   
In the present paper the problems of early 
warning of ecological danger in region of 
realization of fissile effects are discussed. 
The agriculture of Armenia is responsive 
to instability of a climate and consequently 
requires to protection. The agriculture is in 
econiomical trouble and has low 
adaptation. 
The extreme weather phenomena invoke 
sometimes loss of crop. So, in 2009 around 
9 dangerous phenomena of hail took place, 
when diameter of hailstones made 20 mms 
and more, from behind that agricultural 
branch of country the huge damage was is 
marked. Because of hail activities, with 
2005 for 2010 from behind hail the people 
- three have perished 
Technology of protection from hailstones 
beaten, as any technologies of 
environmental impact, should be 
ecological secure, Therefore one of 
prominent aspects for an estimation of 
technologies of protection from hail is the 
estimation of levels of an ill effect on an 
environment, collateral effects and 
ecological safety of used technologies. 
 
Discussion  
 
In the present paper the problems of early 
warning of ecological danger in region of 
realization of active influence on hail are 
discussed. 
It is known, the interplay implements on 
hail processes by operating depositing ice 
formed reactants directly in on cloudy 

medium, in area laying ahead hail 
formation  [5]. The hail cannons are used 
for that process. The cannon are large 
impressive apparatus, it makes a lot of 
noise, and it comes with confidence-
building detailed instruction. More ever, 
any times that are used the acetylene 
explosion for rocket moving. That make 
also ecological problem for surrounding. 
The rockets used against hails basically 
consist of a nose cone, engine, deflocculant 
with pens and system of safety control. 
The nose cone of rockets is supplied with 
the pyrotechnic generator of crystallizing 
aerosols of silver iodide. The engines are 
equipped with ballistic firm fuel. The 
security system contains a charge of 
explosives with hollow-charge extractions 
ensuring splitting of cotton-bakelite bodies 
of rockets on small-sized debris. 
For example, the rocket „Alazav” against 
hails has a duraluminium body, engine and 
parachute system of safety control. The 
generator of crystallizing fragments is the 
sustainer equipped with mixed fuel with 
%2 -s' contents of silver iodide (Agl), 
creating indispensable thrust force on all 
flight path. And, the rocket „WR-98Z” 
automatically starts to reduce landing 
speed of a rocket.  
So, the pollution of the environment in 
case of activities against hailstones with 
application of rocket technology of 
protection is conditioned by the following 
factors: 
1.  Contamination of free air, soil and 
water of the open pools by combustion 
products of pyrotechnic structures, reactant 
of an inoculation (Agl), charge of engines 
and explosive of a system of self-
liquidation of bodies (debris and oddments 
of bodies) against hailstones  of rockets; 
2.  The derivated fumes of 
combustion products particulate is 
outwashed by precipitations and fall in 
soil, in the open pools in atmosphere, are 
diffused by airflows and are born for limits 
of defended terrains. The formation of 



Food and Environment Safety - Journal of Faculty of Food Engineering, Ştefan cel MareUniversity - Suceava  
Volume XI, Issue 1 – 2012 

 

 
 

25 

iodate acid and its potassium salt is 
connected to interplay the iodine with 
strong oxidants, much more likely with 
ozone.   It is necessary to mark, that much 
more likely, the oxidation is promoted by 
strong ozone formation during a 
thunderstorm. 
It was earlier rotined, that the level of 
contamination of environment at 
realization anti tail activities by iodides, 
reaction products is lower than the sanitary 
regulations, though the writers approve 
there can be strong local contaminations 
[6].  
 
AgI   -------- AgJO3 + HJO3+  I2  +  HJ 
 
The derivated materials are toxic in a 
miscellaneous degree toxic activity. For 
example, even such widespread material as 
the iodine has toxic effect on the people at 
absorption more than 1 milligram. The 
maximum tolerable dose of the iodine for 
the miscellaneous age qualifications of the 
people is determined in the field of doses 
0,150 and 1,000 mg per day. The 
elementary iodine is toxic, and its fume 
stimulates of an eyes and pulmones. All 
iodides also are toxic in reduced limits, as 
the iodine, on the chemical nature is easily 
freed at stand from an iodide anion 
containing compounds [7]. Moreover, 
known isotope - Iodine 131 - one of 
radioactive materials, live in atmospheric 
test of automatic weapons. Reduced causes 
to transition to new technologies of 
processing of hail clouds. 

      The rocket-artillery method on active 
influence hail processes is the most 
expensive method.  
Besides there are also other of this method: 
-The inoculation of clouds is made anti-
hail by shells or rockets issued with 
cannon KC-19, rocket installation TKB-40, 
or other /  anti-hail installations /this 
military weapon/. 
- The rockets and the shells are unguided, 
after launch a rocket or shell can knock 

dawn from a pathway and detonate in the 
other place, that can result in tragical 
consequences. 
- The statistics of country of CIS on the 
average annually spend 187500 rockets, 
rockets firings with tragical outcome 94 
- The usages of this methods, before launch 
anti-hail items are necessary need the 
sanction from bodies(organs) of aircraft, it 
detains spent activities on anti-hail to 
protection 
- In a consequence of realization of 
perennial activities on anti hail protection 
there is, a contamination of free air, soil, 
water of the open pools etc., are diffused 
by airflows and are born for limits 
defended територий. 
There is account documentation: 
  

- The stuffs of overseeings by a 
condition of atmosphere in a site of 
negotiations of activities on active 
influence on hail processes on 
paper and electronic carriers,  

- The concludings of organizations 
and experts on stuffs of 
observations, 

- Minutes of commissions extending 
the concludings of organizations 
and the specialists. 

 
For a super-power cloud of hail one of the 
first symptom for discontinuance of hail 
formation in a cloud is the steady lowering 
of a zone heightened radar reflection on a 
wavelength λ   = 10 cm. The reduction of 
the geometrical sizes of a shed, and also 
absence of a zone of a gentle radio echo 
are symptoms of the discontinuance of new 
development of a cloud and formation in a 
cloud of new blastemals of hailstones. 
The basic symptom of transition of hail  
cell in stage of dissipation are: 
- The steady reduction of the size of falling 
out hailstones; 
- The steady reduction of probability of 
loss of hails or complex yardstick of hail 
risk; 



Food and Environment Safety - Journal of Faculty of Food Engineering, Ştefan cel MareUniversity - Suceava  
Volume XI, Issue 1 – 2012 

 

 
 

26 

- The steady reduction maximum radar 
reflection of a cloud; 
- The downturn of a radio echo maximum; 
-  The reduction of horizontal gradients 
radar reflection in a zone at a level of 1-3 
kms overland: 
-  The downturn of high bound of a zone 
heightened radar reflection λ   = 10 cm is 
lower than a level of an isotherm -10oС; 
- The activity in a mode of exposure 
implements so long as above defended or 
accumbent terrains are watched hail risk of 
a cloud. 
The outcomes of experiment are estimated 
by commission, in a structure which one 
included the specialists in the field of 
atmospheric physics and meteorology. 
Recently large application is found audio-
signal generators with a directional sound 
wave - technological “know-how” in this 
area. In these generators as fuel will be 
used either gas of acetylene or propane-
butane gas. Though acetylene has a high 
scale of endothermicity and at incineration 
the plenty of heat is excreted, usage of this 
gas for some reasons should be eliminated. 
On our view the reasonable causes for 
transition to system propane - butane, 
which one ecological cleaner in many 
aspects. Usage of acetylene in fuel grade as 
contrasted to this gas creates following 
troubles:  
1.  Acetylene in a mixture with 
oxygen blasts out in a very broad band of 
concentrations. The explosion-hazard 
decreases at a dilution of acetylene with 
inert gases, for example N2. 
2.  Acetylene blasts out at the 
temperature of about 500oC or pressure 
above 0,2 MP At long-lived stand in 
copper medium will be formed copper 
acetylenide, that blasts out at impact or 
temperature rise. Therefore at storage of 
acetylene the stuffs keeping cuprum (for 
example, valves of bottles) will not be 
used. 
3.  Difficulty of storage, / store and 
transport it in filled inert porous weight 

(for example, char coal) steel bottles of 
white colour (with a red placard "«A") by 
the way of solution in an acetone under 
pressure 1,5-2,5 MP./ 
4.  Toxicity / 0.3 mg/m3 /. Though it is 
considered, that of acetylene has gentle 
toxic operating, in matching about a 
propane - butane fraction, that despite of a 
smaller endothermicity, is less toxic on 
1000 times  / 300 mg/m3 /, is less 
explosion-hazard, storage is less 
problematic. 
It is necessary to mark, that at combustion 
of using organic compounds the same 
materials are excreted water and carbon 
dioxide. However, for acetylenes is formed 
more carbon dioxide - / about 15 %/: 
    
 
2C2H2    +   5O2  -------    4CO2 + 2H2O 

 
2C3H8  +  10 O2 -------     6CO2 + 8H2O 
 
2C4H10  + 13 O2 -------     8CO2 + 10 H2O    
         
Now the problem to made everything for 
reduction quantity of carbon dioxide /  
Kioto`s protocol / . So that, and in this 
aspect, application of a mixture the 
propane - butane is more justified. 
The propane - butane fraction is liquefied 
easily (below 0oC and on normal pressure 
or at heightened pressure and customary 
temperature – volatile liquid) and 
transported, nor creates of any difficulties 
with stuffs of storing systems.  
The application of acetylene is connected 
also to high operating cost. So, 40 liter 
bottles acetylene contain 7,4 kgs of 
acetylene, with the cost about 110 
000AmD /300 US dollars /, in that врема 
as 40 liters жжиженного the propane - 
butane of a fraction from 20 kgs of gas 
costs 20 000 AmD /about 55 US dollars /. 
Acetylene it is possible to store no more 
than 6 months, then the bottle can be 
blasted. In case of explosion the trotil 
equivalent of an acethylene bottle is peer 
2,75кг. The explosion of an acetylene 



Food and Environment Safety - Journal of Faculty of Food Engineering, Ştefan cel MareUniversity - Suceava  
Volume XI, Issue 1 – 2012 

 

 
 

27 

bottle results to let of metallical debris up 
to 300м. Therefore, from many aspects, 
and with ecological, there is a necessity of 
replacement of acetylene on propane - 
butane a fraction. By the way, it 5-6 times 
more cheaply acetylene, and is easy to 
application. 
The reduced data convincingly testify to 
expediency of usage of propane - butane in 
fuel grade for audio-signal generators. 

        The efficiency of a method makes 
approximately 70 %.  
 
The noise problem: The noise is new 
danger from environment. 
The noise hinders strain-relief 
crystallization, dream, dialogue, also to 
activity, therefore can lower a quality of 
life and damage to health. It is necessary to 
mark, that the WHO / World health 
organization/ now prolongs researches on 
influencing a noise on a human body. It is 
necessary to mark, million of the people 
live in constant acoustic discomfort,  
because of the proximity to the places of 
residence of transportation facilities - 
automobile, rail-way, aircraft. Strong 
acoustic influencing have also means of 
military engineering.   
The measurements on definition of a noise 
are conducted at explosions on devices 
RFT-000/17 and RFT- 000/28. The 
measurements are conducted as in a 
building, where is located acoustic anti-
hail of a cannon, and outside of a building. 
The greatest noise effect on regime Lin 
and C In a building in case of an 
acethylene bottle made 130 db, and case a 
propane - butane of a fraction is 164 db. In 
escaping the acoustic end on 0,5 m in 
impulse mode the sound strength makes 
174дб, and in a mode Lin and C - 168. In 
case of acetylenes are 149 db and 139 db 
accordingly. 
 
Estimation of efficiency anti-hail 
activities: 

Essential variability of repeatability and 
intensity of hails phenomena in space and 
time during a season, and also their annual 
variability, make an estimation of 
efficiency of simulated interference to 
extremely problem. It can be executed only 
on the basis of the analysis and 
confrontation of the perennial data. 
In this case at an estimation of those or 
diverse methods of simulated effect on hail 
processes are planned an experiment with a 
randomization of simulated interference. It 
allows to receive two independent series of 
observations, in which one the clouds 
subjected and which are not subjected to 
effect, selected are assorted on the basis of 
definite and identical to both series of 
yardsticks. 
The value of efficiency is calculated under 
the formula most often used in global 
practice of active effects for such 
estimations: 

 
E = (1 - Si/S0) 100 %, 
 

        Where are: 
         Si – the area of damage by hail of 
agricultural cultures in the season of 
realization of anti hail activities, reduced to 
a unit area.  
         S0 - will use or perennial mean area 
of damage by hail in terrains, defended 
from hail prior to the beginning activities 
on hail safety, or area of damage by 
hailstones in monitoring terrains for the 
compared season, also reduced to a unit 
area.  
The selection of monitoring terrain 
implements pursuant to the requirements: 
identical with terrains, defended from hail 
physical - geographical and climatic 
features of terrains comparable hail 
dangers, including on the areas hail 
beating.  
 
 
 
 
 



Food and Environment Safety - Journal of Faculty of Food Engineering, Ştefan cel MareUniversity - Suceava  
Volume XI, Issue 1 – 2012 

 

 
 

28 

4. Conclusion  
 
On fulfilment of the present investigation it 
is detected following for usage influence 
against hail means on environment: 

- The most effective way of strife 
against hail is the method, though a 
noise level little bit high as 
contrasted to acethylene analog. -  

- Considerable effect on health of the 
person because of contamination by 
movable sources 

- Though in the article the given 
problem is not discussed, however 
it is necessary to take into account:   

- a/ low efficiency of verification of 
quality monitoring systems of air 

- b/ the old equipment low 
technological level of are resulting 
in to considerable emissions. 

 
5. Acknowledgments  
 
This paper was supported in framework of 
project “Climate Change, contamination 
and risk” in the field of scientific 
researches on environment in Ministry of 
Extremal Situation RA and SEUA

 
 
6. References 
 
[1]. W.H. HAND, CAPPELLUTI G. (2011). A 

global hail climatology using the UK Met 
Office convection diagnosis procedure (CDP) 
and model analyses". Meteorological 
Applications (Meteorological Applications. 
Wiley)., 18 (4), 446. 

[2]. DAMIR P., ŽELJKO V., JANEZ ST. (2009) 
Hail characteristics of different regions in 
continental part of Croatia based on influence 
of orography". Atmospheric Research, 93 (1–
3),516. 

[3]. JOHN E. O. (2005).Encyclopedia of World 
Climatology, Springer.401. 

 
 
 
 

[4]. DONGXIA L., GUILI F., SHUJUN Wu. 
(2009) The characteristics of cloud-to-ground 
lightning activity in hailstorms over northern 
China". Atmospheric Research, 91 (2–4): 459–
465. 

[5]. ABSHAEV M.T.( 1081) Opretaive control of 
hail influeneffectivity VGI. N. 72,  81-99. 

[6]. ABESASHVILI L.Sh., SUNATISHVILI G.D., 
Iodine  and  containing in Kakhetia soil, IGAN 
Georgia, ( 1982) N.19,  6-93,. 

[7]. PENNINGTON J.A.T., ( 1990): A review of 
iodine toxicity reports..Journal of the American 
Dietetic Association,  v90.n11, 1571(11).