84 

 

Journal homepage: www.fia.usv.ro/fiajournal 

Journal of Faculty of Food Engineering,  

Ştefan cel Mare University of Suceava, Romania  

Volume XIX, Issue 1- 2020, pag. 84   -  91 

 

 

PRACTICES OF BIOSECURITY MEASURES AND THEIR CONSEQUENCES ON 

POULTRY FARMS IN ABIDJAN DISTRICT 

*Gblossi Bernadette GOUALIE
1 
, Souleymane BAKAYOKO

2
, Kalpy Julien COULIBALY

2
 

1Laboratory of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biosciences, Felix Houphouet-Boigny University, Abidjan, 22 BP 582 

Abidjan, Ivory Coast, bettygoualie@yahoo.fr 
2Institut Pasteur of Côte d’Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire 

*Corresponding author 

Received 18th February 2020, accepted 25th March 2020 
Abstract:  
In Côte d'Ivoire, poultry farming is an important source of income for many people. However, the 

industry faces many health constraints that cause enormous economic losses. Since implementation of 

biosecurity measures is known to reduce the risk of disease transmission, the aim of this study is to 
analyze the biosecurity measures applied in poultry farms in Abidjan district. Therefore, 91 farms 

were investigated using a face‐to‐face interview‐based questionnaire. The questionnaire consisted of 
question sets related to production characteristics and the biosecurity components. The results 

revealed that the majority of farms were broilers chicken (69.65 %) and laying hens (28.35%). 
Regarding isolation of farms, 45% had no physical barriers around the farms and in 41% of the farms 

visited, the presence of other farm animals was observed. Concerning sanitation, the biosecurity level 

was low for 98.5% of farms with only one cleaning process of poultry houses between two flocks. 
However, using disinfectants is implemented in all visited farms. The most frequently symptoms 

observed are loss of appetite, weakness, weight loss, respiratory problems, coughing, fever, and 

diarrhea. But in 79 % of cases many animal deaths were due to diarrheal diseases. The majority of 

farmers (89 %) use as soon as the first symptoms appear, various antibiotics like macrolides, Beta-
Lactamines, tetracyclines, fluoroquinolones, aminosides and polymycines. The low implementation 

level of biosecurity measures and overuse of antibiotics in poultry farms suggests that government 

officials should monitor the issues of biosecurity and the use of antibiotics in this sector very seriously. 

 
Keywords: Poultry sector, Hygien practices, Biosecurity, Drugs overuse 

 

1. Introduction 

 

Poultry farming is a key factor in the 

development of many nations, both for 

nutritional and economic reasons [1]. In 

Côte d'Ivoire, the poultry production sector 

accounts for nearly 5% of agricultural 

Gross domestic product (GPD) and 2% of 

total GPD [2]. In 2017, for example, total 

revenue was estimated at around US$48 

million [3], corresponding to 44,000 tons 

of poultry meat and 36,000 tons of eggs. 

This covered 90% of the population's 

poultry meat needs and 100% of its egg 

needs.  In addition, the Ivorian government 

intends to increase this performance by 

reaching 60,000 tons of poultry meat and 

more than 1.678 billion eggs/year in 2020 

to fully cover the population's animal 

protein needs [3].    

The poultry industry is made up of two 

sectors, traditional poultry farming and 

modern poultry farming.  In the modern 

production system, breeders generally use 

imported breeds that have a very high 

productivity compared to local breeds, 

making the poultry sector very dynamic 

compared to the traditional production 

system in Côte d'Ivoire [3]. However, this 

sector faces many problems including 

various pathologies that lead to a 

significant drop in meat and egg 

production. The most common pathologies 

are Gumboro and Newcastle diseases, 

http://www.fia.usv.ro/fiajournal
mailto:bettygoualie@yahoo.fr


Food and Environment Safety - Journal of Faculty of Food Engineering, Ştefan cel Mare University - Suceava 

Volume XIX, Issue 1 – 2020 

Gblossi Bernadette GOUALIE, Souleymane BAKAYOKO, Kalpy Julien COULIBALY, Practices of biosecurity 
measures and their consequences on poultry farms in Abidjan district, Food and Environment Safety, Volume XIX, Issue 1 – 
2020, pag. 84  – 91 

 

 

85 

salmonellosis, collibacillosis and avian 

coccidiosis [4]. The production loss caused 

by these diseases is estimated at 39.45%, 

corresponding to more than US$ 5.2 

million [5]. The occurrence of these 

diseases is generally due to poor control of 

biosecurity measures [6]. During poultry 

production indeed, biosecurity measures 

help to prevent the introduction of 

pathogens into the farm (external 

biosecurity or bio-exclusion) and to 

prevent the spread of the disease to 

uninfected animals on the farm or to other 

farms where the pathogen is already 

present (internal biosecurity or bio-

containment) [7]. These biosecurity 

measures include the application of 

hygiene rules in poultry farms and the 

implementation of preventive means such 

as vaccination [8]. Thus, the aim of this 

study is to analyze the biosecurity 

measures applied in poultry farms in 

Abidjan district. These data could 

contribute to a better understanding of the 

economic losses due to many diseases 

affecting animals during the rearing 

process, to improve sanitary conditions in 

poultry farms and reduce the use of 

antibiotics in this sector in our country. 

 

2. Matherials and methods 

 

Study area and farm selection criteria 

The study was carried out from January to 

June 2018 on poultry farms located in 

district of Abidjan (in the south of Côte 

d'Ivoire). The subdivisions Bingerville, 

port-Bouet, Ayama and Yopougon were 

chosen due to the importance of poultry 

farming in these locations (figure 1). The 

district of Abidjan lies between longitude 

4° 1' 59.999" W of the Greenwish meridian 

and latitude 5° 19' 0.001" N of the equator. 

This region is characterized by a typical 

humid tropical climate with temperature 

ranges between 22 ° C and 32 ° C and a 

precipitation evaluated to 787 mm and 

1500 mm throughout the year [9].  

  

 
Fig 1. Map of the district of Abidjan (in the south of Côte d'Ivoire) indicating the study area 

 

 



Food and Environment Safety - Journal of Faculty of Food Engineering, Ştefan cel Mare University - Suceava 

Volume XIX, Issue 1 – 2020 

Gblossi Bernadette GOUALIE, Souleymane BAKAYOKO, Kalpy Julien COULIBALY, Practices of biosecurity 
measures and their consequences on poultry farms in Abidjan district, Food and Environment Safety, Volume XIX, Issue 1 – 
2020, pag. 84  – 91 

 

 

86 

Questionnaire design and Selection of 

farms 

The questionnaire consisted of question 

sets related to production characteristics 

(farm size, breed and production system, 

using of antibiotics among others) and 

biosecurity components (isolation and 

sanitation   items). Questions were 

constructed based on the epidemiology of 

common chicken's diseases in Côte 

d'Ivoire.   

The survey based on the formulated 

questionnaire was carried out through a 

face‐to‐face interview between the 
researcher and the farmers and personal 

observations of the researcher. Only farm’s 

with at least 100 chicken heads were 

selected for the survey.  

 

Determination of the adoption level of 

evaluated parameters by farmers 

The adoption level of a given parameter 

was obtained by dividing the total number 

of farms applying that measure by the total 

number of visited farms. The ratio was 

expressed as a percentage. 

 

3. Results and discussion 
 

General characteristics of poultry 

husbandry from visited farms  

A total of 91 poultry farms were visited 

during this survey. Of these farms, 27 were 

in Bingerville, 33 in Port-Bouet, 21 in 

Ayama and 10 were located in Yopougon. 

Generally, in all visited farms, the number 

of animals ranged from 150 to 2,000 

heads. Moreover, broilers chicken and 

laying hens farming is the most developed 

with respectively in 69.65% and 28.35% of 

visited farms. These results are similar 

with finding of Bitty [10] that has showed 
that poultry production in Abidjan area is 

dominated by the breeding of broilers 

chicken. According to this author, increase 

of chicken meat consumption in this area 

would lead to the increase of broilers 

chicken breeding. Among the visited 

farms, only 35% are headed by farmers 

with basic certificate in poultry production 

system. Despite, only 5.4 %   regularly use 

a veterinary service for animal health 

monitoring. This fact could lead to bad 

poultry breeding conditions, misdiagnosis 

in cases of diseases and therefore 

inadequate therapeutic treatment [11, 12]. 
Application of biosecurity measures 

In general, the application of the 

biosecurity procedures is essential for the 

success of any type of animal production. 

Indeed, biosecurity measures reduce the 

risk of introducing pathogens during the 

poultry production processes [13] and then 

reduce financial losses [14]. In this study, 
we focused on two aspects of biosecurity 

during the poultry production process, 

namely farm isolation and on-farm hygiene 

practices. 

The isolation of the farm  

On 45% of the farms visited, no physical 

barriers were observed around the farms. 

However, 39.5% of the farms had a metal 

or plastic sheeting fence, while 15.5% had 

a real brick fence around the farm. The 

absence of a physical barrier such as real 

brick in most of the poultry farms visited 

could promote the free movement of 

rodents and wild birds, which are potential 

sources of contamination of chickens by 

various pathogenic microbes [15]. In 
addition, proximity between the different 

farms visited (within 100 meters) was 

observed in more than 98% of cases. 

Dosso [16] made the same observations in 
poultry farms in the Agnibilékro area. In 

41% of the farms visited, the presence of 

other farm animals (pigs, rabbits, other 

poultry, etc.) and pets (dogs, cats) was 

observed. These animals could be 

microbial sources of contamination of 

chickens. Indeed, pigs are generally 

carriers of many pathogens such as 

Salmonella, E. coli, coccidia.   



Food and Environment Safety - Journal of Faculty of Food Engineering, Ştefan cel Mare University - Suceava 

Volume XIX, Issue 1 – 2020 

Gblossi Bernadette GOUALIE, Souleymane BAKAYOKO, Kalpy Julien COULIBALY, Practices of biosecurity 
measures and their consequences on poultry farms in Abidjan district, Food and Environment Safety, Volume XIX, Issue 1 – 
2020, pag. 84  – 91 

 

 

87 

On the other hand, the proximity observed 

between farms could allow the spread of 

pathogenic microorganisms from one farm 

to another. Indeed, studies conducted in 

Denmark, Netherlands and Australia have 

shown a relationship between the risk of 

infection of chickens and the distance 

between farms respectively for Gumboro 

disease [17], H7N7 avian influenza [18] 

and Newcastle disease [19]. These authors 
indicated that the probability of occurrence 

of these infections decreased with 

increasing distance between farms. 

Vandekerchove et al. [20] also showed 
that the probability of colibacillosis 

decreased six-fold with a 1 km increase in 

distance between herds. Therefore, the 

proximity observed between the farms 

visited could explain the different 

pathologies affecting many farms and the 

huge economic losses estimated at more 

than US$ 5.2 millions per year in the 

poultry sector in Côte d'Ivoire [21- 23]. 
 

Hygiene practices on farms 

In general, poultry are housed in a poultry 

house built with a concrete floor (100 %). 

This could be a major advantage that could 

facilitate the disinfection process [24]. 
Poultry farmers reported that cleaning of 

poultry houses is carried out once (98.5 %) 

or twice (1.5 %) between two flocks. The 

majority (64.71 %) of owners use a sodium 

hypochlorite solution for this disinfection.  

Some owners (31.51 %) also reported that 

they use other disinfectants such as lime, 

methylene blue and formaldehyde in 

addition to sodium hypochlorite solution. 

In all farms visited, farmers also indicated 

that they cleaned feeders at the same 

frequency. However, the use of detergents 

(such as sodium hypochlorite) during 

cleaning could help to maximize the 

removal of pathogenic flora that 

contaminates poultry houses. In addition, 

on most of the farms visited, farmers 

cleaned the water troughs daily, using 

simple water without detergent. This daily 

operation avoids the proliferation of 

pathogenic flora in the drinkers but is 

insufficient due to the absence of 

disinfectant. 

Symptoms of poultry diseases and 

antibiotic treatment 

More than 98% of farmers in the study 

area reported that the symptoms frequently 

encountered in cases of disease include 

loss of appetite, weakness, weight loss, 

respiratory problems, coughing, fever, 

diarrhea (Figure 2). Moreover, according 

to these farmers, the pathologies actually 

identified are fowl plague (7.69 %), 

Gumboro disease (9.89 %), cocidiosis 

(12.08 %) and infectious bronchitis (5.49 

%). Thus, in the majority of cases (more 

than 64 %), the causes of these symptoms 

remain unknown or are not investigated.  It 

should also be noted that 79 % of farmers 

indicated that many animal deaths were 

due to diarrheal diseases. According to the 

farmers surveyed, losses due to these 

diseases can range between 5 and 100 % of 

the animals.  

Since the late 1970s, the poultry sector has 

witnessed the emergence or re-emergence 

of at least one infectious disease every year 

on average [25]. According to Barnes et al. 

[26], these diseases can be divided into 
two classes, namely production diseases 

affecting animal performance and classical 

pathologies. Production diseases can be 

responsible for growth retardation and, in 

severe cases, can lead to the death of the 

majority of the flock within a few days.  

 



Food and Environment Safety - Journal of Faculty of Food Engineering, Ştefan cel Mare University - Suceava 

Volume XIX, Issue 1 – 2020 

Gblossi Bernadette GOUALIE, Souleymane BAKAYOKO, Kalpy Julien COULIBALY, Practices of biosecurity 
measures and their consequences on poultry farms in Abidjan district, Food and Environment Safety, Volume XIX, Issue 1 – 
2020, pag. 84  – 91 

 

 

88 

 

Fig 2. Symptoms reported by Abidjan disctrict poultry farmers 

The occurrence of production diseases is 

generally due to a lack of biosecurity 

measures on farms [27]. Indeed, the 

problem seems to have become more 

alarming in recent decades; the prevalence 

of these diseases is increasing, particularly 

on modern farms. To overcome these 

problems, farmers are turning to the 

overuse of antibiotics. 

In our survey, the majority of farmers 

surveyed (89 %) indicated that, as soon as 

the first symptoms appear, various 

antibiotics are used (Table 1) in order to 

better cover many types of pathologies. 

These drugs are most often used in 

combination (71.42 %) in order to increase 

their effectiveness. These combinations 

generally include Tylosin combined with 

Tetracyclines and/or Amoxiciline-

Clavulanic Acid, Colistin and 

Streptomycin. These antibiotics would be 

used prophylactically (in 100 % of the 

farms visited), although antibiotics such as 

tylosin and enrofloxacin are well known to 

be growth promoters.The use of several 

families of antibiotics is probably 

responsible for the emergence of bacterial 

strains resistant to these and other 

antibiotics of these families in the poultry 

industry in Côte d'Ivoire [28, 29]. Indeed, 

several studies have shown that the 

increase in antibiotic-resistant bacterial 

strains could be linked to selection 

pressure for these strains resulting from the 

uncontrolled use of antibiotics in the 

livestock sector [30 - 32]. In addition, 

some families of identified antibiotics are 

also used in human medicine, suggesting a 

risk of therapeutic failure in the treatment 

of human bacterial infections [33]. It is 

therefore necessary to seek new 

approaches to limit the use of antibiotics in 

poultry farming.  Furthermore, according 

to the survey data, 85.41% of the farmers 

surveyed generally purchase these drugs 

without a prescription from a veterinarian, 



Food and Environment Safety - Journal of Faculty of Food Engineering, Ştefan cel Mare University - Suceava 

Volume XIX, Issue 1 – 2020 

Gblossi Bernadette GOUALIE, Souleymane BAKAYOKO, Kalpy Julien COULIBALY, Practices of biosecurity 
measures and their consequences on poultry farms in Abidjan district, Food and Environment Safety, Volume XIX, Issue 1 – 
2020, pag. 84  – 91 

 

 

89 

while only 14.59 % of poultry farmers 

always seek the services of a veterinarian 

before using antibiotics. These data 

confirm the absence of a system for 

monitoring the supply and use of 

antibiotics in semi-industrial poultry farms 

in Côte d'Ivoire, as previously observed by 

Ouattara et al. [34]. 

 

Table 1:  

Antibiotics used in the farms visited 

 

Drugs use in visited farms Antibiotic family  Frequency (%) 

Tylosin Macrolide 26.37 

Amoxicillin-Clavulanic acid Beta-Lactamine 2.11 

Association of Amoxicillin-Colistin Beta-Lactam and Polymycin 3.29 

Tetracyclin Tetracyclines 20.87 

Flumequin quinolones 5.49 

Enrofloxacin Fluoroquinolones 8.79 

Streptomycin Aminosides 12.08 

Oxytetracyclin  Tetracyclines 18.68 

Association of Oxytetracyclin-Doxycline Tetracyclines 6.59 

Gentamycin Aminosides 3.29 

Association of Gentamycin-Doxycline Aminosides and Tetracyclines 6.59 

Colistin  Polymycin 8.79 

 

4. Conclusion 

 

In conclusion, the low implementation 

level of BM suggests that farmers still 

have a long way to go and that government 

officials should handle the issue of 

biosecurity in poultry farming sectors very 

seriously. Moreover, the overuse of 

antibiotics could lead to the increase in 

antibiotic-resistant bacterial flora. 

Therefore, it is necessary to seek new 

approaches to limit the use of antibiotics in 

poultry farming.   

 

5. Acknowledgments  

 

The authors would like to thank the poultry 

producers of the District of Abidjan for 

their kind cooperation for the success of 

the study. 

 
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Volume XIX, Issue 1 – 2020 

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Food and Environment Safety - Journal of Faculty of Food Engineering, Ştefan cel Mare University - Suceava 

Volume XIX, Issue 1 – 2020 

Gblossi Bernadette GOUALIE, Souleymane BAKAYOKO, Kalpy Julien COULIBALY, Practices of biosecurity 
measures and their consequences on poultry farms in Abidjan district, Food and Environment Safety, Volume XIX, Issue 1 – 
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	1. Introduction
	4. Conclusion
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