


































Food Science and Nutrition Studies 

ISSN 2573-1661 (Print) ISSN 2573-167X (Online) 

Vol. 1, No. 1, 2017 

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1 
 

Nutritive Profile of Sun Dried Fermented Mud Fish (Clarias 

Anguiliaris) and Tiger Fish (Hydrocynus Vittatus) Locally 

Known as Abil Alier Sold in Markets in South Sudan 

Amegovu K. Andrew1*, Mawadri Michael1 & Juliana Mandha2 

1 Department of Food Technology, College of Applied and Industrial Sciences, University of Juba, Juba, 

Republic of South Sudan 

2 Faculty of Public Health and Management, International Health Sciences University, Kampala, Uganda 

* Amegovu K. Andrew, E-mail: kiri_andrew@yahoo.com 

 

Received: January 10, 2017     Accepted: January 24, 2017    Online Published: February 5, 2017 

doi:10.22158/fsns.v1n1p1        URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/fsns.v1n1p1 

 

Abstract 

Fishes are irreplaceable animal food in developing countries as a source of high quality protein and 

micronutrients. This study was carried out to determine the proximate composition, mineral content 

and fatty acids of sun-dried fermented Mud Fish (Clarias anguiliaris) and Tiger Fish (Hydrocynus 

vittatus) sold in local markets of South Sudan. International Organization for Standardization 

procedures were used to determine proximate composition, Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer for 

mineral content and Gas Chromatography-mass spectrometry for fatty acids. C. anguiliaris had higher 

concentrations of crude protein (75.2%), crude fat (24.9%) and moisture content (14.3%) than H. 

vittatus with 65.98%, 7.81%, 8.12% respectively. H. vittatus had more ash content (4.1%) and 

carbohydrate (3.59%) than C. anguiliaris at 2.7% and 2.12% respectively. Palmitic fatty acid was the 

dominant saturated fatty acid in H. vittatus (21.12%) and C. anguillaris (21.32%). Eicosatrienoic acid 

was 11.21% in H. vittatus and 10.64% in C. anguillaris and was the highest polyunsaturated fatty acid. 

Calcium was the highest mineral followed by magnesium and zinc. Lead and mercury were 

significantly (P < 0.0001) higher in C. anguiliaris (0.104 ± 0.001 g100g-1) than H. vittatus (0.06 ± 

0.000 g100g-1). C. anguiliaris and H. vittatus are highly nutritious and rich sources of protein, moisture, 

lipid, ash and minerals.  

Keywords 

South Sudan, tiger fish, mud fish, nutritive profile 

 

 

 



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1. Introduction 

Fish, either produced through fish farming/aquaculture activity or caught from wild marine or 

freshwater stocks, is a primary source of protein and essential nutrients. There is a growing recognition 

of its nutritional and health-promoting qualities (Tahergorabi, Matak, & Jaczynski, 2014). The presence 

of essential nutrients (such as iodine, vitamin B12 and D), the long-chain fatty acids (LC-PUFA), 

eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) omega-3 fatty acids, protein of high quality (with 

all the essential amino-acids) and fish is very rich content in calcium, iron, zinc and vitamin A, is well 

documented (Belton & Thilsted, 2014; Kawarazuka & Béné, 2011; Salem & Eggersdorfer, 2015). Fish 

contributes to 16% of all animal protein consumed worldwide (World Bank, 2013). Fish is a 

particularly nutritious food, rich in numerous micronutrients in their in bioavailability form (Golden et 

al., 2016) that are often missing in diets, particularly those of the poor. Recent studies have reported 

high micronutrient deficiencies. Globally, 0.9% of children under 5 years and 7.8% of pregnant women 

have Night blindness due to insufficient Vitamin A (Black et al., 2013). Africa has the highest 

proportion of pregnant women with iron deficiency anemia (20.3%) and zinc deficiency (23.9%) 

(Black et al., 2013). Their deficiencies pose risks of infant mortality, cognitive under-development, 

weak immunity, maternal and perinatal deaths and growth retardation (Schaible & Kaufmann, 2007). 

Fish is an essential, cheap and often irreplaceable animal food for the poor in developing countries with 

access to water resources (Youn et al., 2014).  

Fish and fish-related products also provide income and livelihoods for numerous communities across 

the world (Food and Agriculture Organization, 2016) and is the fastest growing food-supply industry in 

the world (Béné, Barange, & Subasinghe, 2015). Fish, in a broad sense, including fisheries and 

aquaculture, plays a crucial role for food security as a purveyor of food (availability), livelihoods and 

income (Mcclanahan, Allison, & Cinner, 2015) particularly for some vulnerable and marginalized 

populations (accessibility) (Lynch et al., 2016). Consumption of fish is projected to increase by 57% by 

2020 in developing countries (World Bank, 2013) , however, fish has a short shelf life. 

Various methods food processing techniques such as salting, canning, drying, curing, freezing and 

fermentation are used for preservation and value addition (Hall, 2012). In South Sudan, sun-drying and 

fermentation are the most common traditional methods of fish processing. An estimate of proximate 

composition gives a good justification for better processing, preservation and provides the nutritional 

value of fish species. This study was carried out to determine the proximate composition, mineral 

content and fatty acids of sun-dried fermented Mud fish and Tiger fish locally known as Abil Alier and 

commonly sold in every markets in South Sudan. 

 

2. Methods 

2.1 Sample Collection 

Fish samples of Abil Alier were aseptically collected from Konyokonyo market randomly and 

transported to Chemiphar food laboratory for analysis. Samples (n = 12) were cleaned manually and 



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homogenized using a mixer grinder. The minced samples were then stored at -40oC for further use. 

2.2 Proximate Composition 

Crude protein, ash (mineral), crude fat, carbohydrate and moisture content were determined in 

triplicates using standard protocols. Standard procedures by the International Organization for 

Standardization (ISO) were used to determine moisture (ISO 1442:1997), fat content (ISO 1443:1973), 

ash content (ISO 936:1998) and crude fiber (ISO 5498:1981). Crude protein was determined according 

to Kjeldahl method (976.05; AOAC, 2000) and protein calculated from the nitrogen content multiplied 

by 6.25. Total carbohydrate content was determined using Antrone Method, using standard protocol 

D-glucose as standard (Dreywood, 1946). 

2.3 Mineral Analysis 

Samples were dried in an oven at 125oC and ashed at 550oC. The samples were then initially digested 

in 15 ml of HNO3 until colorless. Distilled water was added to make up 25 mL. Minerals including 

heavy metals were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) (AOAC, 2000). 

Analyses were carried out in triplicates and results expressed as dry weight mean values. 

2.4 Fatty Acid Analysis 

Total lipids in the fish samples were extracted using a method developed by Folch et al. (1957) and the 

fatty acids were classified using Gas Chromatography-mass spectrometry (Chatzimichalakis, 

Samanidou, & Papadoyannis, 2004). Each individual constituent was identified and quantified by 

comparing retention times and peaks with the standards. 

2.5 Statistical Analysis  

Statistical significance was analyzed by unpaired student’s t-test method using Graph Pad Prism. P < 

0.05 was considered statistically significant and the results were expressed in mean ± SE. 

 

3. Results  

There was a significant difference (P < 0.0001) in the proximate composition of C. anguiliaris and H. 

vittatus. H. vittatus had higher concentrations of crude protein (75.18%), ash content (4.1%) and 

carbohydrate (3.59%) than C. anguiliaris at 65.98%, 2.7% and 2.12% respectively. However, C. 

anguiliaris had more fat (24.9%) and moisture content (14.3%) than H. vittatus at 7.81% and 8.12% 

respectively (Table 1). 

 

Table 1. Proximate Composition of C. Anguillaris and H. Vittatus 

Component Content (%) 

 C. anguiliaris H. vittatus 

Moistur 14.3 ± 0.62a 8.12 ± 0.08b
 

Protein 65.98 ± 0.01a 75.18 ± 0.04b
 

Fat 24.9 ± 0.93a 7.81 ± 0.16b
 



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Carbohydrates 2.12 ± 0.00a 3.59 ± 0.01b
 

Ash 2.7 ± 0.10a 4.1 ± 0.21b
 

Crude fibre 0.062 ± 0.002 0.185 ± 0.006 

Energy (kcal) 495.97 ± 1.32 378.80 ± 1.782 

 

Values are reported as mean ± standard deviation of three replicates. Values for pairs with different 

superscripts across the rows are significantly different (P < 0.05). 

The mineral composition of C. anguillaris and H. vittatus is presented in the Table 2. Minerals detected 

were zinc, magnesium, calcium, lead, mercury, and arsenic. The highest mineral in both fish species 

was calcium at 467.00 ± 2.735 g100g-1 and 388.51 ± 8.691 g100g-1 in C. anguiliaris and H. vittatus 

respectively. Heavy metals specifically lead and mercury were significantly (P < 0.0001) higher in C. 

anguiliaris at 0.104 ± 0.001 g100g-1 and 0.06 ± 0.000 g100g-1 respectively than in H. vittatus. 

 

Table 2. Mineral Composition C. Anguillaris and H. Vittatus 

Mineral (ppm) Content (g100g
-1

 of wet sample) 

 C. anguiliaris H. vittatus 

Nutritional minerals    

Ca 467.00 ± 2.735a 388.51 ± 8.691b
 

Mg  241.72 ± 0.029 242.65 ± 2.25a
 

Zn 6.08 ± 0.340a 4.24 ± 0.175b
 

Heavy metals   

Pb 0.104 ± 0.001a 0.096 ± 0.001b
 

Hg 0.06 ± 0.000a 0.045 ± 0.005b
 

As 0.014 ± 0.000a
 0.014 ± 0.000a

 

 

Values are reported as mean ± standard deviation of three replicates. Values for pairs with different 

superscripts across the rows are significantly different (P < 0.05). 

More than half of the total fat content in H. vittatus and C. anguillaris constituted of total Saturated 

Fatty Acids (SFAs) at 58.94 ± 0.32% and 60.36 ± 1.99% respectively as shown in Table 3. Palmitic 

fatty acid (C16:0) was found to be the dominant SFA in H. vittatus (21.12%) and C. anguillaris 

(21.32%). Monounsaturated Fatty Acids (MUFA) was found to be at 9.27 ± 0.83% and 8.70 ± 0.33% 

for H. vittatus and C. anguillaris respectively. Oleic acid (C18:1 ω9) was the highest MUFA in H. 

vittatus (3.99%) and C. anguillaris (4.08%). The overall amount of PUFAs found in H. vittatus was 

31.79 ± 0.04% and 30.94 ± 0.92% in C. anguillaris. The level of Eicosatrienoic acid (ETE) (C20:3ὠ3) 

was found to be 11.21% in H. vittatus and 10.64% in C. anguillaris which was the highest among all 

PUFAs, followed by linoleic acid (C18:2) and Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) (C20:5ω3).  



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Table 3. Fatty Acid Composition of C. Anguillaris and H. Vittatus 

Fatty acid % composition of total area 

 H. vittatus C. anguillaris 

Saturated (SFA) 

10:0 5.50 6.01 

11:0 0.22 0.27 

13:0 2.80 3.01 

14:0 0.54 0.54 

15:0 10.24 10.35 

16:0 21.12 21.32 

17:0 0.65 0.64 

18:0 16.06 16.49 

20:0 0.54 0.54 

21:0 1.29 1.18 

∑ SFA 58.94 ± 0.32 60.36 ± 1.99 

Mono-unsaturated (MUFA) 

14:1 0.54 0.54 

15:1 0.22 0.27 

16:1 0.54 0.54 

17:1 1.40 1.40 

18:1  3.99 4.08 

20:1 1.08 1.13 

22:1 0.32 0.16 

24:1 1.19 0.59 

∑ MUFA 9.27 ± 0.83 8.70 ± 0.33 

Polyunsaturated (PUFA) 

18:2 8.62 8.81 

18:3 ω 6 2.05 2.20 

18:3 ω 3 2.16 2.26 

20:3 ω 6 0.43 0.43 

20:3 ω 3 11.21 10.64 

20:4 ω6 0.75 0.70 

20:5 ω3 6.36 5.91 

22:5 ω9 0.32 0.16 

∑ PUFA 31.79 ± 0.04 30.94 ± 0.92 

∑ ω-3 19.94 ± 0.61 18.80 ± 0.6 



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∑ ω-6 3.23 ± 0.72 3.33 ± 0.07 

∑ ω-9 4.31 ± 0.54 4.24 ± 0. 41 

Iodine value 23.35 ± 2.19 23.41 ± 0.15 

Oleic acid(o)/Linoleic(I) ratio 0.46 ± 0. 01 0.46 ± 0.00 

 

4. Discussion 

Fish is the most efficient converter of feed into high quality food (High Level Panel of Experts on 

World Food Security, 2014). Fish is a good source of high quality protein with all the essential amino 

acids and micronutrients (Kawarazuka & Béné, 2011). However, its composition varies from one 

fishing ground to another, season to season, the amount and quality of feeds, amount of fish movement, 

size, sex, age, within and across fish species (Jan, Shah, Manzoor, & Ganie, 2012; Stansby, 1962) . In 

the present study, significant differences (P < 0.05) were observed in moisture, fat, protein, 

carbohydrate and ash content of the sun-dried fermented fish species of C. anguiliaris and H. vittatus.  

Moisture content was found to be higher in C. anguiliaris than H. vittatus. This could be attributed to 

the duration and temperature of sun-drying as water is lost due to evaporation (Eyo, 2001). The fat 

content and moisture content in fish is said to be inversely related (FAO, 1999). This was found to be 

true for C. anguiliaris while in H. vittatus fat and water content were almost similar at 7.81% and 

8.12% respectively. Fish feeds, habitat and geographical locations influences the protein and fat content 

of fish (Ahmed et al., 2015). Protein content was found to be higher in the H. vittatus than in C. 

anguiliaris. C. anguiliaris with a protein content of 65.98 ± 0.01 was similar to a previous study by 

Idakwo et al. (2016) in fermented solar tent-dried fish. The time of reproduction may affect protein 

content because during spawning, protein is transferred from the muscle to the ovaries to meet the 

energy requirements (Jan et al., 2012). In addition, during the growth cycles, microbial metabolism is 

inhibited which decreases synthesis of proteins (Suchitra & Sarojinalini, 2012). The measure of mineral 

content is ash given it’s the inorganic residue that remains after the organic matter has been removed 

(Ogundiran et al., 2014). The ash content observed was higher in H. vittatus than C. anguiliaris. H. 

vittatus is a predator that swallows small prey fish whole mainly of the families of Characidae and 

Cichlide (Gerking, 2014).  

The amount of vitamins and minerals is species-specific and can furthermore vary with season. Fish 

meat is regarded as a valuable source of calcium and phosphorus in particular but also of iron, copper 

and selenium (FAO, 2016). The nutritional minerals observed in C. anguiliaris and H. vittatus fish were 

calcium, magnesium and zinc. Calcium was the highest mineral content as with other similar previous 

studies (Bogard et al., 2015; Mahanty et al., 2014). Calcium deficiency leads to the development of 

rickets especially in children (Craviari et al., 2008). Lead and arsenic concentrations observed in C. 

anguillaris differed from a study carried out on River Okpokwu, Nigeria which recorded 0.05 ± 0.01 

μg/g As and 0.08 ± 0.03 μg/g Pb (Biosci, Abah, Ubwa, Onyejefu, & Nomor, 2013). The heavy metals in 

fish species could be due to the agrochemical wastes from pesticides, chemical fertilizers, herbicides, 



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domestic wastes, and fuels in the water and their bio-accumulation in fish which can affect human 

health in the long term (Harikumar & Jisha, 2010). The levels of heavy metals observed in both fish 

species were below the recommended permissible limits of Pb 0.02 mg/g (World Health Organization, 

2006) and As 0.01 mg/kg (Butu & Iguisi, 2013). 

Fish is the richest source of long chain ὠ PUFA that improve human health and nutrition (Mahanty et 

al., 2014). Omega 3 and Omega 6 fatty acid have been found to reduce hypertension, cancer, coronary 

heart disease, atherosclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease and dementia (Davis & Kris-Etherton, 2003; Shahid 

& Miraliakbari, 2004). Fatty acid profiles of C. anguiliaris than H. vittatus showed that they both 

contain more SFA than PUFA which was different from Mahanty et al. (2014) who reported more 

PUFA than SFA in P. sophore. 

In conclusion, this study has shown that the Mud Fish (Clarias anguiliaris) and Tiger Fish (Hydrocynus 

vittatus) are highly nutritious. Both fish species are rich sources of protein, moisture, lipids, ash and 

minerals. More than half of the total fat content in H. vittatus and C. anguillaris constituted of total 

saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFA) were Eicosatrienoic Acid (ETE), 

Linoleic Acid, Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA). Calcium was highest nutritious mineral followed by 

magnesium and zinc. Heavy metals detected were lead, mercury, and arsenic. Fish absorb and 

bio-accumulate minerals from their diets and the water bodies. 

 

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