# foster: A Pathfinder

This is a computer-generated pathfinder created against the Distant Reader study called foster.

Each Distant Reader study carrel is composed of many individual items. Each item is bibliographically described with author, title, date, summary, and keyword values. Below is a list of the items' most signficant keywords as well as lists of the items themselves. Purpusing the content of this pathfinder provides the student, researcher, or scholar with one way to get their heads around the scope of the carrel. The keywords include:

> Issn; Http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689; Learning; English; Teaching; Test; Speaking; Researcher; Self

Depending on how this pathfinder was created, many of the bibliographic sections will include elaborations on the meaning(s) of the given keywords. These elaborations were generated by feeding the items' summaries to a large langauge model and asking the model to address the question, "What is X?", where "X" is the keyword. The result will be a few sentences of elaboration. Be forewarned. The elaborations are often plausible, but they should not be take as truth. Instead, they should be taken as points for consideration.

## Issn

- Lexical Semantic Errors in Undergraduate Students' Academic Writing by Letsoela, Puleng Makholu; Matlosa, Litsepiso (2022) - The study recommends that teaching communication skills courses offered at the year 1 level should include explicit vocabulary teaching to minimize semantic errors, which, as is argued, result in incomprehensible texts. As regards semantic errors, they mostly used the wrong words. Keywords: english; errors; http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689; issn; students; study; university; word; writing
- Language Anxiety for Students of Intermediate Speaking Proficiency Level by Akhmad, Enni; Aba, La; R Saleh, Yuwin (2023) - Language anxiety is also casual; for example, research conducted on 127 third-semester students at Ahmad Dahlan University showed that, in general, students had a moderate level of language anxiety; only one person had a very high level of anxiety, and 13 people had a high level of anxiety (Fahmi Djaguna 1* & Megawati Basri 2, 2020). This study aims to identify the students’ reasons for feeling anxious and whether intermediate students also experience language anxiety. Keywords: anxiety; class; issn; language; learning; speaking; students
- An Investigation into the Pragmatic Competence of the Front-Office Trainees of Valombola Vocational Training Centre by Nghilinganye, Fredrick MacGyver; Woldemariam, Haileleul Zeleke (2024) - Pragmatic language use is already difficult for native speakers of a language, and it gets much more so for non-native speakers (Cohen, 2008). Finally, the results show that pragmatic competence is affected by several underlying issues, such as a lack of education, a low level of everyday activities involving English, and the misunderstanding of pragmatic implicature. Keywords: act; communication; competence; http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689; issn; language; pragmatics; refusal; speaker; speech; study; trainees
- Students’ Motivation in Learning English in Islamic Higher Education by Masruddin, Masruddin; Zuljalal Al Hamdany, Muhammad (2023) - The results showed that second semester students of Islamic Religious Education had high motivation in learning English, which consisted of internal and external factors Keywords: Higher Education, Learning English, Learning Motivation INTRODUCTION Motivation is an effort made to create a certain situation so that someone has the desire to do something that can be obtained from outside or within a person. The Author(s) Vol.4, No. 4, October 2023 e-ISSN: 2723-4126 p-ISSN: 2776-8880 202 Students' Perceptions of English Interest in Learning English Figure 1. SStudents'Interest in Learning English English Learning in Class Figure 2. SStudents'Perception on the English Learning in Class 0.00% 10.00% 20.00% 30.00% 40.00% 50.00% 60.00% 70.00% Students' Interest in Learning English Interested Not Interested 0.00% 10.00% 20.00% 30.00% 40.00% 50.00% 60.00% 70.00% 80.00% Students' Perception on The English Learning in Class Very Pleasant Pleasant Less Enjoyable Not Enjoyable http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689 http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689 Copyright © Keywords: english; issn; learning; motivation; students; study
- Peer Review Technique in Teaching EFL Writing Skills for Senior High School Students by Jufriadi, Jufriadi; Muin, Fadliyah Rahmah; Mustika, Ria (2023) - Peer Review in Student Writing: Managing Chaos with Turnitin. The data analyzed by calculating the mean score and paired sample t-test revealed that the mean score of students in the post-test (55.08) was higher than the pretest (49.15). Keywords: frequency; http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689; issn; peer; percentage; pretest; students; table; writing
- Navigating Leadership and Identity: A Qualitative Exploration of Class Monitor Roles among Vietnamese English-Major Students by Le, Thanh Thao; Nguyen, Dinh Phan; Ho, Thanh Vy; Nguyen, Thanh Hieu Vy; To, Thi Kim Tho (2024) - Several studies have indicated that student leadership roles foster personal growth. Through this design, it is anticipated that the study will not only shed light on the impacts of the role of class monitor on Vietnamese English-majored students but also contribute to the broader discourse on student leadership roles in varied cultural and academic contexts. Keywords: class; class monitor; english; experiences; http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689; issn; leadership; monitor; participants; role; skills; students; study
- Multilingualism in Bugis Language Context: A Case Study on English Language Teaching Interactions by Zainuddin, Andi Husni A.; Masruddin, Masruddin; Thayyib, Magfirah (2024) - From the respondent's answer above, it was found that the use of Bugis language in this context serves not only as a means of communication but also as a strategy to enhance social interaction and students' comfort in the English language learning process. The respondents reflect the dynamics of Bugis language usage within the family, transitioning to Indonesian and English in community interactions and the classroom, with challenges in understanding the meanings of words or phrases at higher educational levels. Keywords: bugis; doi; english; http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689; issn; language; multilingualism; pae; students; teaching
- Developing Basic English Module for Secondary Level: Task Based Language Teaching by Puspa Sari, Eka; Hartina, St.; Sahraini, Sahraini (2024) - These results are supported by the results of the student questionnaire at SMP Negeri 1 Bone-Bone which are summarized as follows: the module consists of three themes, covering student needs, attractive design and layout, various integrated activities and skills, and providing guidelines for use. Based on the needs analysis and research limitation results, the module was contain three units with the highest percentage of student needs; they introduce themselves and others, daily activities, and ask and give an opinion. Keywords: bone; english; http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689; issn; language; learning; module; reading; students
- Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) in Improving Speaking Skills of Tertiary Level EFL Students of Bangladesh by Nisha, Paulomi Rahman (2024) - Furthermore, significant improvements reported by the participants suggest that CLT not only enhances language skills but also boosts learner motivation and engagement. In the 1980s, communicative language teaching emerged as a response to the growing need for a language curriculum that enables learners to use a second or foreign language in a real-life context. Keywords: clt; communication; english; issn; language; skills; speaking; students; teaching
- The Ghanaian Perspective of Attitudes towards Francophones Learning English as a Second Language by Gyamera, Vera; Frimpong, Fauna (2024) - The findings contribute to the growing body of literature on language attitudes, particularly within multilingual African contexts. Education is often seen as a significant influence on language attitudes, particularly in contexts where formal language policies are absent. Keywords: attitudes; english; http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689; issn; language; language attitudes; language learning; learners; learning; motivation; students; study
- The Roles of the Fanbase Online Game to the EFL Reading Comprehension Skills by Nabella, Sandi Nuur Ilma; Irawan, Rifki (2024) - Indonesia rifkizam@upy.ac.id ABSTRACT The proliferation of online games and fanbase communities has created new opportunities for language learning outside traditional classroom settings. Keywords: BTS Island, EFL Learning, Fanbase Learning, Online Game, Reading Comprehension INTRODUCTION In the contemporary digital landscape, online games have become integral to daily entertainment for many people worldwide. Keywords: comprehension; data; english; game; http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689; issn; language; learning; participants; reading; study; vocabulary
- Challenges in Implementing Learner-Centered Method for English Language Teaching in Tanzanian Secondary Schools by Mhando, Siriel ; Almasi, Mustapha (2024) - By doing so, student teachers are encouraged to assume more responsibility for their learning (Tanzania Insitute of Education, 2013). The study investigated English subject teachers' challenges when using LCM to teach secondary school students in Morogoro, Tanzania. Keywords: english; issn; lcm; learner; learning; methods; schools; secondary; students; study; teachers; teaching
- Prospects and Challenges of the Peer Teaching Approach in the Intermediate EFL Classrooms of Bangladesh by Shiblu, Mohammad Nazmul Haque Shikder; Akter, Tamanna; Islam, Samia; Mahmud, Md Nasim (2025) - These items were aimed to assess several aspects of students in the classroom, such as student engagement, peer interaction, motivation and attitude, self-efficacy, and learning outcomes during the peer-teaching sessions. Nevertheless, the study revealed a deficiency in the incorporation of PTA, which has the potential to enhance the efficacy of these settings by increasing student motivation, engagement, and inspiration. Keywords: classroom; education; http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689; issn; learning; mean; peer; pta; students; teachers; teaching
- Innovation in Language and Culture Preservation Through the Development of a Trilingual Digital Dictionary: Batak Toba – Indonesian – English by Tumanggor, Orli Binta; Syafitri, Winda ; Khairani, Suci; Sinambela, Lamtiur (2025) - One such language is Batak Toba. If this trend continues, Batak Toba may disappear in the coming generations. Keywords: batak; batak toba; development; dictionary; digital; english; http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689; indonesian; issn; language; learning; toba; trilingual
- The Role of Project-Based Learning in Fostering Students’ Writing Creativity: A Perception-Based Study by Hawaena, Sitti; Nurhaya; Adisaturrahimi, Andi (2025) - Summary of Key Themes Theme Sub-Themes Observations Acceptance Enjoyment, collaboration, storytelling, creative freedom Students feel PBL supports creativity, enjoyment, and peer learning Understanding Application of PBL, writing portfolios, motivation Students understand how to apply PBL in real writing projects and are intrinsically motivated Evaluation Independence, real-world outcomes, time challenges Students recognize both the benefits (e.g., motivation, productivity) and challenges (e.g., time constraints) of the model DISCUSSION The participants' experiences revealed that PBL fosters creativity, collaboration, and ownership of learning, enabling students to explore personal and imaginative themes while developing authentic literary products. Keywords: creativity; http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689; issn; learning; model; participant; pbl; project; students; writing
- Gamification in ELT: A Systematic Review of Its Effects on Learner Engagement and Motivation by Ashfiah, Dzul ; Rafi’ah Nur ; Salasiah Ammade; Ammang Latifa; Syawal (2025) - This distribution highlights the dominance of quantitative research in gamification studies, while mixed-methods research also plays a significant role in offering deeper insights. Each article was reviewed to gather data on the authors, year of publication, research setting and country, educational context (such as primary, secondary, or tertiary Education), research methodology (quantitative, qualitative, or mixed methods), gamification elements applied (such as points, badges, leaderboards, and platforms like Kahoot, Duolingo, or Quizizz), variables measured (e.g., motivation, engagement, or learning outcomes), and major findings and limitations. Keywords: author(s; classroom; elements; elt; engagement; english; game; gamification; http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689; issn; language; learner; learning; motivation; points; research; students; studies; teaching; vocabulary
- English Lecturers’ Perceptions on the Transition to Outcome-Based Education in Indonesia: Challenges and Adaptation by Prasetya, Rizky; Sofiani, Fenti (2025) - One-Way ANOVA Results – Perceptions of OBE Across Different Institutional Types Survey Item Institution Type Mean (M) SD F-value p-value Understanding of OBE principles Public University 3.9 0.78 3.21 0.045* Private University 3.6 0.82 Adequacy of OBE Training Public University 3.1 0.92 4.85 0.012* Private University 2.5 1.04 OBE improves student learning outcomes Public University 3.5 0.89 2.76 0.069 Private University 3.3 0.95 Workload increase due to OBE Public University 4.3 0.75 5.12 0.009** Private University 4.0 0.81 OBE limits creativity in teaching Public University 3.7 0.88 3.69 0.031* Private University 4.0 0.79 Confidence in implementing OBE Public University 3.3 0.94 2.91 0.059 Private University 3.0 0.97 Suitability of OBE assessments in English courses Public University 3.2 0.92 4.04 0.022* Private University 2.7 1.01 The ANOVA results presented in Table 3 indicate statistically significant differences in English lecturers’ experiences with Outcome-Based Education (OBE) based on institutional affiliation, particularly between public and private universities. A significant gap was also observed in perceptions of assessment alignment, with public university lecturers (M = 3.2) finding OBE assessment models more suitable for English courses than those from private universities (M = 2.7; p = 0.022), possibly due to more adaptive http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689 http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689 Copyright © Keywords: analysis; assessment; challenges; education; english; http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689; issn; learning; lecturers; obe; outcomes; studies; teaching
- Peer Group Activities: A Comprehensive Approach to Reduce Speaking Anxiety in EFL Classrooms by Marlia, Marlia (2025) - As shown in Table 1, there are 6 (27.27%) students had moderate speaking anxiety levels with good speaking skills, 9 (40.91%) students had moderate speaking anxiety levels with average speaking skills, 1 (4.55%) students had moderate speaking anxiety level with poor speaking skill, 4 (18.18%) students had high speaking anxiety level with average speaking skill, and 2 (9.09%) students had high anxiety level with poor speaking skill. As shown in Table 4, there are 2 (9.09%) students in the control class had low speaking anxiety levels with very good speaking skill, 1 (4.55%) student had moderate speaking anxiety level with very good speaking skill, 9 (40.90%) students had moderate speaking anxiety level with good speaking skill, 9 (40.90%) students had moderate speaking anxiety level with average speaking skill, 1 (4.55%) student had moderate speaking anxiety level with poor speaking skill, and there is no student had high speaking anxiety level. Keywords: activities; anxiety; class; group; issn; language; learning; peer; speaking; students; test
- The Accuracy of ChatGPT in Translating Colloquial Terms in Dawan Language by Aprianti, Iis; Rahayu, Yoni ; Dinamika, Soraya Grabiella ; Nasution, Muhammad Muslim (2025) - Among these AI models, ChatGPT has not only drawn considerable interest for its ability to generate human-like text and perform translations but has also emerged as a potential solution for language translation. Introducing translation studies: Theories and applications (4th ed.). Keywords: chatgpt; dawan; http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689; issn; language; terms; translation
- Beyond Confidence: Rethinking the Role of Self-Efficacy in English Speaking Skills by Carolina, Fitri; Sengkey, Virginia Gabrella (2025) - ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to examine the correlation between students’ self-efficacy and their speaking ability. In conclusion, when students foster self-efficacy, they strengthen their confidence in learning English and enhance their abilities to handle academic challenges. Keywords: ability; correlation; efficacy; english; issn; research; self; speaking; students
- Enhancing EFL Students’ Reading Comprehension and Motivation through the SQ3R Method: A Classroom Action Research Study by Suarno, Indri Nurhasanah; Tahrun; Masagus Firdaus (2025) - For instance, students at SMPN Indri Nurhasanah1*, Tahrun2, & Masagus Firdaus3 runtah98@yahoo.com This study investigates the implementation of the SQ3R (Survey, Question, Read, Recite, Review) method in a ninth-grade classroom at SMP Negeri 4 Rambang Niru, aiming to enhance both reading comprehension and student motivation. All things considered, the results of this study demonstrate the mutually reinforcing relationship among academic success, student motivation, and instructional technique. Keywords: classroom; comprehension; issn; learning; method; motivation; reading; research; sq3r; students; study
- Pre-Service EFL Teacher Questioning Strategies During Practicum: A Case Study in Indonesia by Muhaji, Uun (2025) - The study underscores the need for more targeted training in questioning techniques within teacher education programs to better equip pre-service teachers for effective classroom management and interaction. Despite extensive work on question types and cognitive levels, little is known about pre-service teachers’ on-site modification strategies during school-based practicums in Indonesia; most studies focus on in-service teachers or rely on surveys/interviews rather than fine-grained classroom observation. Keywords: checks; classroom; efl; http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689; issn; language; pre; questioning; questions; service; strategies; students; teacher; teaching
- Digital Literacy and Learning Interaction: An Ethnographic Study of Indonesian EFL Classrooms by Mahmud, Adi F.; Mahmud, Murni; Weda, Sukardi; Munir, Munir (2025) - It also illustrates how digital platforms mediate and alter interactions in EFL classes, highlighting advantages and limitations shaped by infrastructure, instructor expertise, student digital literacy, and the provide the lived experiences, pedagogical struggles, and cultural significances that influence the incorporation of digital literacy into classroom interactions. Educators are still regarded as authoritative sources of knowledge and emotional support, directing digital interaction. Keywords: classroom; content; digital; education; efl; engagement; http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689; interaction; interview; issn; learner; learning; literacy; students; teacher
- The Use of Hume AI in Speaking Assessments: Teachers’ Perceptions in Senior High School Contexts by Nasution, Nisa Fahria; Armin, Diah Safithri (2025) - Learning media constitute an integral and crucial component in determining the effectiveness of information delivery, particularly as tools that support student assessment. On the other hand, teachers emphasize the importance of aligning AI assessments with the existing curriculum and syllabus. Keywords: assessment; english; http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689; hume; issn; learning; school; speaking; students; teachers
- EFL Students’ Perceptions on Using Kahoot as a Formative Assessment Tool in Vocabulary Acquisition by Yunisa Khairani, Rizki Putri; Fithriani, Rahmah (2025) - Assessment can be used to gather information about student learning, performance, and development. The research participants consist of EFL students who are enrolled in an English course and have played Kahoot more than five times. Keywords: acquisition; assessment; efl; english; http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689; issn; kahoot; learning; process; research; students; tool; vocabulary
- Exploring the Role of TikTok in Enhancing English Learning Motivation among Indonesian Students by Sitompul, Eby Delyani; Yunita, Deasy (2025) - This analysis allowed the researcher to capture recurring patterns of meaning in the data, explaining how and why TikTok affects student learning. TikTok is able to increase student motivation because students can control their own learning process - choosing an account, determining viewing time, and learning topics that suit their needs. Keywords: content; english; http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689; issn; language; learning; motivation; students; study; tiktok
- Flipped Learning for Enhancing Intensive Reading Comprehension via Google Classroom: A Quasi-Experimental Study by Heryatun, Yayu ; Amaliah, Hanifah; Rohmawati , Cucum (2025) - Students’ Respond to the implementation of Flipped Learning The analysis of the questionnaire results showed that students had a highly positive perception of flipped learning facilitated by Google Classroom in enhancing their intensive reading comprehension. The Author(s) Vol.6, No. 4, October 2025 e-ISSN: 2723-4126 p-ISSN: 2776-8880 271 To address these limitations, researchers have explored the use of flipped learning—a pedagogical model where students study basic materials at home and engage in interactive activities in class. Keywords: classroom; google; http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689; issn; learning; reading; score; students; test
- Exploring English Teachers' Perception of the Ruang GTK Platform Implementation in Senior High Schools in Palopo by Yanti, Lestari; Sahraini; Magfirah Thayyib (2025) - However, SMK teachers highlighted that most Pelatihan Mandiri lacks vocational specificity. However, SMK teachers highlighted several limitations, especially the lack of content tailored to vocational subjects. Keywords: feature; gtk; http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689; issn; learning; merdeka; platform; ruang; sma; smk; teachers; teaching
- Implementation of English Language Teaching Methods under Merdeka Curriculum: A Case Study of Junior High Schools in Palopo by Tri Ulandari, Andi Hasri; Santaria, Rustan ; Wisran, Wisran (2025) - Public school teachers, however, were still exploring these methods and expressed a need for more structured guidance. Ela Komala et al., (2025) showed that private school teachers are more likely to adopt PjBL and IBL, supported by internal school initiatives and leadership. Keywords: curriculum; english; implementation; issn; learning; merdeka; methods; schools; teachers; teaching
- Together We Learn: Students’ Perceptions of the Benefits of Group Work in Learning English by Asrida, Deni; Aksari, Nanda Dwi (2025) - Although group work is widely promoted in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) pedagogy, most studies have examined its benefits in isolation, focusing primarily on cognitive or affective aspects. This qualitative study addresses that gap by examining how ninth-grade students at SMPN 2 Batusangkar perceive the role of group work in English learning. Keywords: cognitive; english; group; group work; http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689; issn; language; learning; peer; students; understanding; work
- Cooperative Integrated Reading and Composition (CIRC) and Learning Activeness: Their Effect on Students’ Reading Comprehension in Junior High School by Dwi Wahyuni, Aelista; Yukamana, Hanni ; Mulyadi, Mulyadi (2025) - Meanwhile, in Handayani et al., (2022) research, the application of CIRC method in reading adds to the activeness of students while studying and the method helps students to easily remember and know reading. The absence of a statistically significant interaction between the teaching method and learning activeness suggests that the positive effect of CIRC is relatively stable across different levels of activeness, indicating that while active students naturally achieve higher comprehension, even less active students benefit from the structured peer collaboration, scaffolding, and interactive tasks embedded in CIRC, which reduce reliance on teacher explanation and encourage every learner to participate to some extent; this finding implies that the method and activeness operate as independent predictors of comprehension, thereby offering practical value for teachers who may be concerned about how well cooperative strategies will work with students who are typically less engaged, since the results show that CIRC still contributes to improved performance for these learners. Keywords: activeness; circ; comprehension; english; group; http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689; issn; learning; method; reading; students; teaching
- Integrating Artificial Intelligence to Enhance Students’ English Writing Competence: Evidence from a Quasi-Experimental Study by AD, Fibri Indira Lisanty; Sudirman , Andi Mangnguntungi ; Khaerat, Nur Ummul (2025) - Based AI in Increase Competence Writing Students http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689 The result of questionnaire Statement Average Standard Deviation Minimum Maximum Q1 3.3 1.3 2 5 Q2 3.6 1.1 2 5 Q3 3.2 1.3 2 5 Q4 3.4 0.9 2 5 Q5 3.1 0.9 2 5 Q6 3.3 1.2 2 5 Q7 3.3 1.1 2 5 Q8 3.5 1.1 2 5 Q9 3.5 1.3 2 5 Q10 3.6 1.0 2 5 Q11 3.7 1.0 2 5 Q12 3.5 1.1 2 5 Q13 3.2 1.1 2 5 Q14 3.8 1.1 2 5 Q15 3.5 1.2 2 5 Q16 3.6 1.1 2 5 Q17 3.7 1.2 2 5 Q18 3.7 1.2 2 5 Q19 3.7 1.2 2 5 Q20 3.5 1.1 2 5 Q21 3.7 1.2 2 5 Q22 3.4 1.2 2 5 Q23 3.2 1.2 2 5 Q24 3.7 1.4 2 5 Q25 3.9 1.1 2 5 Q26 3.6 1.2 2 5 Q27 3.5 1.1 2 5 Q28 3.7 1.1 2 5 Q29 3.8 1.2 2 5 Q30 3.5 1.1 2 5 Based on the results of the questionnaire recapitulation from 30 respondents across 30 statements related to the use of artificial intelligence (AI) based learning media in improving students’ writing competence, it can be concluded that, in general, students’ perceptions tend to be positive. Keywords: group; http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689; issn; learning; post; pre; research; students; test; writing
- Exploring EFL Teachers’ TPACK Implementation in Rural Indonesia: Insights from Central Kalimantan by Pratika, Dellis; Emeral, Emeral; Amalia, Novika; Saman, Tampung Nias; Silitonga, Julianthi Zefana; Domini, Misericordias (2025) - Vol. 6, No. 4, October 2025 e-ISSN: 2723-4126 p-ISSN: 2776-8880 344 EXPLORING EFL TEACHERS’ TPACK IMPLEMENTATION IN RURAL INDONESIA: INSIGHTS FROM CENTRAL KALIMANTAN Dellis Pratika1*, Emeral 2, Novika Amalia3, Tampung Nias Saman4, Julianthi Zefana Silitonga5 & Misericordias Domini6 1,2,3,4,5&6 Universitas Palangka Raya, Palangka Raya, Indonesia dellispratika@fkip.upr.ac.id ABSTRACT This study investigates Indonesian EFL teachers’ perceptions and implementation of Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) in rural Central Kalimantan. METHODS Design This study employed a qualitative research design to explore how EFL teachers perceive and implement TPACK in their teaching practice. Keywords: content; efl; http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689; issn; knowledge; learning; students; teachers; teaching; technology; tpack; use
- Enhancing English Achievement through Moodle LMS: Evidence from an Indonesian Boarding School by Idham, Afif Zuhdy; Mulyarti, Mulyarti; Rauf, Wahyuddin; Hamzah, Arfah ; Rajab, Abd. (2025) - The experimental group was taught through Moodle LMS, while the control group received instruction via conventional lectures. These findings demonstrate that Moodle LMS not only enhances academic performance but also promotes greater engagement, active participation, and access to structured learning resources. Keywords: control; education; english; group; http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689; issn; learning; lms; moodle; outcomes; pretest; research; students; study; test
- Taking and Making Notes for Knowledge: Elevating Junior High Students’ Reading Comprehension by Ambarwati, Rani Rizqi ; Ruslin, Ruslin; Zulfikri, Zulfikri; Afifah, Afifah (2025) - ELEVATING JUNIOR HIGH STUDENTS’ READING COMPREHENSION Rani Rizqi Ambarwati1, Ruslin2, Zulfikri3, Afifah4 1,2,3,4 English Education, Datokarama State Islamic University Palu, Sulawesi Tengah, Indonesia ruslin@uindatokarama.ac.id ABSTRACT Reading comprehension remains a persistent challenge for many EFL learners, especially at the junior high school level, where students often struggle to actively engage with texts. Keywords: EFL Teaching, Reading comprehension, TMN technique INTRODUCTION Reading comprehension is a vital life skill for academic success and allows students to interact with and understand the world of knowledge. Keywords: comprehension; data; http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689; issn; reading; research; students; technique; test; tmn
- Collaborative Discussion in Vocabulary Learning through Short Stories: Students’ Perceptions in an Indonesian EFL Context by Asti, Astuti Alawiyah; Rosalinah, Yanti (2025) - Expanding English Learning Beyond Classroom Boundaries : Investigating EFL Students ’ Perceptions of the Effects of Listening to Online Stories on Incidental Vocabulary Acquisition. 16(1), 311–323. Investigating EFL students ’ perceived values of online cooperative learning http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689 http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689 Copyright © Keywords: findings; http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689; issn; language; learning; research; scaffolding; students; study; support; teacher; understanding; vocabulary
- Managing Learning: Mistakes Feedback Oral and Written Work by Wisran, Wisran; Furwana, Dewi; Zainuddin, Andi Husni A.; Tanjung, Fauziah (2025) - Before engaging in the feedback process, it's important for English as a Foreign Language (EFL) teachers to distinguish between the types of errors students typically make. The capacity to access and effectively utilize teacher feedback is thus a critical element of the learning-to-write process. Keywords: english; errors; feedback; http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689; issn; language; learning; students; writing
- Exploring English Education Post Graduated Students’ Perfections of ChatGPT as Subtitute for Traditional Reading: A Case of Universitas Negeri Makassar by Tahir, Muhammad; Jahrir, Andi Sahtiani (2025) - Consequently, there is a critical need to fill this gap by examining how postgraduate English Education students conceptualize the role of ChatGPT as either a complement to or a replacement for traditional reading and how this perception influences their academic engagement. (3) Determine whether ChatGPT use indicates a broader literacy transition from reading-centered learning to AI-mediated learning among postgraduate English Education students. Keywords: chatgpt; education; http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689; issn; learning; offloading; postgraduate; reading; students; use
- Facilitating EFL Speaking Skills through an English Club: Evidence from the TBI Millennial English Club by Gisma, Rina Ritsna; Sahril Nur; Sultan Baa (2025) - Copyright © The Author(s) Vol.6, No. 4, October 2025 e-ISSN: 2723-4126 p-ISSN: 2776-8880 437 FACILITATING EFL SPEAKING SKILLS THROUGH AN ENGLISH CLUB: EVIDENCE FROM THE TBI MILLENNIAL ENGLISH CLUB Rina Ritsna Gisma1, Sahril Nur 2, & Sultan Baa 3* Universitas Negeri Makassar, Makassar, Indonesia sultan7304@unm.ac.id ABSTRACT This study investigates the role of the TBI Millennial English Club in supporting students’ speaking skill development through nonformal English learning activities. The findings reveal three major contributions of the English club: (1) it provides consistent opportunities for authentic and meaningful speaking practice through activities such as role-plays, storytelling, discussions, and impromptu speaking; (2) facilitators play a crucial role in scaffolding learning by offering guidance, modeling target language use, and giving immediate, constructive feedback; and (3) the club fosters a supportive and motivating environment that reduces speaking anxiety and increases students’ confidence and willingness to communicate. Keywords: activity; club; english; http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689; issn; language; lecturer; observation; skills; speaking; students
- Mother-Tongue Interference in Learning English in English Meeting Club by Rahayu, Rahayu; Basri, Nurfajriah (2021) - The results showed that interference errors committed by English language learners' is generally influenced to phonetic refers to speech sounds, lexical interference to the level of words and grammar disorder refers to the rules of grammar in language. CONCLUSION Interference is a common phenomenon for English language learners. Keywords: english; errors; interference; issn; language; learners; speaker
- The Correlation between the Teacher's Oral Feedback and the Students' Writing Motivation by Irawan, Rifki; Dininorani Seran, Edita (2021) - One way to motivate students in writing is to provide feedback on student writing (Ellis, 2009). The teacher often finds mistakes in students writing assignments. Keywords: correlation; feedback; http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689; issn; item; motivation; students; teacher; writing
- Communicative Orientation of English Language Classes by Mier, Marie Ruffie; Blanco, Gem Aiah B. (2022) - Language teachers must put much thought and planning in designing the lessons which will emphasize the goals of CLT, which is to give ample avenue for students to communicate. Language teachers must see to it that communicative competence must be developed among students keeping in mind communicative features as part of skills to be developed. Keywords: activities; activity; classroom; discourse; english; feature; http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689; issn; language; learning; students; teacher; teaching; use
- foster-55 by None (None) - Concept-based approach to second language teaching and learning: Cognitive lingusitics-inspired instruction of English phrasal verbs. An expert lexicon approach to identifying English phrasal verbs. Keywords: coca; corpus; english; http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689; issn; language; phrasal; pvs; table; verbs
- Bilingualism in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) Classroom Context by Patonah, Siti; Irawan, Rifki (2022) - In the future, it is hoped that it can continue to develop, bilingual class students, can present English dramas and can communicate actively using English. The results of the data value can be supported by student interview statements. Keywords: bilingual; class; data; english; http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689; issn; learning; questionnaire; statement; students; teacher
- Types of Problematics that Affect Undergraduates' Competence in Translating English Collocations and Phrasal Verbs by Bannur, Fahima Mohamed; Abdullah Akkila, Dalya; Mohamed Elwafi, Fawzia (2022) - Aldahesh (2008) investigates the challenges faced by Arabic professional translators and Arabic translation students while translating the idiomatic category of English phrasal verbs into Arabic. For example, in terms of grammatical mistakes students provided answers such as ( قلبا ً امتلك, ضمير يملك, ضمير لديه ), and lexical and cultural mistakes such as ( قلب وجع, االحساس عديم, القلب اتدق, عالي احساس ). Keywords: answers; arabic; collocations; english; http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689; issn; language; meaning; mistakes; phrasal; students; translation; use; verbs
- The Application of Reader-Response Theory in EFL Teaching and Learning in Nigeria by Adewoye, Abraham Temitayo (2022) - Language teachers seem to be particularly interested in teaching both efferent and aesthetic literacy (Ghandehari,2017). Reading is one of the skills that contribute significantly to the progress of language learning. Keywords: english; issn; language; literature; reader; reading; response; students; teachers; teaching
- A Decade of Researching on Professional Development in a Graduate Program: A Systematic Review by Le, Thanh Thao; Le, Xuan Mai (2022) - In brief, teacher PD are those activities enabling them to enhance pedagogical knowledge and empower them to help promote their students’ achievements in learning. In terms of PD research topics, future PD theses can be administered to investigate the impact of specific PD activities, such as training or attending workshops and conferences, the community of practice, reflective journals, and the like, on teachers’ professional growth. Keywords: activities; development; http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689; impact; issn; research; researchers; teachers; teaching; theses; vietnam
- The Use of Literary Adaptations in the EFL Classroom: A Case Study by Beloufa, Chahra (2023) - Film adaptations used in the classroom can be debatable. Hence, to confirm or reject the stated assumptions, one applied a test, observation and questionnaire on several fourth-year English classical system students randomly selected to know to what extent film adaptations benefit a literature classroom in general and a British literature course in particular. Keywords: adaptations; classroom; film; http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689; issn; literature; novel; prejudice; pride; researcher; students
- Sustainability of E-Learning in the Undergraduate EFL Classrooms by Ferdous, Asmaul; Forhin Shifat, Nazia; Ehsanul Islam Khan, Mohammad (2022) - Copyright © The Author(s) Vol.3, No. 2, April 2022 e-ISSN: 2723-4126 p-ISSN: 2776-8880 80 SUSTAINABILITY OF E-LEARNING IN THE UNDERGRADUATE EFL CLASSROOMS 1Asma-Ul-Ferdous, 2Nazia Forhin Shifat, & 3Mohammad Ehsanul Islam Khan* 1ASA University of Bangladesh (ASAUB), Dhaka, Bangladesh 2Notre Dame University Bangladesh (NDUB), Dhaka, Bangladesh 3Manarat International University (MIU), Dhaka, Bangladesh *asad.helloteen@gmail.com ABSTRACT The present study investigated the probable sustainability and effectiveness of e-learning in English language teaching (ELT) to learners in an English as a foreign language (EFL) classroom. However, the time- honored axiom of e-learning brought a new spectrum on how the present generations depict their English language learning grid and pursue their degrees. Keywords: education; english; http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689; internet; issn; language; learners; learning; skills; students

## Http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689

- Show and Tell Technique in Teaching Speaking Skills at SMAN 2 Palopo by Fitriani, Anisah (2020) - In the closing stages, the teacher reflects on and evaluates the activities that have already taken place and provides reinforcement to students because they are already active when learning takes place; c) Students gave very positive responses to the application of the Show and Tell method with picture media in speaking learning. After giving pre-survey and post-survey, this research provides pre-survey and post- survey to students. Keywords: author(s; copyright; http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689; learners; point; pre; speaking; statistic; students; survey
- An Analysis of Students' Speaking Fluency at XI Grade of MA KMM Kauman Padang Panjang by Aditya, Annisa (2021) - Vol. 2, No. 1, January 2021 e-ISSN: 2723-4126 AN ANALYSIS OF STUDENTS’ SPEAKING FLUENCY AT GRADE XI OF MA KMM KAUMAN PADANG PANJANG 1Annisa Aditya & 2 Hilma Pami Putri State Islamic Collage of Bukittinggi, Bukittinggi.12 annisaaditya17@gmail.com In the speaking test, students were allowed to choose one of five topics provided and were asked to deliver short talks for 2 minutes. Keywords: disfluency; fluency; http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689; level; researcher; speaking; students; task

## Learning

- Oral Feedback for English Language Learners Development by Nita Yusovi, Vindy; Asmiyah, Siti ; Muhtarom, Muhtarom (2023) - Vol.2, No. 4, October 2021 e-ISSN: 2723-4126 p-ISSN: 2776-8880 197 ORAL FEEDBACK FOR ENGLISH LANGUAGE LEARNERS DEVELOPMENT Vindy Nita Yusovi1*, Siti Asmiyah 2, & Muhtarom 3 ABSTRACT In ELT there are many types of oral feedback that can be used by teachers to respond and correct the mistakes of language learners. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the important role of the types and ways in giving oral feedback by an English teacher in language learner development. Keywords: feedback; language; learning; students; teacher; types
- EFL Students' Perception on Using Mobile Learning Applications for Learning to Write by Rohmah, Anifatur; Iftanti, Erna; Shofiya, Arina (2023) - The benefit of mobile learning application for teaching writing are the suitability of materials and assignments during online learning, the interest in following the online learning process, the attraction is seen from the appearance of mobile learning itself, the level of understanding in covering the materials can be mastered, being able to complete tasks through mobile learning productivity in completing the given tasks (Jayanti et al, 2019). From the data analysis, it is concluded that most of the EFL students perceive the use of mobile learning application for learning writing skills positively. Keywords: application; efl; english; learning; mobile; perception; students; study
- Comparing Grammar Translation Method and Communicative Language Teaching in EFL Context: A Qualitative Literature Review by Nisha, Paulomi Rahman (2024) - For further advanced understanding of language instruction, future research endeavors should explore diverse educational environments and consider additional factors influencing the choice and effectiveness of language teaching methods. Delving into the foundations of language teaching, Henry Sweet (1899) stated that a scientific study of psychology and linguistic analysis should serve as a base for good methodological principles. Keywords: clt; gtm; language; learning; method; students; teaching
- The Teachers’ Perceptions of Using Google Translate in the Teaching of English Pronunciation by Tiara, Dwi Ayu; Irawan, Rifki (2024) - The positive points of using Google Translate as a learning medium are that it is suitable and effective for helping students improve their pronunciation and ease of access and use. They believe that using Google Translate as a learning media has a good effect on students, increasing their interest in and motivation to learn pronunciation. Keywords: google; google translate; learning; medium; pronunciation; students; translate
- Factors Influencing Maritime Vocational Students’ Difficulties in Translating English Vocabulary: A Case Study at SMK Pelayaran Lintas Nusantara Barru by Syamsinar, Syamsinar; Mahmud, Murni ; Muhayyang, Maemuna (2025) - RESULTS Descriptive Analysis Descriptive analysis was used to describe the level of difficulty students encountered when translating vocabulary, as well as the average scores of internal and external factors that influenced them. Therefore, it is imperative to investigate the underlying causes of vocabulary translation difficulties among maritime vocational students. Keywords: english; language; learning; maritime; students; translation; vocabulary
- The Use of Small Group Discussion in Teaching Reading Comprehension at Junior High School by Ningsih, Suriana; Amin, Bahrun; Muhsin, Muh. Arief (2021) - Besides, understanding student reading means that in which they can http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689 http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689 mailto:yana105351135016@unismuhmakassar.ac.id Copyright © The Author(s) Vol.2, No. 4, October 2021 e-ISSN: 2723-4126 p-ISSN: 2776-8880 516 understand what they read and that students usually use their basic knowledge, vocabulary, and knowledge of grammar, the experience of texts, and strategies to help them understand the text. Teaching the understanding of reading to effectively develop English text students. Keywords: comprehension; group; learning; reading; researcher; students; test; text
- The Use of Snowball Throwing in Teaching Reading at The Second Year Students of SMPN 8 Palopo by Wahidin, Wahidin (2020) - The rating percentage of students' score in cycle 2 Classification Score Frequency Percentage Very Good 81-100 7 35 % Good 61 – 80 13 65 % Fair 41 – 60 - - Poor 21-40 - - Very Poor 1-20 - - The table above shows that the students' score in the test of cycle 2, there was student got 'very good,' 7 (35%) students got 'good,' 13 (65%) none students got 'fair,' got 'poor' and none student got 'very poor' classification. In 2009, Dodi Irawan also studied the effect of using snowball throwing to improve student achievement in SAINS in the 4th grade of elementary school 013 Koto Tuo.1 Based on previous related studies above, the writer concluded that English teachers need an appropriate way of teaching to improve student reading comprehension. Keywords: cycle; learning; learning process; narrative; narrative text; process; reading; researcher; snowball; students; text; throwing

## English

- The English Pronunciation of Buginese Students in English Department of IAIN Palopo by Annisa, Nurul Cahyu; Wahibah, Wahibah (2020) - | | freʃ | 5 R 05 | ˈfaɪə | | flæt | | ˈflaʊə | | fəʊn | | freʃ | 6 R 06 | ˈfaɪə | | flæɡ | | ˈflaʊə | | fəʊn | | freʃ | 7 R 07 | ˈfaɪə | | flæɡ | | ˈflaʊə | | fəʊn | | freʃ | 8 R 08 | ˈfaɪə | | fleɪk | |ˈflaʊəz | | fəʊn | | freʃ | 9 R 09 | faɪə | | ˈflæg | | flaʊər | | ˈfəʊn | | freʃ | 10 R 10 | faɪə | | ˈflæg | | flaʊər | | pəʊn Keywords: english; fɑːm; hər; sound; wiːk |; wəz; | bɪˈfɔː; | ɔ; | ɪˈnʌf; ðæt; ənd; ˈænɪml̩z; ˈʃi
- An Analysis of Students’ Problem in Writing a Personal Letter at 11th Grade of MAN 4 Agam by Arnelia, Mutia Rahmi; Syahrul, Syahrul (2021) - It refers to student problems in organizing paragraphs, getting lost the generic structure, concluding. Vol. 2, No. 3, July 2021 e-ISSN: 2723-4126 346 AN ANALYSIS OF STUDENTS’ PROBLEM IN WRITING A PERSONAL LETTER Keywords: data; english; grammar; letter; paragraph; personal; problem; researcher; sentence; students; vocabulary; writing
- The Correlation between Students’ Anxiety and Speaking Performance at The Second Grade In SMAN 1 Pantai Cermin Kabupaten Solok in Academic Years 2019/2020 by Oktavia, Peni; Syahrul, Syahrul (2021) - The correlation coefficient which shows the relationship between students anxiety and speaking performance is 0,143. Namely, there is a significant correlation between student anxiety and speaking performance because the result of this calculation has a positive symbol. Keywords: anxiety; correlation; data; english; performance; research; score; speaking; students

## Teaching

- Improving Vocabulary Mastery Of The Seventh Year Students Using Scattergories Game In SMP Negeri 8 Palopo by Wiraldi, Wiraldi; Iksan, Muhammad; Jufriadi, Jufriadi (2020) - Post-Test is done after giving 6 treatments to students whose aim is to find out the score in the Post-Test can improve student vocabulary. Researchers provide post- test questions to determine the extent to which students' abilities after playing the Scattergories game in improving student vocabulary. Keywords: game; pre; researcher; scattergories; students; teaching; test; vocabulary
- Prospects of Creating the Reflective Teacher for Continuing Professional Development (CPD) by Aghanimi, Yousra Ali; Mohamed Elwafi, Fawzia; Bannur, Fahima Mohamed (2021) - Teacher evaluation is traditionally performed by external bodies in the form of periodic visits in which teachers are observed and judged. Evaluation through current inspection performed by external bodies is limited and insufficient for teacher development. Keywords: development; evaluation; inspectors; self; teachers; teaching; training
- Teachers' Strategies in Teaching Speaking Skills at SMAN 1 Palopo by Anggraeni, Widya; Wahibah, Wahibah; Faqihuddin Assafari, Amir (2020) - Teacher 2 also applied two strategies in teaching speaking skill. Vol. 1, No. 1, August 2020 e-ISSN: 2723-4126 83 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License Teachers' Strategies in Teaching Speaking Skills at SMAN 1 Palopo Widya Anggraeni1, Wahibah2, Amir Faqihuddin Assafary3* Islamic State Institute of Palopo (IAIN Palopo) *wahibah@iainpalopo.ac.id ABSTRACT The study aimed to know the strategies used by teachers at S.M.A. Negeri 1 Palopo to teach speaking skills. Keywords: picture; skill; speaking; strategies; students; teacher; teaching
- Pedagogy Training Courses in the Mekong Delta: EFL Teachers' Satisfaction and Expectations by Le, Xuan Mai; Phan, Thanh Dat; Le, Thanh Thao (2022) - Postareff and colleagues' (2007) study found that pedagogy training plays an important role, a compulsory part of training teachers in Norway, the UK, and Sri Lanka, especially for teachers in higher education. Igawa (2008) investigated the professional development needs of EFL teachers in Korea and Japan. Keywords: courses; development; efl; expectations; pedagogy; study; teachers; teaching; training

## Test

- foster-13 by None (None) - Rahmat Idul, 2011, Improving Students’ Writing at the third year students of SMPN 8 PALOPO through describing picture in pairs, a thesis STAIN PALOPO. 3Magfirah Thayyib 1,2.3Institut Agama Islam Negeri Palopo (IAIN Palopo), Palopo, Indonesia asharplp22@gmail.com1 *wahibah@iainpalopo.ac.id2 magfirah_thayyib@iainpalopo.ac.id3 ABSTRACT The purpose of this research was to find out whether the use of story mapping technique effective to improve students’ writing recount text at the first grade of SMAN 1 Palopo. Keywords: class; control; experimental; score; students; test; writing
- The Analysis of Junior High School Teacher-Made Tests for the Students in Enrekang by Alia, Husnani (2020) - There are three out of five teachers combine test item that have chosen from the item bank and textbook test. Furthermore there are two out of five teachers combine test items that used before and new items from internet or textbook and allow their colleagues to check the test items. Keywords: analysis; choice; discrimination; distractors; index; items; quality; reliability; smp; students; teachers; test; test items
- Identifying the Students’ Difficulties in Comprehending TOEFL Reading Test by Dahlan, Dahlan (2021) - 4. Classified the data based on the students ability and students difficulties in TOEFL reading. Vol. 2, No. 1, January 2021 e-ISSN: 2723-2146 57 Questionnaire Questionscreated by the authors is the question to the students about what the difficulties faced in working TOEFL reading test. Keywords: difficulties; fourth; palopo; reading; semester; students; test; toefl
- Improving Grammar Mastery by Using Scramble Method of the Eleventh-Grade Students at Senior High School Number 2 Palopo by Hasriani, Andi; Masruddin, Masruddin (2020) - So, the hypothesis proposed in this research which says “the use of the scramble method is effective to improve students grammar mastery” is accepted. Students who have studied pedagogical grammars may be supposed to know English (Flor & Aarts, 1982). Keywords: grammar; method; pretest; score; scramble; students; test
- Improving Students` Vocabulary Mastery Through Observe and Remember Game at the Seventh Grade SMPN 2 Palopo by Helma, Helma; Jufriadi, Jufriadi (2020) - Post-test After give this treatment, author will gave final test for know this result from learners vocabulary after teaching by through observe and remember. The mean which the Remember and Observe game is effective for improve learners vocabulary. Keywords: game; learners; observe; score; students; test; vocabulary
- SQ3R Method in Teaching Reading: How It Improves Students’ Comprehension of Narrative Texts at SMAN 2 Trenggalek by Prasetyo, Wawan (2022) - Vol. 3, No. 1, January 2022 e-ISSN: 2723-4126 p-ISSN: 2776-8880 44 SQ3R METHOD IN TEACHING READING: HOW IT IMPROVES STUDENTS’ COMPREHENSION OF NARRATIVE TEXTS AT SMAN 2 TRENGGALEK 1Wawan Prasetyo 1STKIP PGRI Trenggalek, Trenggalek, Indonesia wawprasetyo23@gmail.com Students said that finding meaning is confusing. Keywords: method; reading; sq3r; students; test; text; writer

## Speaking

- The Effectiveness of Inside-Outside Circle Technique in Teaching Speaking at Vocational High School by Wita, Nera; Roza, Veni (2022) - Students in the inside circle face out, and students in the outside circle face the contrary, so each student faces a partner in the other circle. The students' percentage in speaking scores was arranged in the graphic, which is described below: Graphic 1: Student's Percentage for Speaking Score Based on the diagram above, five students scored between 87-90. Keywords: circle; inside; outside; score; speaking; students; technique

## Researcher

- Developing Reading Worksheet for Tenth Grade Students of SMA Negeri 4 Palopo by Anwar, Lestari; Furwana, Dewi; Iksan, Muhammad (2020) - ABSTRACT This research about Developing Students' Reading Worksheet of tenth grade at SMA Negeri 4 Palopo, the researcher formulated the research question as follow: what kind of Reading Worksheet are suitable for tenth students'. It will make students more active in learning reading. Keywords: expert; number; question; question number; researcher; scores; students; worksheet

## Self

- PLEASE Strategy for Teaching Writing Viewed from Students' Self-Esteem by Atmojo, Arief Eko Priyo (2021) - The students in each class were categorized into students having high self-esteem and low self-esteem. In fact, enhancing students’ writing is a challenging task for teachers. Keywords: esteem; raft; self; strategy; students; writing

## Epilogue

For more detail, about this study carrel, see the computed home page. For more detail about study carrels in general, see the read me file.

Created: 2025-12-23