







































  
 

Copyright © The Author(s) 
Vol.6, No. 2, April 2025 

e-ISSN: 2723-4126 
p-ISSN: 2776-8880 

 

55 
 

INNOVATION IN LANGUAGE AND CULTURE 
PRESERVATION THROUGH THE DEVELOPMENT OF A 
TRILINGUAL DIGITAL DICTIONARY: BATAK TOBA – 

INDONESIAN – ENGLISH 
 

Orli Binta Tumanggor 1*, Winda Syafitri 2, Suci Khairani 3, & Lamtiur Sinambela 4 

1,2,3,4 Politeknik Negeri Medan, Medan, Indonesia 
 

orlitumanggor@polmed.ac.id  
 

ABSTRACT 

Language is a vital part of human culture and reflects the identity of a community. Over time, 
many regional languages face extinction due to a decline in native speakers. One such 
language is Batak Toba. Its use is decreasing among younger generations because of factors 
like migration, inter-ethnic marriages, and the growing dominance of Indonesian and foreign 
languages. If this trend continues, Batak Toba may disappear in the coming generations. This 
study aims to preserve the Batak Toba language and culture by developing a Trilingual 
Digital Dictionary (Batak Toba–Indonesian–English). The instructional development process 
adheres to the 4-D model framework, encompassing the stages of definition, design, 
development, and dissemination. The resulting dictionary undergoes rigorous evaluation to 
determine its validity, practicality, and overall effectiveness. The research starts with several 
analyses: front-end, student, language, task, concept, and goal setting. Then, research 
instruments are created, media and formats are selected, and an initial prototype is 
developed. This first version is validated by experts, revised, and tested in classroom 
settings. Data from these evaluations are analyzed to determine whether the product meets 
quality standards. The result is a final version of the digital dictionary that is proven to be 
valid, practical, and effective for language preservation. 

Keywords: Batak-Indonesian-English, Cultural Preservation, Language Preservation, Research and 
Development, Trilingual Digital Dictionary  

INTRODUCTION 

Language is one of the essential elements of human culture. In addition to functioning 
as a means of communication, language also serves as the identity of a community group. 
However, with the progression of time, many regional languages are endangered due to the 
decreasing number of active speakers. One such language is Batak Toba. 

According to Ethnologue (2021), the Batak Toba language is spoken by around 2 
million people, primarily in North Sumatra, Indonesia. However, its use is declining among 
the younger generation due to various factors such as migration, inter-ethnic marriages, and 
the influence of Indonesian and foreign languages (Sibarani, 2018; Brenzinger et al., 2003). 
Empirical studies have shown that members of the younger generation within the Batak 

http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689
http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689
mailto:orlitumanggor@polmed.ac.id


  
 

Copyright © The Author(s) 
Vol.6, No. 2, April 2025 

e-ISSN: 2723-4126 
p-ISSN: 2776-8880 

 

56 
 

Toba community engage minimally in the use of the Batak Toba language during social 
interactions, a pattern that contrasts markedly with that of the older generation (Marpaung 
& Tampubolon, 2022; E. P. Simamora et al., 2025; Sinaga, 2019). This phenomenon suggests 
a lack of awareness among the youth regarding the significance of preserving their linguistic 
and cultural heritage. The Batak Toba language, as a mother tongue, is frequently perceived 
as having lower sociolinguistic prestige in comparison to the national language, Indonesian, 
or to foreign languages, thereby contributing to a decreased motivation to acquire, use, and 
sustain the language. 

Academic research on the Batak Toba language is still limited, resulting in a lack of 
references and data that can be used in the development of learning materials and 
translation tools. Information on the Batak Toba language-particularly in terms of its 
structure, linguistic components, and other relevant aspects-remains limited or poorly 
coordinated in documentation, making it difficult for researchers and learners to access and 
utilize. The lack of well-organized and accessible resources constitutes a major obstacle to 
efforts aimed at the preservation and learning of the language (Pasaribu, 2021; N. J. 
Simamora et al., 2022). Numerous speakers of the Batak Toba language have reported a 
significant lack of accessible learning resources to support the study of their own language, 
particularly in digital formats that align with contemporary technological use. Simanjuntak 
et al. (2022) emphasize the importance of local wisdom in everyday communication, their 
study does not specifically address the availability or development of digital educational 
materials for the Batak Toba language. Recent initiatives aimed at digitalizing cultural 
learning resources relevant to the Batak Toba community have primarily concentrated on 
traditional decorative arts, with limited attention given to the linguistic dimension of the 
language itself (Azis et al., 2023). The existing resources are often not easily accessible to the 
general public, especially the younger generation who are more accustomed to digital 
technology. 

The lack of adequate tools for translating the Batak Toba language into Indonesian and 
English, and vice versa, presents a challenge in cross-linguistic communication. In the 
context of globalization, the ability to communicate in multiple languages is becoming 
increasingly important, including for the Batak Toba community, which is spread across 
various countries (Nababan, 1991). 

The development of technology for minority languages is often neglected, resulting in 
inadequate digital tools that do not optimally meet users' needs. Investment in the 
development of digital technology for the Batak Toba language, including digital dictionaries, 
remains very limited (Calvin et al., 2025; Silalahi et al., 2024). 

If this trend continues, it is feared that the Batak Toba language could become extinct 
within the next few generations. To preserve the Batak Toba language, various efforts are 
needed, one of which is through the development of a dictionary. A dictionary serves a crucial 
function in preserving and standardizing a language’s lexicon, including word meanings, 
pronunciations, and usage. (Pusat Pengembangan dan Pelindungan Bahasa dan Sastra, 2021; 
Svensen, 2009). In the current digital era, electronic/digital dictionaries offer several 
advantages over printed ones, such as practicality, portability, multimedia features, ease of 

http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689
http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689


  
 

Copyright © The Author(s) 
Vol.6, No. 2, April 2025 

e-ISSN: 2723-4126 
p-ISSN: 2776-8880 

 

57 
 

updates, and accessibility (Hasan & Iribaram, 2022; Lew, 2010; Nesi, 2009; E. P. Simamora 
et al., 2025). 

Digital dictionaries also allow for the addition of more than one language 
(multilingual). This is beneficial for foreign language learning and translation (Prinsloo, 
2012). Compared to bilingual dictionaries, trilingual dictionaries can provide a more 
comprehensive understanding by pairing words from three languages simultaneously (Guo, 
2004). Thus, the development of a Batak Toba - Indonesian - English trilingual digital 
dictionary is a promising innovation. 

In addition to preserving the language, such a dictionary can also document the Batak 
Toba culture. As is known, language and culture are two interconnected aspects. Language 
expresses, embodies, and symbolizes cultural realities (Kramsch, 2015). By incorporating 
cultural terms specific to Batak Toba, such as kinship, traditional ceremonies, traditional 
music, etc., into the digital dictionary, these invaluable heritages can be passed down to 
future generations. 

The development of the Batak Toba - Indonesian - English trilingual digital dictionary 
needs to be carried out meticulously by involving linguists, cultural experts, IT specialists, 
and relevant stakeholders. The dictionary content must be accurate, comprehensive, up-to-
date, and user-friendly. The interface design and features should also be engaging and user-
friendly. With careful planning and proper implementation, this dictionary could be an 
innovative solution for preserving the Batak Toba language and culture in the digital era. 

METHODS 

The instructional development process adheres to the 4-D model framework, 
encompassing the stages of definition, design, development, and dissemination (Thiagarajan 
et al., 1974). This study involves the development of a trilingual digital dictionary-Batak 
Toba, Indonesian, and English-as an innovative initiative aimed at preserving the linguistic 
and cultural heritage of the Batak Toba community. The quality criteria for the Batak Toba–
Indonesian–English trilingual digital dictionary as the product of this development research 
refer to the product quality criteria by Nieveen (1999: 125-135), which emphasizes three 
core aspects: validity, practicality, and effectiveness (Simanullang, 2018). 

This research is being conducted at SD Negeri 173449 Hutajulu, Onan Ganjang district, 
Humbang Hasundutan regency, during the 2024/2025 academic year, involving 30 students 
from grades 4, 5, and 6. The research instruments used in this study include: 1) a validation 
sheet for the Batak Toba–Indonesian–English trilingual digital dictionary and a validation 
sheet for the learning outcome test; 2) assessment sheets and observation sheets for the 
practicality of using the Batak Toba–Indonesian–English trilingual digital dictionary; and 3) 
an effectiveness assessment sheet for the use of the Batak Toba–Indonesian–English 
trilingual digital dictionary, learning outcome tests, and student response questionnaires. 

The research process commences with a series of preliminary analyses, including 
front-end analysis, learner characteristics analysis, language analysis, task analysis, concept 
analysis, and the formulation of specific research objectives. Following these steps, the study 
proceeds with the development of research instruments, the selection of appropriate media 
and formats, and the initial design of the Batak Toba–Indonesian–English Trilingual Digital 

http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689
http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689


  
 

Copyright © The Author(s) 
Vol.6, No. 2, April 2025 

e-ISSN: 2723-4126 
p-ISSN: 2776-8880 

 

58 
 

Dictionary (hereafter referred to as Prototype 1). Prototype 1 undergoes a process of 
validation, refinement, and field testing. Subsequently, the analysis of expert feedback and 
classroom data is performed to assess the validity, practicality, and effectiveness of the Batak 
Toba–Indonesian–English Trilingual Digital Dictionary. This process culminates in the 
creation of a final prototype that meets the criteria for validity, practicality, and 
effectiveness. 

RESULTS 

The outcome of this developmental study is a Batak Toba–Indonesian–English 
trilingual digital dictionary that meets the criteria of validity, practicality, and effectiveness. 
The collected data are systematically divided into two main categories, reflecting the 
consistency between assessment data and observational findings. 

Validity of the Batak Toba–Indonesian–English Trilingual Digital Dictionary 

The validation process for the Batak Toba–Indonesian–English trilingual digital 
dictionary was conducted after the design of the dictionary was completed. This process 
involved three experts, including one lecturer from the Engineering and Graphic Multimedia 
Study Program, one English lecturer from Medan State Polytechnic, and one expert in Batak 
Toba language and culture who is a direct speaker and elder (penetua) of the Batak Toba 
tribe in Onan Ganjang district, Humbang Hasundutan. The experts evaluated the Batak Toba–
Indonesian–English trilingual digital dictionary and the Learning Outcome Test during the 
validation phase. They conducted this validation prior to the classroom trial in the 
experimental class. Figure 1 illustrates the results of the validation data. 

As depicted in Figure 1, the Batak Toba–Indonesian–English trilingual digital 
dictionary achieved mean validity scores of 4.47, 4.52, and 4.57 for the format, language, and 
content aspects, respectively. Consequently, the overall average validity rating of the 
dictionary stands at 4.52. Based on the predetermined evaluation standards, these results 
affirm that the dictionary fulfills the criteria for validity. This indicates that the developed 
trilingual digital dictionary possesses adequate validity. Similarly, the Learning Outcome 
Test received validity scores of 4.53, 4.57, and 4.67 across the same aspects, yielding an 
overall mean validity score of 4.59. This score similarly categorizes the Learning Outcome 
Test as valid. 

http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689
http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689


  
 

Copyright © The Author(s) 
Vol.6, No. 2, April 2025 

e-ISSN: 2723-4126 
p-ISSN: 2776-8880 

 

59 
 

 

Figure 1. Validity Data of the Batak Toba–Indonesian–English Trilingual Digital Dictionary and 
Learning Outcome Test 

Practicality of Using the Batak Toba–Indonesian–English Trilingual Digital Dictionary 

The practicality of utilizing the Batak Toba–Indonesian–English trilingual digital 
dictionary was determined by analyzing the consistency between two sets of assessments: 
expert assessments conducted prior to classroom implementation and observer 
assessments carried out during the actual classroom use. The pre-implementation expert 
assessments involved three specialists who, drawing upon their theoretical expertise and 
practical experience, assessed the instructional practicality of the developed digital 
dictionary. Meanwhile, the observer assessments were performed during the classroom trial 
phase to monitor the dictionary’s application in a real learning environment. The assessment 
was carried out while the digital dictionary was implemented in the classroom by observing 
the learning process using the developed Batak Toba–Indonesian–English trilingual digital 
dictionary. This classroom trial activity was conducted once in three experimental classes. 
The practicality data for the developed Batak Toba–Indonesian–English trilingual digital 
dictionary are presented in a diagram in Figure 2. 

Figure 2 presents the theoretical practicality scores of the Batak Toba–Indonesian–
English trilingual digital dictionary, assessed across the aspects of syntax, social system, and 
principles of reaction and management, with average scores of 4.62, 4.47, and 4.40, 
respectively. These results yield an overall theoretical practicality score of 4.50. According 
to the predetermined evaluation criteria, this indicates that, based on expert assessment, the 
dictionary’s practical application is categorized as high. Similarly, the overall practicality 
score obtained from the classroom trial is 4.13, which also classifies the practical use of the 
Batak Toba–Indonesian–English trilingual digital dictionary as high based on classroom 
implementation data. 

4,35

4,40

4,45

4,50

4,55

4,60

4,65

4,70

Fornat Language Content

4,47

4,52

4,57

4,53

4,57

4,67

A
v
er

ag
e 

S
co

re
s 

fo
r 

E
ac

h
 A

sp
ec

t

Validity Assessment Aspects

Digital Dictionary

Learning Outcome Tests

http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689
http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689


  
 

Copyright © The Author(s) 
Vol.6, No. 2, April 2025 

e-ISSN: 2723-4126 
p-ISSN: 2776-8880 

 

60 
 

 

Figure 2. Practicality Data of the Batak Toba–Indonesian–English Trilingual Digital Dictionary 

Effectiveness of Using the Batak Toba–Indonesian–English Trilingual Digital Dictionary 

The effectiveness of the Batak Toba–Indonesian–English trilingual digital dictionary is 
determined by examining the alignment between two key sources of assessment: expert 
assessments conducted prior to classroom trial and the extent to which effectiveness 
indicators were achieved during the classroom trial. Three subject-matter experts carried 
out the initial evaluation, drawing on their theoretical expertise and professional experience 
to assess the potential effectiveness of the digital dictionary in an instructional setting. 

The effectiveness assessment of using the Batak Toba–Indonesian–English trilingual 
digital dictionary is reviewed from three aspects: student learning outcomes, learning time 
usage, and student responses, with averages of 4.33, 4.44, and 4.56, respectively. Thus, the 
overall average theoretical effectiveness score of the Batak Toba–Indonesian–English 
trilingual digital dictionary is 4.44 (see Table 1). Based on the established assessment 
criteria, it can be concluded that the effectiveness of using the Batak Toba–Indonesian–
English trilingual digital dictionary based on expert assessment is classified as high. 

The classroom trial was conducted once across three experimental classes. The 
effectiveness data related to the Batak Toba–Indonesian–English trilingual digital dictionary 
are summarized in Table 1. As shown in the table, the average post-test score for student 
learning outcomes during the trial was 86.01. Based on established evaluation criteria, this 
score is categorized as high. The improvement in student performance was further examined 
by calculating the normalized gain score, which averaged 0.60–falling within the moderate 
improvement category. This suggests that the observed learning gains align with expected 
outcomes. Additionally, the average student response score reached 86.10%, exceeding the 
80% threshold, thereby indicating that the use of the digital dictionary during classroom 
implementation effectively met the targeted research benchmarks. 

3,60
3,70
3,80
3,90
4,00
4,10
4,20
4,30
4,40
4,50
4,60
4,70

Syntax Social System Reaction and

Management

Principles

4,62

4,47
4,40

4,13

4,00

4,27
A

v
er

ag
e 

S
co

re
s 

fo
r 

E
ac

h
 A

sp
ec

t

Practicality Assessment Aspects

Practicality Assessment Before the Trial Practicality Assessment During the Trial

http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689
http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689


  
 

Copyright © The Author(s) 
Vol.6, No. 2, April 2025 

e-ISSN: 2723-4126 
p-ISSN: 2776-8880 

 

61 
 

Table 1. Effectiveness Data of the Batak Toba–Indonesian–English Trilingual Digital Dictionary 

Aspects Being Assessed Student Learning Outcomes 
Use of Learning 

Time 
Student 

Responses 
Effectiveness Assessment 
Before Trials 

4.33 (max 5) 4.44 (max 5) 4.56 (max 5) 

Effectiveness Assessment 
During Trials 

Pre = 64.98 
(max 100) 

Post = 86.01 
(max 100) 

4.33 (max 5) 86.10 (max 100) 

In reference to the validation results illustrated in Figure 1, the practicality 
assessments outlined in Figure 2, and the effectiveness metrics presented in Table 1, it can 
be inferred that the Batak Toba–Indonesian–English trilingual digital dictionary developed 
through this study satisfactorily meets the comprehensive criteria of validity, practicality, 
and effectiveness, thereby demonstrating its appropriateness for implementation in 
educational contexts. 

DISCUSSION 

The product of this development research is a trilingual digital dictionary of Batak 
Toba–Indonesian–English that meets the criteria of validity, practicality, and effectiveness. 
The developed digital dictionary offers universal accessibility, enabling users to access it 
anytime and from any location. The digitization of language represents a strategic effort to 
preserve linguistic and cultural heritage by providing easier access for all individuals, 
particularly the younger generation, to engage with their native language and culture. This 
approach promotes cultural continuity while simultaneously allowing openness to global 
cultural influences (Aji et al., 2022; Amelia et al., 2024; Nanduri & Bonsignore, 2023). This 
allows the younger generation to learn the Batak Toba language more easily. This dictionary 
can be used as teaching material in schools, covering not only Indonesian-English but also 
Batak Toba as an effort to preserve the language among students (Muawanah et al., 2024; 
Septiyana & Hastomo, 2023). 

The use of the Batak Toba–Indonesian–English trilingual digital dictionary in the 
classroom requires adequate resources, such as internet availability, digital devices, etc. The 
resources needed to develop and maintain digital applications often become obstacles and 
require attention or support from relevant stakeholders (Hairah et al., 2023; Oliviatika et al., 
2024). 

The results of this study indicate that the use of the Batak Toba–Indonesian–English 
trilingual digital dictionary developed in this research received positive responses from 
students during classroom trials. It is important to note that in utilizing technology as an 
effort to preserve local languages and cultures, it is necessary to develop attractive and user-
friendly features so that users (students) do not feel burdened while learning. 

CONCLUSION 

Based on the previously discussed research findings, the conclusions of this 
development study can be summarized as follows. First, the trilingual digital dictionary of 
Batak Toba–Indonesian–English that was developed has been categorized as valid. Second, 

http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689
http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689


  
 

Copyright © The Author(s) 
Vol.6, No. 2, April 2025 

e-ISSN: 2723-4126 
p-ISSN: 2776-8880 

 

62 
 

the practicality of this digital dictionary was evaluated from two perspectives: (1) expert 
assessments based on theoretical knowledge and professional experience, and (2) classroom 
trials. The latter showed that the dictionary met high criteria in terms of syntax, social 
system, as well as the principles of reaction and management. Third, the effectiveness of the 
digital dictionary was also determined through expert evaluation, which indicated a high 
level of effectiveness, and through classroom implementation. The classroom trial data 
demonstrated high student learning outcomes, with an average score of 86.01, a high 
average score for time efficiency in learning at 4.33, and a positive response rate of 86.10% 
from students regarding the use of the trilingual digital dictionary. These results collectively 
confirm the dictionary’s validity, practicality, and effectiveness in supporting language 
learning. 

ACKNOWLEDGMENT 

The researcher expresses sincere gratitude to the Pusat Penelitian dan Pengabdian 
Kepada Masyarakat (P3M) of Politeknik Negeri Medan for the financial support that 
contributed to the implementation of this research, in accordance with the Activity 
Implementation Agreement Letter, Number: B/159/PL5/PT.01.05/2024. The researcher 
also extends thanks to SD Negeri 173449 Hutajulu for facilitating the research process, which 
led to the development of the Trilingual Digital Dictionary of Batak Toba–Indonesian–
English. 

REFERENCES 

Aji, A. F., Winata, G. I., Koto, F., Cahyawijaya, S., Romadhony, A., Mahendra, R., Kurniawan, K., 
Moeljadi, D., Prasojo, R. E., Baldwin, T., Lau, J. H., & Ruder, S. (2022). One Country, 700+ 
Languages: NLP Challenges for Underrepresented Languages and Dialects in Indonesia. 
In S. Muresan, P. Nakov, & A. Villavicencio (Eds.), Proceedings of the 60th Annual 
Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Vol. 1, pp. 7226–7249). 
Association for Computational Linguistics. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2022.acl-
long.500 

Amelia, D., Putri, Y. R., & Daulay, I. S. (2024). Analisis Perkembangan Bahasa Indonesia di Era 
Digital : Tantangan dan Peluang. Fonologi : Jurnal Ilmuan Bahasa Dan Sastra Inggris, 
2(4), 249–257. https://doi.org/10.61132/fonologi.v2i4.1235 

Azis, A. C. K., Lubis, S. K., Kartono, G., & Daulay, M. A. J. (2023). Digitalisation of Teaching 
Materials for Toba Batak Ethnic Decorative Variety with Procreate Media Based on p-
Books and e-Books. Jurnal Kependidikan: Jurnal Hasil Penelitian Dan Kajian 
Kepustakaan Di Bidang Pendidikan, Pengajaran Dan Pembelajaran, 9(3), 782–793. 
https://doi.org/10.33394/jk.v9i3.8746 

Brenzinger, M., Dwyer, A. M., de Graaf, T., Grinevald, C., Krauss, M., Miyaoka, O., Ostler, N., 
Sakiyama, O., Villalón, M. E., Yamamoto, A. Y., & Zepeda, O. (2003). Language Vitality 
and Endangerment. International Expert Meeting on the UNESCO Programme 
Safeguarding of Endangered Languages, 28. 
https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000183699 

http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689
http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689


  
 

Copyright © The Author(s) 
Vol.6, No. 2, April 2025 

e-ISSN: 2723-4126 
p-ISSN: 2776-8880 

 

63 
 

Calvin, Antonius, P., & Siregar, S. D. (2025). Google Translate Mengubah Bahasa Batak 
Menjadi Bahasa Indonesia. Repeater : Publikasi Teknik Informatika Dan Jaringan, 3(2), 
8–16. https://doi.org/10.62951/repeater.v3i2.399 

Ethnologue. (2021). Batak Toba. Ethnologue: Languages of the World. 
Https://Www.Ethnologue.Com/Language/Bbc. 

Guo, L. (2004). Multimodality in a biology textbook. In K. L. O’Halloran (Ed.), Multimodal 
Discourse Analysis: Systemic Functional Perspectives (pp. 196–219). Continuum. 
https://books.google.co.id/books?id=64qxAwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=id 

Hairah, U., Achmad, R. Z., Tejawati, A., & Kamila, V. Z. (2023). Pemanfaatan E-Dictionary 
untuk Literasi Digital Pengenalan Bahasa Tidung. Inovasi Teknologi Masyarakat 
(INTEKMAS), 1(1), 24–28. https://doi.org/10.53622/intekmas.v1i1.195 

Hasan, N. F., & Iribaram, M. S. A. (2022). Digitalisasi Kamus Bahasa Daerah Papua 
Menggunakan Metode Rapid Application Development. MATRIK : Jurnal Manajemen, 
Teknik Informatika Dan Rekayasa Komputer, 21(3), 710–720. 
https://doi.org/10.30812/matrik.v21i3.1688 

Kramsch, C. (2015). Language and Culture. In R. M. Manchón (Ed.), Research methods and 
approaches in Applied Linguistics (Vol. 27, Issue, pp. 30–55). John Benjamins Publishing 
Company. https://doi.org/10.1075/aila.27.02kra 

Lew, R. (2010). Multimodal lexicography: The representation of meaning in electronic 
dictionaries. Lexikos, 20(November 2008), 290–306. 
https://doi.org/10.4314/lex.v20i1.62717 

Marpaung, D. K., & Tampubolon, F. (2022). Maintenance of the Toba Batak Language in 
Narumonda VII Village, Siantar Narumonda District, Toba Regency. Journal of Language 
Development and Linguistics (JLDL), 1(1), 29–44. 
https://journal.formosapublisher.org/index.php/jldl 

Muawanah, U., Marini, A., & Sarifah, I. (2024). The interconnection between digital literacy, 
artificial intelligence, and the use of E-learning applications in enhancing the 
sustainability of Regional Languages: Evidence from Indonesia. Social Sciences & 
Humanities Open, 10, 101169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2024.101169 

Nababan, P. W. J. (1991). Sociolinguistics: Indonesian and Other Languages in Indonesia. 
Language Policy and Education, 37(1), 115–131. 
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00598171 

Nanduri, D. K., & Bonsignore, E. M. (2023). Revitalizing Endangered Languages: AI-powered 
language learning as a catalyst for language appreciation. CHI 2023 Workshop on Child-
Centered AI Design: Definition, Operation, and Consideration. 
https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2304.09394 

Nesi, H. (2009). Dictionaries in Electronic Form. In A. P. Cowie (Ed.), The Oxford History of 
English Lexicography (pp. 458–478). Oxford University Press. 

http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689
http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689


  
 

Copyright © The Author(s) 
Vol.6, No. 2, April 2025 

e-ISSN: 2723-4126 
p-ISSN: 2776-8880 

 

64 
 

http://ukcatalogue.oup.com/product/9780199285624.do 

Nieveen, N. (1999). Prototyping to Reach Product Quality. In J. van den Akker, R. M. Branch, 
K. Gustafson, N. Nieveen, & T. Plomp (Eds.), Design Approaches and Tools in Education 
and Training (1st ed., Vol. 1, pp. 125–135). Springer Science+Business Media. 
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4255-7 

Oliviatika, N. A., Ramadhan, Z. O. S., Ginting, C. M. B., Ningrum, L. K., & Anggraeni, N. D. (2024). 
Revitalisasi Bahasa Daerah: Antara Tradisi dan Teknologi. Argopuro: Jurnal 
Multidisiplin Ilmu Bahasa, 5(5), 31–40. https://doi.org/10.6734/argopuro.v5i5.8958 

Pasaribu, B. N. (2021). Pembelajaran Menulis Umpasa (Pantun) dalam Bahasa Batak Toba. 
2019. https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/f57wz 

Prinsloo, D. (2012). Electronic Lexicography for Lesser-resourced Languages: the South 
African context. In S. Granger & M. Paquot (Eds.), Electronic Lexicography (pp. 119–
144). Oxford University Press. https://global.oup.com/academic/product/electronic-
lexicography-9780199654864 

Pusat Pengembangan dan Pelindungan Bahasa dan Sastra. (2021). Laporan Kinerja 2021. 
https://repositori.kemdikbud.go.id/3457/1/PUSAT PEMBINAAN DAN 
PENGEMBANGAN BAHASA %282%29.pdf? 

Septiyana, L., & Hastomo, T. (2023). Need Analysis of Trilingual E-Dictionary for Early 
Childhood; Indonesian- English-Lampung. Proceedings of the 4th International 
Conference on Progressive Education 2022 (ICOPE 2022), 1, 177–182. 
https://doi.org/10.2991/978-2-38476-060-2_18 

Sibarani, R. (2018). Batak Toba society’s local wisdom of mutual cooperation in Toba Lake 
area: a linguistic anthropology study. International Journal of Human Rights in 
Healthcare, 11(1), 40–55. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJHRH-08-2017-0035 

Silalahi, S., Kurniawan R, R., & Lubis, A. H. (2024). Application for Translating Batak Toba 
Language To Indonesian Using Boyer Moore Algorithm Based on Android. Jurnal Sistem 
Informasi Dan Teknik Komputer, 9(1), 16–21. 
https://doi.org/10.51876/simtek.v9i1.364 

Simamora, E. P., Ulita, A., Sirait, G. A., Pardede, K., & Lubis, F. (2025). Tantangan dan Peluang 
dalam Melestarikan Identitas Budaya Batak Toba di Era Globalisasi. JCRD: Journal of 
Citizen Research and Development, 2(1), 33–37. 
https://doi.org/10.57235/jcrd.v2i1.4048 

Simamora, N. J., Sinaga, P., Sitinjak, V. N., & Racheman, H. (2022). Kata Benda dalam Khotbah 
Diberikan dalam Bahasa Batak Toba. Jurnal Pendidikan Dan Konseling, 4(6), 6780–
6787. https://doi.org/10.31004/jpdk.v4i6.9385 

Simanjuntak, M. B., Suseno, M., Ramdhoni, Sutrisno, & Lumingkewas, M. S. (2022). Local 
Wisdom’s Value of Toba Bataknese Language for Daily Communication in Jakarta. 
Proceedings of the International Conference on Communication, Policy and Social Science 

http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689
http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689


  
 

Copyright © The Author(s) 
Vol.6, No. 2, April 2025 

e-ISSN: 2723-4126 
p-ISSN: 2776-8880 

 

65 
 

(InCCluSi 2022), 109–116. https://doi.org/10.2991/978-2-494069-07-7_14 

Simanullang, M. C. (2018). Pengembangan Model Pembelajaran Pendidikan Matematika 
Realistik (PMR) untuk Meningkatkan Kecerdasan Triarkis dan Kemandirian Belajar 
Siswa Kelas VII SMP Sutomo 1 Medan [Universitas Negeri Medan]. 
https://digilib.unimed.ac.id/id/eprint/30698/ 

Sinaga, W. (2019). Sikap Generasi Muda Batak dalam Upaya Pemertahanan Bahasa Batak: 
Kajian Sosiolinguistik. Talenta Conference Series: Local Wisdom, Social, and Arts 
(LWSA), 2(3), 104–113. https://doi.org/10.32734/lwsa.v2i2.727 

Svensen, B. (2009). A Handbook of Lexicography: The Theory and Practice of Dictionary-
Making. Cambridge University Press. www.cambridge.org/9780521708241 

Thiagarajan, S., Semmel, D. S., & Semmel, M. I. (1974). Instructional Development for Training 
Teachers of Exeptional Children: A Sourcebook. University of Minnesota. 
https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED090725.pdf 

 

http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689
http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689

