





































  
 

Copyright © The Author(s) 
Vol.6, No. 1, January 2025 

e-ISSN: 2723-4126 
p-ISSN: 2776-8880 

 

1 

 

THE ROLE OF PROJECT-BASED LEARNING  
IN FOSTERING STUDENTS’ WRITING CREATIVITY:  

A PERCEPTION-BASED STUDY 
 

Sitti Hawaena1*, Nurhaya2, Andi Adisaturrahimi3 
1STKIP ABMUL Dampal Selatan, Toli-Toli, Indonesia 

2STAI Al-Azhary, Mamuju, Indonesia 
3Universitas Negeri Makassar, Indonesia 

 
*wenaw154@gmail.com 

 

ABSTRACT 

The purpose of this study is to examine students' perceptions of the effectiveness of Project-
Based Learning (PBL) in enhancing creative writing skills. Utilizing Robbins' framework of 
perception—acceptance, understanding, and evaluation—this research employs a 
qualitative methodology. The participants consisted of twenty students selected 
purposively from a larger literacy organization at STKIP ABMUL, Dampal Selatan. Data 
collection instruments included observational checklists and semi-structured interviews. 
The findings reveal that the PBL model significantly contributes to the improvement of 
students' writing abilities, particularly in fostering creativity, imagination, and critical 
thinking. The participants expressed increased motivation and interest in writing, 
particularly in crafting short stories. As an outcome of their engagement with PBL, a 
student-initiated literacy organization was formed, serving as a collaborative space to 
nurture creative expression through written work. 

Keywords: Project-Based Learning, Student Perception, Writing Creativity 

 
INTRODUCTION 

The advancement of technology has considerably influenced educational practices, 
necessitating pedagogical transformations that meet 21stcentury learning demands. 
Education serves as a fundamental benchmark for national development, and curricular 
reform is central to improving educational quality. In the Indonesian context, successive 
reforms have taken place, including the transition from KTSP to the 2013 Curriculum, 
culminating in the implementation of the Merdeka Belajar (Freedom to Learn) Curriculum. 
This latest reform, spearheaded by the Minister of Education and Culture, emphasizes 
learner autonomy, critical thinking, and character development (Hasim, 2020; Makarim, 
2020). This approach is consistent with global trends that advocate for constructivist 
learning paradigms, such as Project-Based Learning (PBL), which supports active inquiry, 
collaboration, and real-world relevance (Thomas, 2000; Bell, 2010). 

Project-Based Learning has been widely recognized for its pedagogical value across 
various disciplines. It provides learners with opportunities to engage in meaningful and 

http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689
http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689
mailto:wenaw154@gmail.com


  
 

Copyright © The Author(s) 
Vol.6, No. 1, January 2025 

e-ISSN: 2723-4126 
p-ISSN: 2776-8880 

 

2 

 

complex tasks that mirror authentic contexts. According to Larmer and Mergendoller 
(2015), PBL enables students to acquire deep content knowledge and develop essential 
skills by solving problems collaboratively. In the Indonesian setting, Nugrohadi and Anwar 
(2022) argue that PBL fosters autonomous learning by positioning students as active 
participants in constructing knowledge through hands-on experiences. 

In the context of language learning, PBL has shown promise in enhancing learners’ 
engagement and achievement, especially in writing. Writing, as one of the core productive 
language skills, is often perceived as challenging due to the demands it places on coherence, 
organization, vocabulary use, and grammatical accuracy. Hawaena (2022) asserts that 
writing is a structured articulation of ideas, emotions, and experiences, while Brown (2001) 
describes it as a process involving the generation, development, and organization of ideas 
through written language. As such, instructional approaches like PBL can scaffold learners’ 
writing development by providing structure, feedback, and motivation. 

A key feature of PBL in language education is its capacity to cultivate creativity. 
According to Craft (2005), creativity in education involves imaginative activity fashioned so 
as to produce outcomes that are both original and of value. In writing, creativity extends 
beyond linguistic proficiency to include the capacity for narrative invention, emotional 
expression, and critical reflection. These qualities are essential in literary genres such as 
short stories. Short stories serve as an accessible and engaging medium for student 
expression. Nurgiyantoro (2007) defines short stories as fictional narratives that can be 
read in a single sitting, typically focused on a single theme or conflict with limited characters 
and settings.  

At STKIP Abdul Mujib Laewang, a student-led literacy movement has embraced this 
pedagogical approach. Students engage in collaborative writing projects that culminate in 
the production and publication of story original. These experiences foster not only writing 
proficiency but also a sense of ownership, motivation, and creative identity. Moreover, the 
use of PBL in such contexts aligns with sociocultural theories of learning, which emphasize 
the role of community, interaction, and shared meaning-making (Vygotsky, 1978; Lantolf & 
Thorne, 2006). 

Despite the growing body of literature on PBL and its effectiveness in language 
learning, limited research specifically addresses its impact on students’ creative writing in 
Indonesian higher education institutions, particularly in localized literacy-based 
communities. Previous studies have often concentrated on general language proficiency or 
writing mechanics, overlooking the creative and expressive dimensions that are essential 
for literary genres. Moreover, studies rarely investigate students' subjective perceptions 
regarding how PBL influences their creative process and motivation. This study fills that gap 
by exploring the nuanced perceptions of students actively involved in a community-driven 
literacy movement, thereby offering a contextualized understanding of PBL's pedagogical 
potential. 

The novelty of this research lies in its focus on the intersection between project-based 
pedagogy, student creativity, and literary writing within an indigenous academic setting. By 
anchoring the investigation in students’ lived experiences and applying Robbins and Judge’s 

http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689
http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689


  
 

Copyright © The Author(s) 
Vol.6, No. 1, January 2025 

e-ISSN: 2723-4126 
p-ISSN: 2776-8880 

 

3 

 

(2012) model of perception, the study provides unique insights into how PBL nurtures 
creative agency in aspiring writers. 

Given the growing interest in innovative writing instruction, this study seeks to 
examine students’ perceptions of the effectiveness of PBL in enhancing creative writing. The 
theoretical framework is informed by Robbins and Judge’s (2012) model of perception, 
encompassing the processes of acceptance, understanding, and evaluation. Through 
qualitative inquiry, the study aims to address the research question: How do students 
perceive the implementation of PBL in enhancing their writing creativity within a literacy-
focused organizational context. 

METHOD 

Research Design 

This study employs a qualitative descriptive approach to explore students' 
perceptions of Project-Based Learning (PBL) in enhancing their writing creativity, 
particularly within the context of a student-led literacy initiative at STKIP Abdul Mujib 
Laewang. A qualitative paradigm is appropriate as it enables the researcher to capture the 
depth and complexity of participants' lived experiences, thoughts, and meanings (Creswell 
& Poth, 2018). The study adopts a case study design, focusing on a single bounded system—
a literacy movement involving collaborative short story writing. This approach allows for 
an in-depth understanding of how PBL influences the creative writing process from the 
perspectives of students who actively participate in such initiatives. 

Participants 

Participants were twenty students from the Language and Literature Education 
program who had engaged in a semester-long PBL-based creative writing project. They 
were selected through purposive sampling to ensure that only those with substantial 
involvement in the literacy movement and short stories writing were included. This 
sampling method is deemed suitable for qualitative studies that prioritize depth over 
breadth (Palinkas et al., 2015). 

Instruments 

Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, participant observation, and 
document analysis. Semi-structured interviews allowed flexibility while ensuring alignment 
with the study’s objectives. The interview protocol was guided by Robbins and Judge’s 
(2012) model of perception—covering acceptance, understanding, and evaluation. 
Participant observation was conducted during writing workshops and group meetings to 
document students’ interactions, challenges, and collaborative processes. Field notes 
captured spontaneous expressions and contextual behaviors (Merriam & Tisdell, 2016). 
Document analysis involved reviewing students’ written outputs to triangulate insights 
from interviews and observations with actual creative artifacts. 
  

http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689
http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689


  
 

Copyright © The Author(s) 
Vol.6, No. 1, January 2025 

e-ISSN: 2723-4126 
p-ISSN: 2776-8880 

 

4 

 

Data Analysis 

Data analysis followed the thematic analysis method proposed by Braun and Clarke 
(2006), comprising six phases: familiarization with data, generation of initial codes, 
searching for themes, reviewing themes, defining and naming themes, and producing the 
report. This method ensures a systematic approach to identifying patterns related to 
students’ perceptions of PBL and creativity. The analysis was also informed by Robbins and 
Judge’s (2012) perceptual model, which facilitated the categorization of data into three 
perceptual domains: 

Acceptance : How students receive and internalize PBL as a pedagogical approach. 

Understanding : How students interpret its influence on their writing creativity. 

Evaluation : How students assess the outcomes of their engagement with PBL. 

To ensure credibility, the study employed data triangulation across interviews, 
observations, and document analyses. Member checking was conducted by sharing 
interview transcripts and thematic interpretations with participants for validation. 
Dependability was addressed through detailed documentation of research procedures. 
Ethical clearance was obtained from the institutional review board, and participants signed 
informed consent forms. All names were anonymized to protect confidentiality. 

RESULTS 

This study explored students’ perceptions of the Project-Based Learning (PBL) model 
in the context of creative writing, particularly in developing short stories. Semi-structured 
interviews were conducted in the literacy organization. Thematic analysis revealed three 
main aspects of perception in line with Robbins and Judge’s (2012) perceptual model: 
acceptance, understanding, and evaluation. 

Students’ Acceptance of the PBL Model 

Attitudes Toward the PBL Model 

Students generally expressed positive attitudes toward PBL, emphasizing the model’s 
emphasis on creativity, collaboration, and engagement. One participant noted: 

“I think this project is good for me. It focuses on developing creativity. We work together 
in our literacy organization to write stories, and this model helps me become more 
imaginative.” (Participant 1) 

Another participant highlighted the collaborative aspect of PBL: 

“We can discuss and collaborate to determine which project to do. This model teaches 
us to produce real work together.” (Participant 2) 

Participants also appreciated the enjoyment of group-based learning: 

“This project was enjoyable. We worked in groups to discuss story ideas and shared 
experiences. It helped increase our knowledge through cooperation.” (Participant 3) 

http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689
http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689


  
 

Copyright © The Author(s) 
Vol.6, No. 1, January 2025 

e-ISSN: 2723-4126 
p-ISSN: 2776-8880 

 

5 

 

These responses demonstrate that students welcomed the PBL model, finding it 
enjoyable and conducive to both creative development and peer learning. 

Engagement with Short Stories Writing 

Students were also enthusiastic about writing cerpen, viewing it as a medium for 
emotional expression and self-therapy. As one participant explained: 

“Writing allows us to tell stories. It’s therapeutic—I can express feelings through it.” 
(Participant 4) 

Others mentioned the importance of reading, discipline, and motivation in writing: 
“To write well, we need references—reading and joining webinars help. But most 

importantly, the desire to write must be there.” (Participant 5) 

“I express myself through writing about life experiences. It’s a way of exploring personal 
phenomena.” (Participant 6) 

These insights suggest that short stories writing was perceived not just as a task but 
as a meaningful creative outlet, promoting emotional well-being and personal identity 
development. 

Challenges Encountered in PBL Writing 

Despite the benefits, students also described challenges, particularly related to idea 
generation, time constraints, and motivation. One student reflected: 

“I experienced writer’s block and struggled to read more due to other activities. Working 
in groups can also be challenging.” (Participant 7) 

Another noted: 

“Sometimes we have ideas, but it’s hard to develop and manage the storyline.” 
(Participant 8) 

Mood and motivation also influenced writing productivity: 

“When I’m in a bad mood, I feel lazy to write. That’s the hardest part.” (Participant 9) 

These reflections highlight typical barriers to creativity in writing, such as lack of time, 
fluctuating motivation, and cognitive constraints—common issues in project-based 
learning environments. 

Students’ Understanding of the PBL Model 

Application of PBL in Literacy Activities 

Participants demonstrated a clear understanding of how PBL functions in their writing 
practice, especially through their literacy community. One participant explained: 

http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689
http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689


  
 

Copyright © The Author(s) 
Vol.6, No. 1, January 2025 

e-ISSN: 2723-4126 
p-ISSN: 2776-8880 

 

6 

 

“We apply PBL in our literacy group by generating and developing ideas together. 
We’ve done projects like writing novels, and now we focus on short stories.” (Participant 
10) 

Others emphasized autonomy and exploration: 

“This project makes us more independent and allows us to freely explore different 
skills.” (Participant 11) 

“We are encouraged to read, try new things, and even if we only write a few words, we 
keep going.” (Participant 12) 

These responses suggest that PBL fosters autonomy, initiative, and sustained creative 
effort. 

Students’ Writing Portfolios 

Many students had already produced substantial creative work. As one shared: 

“I’ve written novels, comics, and short stories. Some of my books have been published 
with ISBNs, like Adaptasi, Memoar Luka, and Ikrar Cinta.” (Participant 13) 

Another added: 

“I wrote a novel called Mengenang 2020, and another group project was Aku dan 
Duniaku.” (Participants 14 & 15) 

These achievements reflect that PBL has facilitated real-world outcomes in the form 
of published work, reinforcing the model’s effectiveness in cultivating sustained writing 
practice. 

Motivations for Writing 

Students expressed varied and personal motivations for writing. These included 
emotional expression, role modeling, and intrinsic interest. One participant shared: 

“Writing helps me express what I can’t say aloud. It’s my hobby and makes me feel 
relaxed.” (Participant 16) 

Another was inspired by a peer: 

“My motivation is Sister Indar. I admire her for publishing many books. She encouraged 
me to join the organization. At first, I wasn’t confident, but I ended up writing my first 
short story.” (Participant 17) 

One participant added: 

“I love to write imaginative stories. Writing is a way to channel feelings that are hard 
to express verbally. It’s therapeutic.” (Participant 18) 

These insights reveal that writing serves both as a psychological outlet and a social 
motivator, confirming the deep personal investment many students had in the writing 
process. 

http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689
http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689


  
 

Copyright © The Author(s) 
Vol.6, No. 1, January 2025 

e-ISSN: 2723-4126 
p-ISSN: 2776-8880 

 

7 

 

Students’ Evaluation of the PBL Model 

Perceived Benefits of PBL 

Overall, students evaluated PBL positively, particularly in terms of fostering creativity 
and independence. As one student noted: 

“This model suits me as a writer. I enjoy doing creative projects, especially writing.” 
(Participant 19) 

“At first I was just trying it out, but now I’m interested. Writing short stories was my 
first real writing project.” (Participant 20) 

The active involvement in determining project themes was also appreciated: 

“In PBL, we’re directly involved in every activity. We choose our own themes, and that 
makes it meaningful.” (Participant 21) 

Benefits for the Literacy Organization 

Students felt that PBL strengthened the organization’s culture of learning. One shared:  

“It made me more independent and creative. I could explore anything freely.” 
(Participant 22) 

“I became more focused and motivated. I learned to value others’ knowledge and skills.” 
(Participant 23) 

“The organization became a support system. That’s the real benefit.” (Participant 24) 

These responses indicate that PBL enhanced community learning, peer support, and 
creative productivity within the literacy group. 

Perceived Disadvantages of PBL 

Despite its strengths, students identified time constraints as a key limitation. For 
instance: 

“It’s hard to balance time between this project and homework from lectures.” 
(Participant 25) 

“I’m also a schoolteacher, so it’s difficult to find time for writing.” (Participant 26) 

However, some participants reported minimal drawbacks: 

“Every model has disadvantages, but for me, this one works well for writing activities.” 
(Participant 27) 

This suggests that while PBL is broadly effective, scheduling and competing 
responsibilities can hinder its implementation, especially for students with external 
obligations. 
  

http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689
http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689


  
 

Copyright © The Author(s) 
Vol.6, No. 1, January 2025 

e-ISSN: 2723-4126 
p-ISSN: 2776-8880 

 

8 

 

Table 1. Summary of Key Themes 

Theme Sub-Themes Observations 
Acceptance Enjoyment, collaboration, 

storytelling, creative freedom 
Students feel PBL supports creativity, 
enjoyment, and peer learning 

Understanding Application of PBL, writing 
portfolios, motivation 

Students understand how to apply PBL in 
real writing projects and are intrinsically 
motivated 

Evaluation Independence, real-world 
outcomes, time challenges 

Students recognize both the benefits (e.g., 
motivation, productivity) and challenges 
(e.g., time constraints) of the model 

DISCUSSION 

This study provides compelling insights into how Project-Based Learning (PBL) can 

positively impact students’ perceptions, experiences, and outcomes in the context of 

creative writing. The qualitative data obtained through in-depth interviews with twenty 

active members of a student literacy organization revealed several critical themes regarding 

student acceptance, understanding, and evaluation of the PBL model. These themes are in 

line with recent scholarly discussions on the benefits and challenges of PBL, especially 

within language and literacy education. 

Students’ Acceptance of PBL 

The data demonstrate strong student acceptance of the PBL model. Students 

expressed that PBL not only facilitated their creativity but also made writing more enjoyable 

and meaningful. They appreciated the collaborative nature of the projects and the 

opportunity to express personal feelings through literary forms such as short stories. These 

findings align with those of Nugrahani and Suryani (2022), who found that students engaged 

in PBL contexts exhibited greater ownership of their learning and higher levels of 

motivation compared to those in traditional instruction. In a similar vein, Mubarok and 

Fitriana (2022) reported that students working on collaborative creative writing projects 

displayed increased confidence and deeper emotional investment in their tasks. 
Participants also referred to writing as a form of therapy and a method for expressing 

their inner thoughts and emotions. This observation resonates with Wulandari and Widodo 

(2023), who described writing as a psychological release mechanism for students, helping 

them process emotional experiences and gain mental clarity. Such findings reinforce the 

affective dimensions of language learning, suggesting that writing is not only a cognitive 

activity but also a means of emotional regulation (Zins et al., 2020). 

However, acceptance does not imply that students encountered no challenges. Some 

mentioned difficulties in group coordination and initial resistance due to a lack of familiarity 

with the model. These barriers echo the findings of Ariyanti et al. (2020), who observed that 

initial adaptation to PBL can be overwhelming for students unfamiliar with autonomous and 

http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689
http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689


  
 

Copyright © The Author(s) 
Vol.6, No. 1, January 2025 

e-ISSN: 2723-4126 
p-ISSN: 2776-8880 

 

9 

 

collaborative learning frameworks. Nevertheless, as learners became accustomed to the 

model, their acceptance grew, indicating that structured support during early phases is 

crucial. 

Students’ Understanding of PBL 

The responses further indicate that students gained a strong understanding of how to 

apply PBL in writing contexts. They described the process of collaboratively selecting topics, 

brainstorming ideas, writing drafts, and editing stories for publication. This aligns with the 

constructivist principle that learning is most effective when students are actively engaged 

in creating knowledge rather than passively receiving it (Vygotsky, 1978; Lantolf & Poehner, 

2020). 
Students emphasized that PBL gave them the freedom to explore diverse themes and 

ideas. They reported increased independence and a deeper sense of engagement, especially 

when writing pieces based on personal experiences or imaginative scenarios. These findings 

corroborate those of Putri et al. (2021), who found that PBL encourages student autonomy 

and nurtures problem-solving skills. Furthermore, the students’ ability to publish their 

work, such as novels and short story collections with ISBNs, highlights the authenticity of 

the learning process. This supports Mubarok and Fitriana’s (2022) assertion that product-

oriented learning enhances learner identity and agency. 

Importantly, students’ achievements in publishing creative works illustrate a key 

feature of PBL—authentic outcomes. The sense of accomplishment derived from seeing 

one’s work in print reinforces motivation and validates the learning process. This 

phenomenon has been discussed by Sari and Marlina (2020), who argue that authentic 

assessment in PBL settings boosts learners’ intrinsic motivation and encourages continued 

participation in academic and extracurricular writing activities. 

Students’ Evaluation of PBL 

Students’ evaluations of PBL were predominantly positive. They cited multiple 

benefits, including increased creativity, improved focus, enhanced collaboration, and a 

stronger sense of belonging to a community of writers. These responses are consistent with 

research by Hidayati and Fatimah (2022), who found that PBL strengthens both cognitive 

and social dimensions of learning. Students in their study reported higher engagement and 

a stronger connection with peers when involved in collaborative writing projects. 

Furthermore, students expressed that the PBL model provided a flexible and 

motivating framework that allowed them to explore and refine their unique voices. The 
freedom to choose topics, collaborate with peers, and publish their writing fostered a 

deeper engagement with the writing process. This supports the sociocultural theory 

advanced by Vygotsky (1978), which emphasizes the role of social interaction and cultural 

tools in cognitive development. The student literacy organization served as a Zone of 

http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689
http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689


  
 

Copyright © The Author(s) 
Vol.6, No. 1, January 2025 

e-ISSN: 2723-4126 
p-ISSN: 2776-8880 

 

10 

 

Proximal Development (ZPD), where learners supported one another’s growth through 

shared experiences and mutual encouragement. 

However, challenges were also acknowledged. Students identified time management 

as a major obstacle, especially for those juggling academic responsibilities and teaching jobs. 

These findings reflect those of Kusuma and Hidayati (2021), who reported that time 

constraints and workload imbalance often hinder the successful implementation of PBL, 

particularly in higher education settings. Similarly, Rahman and Hasanah (2021) 

emphasized the need for institutional support and realistic scheduling to optimize the 

benefits of PBL. 

Additionally, students mentioned difficulties such as writer’s block, lack of reading 
references, and occasional lack of motivation. These factors hindered their ability to 

generate ideas or maintain productivity. As noted by Ariyanti et al. (2020), these obstacles 

are common in creative disciplines, where intrinsic motivation and mental state 

significantly impact performance. Nonetheless, the overall positive evaluation of PBL 

indicates that such issues are manageable within a supportive and well-structured learning 

environment. 

Implications and Recommendations 

The findings of this study have several pedagogical implications. First, they affirm the 

value of integrating PBL in writing instruction to foster student creativity, independence, 

and engagement. Second, they highlight the importance of building supportive 

communities, such as literacy organizations, where students can share knowledge, provide 

feedback, and motivate each other. Third, the challenges reported by students suggest the 

need for teachers and curriculum designers to provide guidance on time management, 

collaborative work, and emotional resilience. 

Future research should explore the long-term impact of PBL on students’ writing skills 

and identity development. Mixed-method studies that include both qualitative and 

quantitative data could offer deeper insights into how various elements of PBL contribute 

to learning outcomes. It would also be beneficial to compare PBL’s effectiveness across 

different educational settings and student demographics. 

CONCLUSION 

This study demonstrates that Project-Based Learning (PBL) significantly enhances 

students’ engagement, autonomy, and emotional investment in creative writing, 

particularly when integrated into a supportive literacy organization. The participants' 

experiences revealed that PBL fosters creativity, collaboration, and ownership of learning, 

enabling students to explore personal and imaginative themes while developing authentic 

literary products. These findings are consistent with recent research (e.g., Nugrahani & 

Suryani, 2022; Mubarok & Fitriana, 2022; Wulandari & Widodo, 2023), which underscores 

http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689
http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689


  
 

Copyright © The Author(s) 
Vol.6, No. 1, January 2025 

e-ISSN: 2723-4126 
p-ISSN: 2776-8880 

 

11 

 

the multifaceted benefits of PBL, not only as a pedagogical tool but also as a medium for 

emotional expression and identity development. 

Moreover, this study highlights how writing, when embedded in a meaningful social 

context, can serve as both an academic and therapeutic practice. While students faced 

challenges such as time constraints, motivational lapses, and limited resources, these 

obstacles were mitigated by peer support and structured guidance. The overall positive 

outcomes suggest that PBL holds strong potential for transforming writing instruction, 

especially in settings that emphasize authentic output and learner agency. Future research 

is encouraged to investigate the long-term impacts of PBL across diverse educational 

contexts and to explore its integration with digital platforms and hybrid learning 
environments. 

REFERENCES 

Ariyanti, A., Rahmawati, Y., & Fitria, T. N. (2020). Exploring students' obstacles in project-
based learning during Covid-19 pandemic. Journal of Language Teaching and Learning, 
7(3), 221–230. 

Bell, S. (2010). Project-based learning for the 21st century: Skills for the future. The Clearing 
House, 83(2), 39–43. 

Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in 
Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. 

Brown, H. D. (2001). Teaching by principles: An interactive approach to language pedagogy 
(2nd ed.). Longman. 

Craft, A. (2005). Creativity in schools: Tensions and dilemmas. Routledge. 

Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2018). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among 
five approaches (4th ed.). Sage. 

Hasim, M. (2020). Implementasi kurikulum merdeka belajar dalam sistem pendidikan 
Indonesia. Jurnal Pendidikan Nusantara, 10(1), 1–10. 

Hawaena, M. (2022). Teaching writing through contextual-based approach. Journal of 
Language and Education, 8(2), 44–55. 

Hidayati, D. N., & Fatimah, N. (2022). Project-based learning and students’ social 
competence: A qualitative study in Indonesian classrooms. Journal of Educational 
Sciences, 6(1), 55–67. 

Kusuma, B. R., & Hidayati, N. (2021). Constraints of project-based learning implementation: 
A case in Indonesian tertiary education. Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra, 21(1), 
78–90. 

Lantolf, J. P., & Poehner, M. E. (2020). Sociocultural theory and the pedagogical imperative in 
L2 education: Vygotskian praxis and the research/practice divide. Routledge. 

http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689
http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689


  
 

Copyright © The Author(s) 
Vol.6, No. 1, January 2025 

e-ISSN: 2723-4126 
p-ISSN: 2776-8880 

 

12 

 

Lantolf, J. P., & Thorne, S. L. (2006). Sociocultural theory and the genesis of second language 
development. Oxford University Press. 

Larmer, J., & Mergendoller, J. R. (2015). Gold standard PBL: Essential project design elements. 
Buck Institute for Education. 

Makarim, N. A. (2020). Konsep merdeka belajar. Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan 
Republik Indonesia. 

Merriam, S. B., & Tisdell, E. J. (2016). Qualitative research: A guide to design and 
implementation (4th ed.). Jossey-Bass. 

Mubarok, H., & Fitriana, R. (2022). Enhancing writing skills through project-based learning: 
Evidence from Indonesian vocational students. ELT-Echo, 7(1), 44–58. 

Nugrohadi, S., & Anwar, Y. (2022). Pembelajaran berbasis proyek dalam pengembangan 
keterampilan abad 21. Jurnal Inovasi Pendidikan, 14(1), 75–88. 

Nugrahani, F., & Suryani, L. (2022). Engaging students in active learning: The effectiveness 
of project-based approach in English writing. Jurnal Pendidikan dan Pembelajaran, 
11(2), 165–178. 

Nurgiyantoro, B. (2007). Teori pengkajian fiksi. Gadjah Mada University Press. 

Palinkas, L. A., et al. (2015). Purposeful sampling for qualitative data collection and analysis 
in mixed method implementation research. Administration and Policy in Mental Health 
and Mental Health Services Research, 42(5), 533–544. 

Putri, D. P., Marlina, L., & Wahyuni, D. (2021). PBL model in improving writing analytical 
exposition texts. J-SHMIC: Journal of English for Academic, 8(1), 43–51. 

Rahman, M. F., & Hasanah, U. (2021). Exploring the metacognitive impact of project-based 
writing tasks. Indonesian Journal of Applied Linguistics, 11(3), 523–533. 

Robbins, S. P., & Judge, T. A. (2012). Organizational behavior (15th ed.). Prentice Hall. 

Sari, R. P., & Marlina, R. (2020). Students’ critical thinking in project-based learning. Journal 
of English Language Teaching and Literature, 5(1), 70–79. 

Thomas, J. W. (2000). A review of research on project-based learning. Buck Institute for 
Education. 

Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes. 
Harvard University Press. 

Wulandari, T., & Widodo, R. (2023). Writing as healing: A qualitative inquiry into therapeutic 
writing among university students. Indonesian Journal of Language and Literature, 
14(1), 17–28. 

Zins, J. E., Weissberg, R. P., Wang, M. C., & Walberg, H. J. (2020). Building academic success on 
social and emotional learning: What does the research say? Teachers College Press. 

http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689
http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689


  
 

Copyright © The Author(s) 
Vol.6, No. 1, January 2025 

e-ISSN: 2723-4126 
p-ISSN: 2776-8880 

 

13 

 

 

 

 

 

http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689
http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689

