id	sid	tid	token	lemma	pos
foster-255	1	1	copyright	copyright	NOUN
foster-255	1	2	©	©	PROPN
foster-255	1	3	the	the	DET
foster-255	1	4	author(s	author(s	NOUN
foster-255	1	5	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	1	6	vol	vol	NOUN
foster-255	1	7	.	.	PROPN
foster-255	2	1	6	6	NUM
foster-255	2	2	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	2	3	no	no	INTJ
foster-255	2	4	.	.	NOUN
foster-255	2	5	3	3	NUM
foster-255	2	6	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	2	7	july	july	PROPN
foster-255	2	8	2025	2025	NUM
foster-255	3	1	e	e	X
foster-255	3	2	-	-	PUNCT
foster-255	3	3	issn	issn	ADJ
foster-255	3	4	:	:	PUNCT
foster-255	3	5	2723	2723	NUM
foster-255	3	6	-	-	SYM
foster-255	3	7	4126	4126	NUM
foster-255	3	8	p	p	NOUN
foster-255	3	9	-	-	PUNCT
foster-255	3	10	issn	issn	NOUN
foster-255	3	11	:	:	PUNCT
foster-255	3	12	2776	2776	NUM
foster-255	3	13	-	-	SYM
foster-255	3	14	8880	8880	NUM
foster-255	3	15	192	192	NUM
foster-255	3	16	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	3	17	literacy	literacy	NOUN
foster-255	3	18	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	3	19	learning	learn	VERB
foster-255	3	20	interaction	interaction	NOUN
foster-255	3	21	in	in	ADP
foster-255	3	22	indonesian	indonesian	ADJ
foster-255	3	23	efl	efl	PROPN
foster-255	3	24	classrooms	classroom	NOUN
foster-255	3	25	:	:	PUNCT
foster-255	3	26	an	an	DET
foster-255	3	27	ethnographic	ethnographic	ADJ
foster-255	3	28	study	study	NOUN
foster-255	3	29	adi	adi	PROPN
foster-255	3	30	f.	f.	PROPN
foster-255	3	31	mahmud1	mahmud1	PROPN
foster-255	4	1	*	*	PROPN
foster-255	4	2	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	4	3	murni	murni	PROPN
foster-255	4	4	mahmud2	mahmud2	PROPN
foster-255	4	5	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	4	6	sukardi	sukardi	PROPN
foster-255	4	7	weda3	weda3	NOUN
foster-255	4	8	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	4	9	munir4	munir4	NOUN
foster-255	4	10	1postgraduate	1postgraduate	NUM
foster-255	4	11	students	student	NOUN
foster-255	4	12	of	of	ADP
foster-255	4	13	english	english	ADJ
foster-255	4	14	language	language	PROPN
foster-255	4	15	education	education	NOUN
foster-255	4	16	department	department	NOUN
foster-255	4	17	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	4	18	universitas	universita	NOUN
foster-255	4	19	negeri	negeri	PROPN
foster-255	4	20	makassar	makassar	PROPN
foster-255	4	21	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	4	22	indonesia	indonesia	PROPN
foster-255	4	23	/	/	SYM
foster-255	4	24	universitas	universita	NOUN
foster-255	4	25	muhammadiyah	muhammadiyah	NOUN
foster-255	4	26	maluku	maluku	PROPN
foster-255	4	27	utara	utara	PROPN
foster-255	4	28	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	4	29	ternate	ternate	ADJ
foster-255	4	30	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	4	31	indonesia	indonesia	PROPN
foster-255	4	32	2	2	NUM
foster-255	4	33	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	4	34	3	3	NUM
foster-255	4	35	&	&	CCONJ
foster-255	4	36	4	4	NUM
foster-255	4	37	english	english	PROPN
foster-255	4	38	language	language	PROPN
foster-255	4	39	education	education	NOUN
foster-255	4	40	department	department	NOUN
foster-255	4	41	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	4	42	universitas	universita	NOUN
foster-255	4	43	negeri	negeri	PROPN
foster-255	4	44	makassar	makassar	PROPN
foster-255	4	45	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	4	46	indonesia	indonesia	PROPN
foster-255	4	47	*	*	PUNCT
foster-255	4	48	adi.f.mahmud@student.unm.ac.id	adi.f.mahmud@student.unm.ac.id	PROPN
foster-255	4	49	abstract	abstract	ADJ
foster-255	4	50	this	this	DET
foster-255	4	51	ethnographic	ethnographic	ADJ
foster-255	4	52	study	study	NOUN
foster-255	4	53	examines	examine	VERB
foster-255	4	54	the	the	DET
foster-255	4	55	relationships	relationship	NOUN
foster-255	4	56	between	between	ADP
foster-255	4	57	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	4	58	literacy	literacy	NOUN
foster-255	4	59	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	4	60	learning	learn	VERB
foster-255	4	61	interactions	interaction	NOUN
foster-255	4	62	in	in	ADP
foster-255	4	63	indonesian	indonesian	PROPN
foster-255	4	64	efl	efl	PROPN
foster-255	4	65	classes	class	NOUN
foster-255	4	66	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	5	1	the	the	DET
foster-255	5	2	study	study	NOUN
foster-255	5	3	seeks	seek	VERB
foster-255	5	4	to	to	PART
foster-255	5	5	elucidate	elucidate	VERB
foster-255	5	6	the	the	DET
foster-255	5	7	role	role	NOUN
foster-255	5	8	of	of	ADP
foster-255	5	9	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	5	10	tools	tool	NOUN
foster-255	5	11	in	in	ADP
foster-255	5	12	mediating	mediate	VERB
foster-255	5	13	educational	educational	ADJ
foster-255	5	14	practices	practice	NOUN
foster-255	5	15	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	5	16	interactional	interactional	ADJ
foster-255	5	17	dynamics	dynamic	NOUN
foster-255	5	18	between	between	ADP
foster-255	5	19	educators	educator	NOUN
foster-255	5	20	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	5	21	learners	learner	NOUN
foster-255	5	22	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	6	1	data	datum	NOUN
foster-255	6	2	were	be	AUX
foster-255	6	3	collected	collect	VERB
foster-255	6	4	over	over	ADP
foster-255	6	5	six	six	NUM
foster-255	6	6	months	month	NOUN
foster-255	6	7	at	at	ADP
foster-255	6	8	sma	sma	PROPN
foster-255	6	9	negeri	negeri	PROPN
foster-255	6	10	ternate	ternate	PROPN
foster-255	6	11	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	6	12	indonesia	indonesia	PROPN
foster-255	6	13	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	6	14	using	use	VERB
foster-255	6	15	participant	participant	ADJ
foster-255	6	16	observation	observation	NOUN
foster-255	6	17	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	6	18	semi	semi	ADJ
foster-255	6	19	-	-	ADJ
foster-255	6	20	structured	structured	ADJ
foster-255	6	21	interviews	interview	NOUN
foster-255	6	22	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	6	23	document	document	NOUN
foster-255	6	24	analysis	analysis	NOUN
foster-255	6	25	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	6	26	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	6	27	field	field	NOUN
foster-255	6	28	notes	note	NOUN
foster-255	6	29	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	6	30	involving	involve	VERB
foster-255	6	31	five	five	NUM
foster-255	6	32	teachers	teacher	NOUN
foster-255	6	33	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	6	34	ten	ten	NUM
foster-255	6	35	students	student	NOUN
foster-255	6	36	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	7	1	the	the	DET
foster-255	7	2	findings	finding	NOUN
foster-255	7	3	suggest	suggest	VERB
foster-255	7	4	a	a	DET
foster-255	7	5	triadic	triadic	ADJ
foster-255	7	6	interactional	interactional	ADJ
foster-255	7	7	framework	framework	NOUN
foster-255	7	8	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	7	9	comprising	comprise	VERB
foster-255	7	10	learner	learner	NOUN
foster-255	7	11	-	-	PUNCT
foster-255	7	12	content	content	NOUN
foster-255	7	13	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	7	14	learner	learner	NOUN
foster-255	7	15	-	-	PUNCT
foster-255	7	16	instructor	instructor	NOUN
foster-255	7	17	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	7	18	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	7	19	learner	learner	NOUN
foster-255	7	20	-	-	PUNCT
foster-255	7	21	learner	learner	NOUN
foster-255	7	22	interactions	interaction	NOUN
foster-255	7	23	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	7	24	all	all	PRON
foster-255	7	25	of	of	ADP
foster-255	7	26	which	which	PRON
foster-255	7	27	are	be	AUX
foster-255	7	28	shaped	shape	VERB
foster-255	7	29	by	by	ADP
foster-255	7	30	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	7	31	integration	integration	NOUN
foster-255	7	32	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	8	1	students	student	NOUN
foster-255	8	2	utilized	utilize	VERB
foster-255	8	3	multimedia	multimedia	NOUN
foster-255	8	4	resources	resource	NOUN
foster-255	8	5	such	such	ADJ
foster-255	8	6	as	as	ADP
foster-255	8	7	youtube	youtube	NOUN
foster-255	8	8	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	8	9	chatgpt	chatgpt	NOUN
foster-255	8	10	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	8	11	promoting	promote	VERB
foster-255	8	12	independence	independence	NOUN
foster-255	8	13	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	8	14	multimodal	multimodal	NOUN
foster-255	8	15	understanding	understanding	NOUN
foster-255	8	16	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	9	1	the	the	DET
foster-255	9	2	conventional	conventional	ADJ
foster-255	9	3	assumptions	assumption	NOUN
foster-255	9	4	of	of	ADP
foster-255	9	5	teacher	teacher	NOUN
foster-255	9	6	authority	authority	NOUN
foster-255	9	7	persisted	persist	VERB
foster-255	9	8	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	9	9	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	9	10	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	9	11	disparities	disparity	NOUN
foster-255	9	12	frequently	frequently	ADV
foster-255	9	13	limited	limit	VERB
foster-255	9	14	peer	peer	NOUN
foster-255	9	15	participation	participation	NOUN
foster-255	9	16	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	10	1	three	three	NUM
foster-255	10	2	cultural	cultural	ADJ
foster-255	10	3	elements	element	NOUN
foster-255	10	4	emerged	emerge	VERB
foster-255	10	5	:	:	PUNCT
foster-255	10	6	technology	technology	NOUN
foster-255	10	7	-	-	PUNCT
foster-255	10	8	enhanced	enhance	VERB
foster-255	10	9	instruction	instruction	NOUN
foster-255	10	10	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	10	11	enduring	endure	VERB
foster-255	10	12	teacher	teacher	NOUN
foster-255	10	13	authority	authority	NOUN
foster-255	10	14	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	10	15	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	10	16	flexible	flexible	ADJ
foster-255	10	17	peer	peer	NOUN
foster-255	10	18	solidarity	solidarity	NOUN
foster-255	10	19	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	11	1	the	the	DET
foster-255	11	2	study	study	NOUN
foster-255	11	3	concludes	conclude	VERB
foster-255	11	4	that	that	SCONJ
foster-255	11	5	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	11	6	literacy	literacy	NOUN
foster-255	11	7	alters	alter	VERB
foster-255	11	8	classroom	classroom	NOUN
foster-255	11	9	dynamics	dynamic	NOUN
foster-255	11	10	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	11	11	but	but	CCONJ
foster-255	11	12	it	it	PRON
foster-255	11	13	must	must	AUX
foster-255	11	14	be	be	AUX
foster-255	11	15	grounded	ground	VERB
foster-255	11	16	in	in	ADP
foster-255	11	17	local	local	ADJ
foster-255	11	18	educational	educational	ADJ
foster-255	11	19	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	11	20	cultural	cultural	ADJ
foster-255	11	21	norms	norm	NOUN
foster-255	11	22	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	12	1	it	it	PRON
foster-255	12	2	necessitates	necessitate	VERB
foster-255	12	3	culturally	culturally	ADV
foster-255	12	4	responsive	responsive	ADJ
foster-255	12	5	instructional	instructional	ADJ
foster-255	12	6	design	design	NOUN
foster-255	12	7	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	12	8	fair	fair	ADJ
foster-255	12	9	access	access	NOUN
foster-255	12	10	to	to	PART
foster-255	12	11	improve	improve	VERB
foster-255	12	12	engagement	engagement	NOUN
foster-255	12	13	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	12	14	maximize	maximize	VERB
foster-255	12	15	the	the	DET
foster-255	12	16	educational	educational	ADJ
foster-255	12	17	potential	potential	NOUN
foster-255	12	18	of	of	ADP
foster-255	12	19	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	12	20	literacy	literacy	NOUN
foster-255	12	21	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	13	1	keywords	keyword	NOUN
foster-255	13	2	:	:	PUNCT
foster-255	13	3	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	13	4	literacy	literacy	NOUN
foster-255	13	5	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	13	6	efl	efl	PROPN
foster-255	13	7	classrooms	classroom	NOUN
foster-255	13	8	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	13	9	ethnography	ethnography	NOUN
foster-255	13	10	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	13	11	indonesian	indonesian	ADJ
foster-255	13	12	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	13	13	learning	learn	VERB
foster-255	13	14	interaction	interaction	NOUN
foster-255	13	15	introduction	introduction	NOUN
foster-255	13	16	the	the	DET
foster-255	13	17	rapid	rapid	ADJ
foster-255	13	18	adoption	adoption	NOUN
foster-255	13	19	of	of	ADP
foster-255	13	20	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	13	21	technology	technology	NOUN
foster-255	13	22	has	have	AUX
foster-255	13	23	significantly	significantly	ADV
foster-255	13	24	altered	alter	VERB
foster-255	13	25	educational	educational	ADJ
foster-255	13	26	environments	environment	NOUN
foster-255	13	27	globally	globally	ADV
foster-255	13	28	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	13	29	redefining	redefine	VERB
foster-255	13	30	the	the	DET
foster-255	13	31	interactions	interaction	NOUN
foster-255	13	32	between	between	ADP
foster-255	13	33	educators	educator	NOUN
foster-255	13	34	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	13	35	learners	learner	NOUN
foster-255	13	36	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	13	37	as	as	ADV
foster-255	13	38	well	well	ADV
foster-255	13	39	as	as	ADP
foster-255	13	40	their	their	PRON
foster-255	13	41	access	access	NOUN
foster-255	13	42	to	to	ADP
foster-255	13	43	knowledge	knowledge	NOUN
foster-255	13	44	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	13	45	engagement	engagement	NOUN
foster-255	13	46	with	with	ADP
foster-255	13	47	the	the	DET
foster-255	13	48	learning	learning	NOUN
foster-255	13	49	process	process	NOUN
foster-255	13	50	(	(	PUNCT
foster-255	13	51	djibran	djibran	NOUN
foster-255	13	52	et	et	PROPN
foster-255	13	53	al	al	PROPN
foster-255	13	54	.	.	PROPN
foster-255	13	55	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	13	56	2024	2024	NUM
foster-255	13	57	;	;	PUNCT
foster-255	13	58	zou	zou	PROPN
foster-255	13	59	et	et	PROPN
foster-255	13	60	al	al	PROPN
foster-255	13	61	.	.	PROPN
foster-255	13	62	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	13	63	2025	2025	NUM
foster-255	13	64	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	13	65	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	14	1	in	in	ADP
foster-255	14	2	language	language	NOUN
foster-255	14	3	instruction	instruction	NOUN
foster-255	14	4	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	14	5	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	14	6	technologies	technology	NOUN
foster-255	14	7	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	14	8	platforms	platform	NOUN
foster-255	14	9	have	have	AUX
foster-255	14	10	created	create	VERB
foster-255	14	11	novel	novel	ADJ
foster-255	14	12	educational	educational	ADJ
foster-255	14	13	opportunities	opportunity	NOUN
foster-255	14	14	that	that	PRON
foster-255	14	15	surpass	surpass	VERB
foster-255	14	16	the	the	DET
foster-255	14	17	limitations	limitation	NOUN
foster-255	14	18	of	of	ADP
foster-255	14	19	conventional	conventional	ADJ
foster-255	14	20	classrooms	classroom	NOUN
foster-255	14	21	(	(	PUNCT
foster-255	14	22	baldoví	baldoví	NOUN
foster-255	14	23	et	et	PROPN
foster-255	14	24	al	al	PROPN
foster-255	14	25	.	.	PROPN
foster-255	14	26	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	14	27	2023	2023	NUM
foster-255	14	28	;	;	PUNCT
foster-255	14	29	zhang	zhang	PROPN
foster-255	14	30	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	14	31	2023	2023	NUM
foster-255	14	32	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	14	33	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	15	1	with	with	ADP
foster-255	15	2	the	the	DET
foster-255	15	3	growing	grow	VERB
foster-255	15	4	importance	importance	NOUN
foster-255	15	5	of	of	ADP
foster-255	15	6	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	15	7	literacy	literacy	NOUN
foster-255	15	8	in	in	ADP
foster-255	15	9	the	the	DET
foster-255	15	10	21st	21st	ADJ
foster-255	15	11	century	century	NOUN
foster-255	15	12	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	15	13	its	its	PRON
foster-255	15	14	incorporation	incorporation	NOUN
foster-255	15	15	into	into	ADP
foster-255	15	16	english	english	PROPN
foster-255	15	17	as	as	ADP
foster-255	15	18	a	a	DET
foster-255	15	19	foreign	foreign	ADJ
foster-255	15	20	language	language	NOUN
foster-255	15	21	(	(	PUNCT
foster-255	15	22	efl	efl	PROPN
foster-255	15	23	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	15	24	education	education	NOUN
foster-255	15	25	is	be	AUX
foster-255	15	26	both	both	PRON
foster-255	15	27	unavoidable	unavoidable	ADJ
foster-255	15	28	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	15	29	crucial	crucial	ADJ
foster-255	15	30	(	(	PUNCT
foster-255	15	31	chan	chan	PROPN
foster-255	15	32	&	&	CCONJ
foster-255	15	33	lo	lo	PROPN
foster-255	15	34	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	15	35	2024	2024	NUM
foster-255	15	36	;	;	PUNCT
foster-255	15	37	lin	lin	PROPN
foster-255	15	38	et	et	PROPN
foster-255	15	39	al	al	PROPN
foster-255	15	40	.	.	PROPN
foster-255	15	41	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	15	42	2024	2024	NUM
foster-255	15	43	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	15	44	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	16	1	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	16	2	literacy	literacy	NOUN
foster-255	16	3	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	16	4	defined	define	VERB
foster-255	16	5	as	as	ADP
foster-255	16	6	the	the	DET
foster-255	16	7	http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689	http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689	ADJ
foster-255	16	8	http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689	http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689	ADJ
foster-255	16	9	mailto:adi.f.mahmud@student.unm.ac.id	mailto:adi.f.mahmud@student.unm.ac.id	ADJ
foster-255	16	10	copyright	copyright	NOUN
foster-255	16	11	©	©	ADP
foster-255	16	12	the	the	DET
foster-255	16	13	author(s	author(s	NOUN
foster-255	16	14	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	16	15	vol	vol	NOUN
foster-255	16	16	.	.	PROPN
foster-255	17	1	6	6	NUM
foster-255	17	2	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	17	3	no	no	INTJ
foster-255	17	4	.	.	NOUN
foster-255	17	5	3	3	NUM
foster-255	17	6	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	17	7	july	july	PROPN
foster-255	17	8	2025	2025	NUM
foster-255	18	1	e	e	X
foster-255	18	2	-	-	PUNCT
foster-255	18	3	issn	issn	ADJ
foster-255	18	4	:	:	PUNCT
foster-255	18	5	2723	2723	NUM
foster-255	18	6	-	-	SYM
foster-255	18	7	4126	4126	NUM
foster-255	18	8	p	p	NOUN
foster-255	18	9	-	-	PUNCT
foster-255	18	10	issn	issn	NOUN
foster-255	18	11	:	:	PUNCT
foster-255	18	12	2776	2776	NUM
foster-255	18	13	-	-	SYM
foster-255	18	14	8880	8880	NUM
foster-255	18	15	193	193	NUM
foster-255	18	16	capability	capability	NOUN
foster-255	18	17	to	to	PART
foster-255	18	18	access	access	VERB
foster-255	18	19	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	18	20	assess	assess	NOUN
foster-255	18	21	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	18	22	generate	generate	NOUN
foster-255	18	23	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	18	24	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	18	25	convey	convey	VERB
foster-255	18	26	information	information	NOUN
foster-255	18	27	through	through	ADP
foster-255	18	28	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	18	29	technology	technology	NOUN
foster-255	18	30	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	18	31	constitutes	constitute	VERB
foster-255	18	32	a	a	DET
foster-255	18	33	fundamental	fundamental	ADJ
foster-255	18	34	skill	skill	NOUN
foster-255	18	35	that	that	PRON
foster-255	18	36	enables	enable	VERB
foster-255	18	37	individuals	individual	NOUN
foster-255	18	38	to	to	PART
foster-255	18	39	navigate	navigate	VERB
foster-255	18	40	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	18	41	engage	engage	VERB
foster-255	18	42	in	in	ADP
foster-255	18	43	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	18	44	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	18	45	contribute	contribute	VERB
foster-255	18	46	to	to	ADP
foster-255	18	47	the	the	DET
foster-255	18	48	global	global	ADJ
foster-255	18	49	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	18	50	landscape	landscape	NOUN
foster-255	18	51	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	19	1	(	(	PUNCT
foster-255	19	2	amin	amin	NOUN
foster-255	19	3	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	19	4	2023	2023	NUM
foster-255	19	5	;	;	PUNCT
foster-255	19	6	reddy	reddy	PROPN
foster-255	19	7	et	et	PROPN
foster-255	19	8	al	al	PROPN
foster-255	19	9	.	.	PROPN
foster-255	19	10	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	19	11	2023	2023	NUM
foster-255	19	12	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	19	13	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	20	1	in	in	ADP
foster-255	20	2	indonesian	indonesian	ADJ
foster-255	20	3	educational	educational	ADJ
foster-255	20	4	settings	setting	NOUN
foster-255	20	5	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	20	6	especially	especially	ADV
foster-255	20	7	in	in	ADP
foster-255	20	8	efl	efl	PROPN
foster-255	20	9	classes	class	NOUN
foster-255	20	10	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	20	11	the	the	DET
foster-255	20	12	integration	integration	NOUN
foster-255	20	13	of	of	ADP
foster-255	20	14	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	20	15	literacy	literacy	NOUN
foster-255	20	16	is	be	AUX
foster-255	20	17	inconsistent	inconsistent	ADJ
foster-255	20	18	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	20	19	contingent	contingent	ADJ
foster-255	20	20	upon	upon	SCONJ
foster-255	20	21	context	context	NOUN
foster-255	20	22	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	21	1	although	although	SCONJ
foster-255	21	2	national	national	ADJ
foster-255	21	3	education	education	NOUN
foster-255	21	4	strategies	strategy	NOUN
foster-255	21	5	have	have	AUX
foster-255	21	6	begun	begin	VERB
foster-255	21	7	to	to	PART
foster-255	21	8	prioritise	prioritise	VERB
foster-255	21	9	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	21	10	competency	competency	NOUN
foster-255	21	11	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	21	12	their	their	PRON
foster-255	21	13	implementation	implementation	NOUN
foster-255	21	14	often	often	ADV
foster-255	21	15	varies	vary	VERB
foster-255	21	16	among	among	ADP
foster-255	21	17	schools	school	NOUN
foster-255	21	18	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	21	19	particularly	particularly	ADV
foster-255	21	20	between	between	ADP
foster-255	21	21	urban	urban	ADJ
foster-255	21	22	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	21	23	rural	rural	ADJ
foster-255	21	24	regions	region	NOUN
foster-255	21	25	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	22	1	numerous	numerous	ADJ
foster-255	22	2	indonesian	indonesian	ADJ
foster-255	22	3	efl	efl	PROPN
foster-255	22	4	educators	educator	NOUN
foster-255	22	5	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	22	6	learners	learner	NOUN
foster-255	22	7	continue	continue	VERB
foster-255	22	8	to	to	PART
foster-255	22	9	face	face	VERB
foster-255	22	10	challenges	challenge	NOUN
foster-255	22	11	related	relate	VERB
foster-255	22	12	to	to	ADP
foster-255	22	13	limited	limit	VERB
foster-255	22	14	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	22	15	resources	resource	NOUN
foster-255	22	16	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	22	17	inadequate	inadequate	ADJ
foster-255	22	18	training	training	NOUN
foster-255	22	19	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	22	20	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	22	21	sociocultural	sociocultural	ADJ
foster-255	22	22	barriers	barrier	NOUN
foster-255	22	23	that	that	PRON
foster-255	22	24	hinder	hinder	VERB
foster-255	22	25	the	the	DET
foster-255	22	26	implementation	implementation	NOUN
foster-255	22	27	of	of	ADP
foster-255	22	28	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	22	29	literacy	literacy	NOUN
foster-255	22	30	in	in	ADP
foster-255	22	31	everyday	everyday	ADJ
foster-255	22	32	educational	educational	ADJ
foster-255	22	33	activities	activity	NOUN
foster-255	22	34	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	23	1	(	(	PUNCT
foster-255	23	2	fadilah	fadilah	PROPN
foster-255	23	3	et	et	PROPN
foster-255	23	4	al	al	PROPN
foster-255	23	5	.	.	PROPN
foster-255	23	6	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	23	7	2023	2023	NUM
foster-255	23	8	;	;	PUNCT
foster-255	23	9	sakkir	sakkir	VERB
foster-255	23	10	et	et	PROPN
foster-255	23	11	al	al	PROPN
foster-255	23	12	.	.	PROPN
foster-255	23	13	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	23	14	2023	2023	NUM
foster-255	23	15	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	23	16	moreover	moreover	ADV
foster-255	23	17	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	23	18	classroom	classroom	NOUN
foster-255	23	19	interaction	interaction	NOUN
foster-255	23	20	—	—	PUNCT
foster-255	23	21	an	an	DET
foster-255	23	22	essential	essential	ADJ
foster-255	23	23	element	element	NOUN
foster-255	23	24	of	of	ADP
foster-255	23	25	language	language	NOUN
foster-255	23	26	acquisition	acquisition	NOUN
foster-255	23	27	—	—	PUNCT
foster-255	23	28	has	have	AUX
foster-255	23	29	been	be	AUX
foster-255	23	30	markedly	markedly	ADV
foster-255	23	31	affected	affect	VERB
foster-255	23	32	by	by	ADP
foster-255	23	33	the	the	DET
foster-255	23	34	availability	availability	NOUN
foster-255	23	35	or	or	CCONJ
foster-255	23	36	lack	lack	NOUN
foster-255	23	37	of	of	ADP
foster-255	23	38	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	23	39	resources	resource	NOUN
foster-255	23	40	(	(	PUNCT
foster-255	23	41	abella	abella	PROPN
foster-255	23	42	&	&	CCONJ
foster-255	23	43	rosa	rosa	PROPN
foster-255	23	44	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	23	45	2023	2023	NUM
foster-255	23	46	;	;	PUNCT
foster-255	23	47	zou	zou	PROPN
foster-255	23	48	et	et	PROPN
foster-255	23	49	al	al	PROPN
foster-255	23	50	.	.	PROPN
foster-255	23	51	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	23	52	2025	2025	NUM
foster-255	23	53	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	23	54	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	24	1	learning	learn	VERB
foster-255	24	2	interaction	interaction	NOUN
foster-255	24	3	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	24	4	which	which	PRON
foster-255	24	5	involves	involve	VERB
foster-255	24	6	both	both	CCONJ
foster-255	24	7	verbal	verbal	ADJ
foster-255	24	8	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	24	9	non	non	ADJ
foster-255	24	10	-	-	ADJ
foster-255	24	11	verbal	verbal	ADJ
foster-255	24	12	communication	communication	NOUN
foster-255	24	13	between	between	ADP
foster-255	24	14	educators	educator	NOUN
foster-255	24	15	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	24	16	learners	learner	NOUN
foster-255	24	17	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	24	18	has	have	AUX
foster-255	24	19	transcended	transcend	VERB
foster-255	24	20	traditional	traditional	ADJ
foster-255	24	21	face	face	NOUN
foster-255	24	22	-	-	PUNCT
foster-255	24	23	to	to	ADP
foster-255	24	24	-	-	PUNCT
foster-255	24	25	face	face	NOUN
foster-255	24	26	discourse	discourse	NOUN
foster-255	24	27	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	24	28	is	be	AUX
foster-255	24	29	increasingly	increasingly	ADV
foster-255	24	30	facilitated	facilitate	VERB
foster-255	24	31	by	by	ADP
foster-255	24	32	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	24	33	platforms	platform	NOUN
foster-255	24	34	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	24	35	gadgets	gadget	NOUN
foster-255	24	36	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	24	37	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	24	38	communication	communication	NOUN
foster-255	24	39	conventions	convention	NOUN
foster-255	24	40	(	(	PUNCT
foster-255	24	41	pozo	pozo	PROPN
foster-255	24	42	et	et	PROPN
foster-255	24	43	al	al	PROPN
foster-255	24	44	.	.	PROPN
foster-255	24	45	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	24	46	2024	2024	NUM
foster-255	24	47	;	;	PUNCT
foster-255	24	48	yaseen	yaseen	PROPN
foster-255	24	49	et	et	PROPN
foster-255	24	50	al	al	PROPN
foster-255	24	51	.	.	PROPN
foster-255	24	52	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	24	53	2025	2025	NUM
foster-255	24	54	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	24	55	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	25	1	moore	moore	PROPN
foster-255	25	2	(	(	PUNCT
foster-255	25	3	1989	1989	NUM
foster-255	25	4	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	25	5	delineates	delineate	VERB
foster-255	25	6	three	three	NUM
foster-255	25	7	key	key	ADJ
foster-255	25	8	interactions	interaction	NOUN
foster-255	25	9	within	within	ADP
foster-255	25	10	the	the	DET
foster-255	25	11	teaching	teaching	NOUN
foster-255	25	12	process	process	NOUN
foster-255	25	13	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	26	1	this	this	DET
foster-255	26	2	idea	idea	NOUN
foster-255	26	3	serves	serve	VERB
foster-255	26	4	as	as	ADP
foster-255	26	5	the	the	DET
foster-255	26	6	basis	basis	NOUN
foster-255	26	7	for	for	SCONJ
foster-255	26	8	academics	academic	NOUN
foster-255	26	9	to	to	PART
foster-255	26	10	investigate	investigate	VERB
foster-255	26	11	teacher	teacher	NOUN
foster-255	26	12	-	-	PUNCT
foster-255	26	13	student	student	NOUN
foster-255	26	14	interaction	interaction	NOUN
foster-255	26	15	patterns	pattern	NOUN
foster-255	26	16	in	in	ADP
foster-255	26	17	the	the	DET
foster-255	26	18	efl	efl	PROPN
foster-255	26	19	classroom	classroom	NOUN
foster-255	26	20	using	use	VERB
foster-255	26	21	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	26	22	literacy	literacy	NOUN
foster-255	26	23	-	-	PUNCT
foster-255	26	24	based	base	VERB
foster-255	26	25	instruction	instruction	NOUN
foster-255	26	26	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	27	1	moore	moore	PROPN
foster-255	27	2	(	(	PUNCT
foster-255	27	3	1989	1989	NUM
foster-255	27	4	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	27	5	identified	identify	VERB
foster-255	27	6	three	three	NUM
foster-255	27	7	distinct	distinct	ADJ
foster-255	27	8	types	type	NOUN
foster-255	27	9	of	of	ADP
foster-255	27	10	interaction	interaction	NOUN
foster-255	27	11	:	:	PUNCT
foster-255	27	12	learner	learner	NOUN
foster-255	27	13	-	-	PUNCT
foster-255	27	14	content	content	NOUN
foster-255	27	15	interaction	interaction	NOUN
foster-255	27	16	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	27	17	learner	learner	NOUN
foster-255	27	18	-	-	PUNCT
foster-255	27	19	instructor	instructor	NOUN
foster-255	27	20	interaction	interaction	NOUN
foster-255	27	21	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	27	22	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	27	23	learnerlearner	learnerlearner	NOUN
foster-255	27	24	interaction	interaction	NOUN
foster-255	27	25	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	28	1	despite	despite	SCONJ
foster-255	28	2	increasing	increase	VERB
foster-255	28	3	research	research	NOUN
foster-255	28	4	on	on	ADP
foster-255	28	5	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	28	6	literacy	literacy	NOUN
foster-255	28	7	in	in	ADP
foster-255	28	8	education	education	NOUN
foster-255	28	9	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	28	10	little	little	ADJ
foster-255	28	11	emphasis	emphasis	NOUN
foster-255	28	12	has	have	AUX
foster-255	28	13	been	be	AUX
foster-255	28	14	directed	direct	VERB
foster-255	28	15	towards	towards	ADP
foster-255	28	16	the	the	DET
foster-255	28	17	manifestation	manifestation	NOUN
foster-255	28	18	of	of	ADP
foster-255	28	19	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	28	20	literacy	literacy	NOUN
foster-255	28	21	practices	practice	NOUN
foster-255	28	22	within	within	ADP
foster-255	28	23	the	the	DET
foster-255	28	24	sociocultural	sociocultural	ADJ
foster-255	28	25	dynamics	dynamic	NOUN
foster-255	28	26	of	of	ADP
foster-255	28	27	efl	efl	PROPN
foster-255	28	28	classroom	classroom	NOUN
foster-255	28	29	interactions	interaction	NOUN
foster-255	28	30	in	in	ADP
foster-255	28	31	indonesia	indonesia	PROPN
foster-255	28	32	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	29	1	the	the	DET
foster-255	29	2	prevailing	prevail	VERB
foster-255	29	3	literature	literature	NOUN
foster-255	29	4	primarily	primarily	ADV
foster-255	29	5	employs	employ	VERB
foster-255	29	6	a	a	DET
foster-255	29	7	quantitative	quantitative	ADJ
foster-255	29	8	or	or	CCONJ
foster-255	29	9	technocentric	technocentric	ADJ
foster-255	29	10	methodology	methodology	NOUN
foster-255	29	11	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	29	12	focusing	focus	VERB
foster-255	29	13	on	on	ADP
foster-255	29	14	students	student	NOUN
foster-255	29	15	'	'	PART
foster-255	29	16	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	29	17	competencies	competency	NOUN
foster-255	29	18	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	29	19	technological	technological	ADJ
foster-255	29	20	access	access	NOUN
foster-255	29	21	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	29	22	or	or	CCONJ
foster-255	29	23	the	the	DET
foster-255	29	24	efficacy	efficacy	NOUN
foster-255	29	25	of	of	ADP
foster-255	29	26	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	29	27	tools	tool	NOUN
foster-255	29	28	(	(	PUNCT
foster-255	29	29	erwani	erwani	PROPN
foster-255	29	30	et	et	PROPN
foster-255	29	31	al	al	PROPN
foster-255	29	32	.	.	PROPN
foster-255	29	33	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	29	34	2022	2022	NUM
foster-255	29	35	;	;	PUNCT
foster-255	29	36	valentina	valentina	PROPN
foster-255	29	37	et	et	PROPN
foster-255	29	38	al	al	PROPN
foster-255	29	39	.	.	PROPN
foster-255	29	40	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	29	41	2022	2022	NUM
foster-255	29	42	;	;	PUNCT
foster-255	29	43	zahra	zahra	PROPN
foster-255	29	44	et	et	PROPN
foster-255	29	45	al	al	PROPN
foster-255	29	46	.	.	PROPN
foster-255	29	47	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	29	48	2023	2023	NUM
foster-255	29	49	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	29	50	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	30	1	these	these	DET
foster-255	30	2	studies	study	NOUN
foster-255	30	3	frequently	frequently	ADV
foster-255	30	4	overlook	overlook	VERB
foster-255	30	5	the	the	DET
foster-255	30	6	lived	live	VERB
foster-255	30	7	experiences	experience	NOUN
foster-255	30	8	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	30	9	pedagogical	pedagogical	ADJ
foster-255	30	10	struggles	struggle	NOUN
foster-255	30	11	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	30	12	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	30	13	cultural	cultural	ADJ
foster-255	30	14	significances	significance	NOUN
foster-255	30	15	that	that	PRON
foster-255	30	16	influence	influence	VERB
foster-255	30	17	the	the	DET
foster-255	30	18	incorporation	incorporation	NOUN
foster-255	30	19	of	of	ADP
foster-255	30	20	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	30	21	literacy	literacy	NOUN
foster-255	30	22	into	into	ADP
foster-255	30	23	classroom	classroom	NOUN
foster-255	30	24	interactions	interaction	NOUN
foster-255	30	25	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	31	1	consequently	consequently	ADV
foster-255	31	2	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	31	3	there	there	PRON
foster-255	31	4	exists	exist	VERB
foster-255	31	5	a	a	DET
foster-255	31	6	significant	significant	ADJ
foster-255	31	7	deficiency	deficiency	NOUN
foster-255	31	8	of	of	ADP
foster-255	31	9	ethnographic	ethnographic	ADJ
foster-255	31	10	studies	study	NOUN
foster-255	31	11	that	that	PRON
foster-255	31	12	explore	explore	VERB
foster-255	31	13	the	the	DET
foster-255	31	14	intricate	intricate	ADJ
foster-255	31	15	ways	way	NOUN
foster-255	31	16	in	in	ADP
foster-255	31	17	which	which	PRON
foster-255	31	18	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	31	19	literacy	literacy	NOUN
foster-255	31	20	affects	affect	VERB
foster-255	31	21	learning	learn	VERB
foster-255	31	22	relationships	relationship	NOUN
foster-255	31	23	between	between	ADP
foster-255	31	24	teachers	teacher	NOUN
foster-255	31	25	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	31	26	students	student	NOUN
foster-255	31	27	in	in	ADP
foster-255	31	28	indonesian	indonesian	ADJ
foster-255	31	29	efl	efl	PROPN
foster-255	31	30	contexts	contexts	PROPN
foster-255	31	31	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	32	1	furthermore	furthermore	ADV
foster-255	32	2	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	32	3	research	research	NOUN
foster-255	32	4	examining	examine	VERB
foster-255	32	5	the	the	DET
foster-255	32	6	convergence	convergence	NOUN
foster-255	32	7	of	of	ADP
foster-255	32	8	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	32	9	literacy	literacy	NOUN
foster-255	32	10	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	32	11	learning	learn	VERB
foster-255	32	12	interaction	interaction	NOUN
foster-255	32	13	rarely	rarely	ADV
foster-255	32	14	addresses	address	VERB
foster-255	32	15	how	how	SCONJ
foster-255	32	16	these	these	DET
foster-255	32	17	dynamics	dynamic	NOUN
foster-255	32	18	manifest	manifest	VERB
foster-255	32	19	within	within	ADP
foster-255	32	20	diverse	diverse	ADJ
foster-255	32	21	educational	educational	ADJ
foster-255	32	22	environments	environment	NOUN
foster-255	32	23	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	32	24	particularly	particularly	ADV
foster-255	32	25	in	in	ADP
foster-255	32	26	marginalised	marginalise	VERB
foster-255	32	27	areas	area	NOUN
foster-255	32	28	such	such	ADJ
foster-255	32	29	as	as	ADP
foster-255	32	30	rural	rural	ADJ
foster-255	32	31	indonesian	indonesian	ADJ
foster-255	32	32	schools	school	NOUN
foster-255	32	33	(	(	PUNCT
foster-255	32	34	hidayat	hidayat	PROPN
foster-255	32	35	et	et	PROPN
foster-255	32	36	al	al	PROPN
foster-255	32	37	.	.	PROPN
foster-255	32	38	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	32	39	2022	2022	NUM
foster-255	32	40	;	;	PUNCT
foster-255	32	41	nasaruddin	nasaruddin	VERB
foster-255	32	42	et	et	PROPN
foster-255	32	43	al	al	PROPN
foster-255	32	44	.	.	PROPN
foster-255	32	45	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	32	46	2023	2023	NUM
foster-255	32	47	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	32	48	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	33	1	there	there	PRON
foster-255	33	2	is	be	VERB
foster-255	33	3	limited	limited	ADJ
foster-255	33	4	understanding	understanding	NOUN
foster-255	33	5	of	of	ADP
foster-255	33	6	how	how	SCONJ
foster-255	33	7	efl	efl	PROPN
foster-255	33	8	teachers	teacher	NOUN
foster-255	33	9	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	33	10	students	student	NOUN
foster-255	33	11	collaboratively	collaboratively	ADV
foster-255	33	12	develop	develop	VERB
foster-255	33	13	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	33	14	literacy	literacy	NOUN
foster-255	33	15	practices	practice	NOUN
foster-255	33	16	in	in	ADP
foster-255	33	17	their	their	PRON
foster-255	33	18	daily	daily	ADJ
foster-255	33	19	routines	routine	NOUN
foster-255	33	20	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	33	21	the	the	DET
foster-255	33	22	problems	problem	NOUN
foster-255	33	23	they	they	PRON
foster-255	33	24	encounter	encounter	VERB
foster-255	33	25	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	33	26	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	33	27	how	how	SCONJ
foster-255	33	28	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	33	29	technology	technology	NOUN
foster-255	33	30	is	be	AUX
foster-255	33	31	either	either	CCONJ
foster-255	33	32	embraced	embrace	VERB
foster-255	33	33	or	or	CCONJ
foster-255	33	34	resisted	resist	VERB
foster-255	33	35	during	during	ADP
foster-255	33	36	interactions	interaction	NOUN
foster-255	33	37	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	34	1	there	there	PRON
foster-255	34	2	is	be	VERB
foster-255	34	3	a	a	DET
foster-255	34	4	lack	lack	NOUN
foster-255	34	5	of	of	ADP
foster-255	34	6	comprehension	comprehension	NOUN
foster-255	34	7	regarding	regard	VERB
foster-255	34	8	the	the	DET
foster-255	34	9	intersection	intersection	NOUN
foster-255	34	10	of	of	ADP
foster-255	34	11	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	34	12	literacy	literacy	NOUN
foster-255	34	13	with	with	ADP
foster-255	34	14	language	language	NOUN
foster-255	34	15	pedagogy	pedagogy	NOUN
foster-255	34	16	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	34	17	local	local	ADJ
foster-255	34	18	values	value	NOUN
foster-255	34	19	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	34	20	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	34	21	institutional	institutional	ADJ
foster-255	34	22	limitations	limitation	NOUN
foster-255	34	23	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	34	24	which	which	PRON
foster-255	34	25	influences	influence	VERB
foster-255	34	26	classroom	classroom	NOUN
foster-255	34	27	involvement	involvement	NOUN
foster-255	34	28	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	34	29	communication	communication	NOUN
foster-255	34	30	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	35	1	based	base	VERB
foster-255	35	2	on	on	ADP
foster-255	35	3	the	the	DET
foster-255	35	4	various	various	ADJ
foster-255	35	5	issues	issue	NOUN
foster-255	35	6	mention	mention	AUX
foster-255	35	7	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	35	8	this	this	DET
foster-255	35	9	study	study	NOUN
foster-255	35	10	focus	focus	VERB
foster-255	35	11	on	on	ADP
foster-255	35	12	learning	learn	VERB
foster-255	35	13	interaction	interaction	NOUN
foster-255	35	14	in	in	ADP
foster-255	35	15	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	35	16	literacy	literacy	NOUN
foster-255	35	17	instruction	instruction	NOUN
foster-255	35	18	in	in	ADP
foster-255	35	19	efl	efl	PROPN
foster-255	35	20	classrooms	classroom	NOUN
foster-255	35	21	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	36	1	it	it	PRON
foster-255	36	2	employs	employ	VERB
foster-255	36	3	an	an	DET
foster-255	36	4	ethnographic	ethnographic	ADJ
foster-255	36	5	approach	approach	NOUN
foster-255	36	6	to	to	PART
foster-255	36	7	investigate	investigate	VERB
foster-255	36	8	learning	learn	VERB
foster-255	36	9	interaction	interaction	NOUN
foster-255	36	10	in	in	ADP
foster-255	36	11	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	36	12	literacy	literacy	NOUN
foster-255	36	13	instruction	instruction	NOUN
foster-255	36	14	in	in	ADP
foster-255	36	15	indonesian	indonesian	ADJ
foster-255	36	16	efl	efl	PROPN
foster-255	36	17	classrooms	classroom	NOUN
foster-255	36	18	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	37	1	http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689	http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689	NOUN
foster-255	37	2	http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689	http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689	NUM
foster-255	37	3	copyright	copyright	NOUN
foster-255	37	4	©	©	PROPN
foster-255	37	5	the	the	DET
foster-255	37	6	author(s	author(s	NOUN
foster-255	37	7	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	37	8	vol	vol	NOUN
foster-255	37	9	.	.	PROPN
foster-255	38	1	6	6	NUM
foster-255	38	2	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	38	3	no	no	INTJ
foster-255	38	4	.	.	NOUN
foster-255	38	5	3	3	NUM
foster-255	38	6	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	38	7	july	july	PROPN
foster-255	38	8	2025	2025	NUM
foster-255	39	1	e	e	X
foster-255	39	2	-	-	PUNCT
foster-255	39	3	issn	issn	ADJ
foster-255	39	4	:	:	PUNCT
foster-255	39	5	2723	2723	NUM
foster-255	39	6	-	-	SYM
foster-255	39	7	4126	4126	NUM
foster-255	39	8	p	p	NOUN
foster-255	39	9	-	-	PUNCT
foster-255	39	10	issn	issn	NOUN
foster-255	39	11	:	:	PUNCT
foster-255	39	12	2776	2776	NUM
foster-255	39	13	-	-	SYM
foster-255	39	14	8880	8880	NUM
foster-255	39	15	194	194	NUM
foster-255	39	16	methods	method	NOUN
foster-255	39	17	this	this	DET
foster-255	39	18	research	research	NOUN
foster-255	39	19	employs	employ	VERB
foster-255	39	20	a	a	DET
foster-255	39	21	qualitative	qualitative	ADJ
foster-255	39	22	methodology	methodology	NOUN
foster-255	39	23	with	with	ADP
foster-255	39	24	an	an	DET
foster-255	39	25	ethnographic	ethnographic	ADJ
foster-255	39	26	approach	approach	NOUN
foster-255	39	27	to	to	PART
foster-255	39	28	investigate	investigate	VERB
foster-255	39	29	the	the	DET
foster-255	39	30	learning	learning	NOUN
foster-255	39	31	interactions	interaction	NOUN
foster-255	39	32	within	within	ADP
foster-255	39	33	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	39	34	literacy	literacy	NOUN
foster-255	39	35	training	training	NOUN
foster-255	39	36	in	in	ADP
foster-255	39	37	indonesian	indonesian	PROPN
foster-255	39	38	efl	efl	PROPN
foster-255	39	39	classes	class	NOUN
foster-255	39	40	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	40	1	ethnographic	ethnographic	ADJ
foster-255	40	2	study	study	NOUN
foster-255	40	3	provides	provide	VERB
foster-255	40	4	comprehensive	comprehensive	ADJ
foster-255	40	5	descriptions	description	NOUN
foster-255	40	6	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	40	7	analyses	analysis	NOUN
foster-255	40	8	of	of	ADP
foster-255	40	9	cultural	cultural	ADJ
foster-255	40	10	practices	practice	NOUN
foster-255	40	11	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	40	12	highlighting	highlight	VERB
foster-255	40	13	the	the	DET
foster-255	40	14	collective	collective	ADJ
foster-255	40	15	behaviors	behavior	NOUN
foster-255	40	16	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	40	17	language	language	NOUN
foster-255	40	18	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	40	19	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	40	20	beliefs	belief	NOUN
foster-255	40	21	of	of	ADP
foster-255	40	22	a	a	DET
foster-255	40	23	community	community	NOUN
foster-255	40	24	within	within	ADP
foster-255	40	25	its	its	PRON
foster-255	40	26	natural	natural	ADJ
foster-255	40	27	context	context	NOUN
foster-255	40	28	(	(	PUNCT
foster-255	40	29	mills	mill	NOUN
foster-255	40	30	&	&	CCONJ
foster-255	40	31	gay	gay	PROPN
foster-255	40	32	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	40	33	2016	2016	NUM
foster-255	40	34	;	;	PUNCT
foster-255	40	35	spradley	spradley	NOUN
foster-255	40	36	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	40	37	2006	2006	NUM
foster-255	40	38	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	40	39	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	41	1	ethnography	ethnography	NOUN
foster-255	41	2	offers	offer	VERB
foster-255	41	3	a	a	DET
foster-255	41	4	culturally	culturally	ADV
foster-255	41	5	informed	inform	VERB
foster-255	41	6	perspective	perspective	NOUN
foster-255	41	7	for	for	ADP
foster-255	41	8	analyzing	analyze	VERB
foster-255	41	9	the	the	DET
foster-255	41	10	sociocultural	sociocultural	ADJ
foster-255	41	11	aspects	aspect	NOUN
foster-255	41	12	of	of	ADP
foster-255	41	13	teaching	teaching	NOUN
foster-255	41	14	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	41	15	learning	learn	VERB
foster-255	41	16	(	(	PUNCT
foster-255	41	17	denzin	denzin	PROPN
foster-255	41	18	&	&	CCONJ
foster-255	41	19	lincoln	lincoln	PROPN
foster-255	41	20	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	41	21	2018	2018	NUM
foster-255	41	22	;	;	PUNCT
foster-255	41	23	creswell	creswell	PROPN
foster-255	41	24	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	41	25	2012	2012	NUM
foster-255	41	26	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	41	27	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	42	1	the	the	DET
foster-255	42	2	research	research	NOUN
foster-255	42	3	was	be	AUX
foster-255	42	4	conducted	conduct	VERB
foster-255	42	5	over	over	ADP
foster-255	42	6	six	six	NUM
foster-255	42	7	months	month	NOUN
foster-255	42	8	(	(	PUNCT
foster-255	42	9	one	one	NUM
foster-255	42	10	semester	semester	NOUN
foster-255	42	11	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	42	12	at	at	ADP
foster-255	42	13	sma	sma	PROPN
foster-255	42	14	negeri	negeri	PROPN
foster-255	42	15	10	10	PROPN
foster-255	42	16	kota	kota	PROPN
foster-255	42	17	ternate	ternate	PROPN
foster-255	42	18	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	42	19	north	north	PROPN
foster-255	42	20	maluku	maluku	PROPN
foster-255	42	21	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	42	22	an	an	DET
foster-255	42	23	a	a	DET
foster-255	42	24	-	-	PUNCT
foster-255	42	25	grade	grade	NOUN
foster-255	42	26	accredited	accredited	ADJ
foster-255	42	27	institution	institution	NOUN
foster-255	42	28	recognized	recognize	VERB
foster-255	42	29	as	as	ADP
foster-255	42	30	a	a	DET
foster-255	42	31	model	model	NOUN
foster-255	42	32	for	for	ADP
foster-255	42	33	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	42	34	transformation	transformation	NOUN
foster-255	42	35	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	43	1	the	the	DET
foster-255	43	2	choice	choice	NOUN
foster-255	43	3	of	of	ADP
foster-255	43	4	this	this	DET
foster-255	43	5	location	location	NOUN
foster-255	43	6	was	be	AUX
foster-255	43	7	based	base	VERB
foster-255	43	8	on	on	ADP
foster-255	43	9	its	its	PRON
foster-255	43	10	robust	robust	ADJ
foster-255	43	11	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	43	12	infrastructure	infrastructure	NOUN
foster-255	43	13	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	43	14	competent	competent	ADJ
foster-255	43	15	faculty	faculty	NOUN
foster-255	43	16	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	43	17	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	43	18	alignment	alignment	NOUN
foster-255	43	19	with	with	ADP
foster-255	43	20	principles	principle	NOUN
foster-255	43	21	of	of	ADP
foster-255	43	22	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	43	23	pedagogy	pedagogy	NOUN
foster-255	43	24	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	44	1	research	research	NOUN
foster-255	44	2	participants	participant	NOUN
foster-255	44	3	were	be	AUX
foster-255	44	4	selected	select	VERB
foster-255	44	5	through	through	ADP
foster-255	44	6	purposive	purposive	ADJ
foster-255	44	7	sampling	sampling	NOUN
foster-255	44	8	(	(	PUNCT
foster-255	44	9	creswell	creswell	PROPN
foster-255	44	10	&	&	CCONJ
foster-255	44	11	creswell	creswell	PROPN
foster-255	44	12	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	44	13	2023	2023	NUM
foster-255	44	14	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	44	15	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	44	16	comprising	comprise	VERB
foster-255	44	17	ten	ten	NUM
foster-255	44	18	efl	efl	PROPN
foster-255	44	19	students	student	NOUN
foster-255	44	20	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	44	21	five	five	NUM
foster-255	44	22	efl	efl	PROPN
foster-255	44	23	teachers	teacher	NOUN
foster-255	44	24	with	with	ADP
foster-255	44	25	established	establish	VERB
foster-255	44	26	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	44	27	literacy	literacy	NOUN
foster-255	44	28	skills	skill	NOUN
foster-255	44	29	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	45	1	the	the	DET
foster-255	45	2	criterion	criterion	NOUN
foster-255	45	3	encompassed	encompass	VERB
foster-255	45	4	students	student	NOUN
foster-255	45	5	'	'	PART
foster-255	45	6	access	access	NOUN
foster-255	45	7	to	to	ADP
foster-255	45	8	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	45	9	resources	resource	NOUN
foster-255	45	10	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	45	11	previous	previous	ADJ
foster-255	45	12	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	45	13	learning	learning	NOUN
foster-255	45	14	experiences	experience	NOUN
foster-255	45	15	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	45	16	academic	academic	ADJ
foster-255	45	17	performance	performance	NOUN
foster-255	45	18	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	45	19	as	as	ADV
foster-255	45	20	well	well	ADV
foster-255	45	21	as	as	ADP
foster-255	45	22	teachers	teacher	NOUN
foster-255	45	23	'	'	PART
foster-255	45	24	educational	educational	ADJ
foster-255	45	25	degrees	degree	NOUN
foster-255	45	26	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	45	27	teaching	teaching	NOUN
foster-255	45	28	experience	experience	NOUN
foster-255	45	29	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	46	1	data	datum	NOUN
foster-255	46	2	were	be	AUX
foster-255	46	3	gathered	gather	VERB
foster-255	46	4	using	use	VERB
foster-255	46	5	semi	semi	ADJ
foster-255	46	6	-	-	ADJ
foster-255	46	7	structured	structured	ADJ
foster-255	46	8	interviews	interview	NOUN
foster-255	46	9	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	46	10	participant	participant	ADJ
foster-255	46	11	observation	observation	NOUN
foster-255	46	12	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	46	13	document	document	NOUN
foster-255	46	14	analysis	analysis	NOUN
foster-255	46	15	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	46	16	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	46	17	field	field	NOUN
foster-255	46	18	notes	note	NOUN
foster-255	46	19	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	46	20	adhering	adhere	VERB
foster-255	46	21	to	to	ADP
foster-255	46	22	ethnographic	ethnographic	ADJ
foster-255	46	23	standards	standard	NOUN
foster-255	46	24	(	(	PUNCT
foster-255	46	25	fetterman	fetterman	NOUN
foster-255	46	26	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	46	27	2010	2010	NUM
foster-255	46	28	;	;	PUNCT
foster-255	46	29	spradley	spradley	NOUN
foster-255	46	30	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	46	31	1979	1979	NUM
foster-255	46	32	;	;	PUNCT
foster-255	46	33	mills	mill	NOUN
foster-255	46	34	&	&	CCONJ
foster-255	46	35	gay	gay	PROPN
foster-255	46	36	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	46	37	2016	2016	NUM
foster-255	46	38	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	46	39	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	47	1	the	the	DET
foster-255	47	2	researchers	researcher	NOUN
foster-255	47	3	served	serve	VERB
foster-255	47	4	as	as	ADP
foster-255	47	5	the	the	DET
foster-255	47	6	primary	primary	ADJ
foster-255	47	7	instrument	instrument	NOUN
foster-255	47	8	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	47	9	supplemented	supplement	VERB
foster-255	47	10	by	by	ADP
foster-255	47	11	additional	additional	ADJ
foster-255	47	12	tools	tool	NOUN
foster-255	47	13	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	47	14	including	include	VERB
foster-255	47	15	interview	interview	NOUN
foster-255	47	16	protocols	protocol	NOUN
foster-255	47	17	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	47	18	observation	observation	NOUN
foster-255	47	19	sheets	sheet	NOUN
foster-255	47	20	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	47	21	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	47	22	audiovisual	audiovisual	ADJ
foster-255	47	23	recorders	recorder	NOUN
foster-255	47	24	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	48	1	interviews	interview	NOUN
foster-255	48	2	utilized	utilize	VERB
foster-255	48	3	descriptive	descriptive	ADJ
foster-255	48	4	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	48	5	structural	structural	ADJ
foster-255	48	6	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	48	7	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	48	8	contrast	contrast	VERB
foster-255	48	9	questions	question	NOUN
foster-255	48	10	(	(	PUNCT
foster-255	48	11	spradley	spradley	NOUN
foster-255	48	12	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	48	13	2006	2006	NUM
foster-255	48	14	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	48	15	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	48	16	while	while	SCONJ
foster-255	48	17	participant	participant	ADJ
foster-255	48	18	observation	observation	NOUN
foster-255	48	19	allowed	allow	VERB
foster-255	48	20	researchers	researcher	NOUN
foster-255	48	21	to	to	PART
foster-255	48	22	engage	engage	VERB
foster-255	48	23	deeply	deeply	ADV
foster-255	48	24	in	in	ADP
foster-255	48	25	the	the	DET
foster-255	48	26	learning	learning	NOUN
foster-255	48	27	environment	environment	NOUN
foster-255	48	28	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	49	1	the	the	DET
foster-255	49	2	data	datum	NOUN
foster-255	49	3	analysis	analysis	NOUN
foster-255	49	4	employed	employ	VERB
foster-255	49	5	spradley	spradley	NOUN
foster-255	49	6	's	's	PART
foster-255	49	7	(	(	PUNCT
foster-255	49	8	2006	2006	NUM
foster-255	49	9	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	49	10	four	four	NUM
foster-255	49	11	-	-	PUNCT
foster-255	49	12	stage	stage	NOUN
foster-255	49	13	model	model	NOUN
foster-255	49	14	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	49	15	which	which	PRON
foster-255	49	16	includes	include	VERB
foster-255	49	17	domain	domain	NOUN
foster-255	49	18	analysis	analysis	NOUN
foster-255	49	19	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	49	20	taxonomic	taxonomic	ADJ
foster-255	49	21	analysis	analysis	NOUN
foster-255	49	22	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	49	23	componential	componential	ADJ
foster-255	49	24	analysis	analysis	NOUN
foster-255	49	25	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	49	26	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	49	27	cultural	cultural	ADJ
foster-255	49	28	theme	theme	NOUN
foster-255	49	29	analysis	analysis	NOUN
foster-255	49	30	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	50	1	domain	domain	NOUN
foster-255	50	2	analysis	analysis	NOUN
foster-255	50	3	categorises	categorise	VERB
foster-255	50	4	various	various	ADJ
foster-255	50	5	fields	field	NOUN
foster-255	50	6	or	or	CCONJ
foster-255	50	7	specialised	specialised	ADJ
foster-255	50	8	domains	domain	NOUN
foster-255	50	9	by	by	ADP
foster-255	50	10	examining	examine	VERB
foster-255	50	11	both	both	CCONJ
foster-255	50	12	general	general	ADJ
foster-255	50	13	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	50	14	specific	specific	ADJ
foster-255	50	15	issues	issue	NOUN
foster-255	50	16	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	51	1	an	an	DET
foster-255	51	2	increase	increase	NOUN
foster-255	51	3	in	in	ADP
foster-255	51	4	the	the	DET
foster-255	51	5	number	number	NOUN
foster-255	51	6	of	of	ADP
foster-255	51	7	selected	select	VERB
foster-255	51	8	domains	domain	NOUN
foster-255	51	9	results	result	VERB
foster-255	51	10	in	in	ADP
foster-255	51	11	a	a	DET
foster-255	51	12	corresponding	corresponding	ADJ
foster-255	51	13	increase	increase	NOUN
foster-255	51	14	in	in	ADP
foster-255	51	15	the	the	DET
foster-255	51	16	time	time	NOUN
foster-255	51	17	needed	need	VERB
foster-255	51	18	for	for	ADP
foster-255	51	19	investigation	investigation	NOUN
foster-255	51	20	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	52	1	in	in	ADP
foster-255	52	2	the	the	DET
foster-255	52	3	taxonomy	taxonomy	NOUN
foster-255	52	4	analysis	analysis	NOUN
foster-255	52	5	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	52	6	the	the	DET
foster-255	52	7	researchers	researcher	NOUN
foster-255	52	8	offered	offer	VERB
foster-255	52	9	a	a	DET
foster-255	52	10	more	more	ADV
foster-255	52	11	detailed	detailed	ADJ
foster-255	52	12	description	description	NOUN
foster-255	52	13	of	of	ADP
foster-255	52	14	the	the	DET
foster-255	52	15	selected	select	VERB
foster-255	52	16	domains	domain	NOUN
foster-255	52	17	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	52	18	emphasizing	emphasize	VERB
foster-255	52	19	their	their	PRON
foster-255	52	20	internal	internal	ADJ
foster-255	52	21	structure	structure	NOUN
foster-255	52	22	through	through	ADP
foster-255	52	23	further	further	ADJ
foster-255	52	24	investigation	investigation	NOUN
foster-255	52	25	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	53	1	it	it	PRON
foster-255	53	2	employs	employ	VERB
foster-255	53	3	component	component	NOUN
foster-255	53	4	analysis	analysis	NOUN
foster-255	53	5	to	to	PART
foster-255	53	6	discern	discern	ADJ
foster-255	53	7	unique	unique	ADJ
foster-255	53	8	characteristics	characteristic	NOUN
foster-255	53	9	of	of	ADP
foster-255	53	10	each	each	DET
foster-255	53	11	internal	internal	ADJ
foster-255	53	12	structure	structure	NOUN
foster-255	53	13	through	through	ADP
foster-255	53	14	inter	inter	ADJ
foster-255	53	15	-	-	ADJ
foster-255	53	16	element	element	ADJ
foster-255	53	17	relationships	relationship	NOUN
foster-255	53	18	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	54	1	analysing	analyse	VERB
foster-255	54	2	cultural	cultural	ADJ
foster-255	54	3	themes	theme	NOUN
foster-255	54	4	involves	involve	VERB
foster-255	54	5	examining	examine	VERB
foster-255	54	6	the	the	DET
foster-255	54	7	interrelationships	interrelationship	NOUN
foster-255	54	8	among	among	ADP
foster-255	54	9	diverse	diverse	ADJ
foster-255	54	10	domains	domain	NOUN
foster-255	54	11	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	54	12	their	their	PRON
foster-255	54	13	impact	impact	NOUN
foster-255	54	14	on	on	ADP
foster-255	54	15	the	the	DET
foster-255	54	16	broader	broad	ADJ
foster-255	54	17	cultural	cultural	ADJ
foster-255	54	18	context	context	NOUN
foster-255	54	19	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	55	1	it	it	PRON
foster-255	55	2	categorises	categorise	VERB
foster-255	55	3	these	these	DET
foster-255	55	4	links	link	NOUN
foster-255	55	5	into	into	ADP
foster-255	55	6	cultural	cultural	ADJ
foster-255	55	7	themes	theme	NOUN
foster-255	55	8	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	55	9	taking	take	VERB
foster-255	55	10	into	into	ADP
foster-255	55	11	account	account	NOUN
foster-255	55	12	the	the	DET
foster-255	55	13	specific	specific	ADJ
foster-255	55	14	focus	focus	NOUN
foster-255	55	15	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	55	16	sub	sub	NOUN
foster-255	55	17	-	-	ADJ
foster-255	55	18	focus	focus	NOUN
foster-255	55	19	of	of	ADP
foster-255	55	20	the	the	DET
foster-255	55	21	investigation	investigation	NOUN
foster-255	55	22	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	56	1	this	this	DET
foster-255	56	2	approach	approach	NOUN
foster-255	56	3	enabled	enable	VERB
foster-255	56	4	a	a	DET
foster-255	56	5	systematic	systematic	ADJ
foster-255	56	6	analysis	analysis	NOUN
foster-255	56	7	of	of	ADP
foster-255	56	8	the	the	DET
foster-255	56	9	interconnected	interconnected	ADJ
foster-255	56	10	elements	element	NOUN
foster-255	56	11	of	of	ADP
foster-255	56	12	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	56	13	literacy	literacy	NOUN
foster-255	56	14	practices	practice	NOUN
foster-255	56	15	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	56	16	cultural	cultural	ADJ
foster-255	56	17	trends	trend	NOUN
foster-255	56	18	within	within	ADP
foster-255	56	19	the	the	DET
foster-255	56	20	efl	efl	PROPN
foster-255	56	21	teaching	teaching	NOUN
foster-255	56	22	environment	environment	NOUN
foster-255	56	23	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	57	1	the	the	DET
foster-255	57	2	amalgamation	amalgamation	NOUN
foster-255	57	3	of	of	ADP
foster-255	57	4	multiple	multiple	ADJ
foster-255	57	5	data	datum	NOUN
foster-255	57	6	sources	source	NOUN
foster-255	57	7	enhanced	enhance	VERB
foster-255	57	8	the	the	DET
foster-255	57	9	study	study	NOUN
foster-255	57	10	's	's	PART
foster-255	57	11	depth	depth	NOUN
foster-255	57	12	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	57	13	contextual	contextual	ADJ
foster-255	57	14	authenticity	authenticity	NOUN
foster-255	57	15	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	58	1	the	the	DET
foster-255	58	2	phases	phase	NOUN
foster-255	58	3	of	of	ADP
foster-255	58	4	data	datum	NOUN
foster-255	58	5	analysis	analysis	NOUN
foster-255	58	6	are	be	AUX
foster-255	58	7	illustrated	illustrate	VERB
foster-255	58	8	in	in	ADP
foster-255	58	9	the	the	DET
foster-255	58	10	subsequent	subsequent	ADJ
foster-255	58	11	figure	figure	NOUN
foster-255	58	12	:	:	PUNCT
foster-255	59	1	http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689	http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689	ADJ
foster-255	59	2	http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689	http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689	NOUN
foster-255	59	3	copyright	copyright	NOUN
foster-255	59	4	©	©	PROPN
foster-255	59	5	the	the	DET
foster-255	59	6	author(s	author(s	NOUN
foster-255	59	7	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	59	8	vol	vol	NOUN
foster-255	59	9	.	.	PROPN
foster-255	60	1	6	6	NUM
foster-255	60	2	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	60	3	no	no	INTJ
foster-255	60	4	.	.	NOUN
foster-255	60	5	3	3	NUM
foster-255	60	6	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	60	7	july	july	PROPN
foster-255	60	8	2025	2025	NUM
foster-255	61	1	e	e	X
foster-255	61	2	-	-	PUNCT
foster-255	61	3	issn	issn	ADJ
foster-255	61	4	:	:	PUNCT
foster-255	61	5	2723	2723	NUM
foster-255	61	6	-	-	SYM
foster-255	61	7	4126	4126	NUM
foster-255	61	8	p	p	NOUN
foster-255	61	9	-	-	PUNCT
foster-255	61	10	issn	issn	NOUN
foster-255	61	11	:	:	PUNCT
foster-255	61	12	2776	2776	NUM
foster-255	61	13	-	-	SYM
foster-255	61	14	8880	8880	NUM
foster-255	61	15	195	195	NUM
foster-255	61	16	figure	figure	NOUN
foster-255	61	17	1	1	NUM
foster-255	61	18	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	61	19	spradley	spradley	PROPN
foster-255	61	20	’s	’s	PART
foster-255	61	21	(	(	PUNCT
foster-255	61	22	2006	2006	NUM
foster-255	61	23	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	61	24	four	four	NUM
foster-255	61	25	-	-	PUNCT
foster-255	61	26	stage	stage	NOUN
foster-255	61	27	model	model	NOUN
foster-255	61	28	of	of	ADP
foster-255	61	29	data	datum	NOUN
foster-255	61	30	analysis	analysis	NOUN
foster-255	61	31	results	result	VERB
foster-255	61	32	the	the	DET
foster-255	61	33	findings	finding	NOUN
foster-255	61	34	revealed	reveal	VERB
foster-255	61	35	that	that	SCONJ
foster-255	61	36	learning	learn	VERB
foster-255	61	37	interaction	interaction	NOUN
foster-255	61	38	consists	consist	VERB
foster-255	61	39	of	of	ADP
foster-255	61	40	three	three	NUM
foster-255	61	41	fundamental	fundamental	ADJ
foster-255	61	42	dimensions	dimension	NOUN
foster-255	61	43	:	:	PUNCT
foster-255	61	44	learner	learner	NOUN
foster-255	61	45	-	-	PUNCT
foster-255	61	46	content	content	NOUN
foster-255	61	47	interaction	interaction	NOUN
foster-255	61	48	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	61	49	learner	learner	NOUN
foster-255	61	50	-	-	PUNCT
foster-255	61	51	instructor	instructor	NOUN
foster-255	61	52	interaction	interaction	NOUN
foster-255	61	53	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	61	54	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	61	55	learner	learner	NOUN
foster-255	61	56	-	-	PUNCT
foster-255	61	57	learner	learner	NOUN
foster-255	61	58	interaction	interaction	NOUN
foster-255	61	59	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	62	1	subsequent	subsequent	ADJ
foster-255	62	2	data	datum	NOUN
foster-255	62	3	illustrate	illustrate	VERB
foster-255	62	4	the	the	DET
foster-255	62	5	interactions	interaction	NOUN
foster-255	62	6	between	between	ADP
foster-255	62	7	teachers	teacher	NOUN
foster-255	62	8	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	62	9	students	student	NOUN
foster-255	62	10	during	during	ADP
foster-255	62	11	the	the	DET
foster-255	62	12	implementation	implementation	NOUN
foster-255	62	13	of	of	ADP
foster-255	62	14	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	62	15	literacy	literacy	NOUN
foster-255	62	16	teaching	teaching	NOUN
foster-255	62	17	in	in	ADP
foster-255	62	18	the	the	DET
foster-255	62	19	context	context	NOUN
foster-255	62	20	of	of	ADP
foster-255	62	21	english	english	PROPN
foster-255	62	22	language	language	NOUN
foster-255	62	23	acquisition	acquisition	NOUN
foster-255	62	24	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	63	1	learner	learner	NOUN
foster-255	63	2	-	-	PUNCT
foster-255	63	3	content	content	NOUN
foster-255	63	4	interaction	interaction	NOUN
foster-255	63	5	the	the	DET
foster-255	63	6	interaction	interaction	NOUN
foster-255	63	7	between	between	ADP
foster-255	63	8	learners	learner	NOUN
foster-255	63	9	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	63	10	content	content	NOUN
foster-255	63	11	in	in	ADP
foster-255	63	12	the	the	DET
foster-255	63	13	observed	observed	ADJ
foster-255	63	14	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	63	15	literacy	literacy	NOUN
foster-255	63	16	-	-	PUNCT
foster-255	63	17	focused	focus	VERB
foster-255	63	18	efl	efl	PROPN
foster-255	63	19	classroom	classroom	NOUN
foster-255	63	20	illustrates	illustrate	VERB
foster-255	63	21	a	a	DET
foster-255	63	22	dynamic	dynamic	ADJ
foster-255	63	23	incorporation	incorporation	NOUN
foster-255	63	24	of	of	ADP
foster-255	63	25	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	63	26	media	medium	NOUN
foster-255	63	27	into	into	ADP
foster-255	63	28	teaching	teaching	NOUN
foster-255	63	29	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	64	1	students	student	NOUN
foster-255	64	2	predominantly	predominantly	ADV
foster-255	64	3	interact	interact	VERB
foster-255	64	4	with	with	ADP
foster-255	64	5	content	content	NOUN
foster-255	64	6	through	through	ADP
foster-255	64	7	multimedia	multimedia	NOUN
foster-255	64	8	resources	resource	NOUN
foster-255	64	9	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	64	10	including	include	VERB
foster-255	64	11	youtube	youtube	NOUN
foster-255	64	12	videos	video	NOUN
foster-255	64	13	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	64	14	music	music	NOUN
foster-255	64	15	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	64	16	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	64	17	interactive	interactive	ADJ
foster-255	64	18	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	64	19	texts	text	NOUN
foster-255	64	20	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	64	21	often	often	ADV
foster-255	64	22	before	before	ADP
foster-255	64	23	or	or	CCONJ
foster-255	64	24	during	during	ADP
foster-255	64	25	classroom	classroom	NOUN
foster-255	64	26	sessions	session	NOUN
foster-255	64	27	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	65	1	this	this	DET
foster-255	65	2	engagement	engagement	NOUN
foster-255	65	3	promotes	promote	VERB
foster-255	65	4	autonomous	autonomous	ADJ
foster-255	65	5	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	65	6	cooperative	cooperative	ADJ
foster-255	65	7	learning	learning	NOUN
foster-255	65	8	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	65	9	highlighting	highlight	VERB
foster-255	65	10	understanding	understanding	NOUN
foster-255	65	11	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	65	12	analysis	analysis	NOUN
foster-255	65	13	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	65	14	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	65	15	content	content	NOUN
foster-255	65	16	production	production	NOUN
foster-255	65	17	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	66	1	educators	educator	NOUN
foster-255	66	2	support	support	VERB
foster-255	66	3	these	these	DET
foster-255	66	4	encounters	encounter	NOUN
foster-255	66	5	by	by	ADP
foster-255	66	6	providing	provide	VERB
foster-255	66	7	pre	pre	ADJ
foster-255	66	8	-	-	ADJ
foster-255	66	9	class	class	ADJ
foster-255	66	10	materials	material	NOUN
foster-255	66	11	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	66	12	guiding	guide	VERB
foster-255	66	13	classroom	classroom	NOUN
foster-255	66	14	conversations	conversation	NOUN
foster-255	66	15	centered	center	VERB
foster-255	66	16	on	on	ADP
foster-255	66	17	them	they	PRON
foster-255	66	18	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	67	1	activities	activity	NOUN
foster-255	67	2	like	like	ADP
foster-255	67	3	video	video	NOUN
foster-255	67	4	-	-	PUNCT
foster-255	67	5	based	base	VERB
foster-255	67	6	procedural	procedural	ADJ
foster-255	67	7	text	text	NOUN
foster-255	67	8	creation	creation	NOUN
foster-255	67	9	demonstrate	demonstrate	VERB
foster-255	67	10	how	how	SCONJ
foster-255	67	11	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	67	12	tools	tool	NOUN
foster-255	67	13	enhance	enhance	VERB
foster-255	67	14	creative	creative	ADJ
foster-255	67	15	interaction	interaction	NOUN
foster-255	67	16	with	with	ADP
foster-255	67	17	the	the	DET
foster-255	67	18	content	content	NOUN
foster-255	67	19	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	68	1	the	the	DET
foster-255	68	2	engagement	engagement	NOUN
foster-255	68	3	transcends	transcend	VERB
foster-255	68	4	passive	passive	ADJ
foster-255	68	5	consumption	consumption	NOUN
foster-255	68	6	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	68	7	transforming	transform	VERB
foster-255	68	8	students	student	NOUN
foster-255	68	9	into	into	ADP
foster-255	68	10	active	active	ADJ
foster-255	68	11	participants	participant	NOUN
foster-255	68	12	who	who	PRON
foster-255	68	13	derive	derive	VERB
foster-255	68	14	meaning	meaning	NOUN
foster-255	68	15	from	from	ADP
foster-255	68	16	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	68	17	content	content	NOUN
foster-255	68	18	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	69	1	this	this	DET
foster-255	69	2	method	method	NOUN
foster-255	69	3	corresponds	correspond	VERB
foster-255	69	4	with	with	ADP
foster-255	69	5	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	69	6	literacy	literacy	NOUN
foster-255	69	7	competences	competence	NOUN
foster-255	69	8	by	by	ADP
foster-255	69	9	cultivating	cultivate	VERB
foster-255	69	10	abilities	ability	NOUN
foster-255	69	11	in	in	ADP
foster-255	69	12	sourcing	sourcing	NOUN
foster-255	69	13	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	69	14	analyzing	analyze	VERB
foster-255	69	15	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	69	16	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	69	17	utilizing	utilize	VERB
foster-255	69	18	information	information	NOUN
foster-255	69	19	from	from	ADP
foster-255	69	20	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	69	21	platforms	platform	NOUN
foster-255	69	22	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	70	1	it	it	PRON
foster-255	70	2	also	also	ADV
foster-255	70	3	fosters	foster	VERB
foster-255	70	4	critical	critical	ADJ
foster-255	70	5	thinking	thinking	NOUN
foster-255	70	6	as	as	SCONJ
foster-255	70	7	students	student	NOUN
foster-255	70	8	engage	engage	VERB
foster-255	70	9	with	with	ADP
foster-255	70	10	knowledge	knowledge	NOUN
foster-255	70	11	through	through	ADP
foster-255	70	12	debates	debate	NOUN
foster-255	70	13	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	70	14	evaluations	evaluation	NOUN
foster-255	70	15	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	71	1	here	here	ADV
foster-255	71	2	are	be	AUX
foster-255	71	3	the	the	DET
foster-255	71	4	pieces	piece	NOUN
foster-255	71	5	of	of	ADP
foster-255	71	6	evidence	evidence	NOUN
foster-255	71	7	on	on	ADP
foster-255	71	8	learnercontent	learnercontent	ADJ
foster-255	71	9	interaction	interaction	NOUN
foster-255	71	10	:	:	PUNCT
foster-255	71	11	extract	extract	VERB
foster-255	71	12	1	1	NUM
foster-255	71	13	"	"	PUNCT
foster-255	71	14	some	some	DET
foster-255	71	15	classroom	classroom	NOUN
foster-255	71	16	teachers	teacher	NOUN
foster-255	71	17	provide	provide	VERB
foster-255	71	18	learning	learn	VERB
foster-255	71	19	materials	material	NOUN
foster-255	71	20	in	in	ADP
foster-255	71	21	the	the	DET
foster-255	71	22	form	form	NOUN
foster-255	71	23	of	of	ADP
foster-255	71	24	links	link	NOUN
foster-255	71	25	or	or	CCONJ
foster-255	71	26	videos	video	NOUN
foster-255	71	27	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	71	28	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	71	29	students	student	NOUN
foster-255	71	30	are	be	AUX
foster-255	71	31	expected	expect	VERB
foster-255	71	32	to	to	PART
foster-255	71	33	study	study	VERB
foster-255	71	34	the	the	DET
foster-255	71	35	materials	material	NOUN
foster-255	71	36	prior	prior	ADV
foster-255	71	37	to	to	ADP
foster-255	71	38	attending	attend	VERB
foster-255	71	39	class	class	NOUN
foster-255	71	40	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	71	41	"	"	PUNCT
foster-255	72	1	(	(	PUNCT
foster-255	72	2	field	field	NOUN
foster-255	72	3	note	note	NOUN
foster-255	72	4	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	72	5	2025	2025	NUM
foster-255	72	6	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	72	7	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	73	1	http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689	http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689	NOUN
foster-255	73	2	http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689	http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689	NUM
foster-255	73	3	copyright	copyright	NOUN
foster-255	73	4	©	©	PROPN
foster-255	73	5	the	the	DET
foster-255	73	6	author(s	author(s	NOUN
foster-255	73	7	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	73	8	vol	vol	NOUN
foster-255	73	9	.	.	PROPN
foster-255	74	1	6	6	NUM
foster-255	74	2	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	74	3	no	no	INTJ
foster-255	74	4	.	.	NOUN
foster-255	74	5	3	3	NUM
foster-255	74	6	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	74	7	july	july	PROPN
foster-255	74	8	2025	2025	NUM
foster-255	75	1	e	e	X
foster-255	75	2	-	-	PUNCT
foster-255	75	3	issn	issn	ADJ
foster-255	75	4	:	:	PUNCT
foster-255	75	5	2723	2723	NUM
foster-255	75	6	-	-	SYM
foster-255	75	7	4126	4126	NUM
foster-255	75	8	p	p	NOUN
foster-255	75	9	-	-	PUNCT
foster-255	75	10	issn	issn	NOUN
foster-255	75	11	:	:	PUNCT
foster-255	75	12	2776	2776	NUM
foster-255	75	13	-	-	SYM
foster-255	75	14	8880	8880	NUM
foster-255	75	15	196	196	NUM
foster-255	75	16	extract	extract	NOUN
foster-255	75	17	2	2	NUM
foster-255	75	18	"	"	PUNCT
foster-255	75	19	i	i	PRON
foster-255	75	20	frequently	frequently	ADV
foster-255	75	21	present	present	ADJ
foster-255	75	22	videos	video	NOUN
foster-255	75	23	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	75	24	audio	audio	ADJ
foster-255	75	25	clips	clip	NOUN
foster-255	75	26	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	75	27	or	or	CCONJ
foster-255	75	28	images	image	NOUN
foster-255	75	29	as	as	ADP
foster-255	75	30	instructional	instructional	ADJ
foster-255	75	31	media	medium	NOUN
foster-255	75	32	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	76	1	afterwards	afterwards	ADV
foster-255	76	2	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	76	3	i	i	PRON
foster-255	76	4	pose	pose	VERB
foster-255	76	5	questions	question	NOUN
foster-255	76	6	related	relate	VERB
foster-255	76	7	to	to	ADP
foster-255	76	8	the	the	DET
foster-255	76	9	materials	material	NOUN
foster-255	76	10	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	76	11	"	"	PUNCT
foster-255	77	1	"	"	PUNCT
foster-255	77	2	i	i	PRON
foster-255	77	3	once	once	ADV
foster-255	77	4	assigned	assign	VERB
foster-255	77	5	students	student	NOUN
foster-255	77	6	to	to	PART
foster-255	77	7	create	create	VERB
foster-255	77	8	a	a	DET
foster-255	77	9	procedural	procedural	ADJ
foster-255	77	10	text	text	NOUN
foster-255	77	11	video	video	NOUN
foster-255	77	12	...	...	PUNCT
foster-255	77	13	by	by	ADP
foster-255	77	14	the	the	DET
foster-255	77	15	lesson	lesson	NOUN
foster-255	77	16	on	on	ADP
foster-255	77	17	procedural	procedural	ADJ
foster-255	77	18	texts	text	NOUN
foster-255	77	19	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	77	20	"	"	PUNCT
foster-255	78	1	(	(	PUNCT
foster-255	78	2	interview	interview	NOUN
foster-255	78	3	with	with	ADP
foster-255	78	4	teacher	teacher	NOUN
foster-255	78	5	sn	sn	PROPN
foster-255	78	6	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	78	7	2025	2025	NUM
foster-255	78	8	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	78	9	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	79	1	"	"	PUNCT
foster-255	79	2	i	i	PRON
foster-255	79	3	have	have	AUX
foster-255	79	4	also	also	ADV
foster-255	79	5	sent	send	VERB
foster-255	79	6	video	video	NOUN
foster-255	79	7	links	link	NOUN
foster-255	79	8	for	for	SCONJ
foster-255	79	9	students	student	NOUN
foster-255	79	10	to	to	PART
foster-255	79	11	study	study	VERB
foster-255	79	12	independently	independently	ADV
foster-255	79	13	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	79	14	which	which	PRON
foster-255	79	15	we	we	PRON
foster-255	79	16	later	later	ADV
foster-255	79	17	discussed	discuss	VERB
foster-255	79	18	in	in	ADP
foster-255	79	19	the	the	DET
foster-255	79	20	following	follow	VERB
foster-255	79	21	session	session	NOUN
foster-255	79	22	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	79	23	"	"	PUNCT
foster-255	80	1	(	(	PUNCT
foster-255	80	2	interview	interview	NOUN
foster-255	80	3	with	with	ADP
foster-255	80	4	teacher	teacher	NOUN
foster-255	80	5	in	in	ADP
foster-255	80	6	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	80	7	2025	2025	NUM
foster-255	80	8	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	80	9	extract	extract	VERB
foster-255	80	10	3	3	NUM
foster-255	80	11	"	"	PUNCT
foster-255	80	12	i	i	PRON
foster-255	80	13	play	play	VERB
foster-255	80	14	videos	video	NOUN
foster-255	80	15	that	that	PRON
foster-255	80	16	are	be	AUX
foster-255	80	17	already	already	ADV
foster-255	80	18	available	available	ADJ
foster-255	80	19	through	through	ADP
foster-255	80	20	youtube	youtube	ADJ
foster-255	80	21	links	link	NOUN
foster-255	80	22	...	...	PUNCT
foster-255	81	1	students	student	NOUN
foster-255	81	2	are	be	AUX
foster-255	81	3	then	then	ADV
foster-255	81	4	expected	expect	VERB
foster-255	81	5	to	to	PART
foster-255	81	6	answer	answer	VERB
foster-255	81	7	guiding	guide	VERB
foster-255	81	8	questions	question	NOUN
foster-255	81	9	as	as	SCONJ
foster-255	81	10	outlined	outline	VERB
foster-255	81	11	in	in	ADP
foster-255	81	12	the	the	DET
foster-255	81	13	teaching	teaching	NOUN
foster-255	81	14	module	module	NOUN
foster-255	81	15	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	81	16	"	"	PUNCT
foster-255	82	1	(	(	PUNCT
foster-255	82	2	interview	interview	NOUN
foster-255	82	3	with	with	ADP
foster-255	82	4	teacher	teacher	NOUN
foster-255	82	5	fs	fs	ADP
foster-255	82	6	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	82	7	2025	2025	NUM
foster-255	82	8	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	82	9	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	83	1	"	"	PUNCT
foster-255	83	2	we	we	PRON
foster-255	83	3	assign	assign	VERB
foster-255	83	4	tasks	task	NOUN
foster-255	83	5	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	83	6	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	83	7	then	then	ADV
foster-255	83	8	discuss	discuss	VERB
foster-255	83	9	them	they	PRON
foster-255	83	10	in	in	ADP
foster-255	83	11	the	the	DET
foster-255	83	12	following	follow	VERB
foster-255	83	13	meeting	meeting	NOUN
foster-255	83	14	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	84	1	so	so	ADV
foster-255	84	2	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	84	3	students	student	NOUN
foster-255	84	4	engage	engage	VERB
foster-255	84	5	in	in	ADP
foster-255	84	6	self	self	NOUN
foster-255	84	7	-	-	PUNCT
foster-255	84	8	study	study	NOUN
foster-255	84	9	at	at	ADP
foster-255	84	10	home	home	NOUN
foster-255	84	11	beforehand	beforehand	ADV
foster-255	84	12	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	84	13	"	"	PUNCT
foster-255	85	1	(	(	PUNCT
foster-255	85	2	interview	interview	NOUN
foster-255	85	3	with	with	ADP
foster-255	85	4	teacher	teacher	NOUN
foster-255	85	5	hr	hr	NOUN
foster-255	85	6	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	85	7	2025	2025	NUM
foster-255	85	8	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	85	9	extract	extract	VERB
foster-255	85	10	4	4	NUM
foster-255	85	11	"	"	PUNCT
foster-255	85	12	there	there	PRON
foster-255	85	13	is	be	VERB
foster-255	85	14	usually	usually	ADV
foster-255	85	15	an	an	DET
foster-255	85	16	interaction	interaction	NOUN
foster-255	85	17	between	between	ADP
foster-255	85	18	students	student	NOUN
foster-255	85	19	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	85	20	the	the	DET
foster-255	85	21	provided	provide	VERB
foster-255	85	22	materials	material	NOUN
foster-255	85	23	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	85	24	followed	follow	VERB
foster-255	85	25	by	by	ADP
foster-255	85	26	the	the	DET
foster-255	85	27	teacher	teacher	NOUN
foster-255	85	28	’s	’s	PART
foster-255	85	29	explanation	explanation	NOUN
foster-255	85	30	of	of	ADP
foster-255	85	31	the	the	DET
foster-255	85	32	content	content	NOUN
foster-255	85	33	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	85	34	"	"	PUNCT
foster-255	86	1	(	(	PUNCT
foster-255	86	2	interview	interview	NOUN
foster-255	86	3	with	with	ADP
foster-255	86	4	student	student	NOUN
foster-255	86	5	zhr	zhr	PROPN
foster-255	86	6	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	86	7	2025	2025	NUM
foster-255	86	8	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	86	9	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	87	1	"	"	PUNCT
foster-255	87	2	the	the	DET
foster-255	87	3	teacher	teacher	NOUN
foster-255	87	4	typically	typically	ADV
foster-255	87	5	presents	present	VERB
foster-255	87	6	the	the	DET
foster-255	87	7	material	material	NOUN
foster-255	87	8	through	through	ADP
foster-255	87	9	youtube	youtube	NOUN
foster-255	87	10	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	87	11	concludes	conclude	VERB
foster-255	87	12	with	with	ADP
foster-255	87	13	a	a	DET
foster-255	87	14	questionand	questionand	ADJ
foster-255	87	15	-	-	PUNCT
foster-255	87	16	answer	answer	NOUN
foster-255	87	17	session	session	NOUN
foster-255	87	18	related	relate	VERB
foster-255	87	19	to	to	ADP
foster-255	87	20	the	the	DET
foster-255	87	21	video	video	NOUN
foster-255	87	22	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	87	23	"	"	PUNCT
foster-255	88	1	(	(	PUNCT
foster-255	88	2	interview	interview	NOUN
foster-255	88	3	with	with	ADP
foster-255	88	4	student	student	NOUN
foster-255	88	5	rth	rth	PROPN
foster-255	88	6	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	88	7	2025	2025	NUM
foster-255	88	8	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	88	9	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	89	1	extract	extract	VERB
foster-255	89	2	5	5	NUM
foster-255	89	3	"	"	PUNCT
foster-255	89	4	materials	material	NOUN
foster-255	89	5	are	be	AUX
foster-255	89	6	distributed	distribute	VERB
foster-255	89	7	prior	prior	ADV
foster-255	89	8	to	to	ADP
foster-255	89	9	the	the	DET
foster-255	89	10	start	start	NOUN
foster-255	89	11	of	of	ADP
foster-255	89	12	class	class	NOUN
foster-255	89	13	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	89	14	the	the	DET
foster-255	89	15	teacher	teacher	NOUN
foster-255	89	16	often	often	ADV
foster-255	89	17	uses	use	VERB
foster-255	89	18	a	a	DET
foster-255	89	19	laptop	laptop	NOUN
foster-255	89	20	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	89	21	projector	projector	NOUN
foster-255	89	22	screen	screen	NOUN
foster-255	89	23	to	to	PART
foster-255	89	24	display	display	VERB
foster-255	89	25	videos	video	NOUN
foster-255	89	26	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	89	27	"	"	PUNCT
foster-255	90	1	(	(	PUNCT
foster-255	90	2	interview	interview	NOUN
foster-255	90	3	with	with	ADP
foster-255	90	4	student	student	NOUN
foster-255	90	5	nm	nm	PROPN
foster-255	90	6	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	90	7	2025	2025	NUM
foster-255	90	8	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	90	9	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	91	1	"	"	PUNCT
foster-255	91	2	the	the	DET
foster-255	91	3	teacher	teacher	NOUN
foster-255	91	4	asks	ask	VERB
foster-255	91	5	students	student	NOUN
foster-255	91	6	to	to	PART
foster-255	91	7	open	open	VERB
foster-255	91	8	specific	specific	ADJ
foster-255	91	9	pages	page	NOUN
foster-255	91	10	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	91	11	watch	watch	VERB
foster-255	91	12	videos	video	NOUN
foster-255	91	13	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	91	14	listen	listen	VERB
foster-255	91	15	to	to	ADP
foster-255	91	16	songs	song	NOUN
foster-255	91	17	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	91	18	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	91	19	then	then	ADV
foster-255	91	20	find	find	VERB
foster-255	91	21	out	out	ADP
foster-255	91	22	their	their	PRON
foster-255	91	23	meanings	meaning	NOUN
foster-255	91	24	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	91	25	"	"	PUNCT
foster-255	92	1	(	(	PUNCT
foster-255	92	2	interview	interview	NOUN
foster-255	92	3	with	with	ADP
foster-255	92	4	student	student	NOUN
foster-255	92	5	ptr	ptr	PROPN
foster-255	92	6	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	92	7	2025	2025	NUM
foster-255	92	8	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	92	9	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	93	1	"	"	PUNCT
foster-255	93	2	we	we	PRON
foster-255	93	3	search	search	VERB
foster-255	93	4	for	for	ADP
foster-255	93	5	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	93	6	study	study	VERB
foster-255	93	7	particular	particular	ADJ
foster-255	93	8	conversations	conversation	NOUN
foster-255	93	9	on	on	ADP
foster-255	93	10	youtube	youtube	NOUN
foster-255	93	11	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	93	12	then	then	ADV
foster-255	93	13	complete	complete	ADJ
foster-255	93	14	assignments	assignment	NOUN
foster-255	93	15	based	base	VERB
foster-255	93	16	on	on	ADP
foster-255	93	17	what	what	PRON
foster-255	93	18	we	we	PRON
foster-255	93	19	have	have	AUX
foster-255	93	20	learned	learn	VERB
foster-255	93	21	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	93	22	"	"	PUNCT
foster-255	94	1	(	(	PUNCT
foster-255	94	2	interview	interview	NOUN
foster-255	94	3	with	with	ADP
foster-255	94	4	student	student	PROPN
foster-255	94	5	shr	shr	PROPN
foster-255	94	6	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	94	7	2025	2025	NUM
foster-255	94	8	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	94	9	extract	extract	VERB
foster-255	94	10	6	6	NUM
foster-255	94	11	"	"	PUNCT
foster-255	94	12	student	student	NOUN
foster-255	94	13	interaction	interaction	NOUN
foster-255	94	14	with	with	ADP
foster-255	94	15	the	the	DET
foster-255	94	16	material	material	NOUN
foster-255	94	17	is	be	AUX
foster-255	94	18	evident	evident	ADJ
foster-255	94	19	when	when	SCONJ
foster-255	94	20	the	the	DET
foster-255	94	21	teacher	teacher	NOUN
foster-255	94	22	divides	divide	VERB
foster-255	94	23	the	the	DET
foster-255	94	24	class	class	NOUN
foster-255	94	25	into	into	ADP
foster-255	94	26	groups	group	NOUN
foster-255	94	27	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	94	28	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	94	29	students	student	NOUN
foster-255	94	30	discuss	discuss	VERB
foster-255	94	31	the	the	DET
foster-255	94	32	content	content	NOUN
foster-255	94	33	through	through	ADP
foster-255	94	34	both	both	CCONJ
foster-255	94	35	individual	individual	ADJ
foster-255	94	36	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	94	37	group	group	NOUN
foster-255	94	38	-	-	PUNCT
foster-255	94	39	based	base	VERB
foster-255	94	40	activities	activity	NOUN
foster-255	94	41	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	94	42	"	"	PUNCT
foster-255	95	1	(	(	PUNCT
foster-255	95	2	classroom	classroom	NOUN
foster-255	95	3	observation	observation	NOUN
foster-255	95	4	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	95	5	2025	2025	NUM
foster-255	95	6	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	95	7	interaction	interaction	NOUN
foster-255	95	8	between	between	ADP
foster-255	95	9	learners	learner	NOUN
foster-255	95	10	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	95	11	content	content	NOUN
foster-255	95	12	is	be	AUX
foster-255	95	13	also	also	ADV
foster-255	95	14	evident	evident	ADJ
foster-255	95	15	when	when	SCONJ
foster-255	95	16	the	the	DET
foster-255	95	17	instructor	instructor	NOUN
foster-255	95	18	assigns	assign	VERB
foster-255	95	19	activities	activity	NOUN
foster-255	95	20	to	to	PART
foster-255	95	21	be	be	AUX
foster-255	95	22	completed	complete	VERB
foster-255	95	23	in	in	ADP
foster-255	95	24	the	the	DET
foster-255	95	25	classroom	classroom	NOUN
foster-255	95	26	during	during	ADP
foster-255	95	27	the	the	DET
foster-255	95	28	instructional	instructional	ADJ
foster-255	95	29	process	process	NOUN
foster-255	95	30	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	96	1	the	the	DET
foster-255	96	2	data	datum	NOUN
foster-255	96	3	in	in	ADP
foster-255	96	4	the	the	DET
foster-255	96	5	subsequent	subsequent	ADJ
foster-255	96	6	image	image	NOUN
foster-255	96	7	demonstrates	demonstrate	VERB
foster-255	96	8	student	student	NOUN
foster-255	96	9	engagement	engagement	NOUN
foster-255	96	10	with	with	ADP
foster-255	96	11	instructional	instructional	ADJ
foster-255	96	12	resources	resource	NOUN
foster-255	96	13	in	in	ADP
foster-255	96	14	the	the	DET
foster-255	96	15	classroom	classroom	NOUN
foster-255	96	16	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	97	1	http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689	http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689	NOUN
foster-255	97	2	http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689	http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689	NOUN
foster-255	97	3	copyright	copyright	NOUN
foster-255	97	4	©	©	PROPN
foster-255	97	5	the	the	DET
foster-255	97	6	author(s	author(s	NOUN
foster-255	97	7	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	97	8	vol	vol	NOUN
foster-255	97	9	.	.	PROPN
foster-255	98	1	6	6	NUM
foster-255	98	2	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	98	3	no	no	INTJ
foster-255	98	4	.	.	NOUN
foster-255	98	5	3	3	NUM
foster-255	98	6	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	98	7	july	july	PROPN
foster-255	98	8	2025	2025	NUM
foster-255	99	1	e	e	X
foster-255	99	2	-	-	PUNCT
foster-255	99	3	issn	issn	ADJ
foster-255	99	4	:	:	PUNCT
foster-255	99	5	2723	2723	NUM
foster-255	99	6	-	-	SYM
foster-255	99	7	4126	4126	NUM
foster-255	99	8	p	p	NOUN
foster-255	99	9	-	-	PUNCT
foster-255	99	10	issn	issn	NOUN
foster-255	99	11	:	:	PUNCT
foster-255	99	12	2776	2776	NUM
foster-255	99	13	-	-	SYM
foster-255	99	14	8880	8880	NUM
foster-255	99	15	197	197	NUM
foster-255	99	16	figure	figure	NOUN
foster-255	99	17	2	2	NUM
foster-255	99	18	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	99	19	learner	learner	NOUN
foster-255	99	20	-	-	PUNCT
foster-255	99	21	content	content	NOUN
foster-255	99	22	interaction	interaction	NOUN
foster-255	99	23	in	in	ADP
foster-255	99	24	efl	efl	PROPN
foster-255	99	25	classrooms	classroom	VERB
foster-255	99	26	the	the	DET
foster-255	99	27	evidence	evidence	NOUN
foster-255	99	28	illustrated	illustrate	VERB
foster-255	99	29	in	in	ADP
foster-255	99	30	the	the	DET
foster-255	99	31	preceding	precede	VERB
foster-255	99	32	figure	figure	NOUN
foster-255	99	33	indicates	indicate	VERB
foster-255	99	34	that	that	SCONJ
foster-255	99	35	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	99	36	in	in	ADP
foster-255	99	37	addition	addition	NOUN
foster-255	99	38	to	to	ADP
foster-255	99	39	the	the	DET
foster-255	99	40	teacher	teacher	NOUN
foster-255	99	41	supplying	supply	VERB
foster-255	99	42	material	material	NOUN
foster-255	99	43	links	link	NOUN
foster-255	99	44	or	or	CCONJ
foster-255	99	45	video	video	NOUN
foster-255	99	46	content	content	NOUN
foster-255	99	47	prior	prior	ADV
foster-255	99	48	to	to	ADP
foster-255	99	49	classroom	classroom	NOUN
foster-255	99	50	instruction	instruction	NOUN
foster-255	99	51	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	99	52	student	student	NOUN
foster-255	99	53	involvement	involvement	NOUN
foster-255	99	54	with	with	ADP
foster-255	99	55	the	the	DET
foster-255	99	56	learning	learning	NOUN
foster-255	99	57	materials	material	NOUN
foster-255	99	58	also	also	ADV
foster-255	99	59	transpires	transpire	VERB
foster-255	99	60	during	during	ADP
foster-255	99	61	the	the	DET
foster-255	99	62	lesson	lesson	NOUN
foster-255	99	63	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	100	1	the	the	DET
foster-255	100	2	instructor	instructor	NOUN
foster-255	100	3	disseminates	disseminate	VERB
foster-255	100	4	student	student	NOUN
foster-255	100	5	worksheets	worksheet	NOUN
foster-255	100	6	(	(	PUNCT
foster-255	100	7	lks	lks	PROPN
foster-255	100	8	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	100	9	with	with	ADP
foster-255	100	10	questions	question	NOUN
foster-255	100	11	to	to	PART
foster-255	100	12	be	be	AUX
foster-255	100	13	addressed	address	VERB
foster-255	100	14	collaboratively	collaboratively	ADV
foster-255	100	15	in	in	ADP
foster-255	100	16	pairs	pair	NOUN
foster-255	100	17	during	during	ADP
foster-255	100	18	class	class	NOUN
foster-255	100	19	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	101	1	the	the	DET
foster-255	101	2	teacher	teacher	NOUN
foster-255	101	3	projects	project	VERB
foster-255	101	4	instructional	instructional	ADJ
foster-255	101	5	films	film	NOUN
foster-255	101	6	from	from	ADP
foster-255	101	7	youtube	youtube	NOUN
foster-255	101	8	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	101	9	which	which	PRON
foster-255	101	10	students	student	NOUN
foster-255	101	11	access	access	VERB
foster-255	101	12	on	on	ADP
foster-255	101	13	their	their	PRON
foster-255	101	14	iphones	iphone	NOUN
foster-255	101	15	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	102	1	this	this	PRON
foster-255	102	2	suggests	suggest	VERB
foster-255	102	3	that	that	SCONJ
foster-255	102	4	material	material	NOUN
foster-255	102	5	-	-	PUNCT
foster-255	102	6	student	student	NOUN
foster-255	102	7	interaction	interaction	NOUN
foster-255	102	8	in	in	ADP
foster-255	102	9	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	102	10	literacy	literacy	NOUN
foster-255	102	11	education	education	NOUN
foster-255	102	12	can	can	AUX
foster-255	102	13	occur	occur	VERB
foster-255	102	14	flexibly	flexibly	ADV
foster-255	102	15	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	102	16	dynamically	dynamically	ADV
foster-255	102	17	throughout	throughout	ADP
foster-255	102	18	the	the	DET
foster-255	102	19	learning	learning	NOUN
foster-255	102	20	process	process	NOUN
foster-255	102	21	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	103	1	this	this	DET
foster-255	103	2	trend	trend	NOUN
foster-255	103	3	indicates	indicate	VERB
foster-255	103	4	that	that	SCONJ
foster-255	103	5	learner	learner	NOUN
foster-255	103	6	-	-	PUNCT
foster-255	103	7	content	content	NOUN
foster-255	103	8	interaction	interaction	NOUN
foster-255	103	9	in	in	ADP
foster-255	103	10	digitally	digitally	ADV
foster-255	103	11	enhanced	enhance	VERB
foster-255	103	12	contexts	contexts	NOUN
foster-255	103	13	improves	improve	VERB
foster-255	103	14	engagement	engagement	NOUN
foster-255	103	15	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	103	16	facilitates	facilitate	VERB
foster-255	103	17	differentiated	differentiated	ADJ
foster-255	103	18	instruction	instruction	NOUN
foster-255	103	19	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	103	20	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	103	21	promotes	promote	VERB
foster-255	103	22	learner	learner	NOUN
foster-255	103	23	autonomy	autonomy	NOUN
foster-255	103	24	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	104	1	its	its	PRON
foster-255	104	2	effectiveness	effectiveness	NOUN
foster-255	104	3	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	104	4	however	however	ADV
foster-255	104	5	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	104	6	depends	depend	VERB
foster-255	104	7	on	on	ADP
foster-255	104	8	regular	regular	ADJ
foster-255	104	9	direction	direction	NOUN
foster-255	104	10	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	104	11	organized	organized	ADJ
foster-255	104	12	reflection	reflection	NOUN
foster-255	104	13	provided	provide	VERB
foster-255	104	14	by	by	ADP
foster-255	104	15	instructors	instructor	NOUN
foster-255	104	16	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	104	17	ensuring	ensure	VERB
foster-255	104	18	that	that	SCONJ
foster-255	104	19	technology	technology	NOUN
foster-255	104	20	serves	serve	VERB
foster-255	104	21	as	as	ADP
foster-255	104	22	a	a	DET
foster-255	104	23	means	means	NOUN
foster-255	104	24	to	to	PART
foster-255	104	25	enhance	enhance	VERB
foster-255	104	26	understanding	understanding	NOUN
foster-255	104	27	rather	rather	ADV
foster-255	104	28	than	than	ADP
foster-255	104	29	a	a	DET
foster-255	104	30	distraction	distraction	NOUN
foster-255	104	31	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	105	1	learner	learner	NOUN
foster-255	105	2	-	-	PUNCT
foster-255	105	3	instructor	instructor	NOUN
foster-255	105	4	interaction	interaction	NOUN
foster-255	105	5	the	the	DET
foster-255	105	6	interaction	interaction	NOUN
foster-255	105	7	between	between	ADP
foster-255	105	8	learners	learner	NOUN
foster-255	105	9	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	105	10	instructors	instructor	NOUN
foster-255	105	11	in	in	ADP
foster-255	105	12	the	the	DET
foster-255	105	13	context	context	NOUN
foster-255	105	14	of	of	ADP
foster-255	105	15	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	105	16	literacy	literacy	NOUN
foster-255	105	17	demonstrates	demonstrate	VERB
foster-255	105	18	a	a	DET
foster-255	105	19	pedagogical	pedagogical	ADJ
foster-255	105	20	fusion	fusion	NOUN
foster-255	105	21	of	of	ADP
foster-255	105	22	conventional	conventional	ADJ
foster-255	105	23	teaching	teaching	NOUN
foster-255	105	24	methods	method	NOUN
foster-255	105	25	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	105	26	technologyenhanced	technologyenhance	VERB
foster-255	105	27	communication	communication	NOUN
foster-255	105	28	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	106	1	educators	educator	NOUN
foster-255	106	2	serve	serve	VERB
foster-255	106	3	as	as	ADP
foster-255	106	4	pivotal	pivotal	ADJ
foster-255	106	5	agents	agent	NOUN
foster-255	106	6	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	106	7	commencing	commencing	NOUN
foster-255	106	8	instruction	instruction	NOUN
foster-255	106	9	with	with	ADP
foster-255	106	10	inquiries	inquiry	NOUN
foster-255	106	11	to	to	PART
foster-255	106	12	stimulate	stimulate	VERB
foster-255	106	13	existing	exist	VERB
foster-255	106	14	knowledge	knowledge	NOUN
foster-255	106	15	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	106	16	delivering	deliver	VERB
foster-255	106	17	content	content	NOUN
foster-255	106	18	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	106	19	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	106	20	then	then	ADV
foster-255	106	21	providing	provide	VERB
foster-255	106	22	assessment	assessment	NOUN
foster-255	106	23	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	106	24	feedback	feedback	NOUN
foster-255	106	25	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	107	1	despite	despite	SCONJ
foster-255	107	2	the	the	DET
foster-255	107	3	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	107	4	format	format	NOUN
foster-255	107	5	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	107	6	students	student	NOUN
foster-255	107	7	exhibit	exhibit	VERB
foster-255	107	8	a	a	DET
foster-255	107	9	pronounced	pronounced	ADJ
foster-255	107	10	preference	preference	NOUN
foster-255	107	11	for	for	ADP
foster-255	107	12	direct	direct	ADJ
foster-255	107	13	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	107	14	synchronous	synchronous	ADJ
foster-255	107	15	engagement	engagement	NOUN
foster-255	107	16	with	with	ADP
foster-255	107	17	professors	professor	NOUN
foster-255	107	18	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	107	19	indicating	indicate	VERB
foster-255	107	20	that	that	SCONJ
foster-255	107	21	interpersonal	interpersonal	ADJ
foster-255	107	22	connection	connection	NOUN
foster-255	107	23	is	be	AUX
foster-255	107	24	a	a	DET
foster-255	107	25	vital	vital	ADJ
foster-255	107	26	component	component	NOUN
foster-255	107	27	of	of	ADP
foster-255	107	28	their	their	PRON
foster-255	107	29	educational	educational	ADJ
foster-255	107	30	experience	experience	NOUN
foster-255	107	31	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	108	1	educators	educator	NOUN
foster-255	108	2	intentionally	intentionally	ADV
foster-255	108	3	utilise	utilise	VERB
foster-255	108	4	technology	technology	NOUN
foster-255	108	5	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	108	6	including	include	VERB
foster-255	108	7	youtube	youtube	NOUN
foster-255	108	8	videos	video	NOUN
foster-255	108	9	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	108	10	ai	ai	VERB
foster-255	108	11	tools	tool	NOUN
foster-255	108	12	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	108	13	to	to	PART
foster-255	108	14	enhance	enhance	VERB
foster-255	108	15	learning	learning	NOUN
foster-255	108	16	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	108	17	often	often	ADV
foster-255	108	18	accompanied	accompany	VERB
foster-255	108	19	by	by	ADP
foster-255	108	20	direct	direct	ADJ
foster-255	108	21	discussion	discussion	NOUN
foster-255	108	22	to	to	ADP
foster-255	108	23	foster	foster	ADJ
foster-255	108	24	comprehension	comprehension	NOUN
foster-255	108	25	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	109	1	the	the	DET
foster-255	109	2	subsequent	subsequent	ADJ
foster-255	109	3	evidence	evidence	NOUN
foster-255	109	4	substantiates	substantiate	VERB
foster-255	109	5	the	the	DET
foster-255	109	6	findings	finding	NOUN
foster-255	109	7	:	:	PUNCT
foster-255	109	8	extract	extract	VERB
foster-255	109	9	7	7	NUM
foster-255	109	10	"	"	PUNCT
foster-255	109	11	teacher	teacher	NOUN
foster-255	109	12	-	-	PUNCT
foster-255	109	13	student	student	NOUN
foster-255	109	14	interaction	interaction	NOUN
foster-255	109	15	during	during	ADP
foster-255	109	16	learning	learn	VERB
foster-255	109	17	is	be	AUX
foster-255	109	18	evident	evident	ADJ
foster-255	109	19	in	in	ADP
foster-255	109	20	the	the	DET
foster-255	109	21	instructional	instructional	ADJ
foster-255	109	22	stages	stage	NOUN
foster-255	109	23	outlined	outline	VERB
foster-255	109	24	in	in	ADP
foster-255	109	25	the	the	DET
foster-255	109	26	lesson	lesson	NOUN
foster-255	109	27	plans	plan	NOUN
foster-255	109	28	(	(	PUNCT
foster-255	109	29	rpp	rpp	PROPN
foster-255	109	30	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	109	31	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	109	32	”	"	PUNCT
foster-255	110	1	(	(	PUNCT
foster-255	110	2	document	document	NOUN
foster-255	110	3	analysis	analysis	NOUN
foster-255	110	4	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	111	1	http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689	http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689	NOUN
foster-255	111	2	http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689	http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689	NOUN
foster-255	111	3	copyright	copyright	NOUN
foster-255	111	4	©	©	PROPN
foster-255	111	5	the	the	DET
foster-255	111	6	author(s	author(s	NOUN
foster-255	111	7	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	111	8	vol	vol	NOUN
foster-255	111	9	.	.	PROPN
foster-255	112	1	6	6	NUM
foster-255	112	2	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	112	3	no	no	INTJ
foster-255	112	4	.	.	NOUN
foster-255	112	5	3	3	NUM
foster-255	112	6	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	112	7	july	july	PROPN
foster-255	112	8	2025	2025	NUM
foster-255	113	1	e	e	X
foster-255	113	2	-	-	PUNCT
foster-255	113	3	issn	issn	ADJ
foster-255	113	4	:	:	PUNCT
foster-255	113	5	2723	2723	NUM
foster-255	113	6	-	-	SYM
foster-255	113	7	4126	4126	NUM
foster-255	113	8	p	p	NOUN
foster-255	113	9	-	-	PUNCT
foster-255	113	10	issn	issn	NOUN
foster-255	113	11	:	:	PUNCT
foster-255	113	12	2776	2776	NUM
foster-255	113	13	-	-	SYM
foster-255	113	14	8880	8880	NUM
foster-255	113	15	198	198	NUM
foster-255	113	16	extract	extract	NOUN
foster-255	113	17	8	8	NUM
foster-255	113	18	"	"	PUNCT
foster-255	113	19	i	i	PRON
foster-255	113	20	provide	provide	VERB
foster-255	113	21	them	they	PRON
foster-255	113	22	with	with	ADP
foster-255	113	23	instructions	instruction	NOUN
foster-255	113	24	first	first	ADV
foster-255	113	25	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	113	26	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	113	27	then	then	ADV
foster-255	113	28	they	they	PRON
foster-255	113	29	begin	begin	VERB
foster-255	113	30	working	work	VERB
foster-255	113	31	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	114	1	even	even	ADV
foster-255	114	2	when	when	SCONJ
foster-255	114	3	i	i	PRON
foster-255	114	4	share	share	VERB
foster-255	114	5	materials	material	NOUN
foster-255	114	6	in	in	ADP
foster-255	114	7	the	the	DET
foster-255	114	8	group	group	NOUN
foster-255	114	9	for	for	ADP
foster-255	114	10	self	self	NOUN
foster-255	114	11	-	-	PUNCT
foster-255	114	12	study	study	NOUN
foster-255	114	13	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	114	14	i	i	PRON
foster-255	114	15	always	always	ADV
foster-255	114	16	follow	follow	VERB
foster-255	114	17	it	it	PRON
foster-255	114	18	up	up	ADP
foster-255	114	19	with	with	ADP
foster-255	114	20	a	a	DET
foster-255	114	21	discussion	discussion	NOUN
foster-255	114	22	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	114	23	"	"	PUNCT
foster-255	115	1	(	(	PUNCT
foster-255	115	2	interview	interview	NOUN
foster-255	115	3	with	with	ADP
foster-255	115	4	teacher	teacher	NOUN
foster-255	115	5	srf	srf	PROPN
foster-255	115	6	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	115	7	2025	2025	NUM
foster-255	115	8	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	115	9	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	116	1	"	"	PUNCT
foster-255	116	2	i	i	PRON
foster-255	116	3	ask	ask	VERB
foster-255	116	4	them	they	PRON
foster-255	116	5	about	about	ADP
foster-255	116	6	the	the	DET
foster-255	116	7	previous	previous	ADJ
foster-255	116	8	material	material	NOUN
foster-255	116	9	to	to	PART
foster-255	116	10	help	help	VERB
foster-255	116	11	them	they	PRON
foster-255	116	12	recall	recall	VERB
foster-255	116	13	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	116	14	engage	engage	VERB
foster-255	116	15	with	with	ADP
foster-255	116	16	me	i	PRON
foster-255	116	17	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	117	1	i	i	PRON
foster-255	117	2	then	then	ADV
foster-255	117	3	introduce	introduce	VERB
foster-255	117	4	the	the	DET
foster-255	117	5	topic	topic	NOUN
foster-255	117	6	of	of	ADP
foster-255	117	7	the	the	DET
foster-255	117	8	day	day	NOUN
foster-255	117	9	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	117	10	ask	ask	VERB
foster-255	117	11	whether	whether	SCONJ
foster-255	117	12	anyone	anyone	PRON
foster-255	117	13	is	be	AUX
foster-255	117	14	already	already	ADV
foster-255	117	15	familiar	familiar	ADJ
foster-255	117	16	with	with	ADP
foster-255	117	17	it	it	PRON
foster-255	117	18	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	117	19	"	"	PUNCT
foster-255	118	1	(	(	PUNCT
foster-255	118	2	interview	interview	NOUN
foster-255	118	3	with	with	ADP
foster-255	118	4	teacher	teacher	NOUN
foster-255	118	5	in	in	ADP
foster-255	118	6	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	118	7	2025	2025	NUM
foster-255	118	8	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	118	9	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	119	1	"	"	PUNCT
foster-255	119	2	typically	typically	ADV
foster-255	119	3	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	119	4	i	i	PRON
foster-255	119	5	present	present	VERB
foster-255	119	6	the	the	DET
foster-255	119	7	material	material	NOUN
foster-255	119	8	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	119	9	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	119	10	then	then	ADV
foster-255	119	11	the	the	DET
foster-255	119	12	students	student	NOUN
foster-255	119	13	respond	respond	VERB
foster-255	119	14	or	or	CCONJ
foster-255	119	15	answer	answer	VERB
foster-255	119	16	questions	question	NOUN
foster-255	119	17	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	119	18	"	"	PUNCT
foster-255	120	1	(	(	PUNCT
foster-255	120	2	interview	interview	NOUN
foster-255	120	3	with	with	ADP
foster-255	120	4	teacher	teacher	NOUN
foster-255	120	5	sn	sn	PROPN
foster-255	120	6	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	120	7	2025	2025	NUM
foster-255	120	8	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	120	9	extract	extract	VERB
foster-255	120	10	9	9	NUM
foster-255	120	11	"	"	PUNCT
foster-255	120	12	i	i	PRON
foster-255	120	13	read	read	VERB
foster-255	120	14	out	out	ADP
foster-255	120	15	a	a	DET
foster-255	120	16	prompting	prompt	VERB
foster-255	120	17	question	question	NOUN
foster-255	120	18	...	...	PUNCT
foster-255	120	19	they	they	PRON
foster-255	120	20	responded	respond	VERB
foster-255	120	21	very	very	ADV
foster-255	120	22	quickly	quickly	ADV
foster-255	120	23	after	after	ADP
foster-255	120	24	watching	watch	VERB
foster-255	120	25	the	the	DET
foster-255	120	26	video	video	NOUN
foster-255	120	27	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	121	1	my	my	PRON
foster-255	121	2	interaction	interaction	NOUN
foster-255	121	3	with	with	ADP
foster-255	121	4	the	the	DET
foster-255	121	5	students	student	NOUN
foster-255	121	6	was	be	AUX
foster-255	121	7	quite	quite	ADV
foster-255	121	8	good	good	ADJ
foster-255	121	9	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	121	10	"	"	PUNCT
foster-255	122	1	(	(	PUNCT
foster-255	122	2	interview	interview	NOUN
foster-255	122	3	with	with	ADP
foster-255	122	4	teacher	teacher	NOUN
foster-255	122	5	fs	fs	ADP
foster-255	122	6	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	122	7	2025	2025	NUM
foster-255	122	8	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	122	9	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	123	1	"	"	PUNCT
foster-255	123	2	sometimes	sometimes	ADV
foster-255	123	3	the	the	DET
foster-255	123	4	teacher	teacher	NOUN
foster-255	123	5	asks	ask	VERB
foster-255	123	6	students	student	NOUN
foster-255	123	7	to	to	PART
foster-255	123	8	summarize	summarize	VERB
foster-255	123	9	the	the	DET
foster-255	123	10	material	material	NOUN
foster-255	123	11	first	first	ADV
foster-255	123	12	...	...	PUNCT
foster-255	123	13	but	but	CCONJ
foster-255	123	14	the	the	DET
foster-255	123	15	teacher	teacher	NOUN
foster-255	123	16	remains	remain	VERB
foster-255	123	17	involved	involved	ADJ
foster-255	123	18	to	to	PART
foster-255	123	19	assist	assist	VERB
foster-255	123	20	them	they	PRON
foster-255	123	21	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	123	22	"	"	PUNCT
foster-255	124	1	(	(	PUNCT
foster-255	124	2	interview	interview	NOUN
foster-255	124	3	with	with	ADP
foster-255	124	4	teacher	teacher	NOUN
foster-255	124	5	hr	hr	NOUN
foster-255	124	6	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	124	7	2025	2025	NUM
foster-255	124	8	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	124	9	extract	extract	VERB
foster-255	124	10	10	10	NUM
foster-255	124	11	"	"	PUNCT
foster-255	124	12	the	the	DET
foster-255	124	13	teacher	teacher	NOUN
foster-255	124	14	usually	usually	ADV
foster-255	124	15	explains	explain	VERB
foster-255	124	16	the	the	DET
foster-255	124	17	material	material	NOUN
foster-255	124	18	again	again	ADV
foster-255	124	19	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	125	1	we	we	PRON
foster-255	125	2	would	would	AUX
foster-255	125	3	prefer	prefer	VERB
foster-255	125	4	if	if	SCONJ
foster-255	125	5	the	the	DET
foster-255	125	6	teacher	teacher	NOUN
foster-255	125	7	used	use	VERB
foster-255	125	8	technology	technology	NOUN
foster-255	125	9	more	more	ADV
foster-255	125	10	frequently	frequently	ADV
foster-255	125	11	in	in	ADP
foster-255	125	12	the	the	DET
foster-255	125	13	classroom	classroom	NOUN
foster-255	125	14	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	125	15	"	"	PUNCT
foster-255	126	1	(	(	PUNCT
foster-255	126	2	interview	interview	NOUN
foster-255	126	3	with	with	ADP
foster-255	126	4	student	student	NOUN
foster-255	126	5	zhr	zhr	PROPN
foster-255	126	6	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	126	7	2025	2025	NUM
foster-255	126	8	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	126	9	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	127	1	"	"	PUNCT
foster-255	127	2	i	i	PRON
foster-255	127	3	prefer	prefer	VERB
foster-255	127	4	methods	method	NOUN
foster-255	127	5	that	that	PRON
foster-255	127	6	involve	involve	VERB
foster-255	127	7	direct	direct	ADJ
foster-255	127	8	interaction	interaction	NOUN
foster-255	127	9	with	with	ADP
foster-255	127	10	the	the	DET
foster-255	127	11	teacher	teacher	NOUN
foster-255	127	12	rather	rather	ADV
foster-255	127	13	than	than	ADP
foster-255	127	14	independent	independent	ADJ
foster-255	127	15	learning	learning	NOUN
foster-255	127	16	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	127	17	"	"	PUNCT
foster-255	128	1	(	(	PUNCT
foster-255	128	2	interview	interview	NOUN
foster-255	128	3	with	with	ADP
foster-255	128	4	student	student	NOUN
foster-255	128	5	ctr	ctr	PROPN
foster-255	128	6	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	128	7	2025	2025	NUM
foster-255	128	8	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	128	9	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	129	1	"	"	PUNCT
foster-255	129	2	the	the	DET
foster-255	129	3	teacher	teacher	NOUN
foster-255	129	4	often	often	ADV
foster-255	129	5	begins	begin	VERB
foster-255	129	6	by	by	ADP
foster-255	129	7	explaining	explain	VERB
foster-255	129	8	the	the	DET
foster-255	129	9	material	material	NOUN
foster-255	129	10	...	...	PUNCT
foster-255	129	11	followed	follow	VERB
foster-255	129	12	by	by	ADP
foster-255	129	13	an	an	DET
foster-255	129	14	evaluation	evaluation	NOUN
foster-255	129	15	session	session	NOUN
foster-255	129	16	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	129	17	"	"	PUNCT
foster-255	130	1	(	(	PUNCT
foster-255	130	2	interview	interview	NOUN
foster-255	130	3	with	with	ADP
foster-255	130	4	student	student	NOUN
foster-255	130	5	ptr	ptr	PROPN
foster-255	130	6	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	130	7	2025	2025	NUM
foster-255	130	8	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	130	9	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	131	1	"	"	PUNCT
foster-255	131	2	there	there	PRON
foster-255	131	3	is	be	VERB
foster-255	131	4	still	still	ADV
foster-255	131	5	direct	direct	ADJ
foster-255	131	6	guidance	guidance	NOUN
foster-255	131	7	between	between	ADP
foster-255	131	8	teachers	teacher	NOUN
foster-255	131	9	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	131	10	students	student	NOUN
foster-255	131	11	in	in	ADP
foster-255	131	12	the	the	DET
foster-255	131	13	classroom	classroom	NOUN
foster-255	131	14	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	132	1	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	132	2	materials	material	NOUN
foster-255	132	3	or	or	CCONJ
foster-255	132	4	self	self	NOUN
foster-255	132	5	-	-	PUNCT
foster-255	132	6	directed	direct	VERB
foster-255	132	7	learning	learning	NOUN
foster-255	132	8	have	have	AUX
foster-255	132	9	not	not	PART
foster-255	132	10	yet	yet	ADV
foster-255	132	11	been	be	AUX
foster-255	132	12	implemented	implement	VERB
foster-255	132	13	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	132	14	"	"	PUNCT
foster-255	133	1	(	(	PUNCT
foster-255	133	2	interview	interview	NOUN
foster-255	133	3	with	with	ADP
foster-255	133	4	students	student	NOUN
foster-255	133	5	izz	izz	PROPN
foster-255	133	6	&	&	CCONJ
foster-255	133	7	st	st	PROPN
foster-255	133	8	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	133	9	2025	2025	NUM
foster-255	133	10	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	133	11	extract	extract	VERB
foster-255	133	12	11	11	NUM
foster-255	133	13	"	"	PUNCT
foster-255	133	14	the	the	DET
foster-255	133	15	teacher	teacher	NOUN
foster-255	133	16	begins	begin	VERB
foster-255	133	17	the	the	DET
foster-255	133	18	lesson	lesson	NOUN
foster-255	133	19	by	by	ADP
foster-255	133	20	presenting	present	VERB
foster-255	133	21	material	material	NOUN
foster-255	133	22	in	in	ADP
foster-255	133	23	the	the	DET
foster-255	133	24	form	form	NOUN
foster-255	133	25	of	of	ADP
foster-255	133	26	a	a	DET
foster-255	133	27	youtube	youtube	NOUN
foster-255	133	28	video	video	NOUN
foster-255	133	29	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	133	30	which	which	PRON
foster-255	133	31	the	the	DET
foster-255	133	32	students	student	NOUN
foster-255	133	33	observe	observe	VERB
foster-255	133	34	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	134	1	afterward	afterward	ADV
foster-255	134	2	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	134	3	the	the	DET
foster-255	134	4	teacher	teacher	NOUN
foster-255	134	5	asks	ask	VERB
foster-255	134	6	questions	question	NOUN
foster-255	134	7	related	relate	VERB
foster-255	134	8	to	to	ADP
foster-255	134	9	the	the	DET
foster-255	134	10	content	content	NOUN
foster-255	134	11	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	135	1	additionally	additionally	ADV
foster-255	135	2	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	135	3	the	the	DET
foster-255	135	4	teacher	teacher	NOUN
foster-255	135	5	often	often	ADV
foster-255	135	6	guides	guide	VERB
foster-255	135	7	students	student	NOUN
foster-255	135	8	to	to	PART
foster-255	135	9	use	use	VERB
foster-255	135	10	their	their	PRON
foster-255	135	11	smartphones	smartphone	NOUN
foster-255	135	12	to	to	PART
foster-255	135	13	access	access	VERB
foster-255	135	14	supplementary	supplementary	ADJ
foster-255	135	15	materials	material	NOUN
foster-255	135	16	through	through	ADP
foster-255	135	17	google	google	PROPN
foster-255	135	18	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	135	19	google	google	PROPN
foster-255	135	20	translate	translate	NOUN
foster-255	135	21	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	135	22	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	135	23	ai	ai	VERB
foster-255	135	24	tools	tool	NOUN
foster-255	135	25	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	135	26	"	"	PUNCT
foster-255	136	1	(	(	PUNCT
foster-255	136	2	classroom	classroom	NOUN
foster-255	136	3	observation	observation	NOUN
foster-255	136	4	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	136	5	2025	2025	NUM
foster-255	136	6	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	136	7	the	the	DET
foster-255	136	8	subsequent	subsequent	ADJ
foster-255	136	9	data	datum	NOUN
foster-255	136	10	also	also	ADV
foster-255	136	11	demonstrates	demonstrate	VERB
foster-255	136	12	the	the	DET
foster-255	136	13	interaction	interaction	NOUN
foster-255	136	14	between	between	ADP
foster-255	136	15	the	the	DET
foster-255	136	16	learner	learner	NOUN
foster-255	136	17	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	136	18	teacher	teacher	NOUN
foster-255	136	19	during	during	ADP
foster-255	136	20	the	the	DET
foster-255	136	21	teaching	teaching	NOUN
foster-255	136	22	process	process	NOUN
foster-255	136	23	in	in	ADP
foster-255	136	24	the	the	DET
foster-255	136	25	classroom	classroom	NOUN
foster-255	136	26	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	137	1	http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689	http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689	NOUN
foster-255	137	2	http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689	http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689	NOUN
foster-255	137	3	copyright	copyright	NOUN
foster-255	137	4	©	©	PROPN
foster-255	137	5	the	the	DET
foster-255	137	6	author(s	author(s	NOUN
foster-255	137	7	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	137	8	vol	vol	NOUN
foster-255	137	9	.	.	PROPN
foster-255	138	1	6	6	NUM
foster-255	138	2	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	138	3	no	no	INTJ
foster-255	138	4	.	.	NOUN
foster-255	138	5	3	3	NUM
foster-255	138	6	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	138	7	july	july	PROPN
foster-255	138	8	2025	2025	NUM
foster-255	139	1	e	e	X
foster-255	139	2	-	-	PUNCT
foster-255	139	3	issn	issn	ADJ
foster-255	139	4	:	:	PUNCT
foster-255	139	5	2723	2723	NUM
foster-255	139	6	-	-	SYM
foster-255	139	7	4126	4126	NUM
foster-255	139	8	p	p	NOUN
foster-255	139	9	-	-	PUNCT
foster-255	139	10	issn	issn	NOUN
foster-255	139	11	:	:	PUNCT
foster-255	139	12	2776	2776	NUM
foster-255	139	13	-	-	SYM
foster-255	139	14	8880	8880	NUM
foster-255	139	15	199	199	NUM
foster-255	139	16	figure	figure	NOUN
foster-255	139	17	3	3	NUM
foster-255	139	18	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	139	19	learner	learner	NOUN
foster-255	139	20	-	-	PUNCT
foster-255	139	21	instructor	instructor	NOUN
foster-255	139	22	interaction	interaction	NOUN
foster-255	139	23	in	in	ADP
foster-255	139	24	efl	efl	PROPN
foster-255	139	25	classrooms	classroom	VERB
foster-255	139	26	the	the	DET
foster-255	139	27	picture	picture	NOUN
foster-255	139	28	above	above	ADV
foster-255	139	29	illustrates	illustrate	VERB
foster-255	139	30	that	that	SCONJ
foster-255	139	31	interaction	interaction	NOUN
foster-255	139	32	between	between	ADP
foster-255	139	33	students	student	NOUN
foster-255	139	34	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	139	35	the	the	DET
foster-255	139	36	teacher	teacher	NOUN
foster-255	139	37	occurs	occur	VERB
foster-255	139	38	through	through	ADP
foster-255	139	39	several	several	ADJ
foster-255	139	40	means	mean	NOUN
foster-255	139	41	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	139	42	including	include	VERB
foster-255	139	43	the	the	DET
foster-255	139	44	introduction	introduction	NOUN
foster-255	139	45	of	of	ADP
foster-255	139	46	the	the	DET
foster-255	139	47	lesson	lesson	NOUN
foster-255	139	48	topic	topic	NOUN
foster-255	139	49	at	at	ADP
foster-255	139	50	the	the	DET
foster-255	139	51	beginning	beginning	NOUN
foster-255	139	52	of	of	ADP
foster-255	139	53	class	class	NOUN
foster-255	139	54	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	139	55	delivering	deliver	VERB
foster-255	139	56	directions	direction	NOUN
foster-255	139	57	to	to	ADP
foster-255	139	58	students	student	NOUN
foster-255	139	59	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	139	60	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	139	61	encouraging	encourage	VERB
foster-255	139	62	their	their	PRON
foster-255	139	63	engagement	engagement	NOUN
foster-255	139	64	in	in	ADP
foster-255	139	65	learning	learn	VERB
foster-255	139	66	activities	activity	NOUN
foster-255	139	67	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	140	1	furthermore	furthermore	ADV
foster-255	140	2	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	140	3	engagement	engagement	NOUN
foster-255	140	4	transpires	transpire	VERB
foster-255	140	5	through	through	ADP
foster-255	140	6	question	question	NOUN
foster-255	140	7	-	-	PUNCT
foster-255	140	8	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	140	9	-	-	PUNCT
foster-255	140	10	answer	answer	NOUN
foster-255	140	11	interactions	interaction	NOUN
foster-255	140	12	between	between	ADP
foster-255	140	13	the	the	DET
foster-255	140	14	instructor	instructor	NOUN
foster-255	140	15	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	140	16	students	student	NOUN
foster-255	140	17	regarding	regard	VERB
foster-255	140	18	the	the	DET
foster-255	140	19	topic	topic	NOUN
foster-255	140	20	matter	matter	NOUN
foster-255	140	21	under	under	ADP
foster-255	140	22	examination	examination	NOUN
foster-255	140	23	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	141	1	these	these	DET
foster-255	141	2	interactions	interaction	NOUN
foster-255	141	3	illustrate	illustrate	VERB
foster-255	141	4	a	a	DET
foster-255	141	5	supportive	supportive	ADJ
foster-255	141	6	scaffolding	scaffolding	NOUN
foster-255	141	7	framework	framework	NOUN
foster-255	141	8	in	in	ADP
foster-255	141	9	which	which	PRON
foster-255	141	10	the	the	DET
foster-255	141	11	teacher	teacher	NOUN
foster-255	141	12	transitions	transition	NOUN
foster-255	141	13	from	from	ADP
foster-255	141	14	being	be	AUX
foster-255	141	15	the	the	DET
foster-255	141	16	exclusive	exclusive	ADJ
foster-255	141	17	source	source	NOUN
foster-255	141	18	of	of	ADP
foster-255	141	19	knowledge	knowledge	NOUN
foster-255	141	20	to	to	ADP
foster-255	141	21	a	a	DET
foster-255	141	22	facilitator	facilitator	NOUN
foster-255	141	23	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	141	24	guide	guide	NOUN
foster-255	141	25	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	142	1	furthermore	furthermore	ADV
foster-255	142	2	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	142	3	instructor	instructor	NOUN
foster-255	142	4	engagement	engagement	NOUN
foster-255	142	5	maintains	maintain	VERB
foster-255	142	6	student	student	NOUN
foster-255	142	7	motivation	motivation	NOUN
foster-255	142	8	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	142	9	guarantees	guarantee	VERB
foster-255	142	10	accountability	accountability	NOUN
foster-255	142	11	in	in	ADP
foster-255	142	12	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	142	13	assignments	assignment	NOUN
foster-255	142	14	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	142	15	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	142	16	meets	meet	VERB
foster-255	142	17	the	the	DET
foster-255	142	18	cognitive	cognitive	ADJ
foster-255	142	19	challenges	challenge	NOUN
foster-255	142	20	of	of	ADP
foster-255	142	21	navigating	navigate	VERB
foster-255	142	22	online	online	ADJ
foster-255	142	23	material	material	NOUN
foster-255	142	24	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	143	1	in	in	ADP
foster-255	143	2	classes	class	NOUN
foster-255	143	3	where	where	SCONJ
foster-255	143	4	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	143	5	resources	resource	NOUN
foster-255	143	6	are	be	AUX
foster-255	143	7	not	not	PART
foster-255	143	8	adequately	adequately	ADV
foster-255	143	9	utilised	utilise	VERB
foster-255	143	10	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	143	11	both	both	DET
foster-255	143	12	students	student	NOUN
foster-255	143	13	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	143	14	teachers	teacher	NOUN
foster-255	143	15	recognise	recognise	VERB
foster-255	143	16	the	the	DET
foster-255	143	17	potential	potential	NOUN
foster-255	143	18	for	for	ADP
foster-255	143	19	improvement	improvement	NOUN
foster-255	143	20	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	144	1	this	this	DET
foster-255	144	2	interaction	interaction	NOUN
foster-255	144	3	type	type	NOUN
foster-255	144	4	is	be	AUX
foster-255	144	5	essential	essential	ADJ
foster-255	144	6	for	for	ADP
foster-255	144	7	fostering	foster	VERB
foster-255	144	8	students	student	NOUN
foster-255	144	9	'	'	PART
foster-255	144	10	confidence	confidence	NOUN
foster-255	144	11	in	in	ADP
foster-255	144	12	utilizing	utilize	VERB
foster-255	144	13	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	144	14	resources	resource	NOUN
foster-255	144	15	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	144	16	acts	act	NOUN
foster-255	144	17	as	as	ADP
foster-255	144	18	a	a	DET
foster-255	144	19	conduit	conduit	NOUN
foster-255	144	20	between	between	ADP
foster-255	144	21	independent	independent	ADJ
foster-255	144	22	content	content	NOUN
foster-255	144	23	engagement	engagement	NOUN
foster-255	144	24	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	144	25	collaborative	collaborative	ADJ
foster-255	144	26	interpretation	interpretation	NOUN
foster-255	144	27	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	145	1	the	the	DET
foster-255	145	2	data	datum	NOUN
foster-255	145	3	highlight	highlight	VERB
foster-255	145	4	that	that	SCONJ
foster-255	145	5	significant	significant	ADJ
foster-255	145	6	teacherstudent	teacherstudent	NOUN
foster-255	145	7	engagement	engagement	NOUN
foster-255	145	8	is	be	AUX
foster-255	145	9	not	not	PART
foster-255	145	10	lost	lose	VERB
foster-255	145	11	through	through	ADP
foster-255	145	12	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	145	13	tools	tool	NOUN
foster-255	145	14	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	145	15	but	but	CCONJ
foster-255	145	16	rather	rather	ADV
foster-255	145	17	improved	improve	VERB
foster-255	145	18	when	when	SCONJ
foster-255	145	19	they	they	PRON
foster-255	145	20	are	be	AUX
foster-255	145	21	deliberately	deliberately	ADV
foster-255	145	22	integrated	integrate	VERB
foster-255	145	23	with	with	ADP
foster-255	145	24	pedagogical	pedagogical	ADJ
foster-255	145	25	intent	intent	NOUN
foster-255	145	26	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	146	1	learner	learner	NOUN
foster-255	146	2	-	-	PUNCT
foster-255	146	3	learner	learner	NOUN
foster-255	146	4	interaction	interaction	NOUN
foster-255	146	5	interaction	interaction	NOUN
foster-255	146	6	among	among	ADP
foster-255	146	7	learners	learner	NOUN
foster-255	146	8	in	in	ADP
foster-255	146	9	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	146	10	literacy	literacy	NOUN
foster-255	146	11	contexts	contexts	NOUN
foster-255	146	12	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	146	13	such	such	ADJ
foster-255	146	14	as	as	ADP
foster-255	146	15	efl	efl	PROPN
foster-255	146	16	classes	class	NOUN
foster-255	146	17	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	146	18	is	be	AUX
foster-255	146	19	primarily	primarily	ADV
foster-255	146	20	organized	organize	VERB
foster-255	146	21	around	around	ADP
foster-255	146	22	collaborative	collaborative	ADJ
foster-255	146	23	projects	project	NOUN
foster-255	146	24	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	146	25	illustrating	illustrate	VERB
foster-255	146	26	the	the	DET
foster-255	146	27	social	social	ADJ
foster-255	146	28	aspect	aspect	NOUN
foster-255	146	29	of	of	ADP
foster-255	146	30	learning	learn	VERB
foster-255	146	31	in	in	ADP
foster-255	146	32	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	146	33	environments	environment	NOUN
foster-255	146	34	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	147	1	group	group	NOUN
foster-255	147	2	discussions	discussion	NOUN
foster-255	147	3	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	147	4	peer	peer	NOUN
foster-255	147	5	reviews	review	NOUN
foster-255	147	6	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	147	7	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	147	8	collaborative	collaborative	ADJ
foster-255	147	9	presentations	presentation	NOUN
foster-255	147	10	form	form	VERB
foster-255	147	11	the	the	DET
foster-255	147	12	essence	essence	NOUN
foster-255	147	13	of	of	ADP
foster-255	147	14	these	these	DET
foster-255	147	15	interactions	interaction	NOUN
foster-255	147	16	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	147	17	promoting	promote	VERB
foster-255	147	18	academic	academic	ADJ
foster-255	147	19	engagement	engagement	NOUN
foster-255	147	20	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	147	21	social	social	ADJ
foster-255	147	22	cohesion	cohesion	NOUN
foster-255	147	23	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	148	1	educators	educator	NOUN
foster-255	148	2	deliberately	deliberately	ADV
foster-255	148	3	create	create	VERB
foster-255	148	4	tasks	task	NOUN
foster-255	148	5	that	that	SCONJ
foster-255	148	6	necessitate	necessitate	ADJ
foster-255	148	7	interdependence	interdependence	NOUN
foster-255	148	8	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	148	9	such	such	ADJ
foster-255	148	10	as	as	ADP
foster-255	148	11	interpreting	interpret	VERB
foster-255	148	12	audiovisual	audiovisual	ADJ
foster-255	148	13	material	material	NOUN
foster-255	148	14	or	or	CCONJ
foster-255	148	15	collaboratively	collaboratively	ADV
foster-255	148	16	solving	solve	VERB
foster-255	148	17	issues	issue	NOUN
foster-255	148	18	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	149	1	these	these	DET
foster-255	149	2	collaborative	collaborative	ADJ
foster-255	149	3	activities	activity	NOUN
foster-255	149	4	facilitate	facilitate	VERB
foster-255	149	5	peer	peer	NOUN
foster-255	149	6	scaffolding	scaffolding	NOUN
foster-255	149	7	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	149	8	wherein	wherein	SCONJ
foster-255	149	9	more	more	ADV
foster-255	149	10	proficient	proficient	ADJ
foster-255	149	11	students	student	NOUN
foster-255	149	12	assist	assist	VERB
foster-255	149	13	their	their	PRON
foster-255	149	14	peers	peer	NOUN
foster-255	149	15	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	149	16	hence	hence	ADV
foster-255	149	17	enhancing	enhance	VERB
foster-255	149	18	http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689	http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689	NOUN
foster-255	149	19	http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689	http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689	NUM
foster-255	149	20	copyright	copyright	NOUN
foster-255	149	21	©	©	PROPN
foster-255	149	22	the	the	DET
foster-255	149	23	author(s	author(s	NOUN
foster-255	149	24	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	149	25	vol	vol	NOUN
foster-255	149	26	.	.	PROPN
foster-255	150	1	6	6	NUM
foster-255	150	2	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	150	3	no	no	INTJ
foster-255	150	4	.	.	NOUN
foster-255	150	5	3	3	NUM
foster-255	150	6	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	150	7	july	july	PROPN
foster-255	150	8	2025	2025	NUM
foster-255	151	1	e	e	X
foster-255	151	2	-	-	PUNCT
foster-255	151	3	issn	issn	ADJ
foster-255	151	4	:	:	PUNCT
foster-255	151	5	2723	2723	NUM
foster-255	151	6	-	-	SYM
foster-255	151	7	4126	4126	NUM
foster-255	151	8	p	p	NOUN
foster-255	151	9	-	-	PUNCT
foster-255	151	10	issn	issn	NOUN
foster-255	151	11	:	:	PUNCT
foster-255	151	12	2776	2776	NUM
foster-255	151	13	-	-	SYM
foster-255	151	14	8880	8880	NUM
foster-255	151	15	200	200	NUM
foster-255	151	16	comprehension	comprehension	NOUN
foster-255	151	17	for	for	ADP
foster-255	151	18	both	both	DET
foster-255	151	19	individuals	individual	NOUN
foster-255	151	20	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	152	1	the	the	DET
foster-255	152	2	use	use	NOUN
foster-255	152	3	of	of	ADP
foster-255	152	4	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	152	5	information	information	NOUN
foster-255	152	6	as	as	ADP
foster-255	152	7	a	a	DET
foster-255	152	8	common	common	ADJ
foster-255	152	9	reference	reference	NOUN
foster-255	152	10	point	point	NOUN
foster-255	152	11	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	152	12	such	such	ADJ
foster-255	152	13	as	as	ADP
foster-255	152	14	videos	video	NOUN
foster-255	152	15	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	152	16	narrative	narrative	NOUN
foster-255	152	17	assignments	assignment	NOUN
foster-255	152	18	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	152	19	significantly	significantly	ADV
foster-255	152	20	enhances	enhance	VERB
foster-255	152	21	engagement	engagement	NOUN
foster-255	152	22	by	by	ADP
foster-255	152	23	providing	provide	VERB
foster-255	152	24	a	a	DET
foster-255	152	25	recognisable	recognisable	ADJ
foster-255	152	26	context	context	NOUN
foster-255	152	27	for	for	ADP
foster-255	152	28	debate	debate	NOUN
foster-255	152	29	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	152	30	interpretation	interpretation	NOUN
foster-255	152	31	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	153	1	the	the	DET
foster-255	153	2	following	following	NOUN
foster-255	153	3	constitutes	constitute	VERB
foster-255	153	4	the	the	DET
foster-255	153	5	evidence	evidence	NOUN
foster-255	153	6	:	:	PUNCT
foster-255	153	7	extract	extract	VERB
foster-255	153	8	12	12	NUM
foster-255	153	9	"	"	PUNCT
foster-255	153	10	student	student	NOUN
foster-255	153	11	-	-	PUNCT
foster-255	153	12	to	to	ADP
foster-255	153	13	-	-	PUNCT
foster-255	153	14	student	student	NOUN
foster-255	153	15	interaction	interaction	NOUN
foster-255	153	16	during	during	ADP
foster-255	153	17	learning	learn	VERB
foster-255	153	18	is	be	AUX
foster-255	153	19	most	most	ADV
foster-255	153	20	frequently	frequently	ADV
foster-255	153	21	observed	observe	VERB
foster-255	153	22	during	during	ADP
foster-255	153	23	group	group	NOUN
foster-255	153	24	discussion	discussion	NOUN
foster-255	153	25	sessions	session	NOUN
foster-255	153	26	in	in	ADP
foster-255	153	27	the	the	DET
foster-255	153	28	classroom	classroom	NOUN
foster-255	153	29	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	154	1	after	after	ADP
foster-255	154	2	presenting	present	VERB
foster-255	154	3	the	the	DET
foster-255	154	4	material	material	NOUN
foster-255	154	5	through	through	ADP
foster-255	154	6	instructional	instructional	ADJ
foster-255	154	7	videos	video	NOUN
foster-255	154	8	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	154	9	the	the	DET
foster-255	154	10	teacher	teacher	NOUN
foster-255	154	11	typically	typically	ADV
foster-255	154	12	divides	divide	VERB
foster-255	154	13	the	the	DET
foster-255	154	14	class	class	NOUN
foster-255	154	15	into	into	ADP
foster-255	154	16	several	several	ADJ
foster-255	154	17	groups	group	NOUN
foster-255	154	18	for	for	ADP
foster-255	154	19	discussion	discussion	NOUN
foster-255	154	20	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	154	21	"	"	PUNCT
foster-255	155	1	(	(	PUNCT
foster-255	155	2	classroom	classroom	NOUN
foster-255	155	3	observation	observation	NOUN
foster-255	155	4	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	155	5	2025	2025	NUM
foster-255	155	6	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	155	7	extract	extract	VERB
foster-255	155	8	13	13	NUM
foster-255	155	9	"	"	PUNCT
foster-255	155	10	student	student	NOUN
foster-255	155	11	-	-	PUNCT
foster-255	155	12	to	to	ADP
foster-255	155	13	-	-	PUNCT
foster-255	155	14	student	student	NOUN
foster-255	155	15	interaction	interaction	NOUN
foster-255	155	16	is	be	AUX
foster-255	155	17	also	also	ADV
foster-255	155	18	evident	evident	ADJ
foster-255	155	19	in	in	ADP
foster-255	155	20	the	the	DET
foster-255	155	21	instructional	instructional	ADJ
foster-255	155	22	stages	stage	NOUN
foster-255	155	23	designed	design	VERB
foster-255	155	24	by	by	ADP
foster-255	155	25	the	the	DET
foster-255	155	26	teacher	teacher	NOUN
foster-255	155	27	in	in	ADP
foster-255	155	28	the	the	DET
foster-255	155	29	lesson	lesson	NOUN
foster-255	155	30	plan	plan	NOUN
foster-255	155	31	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	155	32	"	"	PUNCT
foster-255	156	1	(	(	PUNCT
foster-255	156	2	document	document	NOUN
foster-255	156	3	analysis	analysis	NOUN
foster-255	156	4	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	156	5	extract	extract	VERB
foster-255	156	6	14	14	NUM
foster-255	156	7	"	"	PUNCT
foster-255	156	8	interactions	interaction	NOUN
foster-255	156	9	among	among	ADP
foster-255	156	10	students	student	NOUN
foster-255	156	11	usually	usually	ADV
foster-255	156	12	occur	occur	VERB
foster-255	156	13	during	during	ADP
foster-255	156	14	group	group	NOUN
foster-255	156	15	assignments	assignment	NOUN
foster-255	156	16	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	157	1	they	they	PRON
foster-255	157	2	collaborate	collaborate	VERB
foster-255	157	3	within	within	ADP
foster-255	157	4	their	their	PRON
foster-255	157	5	groups	group	NOUN
foster-255	157	6	to	to	PART
foster-255	157	7	solve	solve	VERB
foster-255	157	8	the	the	DET
foster-255	157	9	problems	problem	NOUN
foster-255	157	10	or	or	CCONJ
foster-255	157	11	tasks	task	NOUN
foster-255	157	12	given	give	VERB
foster-255	157	13	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	157	14	"	"	PUNCT
foster-255	158	1	(	(	PUNCT
foster-255	158	2	interview	interview	NOUN
foster-255	158	3	with	with	ADP
foster-255	158	4	teacher	teacher	NOUN
foster-255	158	5	srf	srf	PROPN
foster-255	158	6	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	158	7	2025	2025	NUM
foster-255	158	8	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	158	9	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	159	1	"	"	PUNCT
foster-255	159	2	i	i	PRON
foster-255	159	3	usually	usually	ADV
foster-255	159	4	facilitate	facilitate	VERB
foster-255	159	5	student	student	NOUN
foster-255	159	6	-	-	PUNCT
foster-255	159	7	to	to	ADP
foster-255	159	8	-	-	PUNCT
foster-255	159	9	student	student	NOUN
foster-255	159	10	interaction	interaction	NOUN
foster-255	159	11	through	through	ADP
foster-255	159	12	group	group	NOUN
foster-255	159	13	discussions	discussion	NOUN
foster-255	159	14	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	160	1	some	some	DET
foster-255	160	2	students	student	NOUN
foster-255	160	3	often	often	ADV
foster-255	160	4	engage	engage	VERB
foster-255	160	5	in	in	ADP
foster-255	160	6	discussions	discussion	NOUN
foster-255	160	7	outside	outside	ADP
foster-255	160	8	their	their	PRON
foster-255	160	9	assigned	assign	VERB
foster-255	160	10	groups	group	NOUN
foster-255	160	11	...	...	PUNCT
foster-255	161	1	i	i	PRON
foster-255	161	2	continue	continue	VERB
foster-255	161	3	to	to	PART
foster-255	161	4	encourage	encourage	VERB
foster-255	161	5	them	they	PRON
foster-255	161	6	to	to	PART
foster-255	161	7	collaborate	collaborate	VERB
foster-255	161	8	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	161	9	"	"	PUNCT
foster-255	162	1	(	(	PUNCT
foster-255	162	2	interview	interview	NOUN
foster-255	162	3	with	with	ADP
foster-255	162	4	teacher	teacher	NOUN
foster-255	162	5	in	in	ADP
foster-255	162	6	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	162	7	2025	2025	NUM
foster-255	162	8	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	162	9	extract	extract	VERB
foster-255	162	10	16	16	NUM
foster-255	162	11	"	"	PUNCT
foster-255	162	12	students	student	NOUN
foster-255	162	13	usually	usually	ADV
foster-255	162	14	ask	ask	VERB
foster-255	162	15	their	their	PRON
foster-255	162	16	peers	peer	NOUN
foster-255	162	17	when	when	SCONJ
foster-255	162	18	they	they	PRON
foster-255	162	19	do	do	AUX
foster-255	162	20	not	not	PART
foster-255	162	21	understand	understand	VERB
foster-255	162	22	something	something	PRON
foster-255	162	23	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	163	1	this	this	DET
foster-255	163	2	activity	activity	NOUN
foster-255	163	3	is	be	AUX
foster-255	163	4	already	already	ADV
foster-255	163	5	embedded	embed	VERB
foster-255	163	6	in	in	ADP
foster-255	163	7	the	the	DET
foster-255	163	8	teaching	teaching	NOUN
foster-255	163	9	module	module	NOUN
foster-255	163	10	...	...	PUNCT
foster-255	163	11	involving	involve	VERB
foster-255	163	12	discussion	discussion	NOUN
foster-255	163	13	or	or	CCONJ
foster-255	163	14	drawing	draw	VERB
foster-255	163	15	conclusions	conclusion	NOUN
foster-255	163	16	together	together	ADV
foster-255	163	17	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	163	18	"	"	PUNCT
foster-255	164	1	(	(	PUNCT
foster-255	164	2	interview	interview	NOUN
foster-255	164	3	with	with	ADP
foster-255	164	4	teacher	teacher	NOUN
foster-255	164	5	sn	sn	PROPN
foster-255	164	6	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	164	7	2025	2025	NUM
foster-255	164	8	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	164	9	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	165	1	"	"	PUNCT
foster-255	165	2	by	by	ADP
foster-255	165	3	working	work	VERB
foster-255	165	4	in	in	ADP
foster-255	165	5	groups	group	NOUN
foster-255	165	6	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	165	7	students	student	NOUN
foster-255	165	8	can	can	AUX
foster-255	165	9	interact	interact	VERB
foster-255	165	10	not	not	PART
foster-255	165	11	only	only	ADV
foster-255	165	12	with	with	ADP
foster-255	165	13	me	i	PRON
foster-255	165	14	but	but	CCONJ
foster-255	165	15	also	also	ADV
foster-255	165	16	with	with	ADP
foster-255	165	17	their	their	PRON
foster-255	165	18	peers	peer	NOUN
foster-255	165	19	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	165	20	"	"	PUNCT
foster-255	166	1	(	(	PUNCT
foster-255	166	2	interview	interview	NOUN
foster-255	166	3	with	with	ADP
foster-255	166	4	teacher	teacher	NOUN
foster-255	166	5	fs	fs	ADP
foster-255	166	6	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	166	7	2025	2025	NUM
foster-255	166	8	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	166	9	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	167	1	"	"	PUNCT
foster-255	167	2	the	the	DET
foster-255	167	3	most	most	ADV
foster-255	167	4	effective	effective	ADJ
foster-255	167	5	interaction	interaction	NOUN
foster-255	167	6	is	be	AUX
foster-255	167	7	student	student	NOUN
foster-255	167	8	-	-	PUNCT
foster-255	167	9	to	to	ADP
foster-255	167	10	-	-	PUNCT
foster-255	167	11	student	student	NOUN
foster-255	167	12	interaction	interaction	NOUN
foster-255	167	13	...	...	PUNCT
foster-255	167	14	especially	especially	ADV
foster-255	167	15	among	among	ADP
foster-255	167	16	the	the	DET
foster-255	167	17	more	more	ADV
foster-255	167	18	active	active	ADJ
foster-255	167	19	students	student	NOUN
foster-255	167	20	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	167	21	"	"	PUNCT
foster-255	168	1	(	(	PUNCT
foster-255	168	2	interview	interview	NOUN
foster-255	168	3	with	with	ADP
foster-255	168	4	teacher	teacher	NOUN
foster-255	168	5	fs	fs	ADP
foster-255	168	6	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	168	7	2025	2025	NUM
foster-255	168	8	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	168	9	extract	extract	VERB
foster-255	168	10	17	17	NUM
foster-255	168	11	"	"	PUNCT
foster-255	168	12	there	there	PRON
foster-255	168	13	is	be	VERB
foster-255	168	14	usually	usually	ADV
foster-255	168	15	more	more	ADJ
foster-255	168	16	group	group	NOUN
foster-255	168	17	discussion	discussion	NOUN
foster-255	168	18	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	168	19	followed	follow	VERB
foster-255	168	20	by	by	ADP
foster-255	168	21	presentations	presentation	NOUN
foster-255	168	22	of	of	ADP
foster-255	168	23	the	the	DET
foster-255	168	24	results	result	NOUN
foster-255	168	25	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	168	26	"	"	PUNCT
foster-255	169	1	(	(	PUNCT
foster-255	169	2	interview	interview	NOUN
foster-255	169	3	with	with	ADP
foster-255	169	4	student	student	NOUN
foster-255	169	5	rt	rt	PROPN
foster-255	169	6	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	169	7	2025	2025	NUM
foster-255	169	8	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	169	9	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	170	1	"	"	PUNCT
foster-255	170	2	we	we	PRON
foster-255	170	3	are	be	AUX
foster-255	170	4	divided	divide	VERB
foster-255	170	5	into	into	ADP
foster-255	170	6	groups	group	NOUN
foster-255	170	7	for	for	ADP
foster-255	170	8	discussion	discussion	NOUN
foster-255	170	9	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	171	1	afterwards	afterwards	ADV
foster-255	171	2	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	171	3	each	each	DET
foster-255	171	4	group	group	NOUN
foster-255	171	5	presents	present	VERB
foster-255	171	6	the	the	DET
foster-255	171	7	outcomes	outcome	NOUN
foster-255	171	8	of	of	ADP
foster-255	171	9	their	their	PRON
foster-255	171	10	discussion	discussion	NOUN
foster-255	171	11	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	171	12	"	"	PUNCT
foster-255	172	1	(	(	PUNCT
foster-255	172	2	interview	interview	NOUN
foster-255	172	3	with	with	ADP
foster-255	172	4	student	student	NOUN
foster-255	172	5	rfl	rfl	PROPN
foster-255	172	6	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	172	7	2025	2025	NUM
foster-255	172	8	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	172	9	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	173	1	"	"	PUNCT
foster-255	173	2	there	there	PRON
foster-255	173	3	are	be	VERB
foster-255	173	4	presentation	presentation	NOUN
foster-255	173	5	or	or	CCONJ
foster-255	173	6	storytelling	storytelle	VERB
foster-255	173	7	assignments	assignment	NOUN
foster-255	173	8	where	where	SCONJ
foster-255	173	9	students	student	NOUN
foster-255	173	10	work	work	VERB
foster-255	173	11	in	in	ADP
foster-255	173	12	groups	group	NOUN
foster-255	173	13	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	173	14	"	"	PUNCT
foster-255	174	1	(	(	PUNCT
foster-255	174	2	interview	interview	NOUN
foster-255	174	3	with	with	ADP
foster-255	174	4	student	student	NOUN
foster-255	174	5	izz	izz	NOUN
foster-255	174	6	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	174	7	2025	2025	NUM
foster-255	174	8	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	174	9	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	175	1	"	"	PUNCT
foster-255	175	2	most	most	ADJ
foster-255	175	3	interactions	interaction	NOUN
foster-255	175	4	occur	occur	VERB
foster-255	175	5	among	among	ADP
foster-255	175	6	students	student	NOUN
foster-255	175	7	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	176	1	group	group	NOUN
foster-255	176	2	discussions	discussion	NOUN
foster-255	176	3	are	be	AUX
foster-255	176	4	more	more	ADV
foster-255	176	5	frequent	frequent	ADJ
foster-255	176	6	than	than	ADP
foster-255	176	7	discussions	discussion	NOUN
foster-255	176	8	with	with	ADP
foster-255	176	9	the	the	DET
foster-255	176	10	teacher	teacher	NOUN
foster-255	176	11	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	176	12	"	"	PUNCT
foster-255	177	1	(	(	PUNCT
foster-255	177	2	interview	interview	NOUN
foster-255	177	3	with	with	ADP
foster-255	177	4	students	student	NOUN
foster-255	177	5	ctr	ctr	PROPN
foster-255	177	6	&	&	CCONJ
foster-255	177	7	rch	rch	PROPN
foster-255	177	8	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	177	9	2025	2025	NUM
foster-255	177	10	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	177	11	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	178	1	"	"	PUNCT
foster-255	178	2	in	in	ADP
foster-255	178	3	groups	group	NOUN
foster-255	178	4	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	178	5	we	we	PRON
foster-255	178	6	learn	learn	VERB
foster-255	178	7	to	to	PART
foster-255	178	8	understand	understand	VERB
foster-255	178	9	the	the	DET
foster-255	178	10	material	material	NOUN
foster-255	178	11	from	from	ADP
foster-255	178	12	our	our	PRON
foster-255	178	13	peers	peer	NOUN
foster-255	178	14	’	’	PART
foster-255	178	15	perspectives	perspective	NOUN
foster-255	178	16	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	178	17	"	"	PUNCT
foster-255	179	1	(	(	PUNCT
foster-255	179	2	interview	interview	NOUN
foster-255	179	3	with	with	ADP
foster-255	179	4	student	student	PROPN
foster-255	179	5	shr	shr	PROPN
foster-255	179	6	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	179	7	2025	2025	NUM
foster-255	179	8	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	179	9	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	180	1	this	this	PRON
foster-255	180	2	is	be	AUX
foster-255	180	3	evidence	evidence	NOUN
foster-255	180	4	illustrating	illustrate	VERB
foster-255	180	5	student	student	NOUN
foster-255	180	6	-	-	PUNCT
foster-255	180	7	to	to	ADP
foster-255	180	8	-	-	PUNCT
foster-255	180	9	student	student	NOUN
foster-255	180	10	interaction	interaction	NOUN
foster-255	180	11	during	during	ADP
foster-255	180	12	classroom	classroom	NOUN
foster-255	180	13	activities	activity	NOUN
foster-255	180	14	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	181	1	http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689	http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689	NOUN
foster-255	181	2	http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689	http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689	NUM
foster-255	181	3	copyright	copyright	NOUN
foster-255	181	4	©	©	PROPN
foster-255	181	5	the	the	DET
foster-255	181	6	author(s	author(s	NOUN
foster-255	181	7	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	181	8	vol	vol	NOUN
foster-255	181	9	.	.	PROPN
foster-255	182	1	6	6	NUM
foster-255	182	2	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	182	3	no	no	INTJ
foster-255	182	4	.	.	NOUN
foster-255	182	5	3	3	NUM
foster-255	182	6	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	182	7	july	july	PROPN
foster-255	182	8	2025	2025	NUM
foster-255	183	1	e	e	X
foster-255	183	2	-	-	PUNCT
foster-255	183	3	issn	issn	ADJ
foster-255	183	4	:	:	PUNCT
foster-255	183	5	2723	2723	NUM
foster-255	183	6	-	-	SYM
foster-255	183	7	4126	4126	NUM
foster-255	183	8	p	p	NOUN
foster-255	183	9	-	-	PUNCT
foster-255	183	10	issn	issn	NOUN
foster-255	183	11	:	:	PUNCT
foster-255	183	12	2776	2776	NUM
foster-255	183	13	-	-	SYM
foster-255	183	14	8880	8880	NUM
foster-255	183	15	201	201	NUM
foster-255	183	16	figure	figure	NOUN
foster-255	183	17	4	4	NUM
foster-255	183	18	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	183	19	learner	learner	NOUN
foster-255	183	20	-	-	PUNCT
foster-255	183	21	learner	learner	NOUN
foster-255	183	22	interaction	interaction	NOUN
foster-255	183	23	in	in	ADP
foster-255	183	24	efl	efl	PROPN
foster-255	183	25	classrooms	classroom	VERB
foster-255	183	26	the	the	DET
foster-255	183	27	observations	observation	NOUN
foster-255	183	28	reveal	reveal	VERB
foster-255	183	29	varying	vary	VERB
foster-255	183	30	levels	level	NOUN
foster-255	183	31	of	of	ADP
foster-255	183	32	participation	participation	NOUN
foster-255	183	33	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	183	34	with	with	ADP
foster-255	183	35	highly	highly	ADV
foster-255	183	36	engaged	engaged	ADJ
foster-255	183	37	students	student	NOUN
foster-255	183	38	taking	take	VERB
foster-255	183	39	on	on	ADP
foster-255	183	40	leadership	leadership	NOUN
foster-255	183	41	responsibilities	responsibility	NOUN
foster-255	183	42	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	183	43	while	while	SCONJ
foster-255	183	44	others	other	NOUN
foster-255	183	45	contribute	contribute	VERB
foster-255	183	46	less	less	ADV
foster-255	183	47	prominently	prominently	ADV
foster-255	183	48	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	184	1	this	this	PRON
foster-255	184	2	underscores	underscore	VERB
foster-255	184	3	the	the	DET
foster-255	184	4	necessity	necessity	NOUN
foster-255	184	5	for	for	ADP
foster-255	184	6	pedagogical	pedagogical	ADJ
foster-255	184	7	practices	practice	NOUN
foster-255	184	8	that	that	PRON
foster-255	184	9	guarantee	guarantee	VERB
foster-255	184	10	equal	equal	ADJ
foster-255	184	11	engagement	engagement	NOUN
foster-255	184	12	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	185	1	interaction	interaction	NOUN
foster-255	185	2	among	among	ADP
foster-255	185	3	learners	learner	NOUN
foster-255	185	4	is	be	AUX
foster-255	185	5	crucial	crucial	ADJ
foster-255	185	6	for	for	ADP
foster-255	185	7	enhancing	enhance	VERB
foster-255	185	8	comprehension	comprehension	NOUN
foster-255	185	9	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	185	10	critical	critical	ADJ
foster-255	185	11	thinking	thinking	NOUN
foster-255	185	12	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	185	13	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	185	14	communication	communication	NOUN
foster-255	185	15	skills	skill	NOUN
foster-255	185	16	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	185	17	which	which	PRON
foster-255	185	18	are	be	AUX
foster-255	185	19	essential	essential	ADJ
foster-255	185	20	components	component	NOUN
foster-255	185	21	of	of	ADP
foster-255	185	22	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	185	23	literacy	literacy	NOUN
foster-255	185	24	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	186	1	when	when	SCONJ
foster-255	186	2	correctly	correctly	ADV
foster-255	186	3	enabled	enable	VERB
foster-255	186	4	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	186	5	these	these	DET
foster-255	186	6	interactions	interaction	NOUN
foster-255	186	7	enhance	enhance	VERB
foster-255	186	8	content	content	NOUN
foster-255	186	9	processing	processing	NOUN
foster-255	186	10	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	186	11	promote	promote	VERB
foster-255	186	12	learner	learner	NOUN
foster-255	186	13	autonomy	autonomy	NOUN
foster-255	186	14	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	187	1	in	in	ADP
foster-255	187	2	summary	summary	NOUN
foster-255	187	3	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	187	4	student	student	NOUN
foster-255	187	5	collaboration	collaboration	NOUN
foster-255	187	6	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	187	7	facilitated	facilitate	VERB
foster-255	187	8	by	by	ADP
foster-255	187	9	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	187	10	technologies	technology	NOUN
foster-255	187	11	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	187	12	organised	organised	ADJ
foster-255	187	13	group	group	NOUN
foster-255	187	14	activities	activity	NOUN
foster-255	187	15	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	187	16	fosters	foster	VERB
foster-255	187	17	a	a	DET
foster-255	187	18	dynamic	dynamic	ADJ
foster-255	187	19	learning	learning	NOUN
foster-255	187	20	environment	environment	NOUN
foster-255	187	21	that	that	PRON
foster-255	187	22	enhances	enhance	VERB
foster-255	187	23	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	187	24	strengthens	strengthen	VERB
foster-255	187	25	interactions	interaction	NOUN
foster-255	187	26	among	among	ADP
foster-255	187	27	learners	learner	NOUN
foster-255	187	28	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	187	29	with	with	ADP
foster-255	187	30	both	both	PRON
foster-255	187	31	learners	learner	NOUN
foster-255	187	32	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	187	33	content	content	NOUN
foster-255	187	34	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	187	35	as	as	ADV
foster-255	187	36	well	well	ADV
foster-255	187	37	as	as	ADP
foster-255	187	38	between	between	ADP
foster-255	187	39	learners	learner	NOUN
foster-255	187	40	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	187	41	instructors	instructor	NOUN
foster-255	187	42	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	188	1	this	this	PRON
foster-255	188	2	is	be	AUX
foster-255	188	3	a	a	DET
foster-255	188	4	taxonomy	taxonomy	NOUN
foster-255	188	5	of	of	ADP
foster-255	188	6	instructional	instructional	ADJ
foster-255	188	7	interactions	interaction	NOUN
foster-255	188	8	based	base	VERB
foster-255	188	9	on	on	ADP
foster-255	188	10	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	188	11	literacy	literacy	NOUN
foster-255	188	12	in	in	ADP
foster-255	188	13	efl	efl	PROPN
foster-255	188	14	classes	class	NOUN
foster-255	188	15	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	189	1	figure	figure	VERB
foster-255	189	2	5	5	NUM
foster-255	189	3	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	190	1	a	a	DET
foster-255	190	2	taxonomy	taxonomy	NOUN
foster-255	190	3	of	of	ADP
foster-255	190	4	learning	learn	VERB
foster-255	190	5	interactions	interaction	NOUN
foster-255	190	6	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	190	7	literacy	literacy	NOUN
foster-255	190	8	-	-	PUNCT
foster-255	190	9	based	base	VERB
foster-255	190	10	interaction	interaction	NOUN
foster-255	190	11	in	in	ADP
foster-255	190	12	efl	efl	PROPN
foster-255	190	13	classrooms	classroom	NOUN
foster-255	190	14	learner	learner	NOUN
foster-255	190	15	-	-	PUNCT
foster-255	190	16	content	content	NOUN
foster-255	190	17	learner	learner	NOUN
foster-255	190	18	-	-	PUNCT
foster-255	190	19	instructor	instructor	NOUN
foster-255	190	20	structure	structure	NOUN
foster-255	190	21	learner	learner	NOUN
foster-255	190	22	-	-	PUNCT
foster-255	190	23	learner	learner	NOUN
foster-255	190	24	•	•	NOUN
foster-255	190	25	multimedia	multimedia	NOUN
foster-255	190	26	consumption	consumption	NOUN
foster-255	190	27	•	•	ADP
foster-255	190	28	independent	independent	ADJ
foster-255	190	29	study	study	NOUN
foster-255	190	30	•	•	NUM
foster-255	190	31	task	task	NOUN
foster-255	190	32	-	-	PUNCT
foster-255	190	33	based	base	VERB
foster-255	190	34	engagement	engagement	NOUN
foster-255	190	35	•	•	NUM
foster-255	190	36	group	group	NOUN
foster-255	190	37	content	content	NOUN
foster-255	190	38	discussion	discussion	NOUN
foster-255	190	39	•	•	NOUN
foster-255	190	40	guided	guide	VERB
foster-255	190	41	interpretation	interpretation	NOUN
foster-255	190	42	•	•	NOUN
foster-255	190	43	instruction	instruction	NOUN
foster-255	190	44	initiation	initiation	NOUN
foster-255	190	45	•	•	NOUN
foster-255	190	46	feedback	feedback	NOUN
foster-255	190	47	provision	provision	NOUN
foster-255	190	48	•	•	NOUN
foster-255	190	49	evaluation	evaluation	NOUN
foster-255	190	50	•	•	NOUN
foster-255	190	51	tech	tech	NOUN
foster-255	190	52	integration	integration	NOUN
foster-255	190	53	•	•	NUM
foster-255	190	54	pre	pre	ADJ
foster-255	190	55	-	-	ADJ
foster-255	190	56	exploration	exploration	ADJ
foster-255	190	57	•	•	NOUN
foster-255	190	58	group	group	NOUN
foster-255	190	59	discussion	discussion	NOUN
foster-255	190	60	•	•	ADP
foster-255	190	61	collaborative	collaborative	ADJ
foster-255	190	62	problem	problem	NOUN
foster-255	190	63	solving	solve	VERB
foster-255	190	64	•	•	NUM
foster-255	190	65	peer	peer	NOUN
foster-255	190	66	feedback	feedback	NOUN
foster-255	190	67	•	•	NOUN
foster-255	190	68	presentation	presentation	NOUN
foster-255	190	69	/	/	SYM
foster-255	190	70	storytelling	storytelle	VERB
foster-255	190	71	•	•	NUM
foster-255	190	72	information	information	NOUN
foster-255	190	73	peer	peer	NOUN
foster-255	190	74	help	help	NOUN
foster-255	190	75	http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689	http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689	X
foster-255	191	1	http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689	http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689	NUM
foster-255	191	2	copyright	copyright	NOUN
foster-255	191	3	©	©	PROPN
foster-255	191	4	the	the	DET
foster-255	191	5	author(s	author(s	NOUN
foster-255	191	6	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	191	7	vol	vol	NOUN
foster-255	191	8	.	.	PROPN
foster-255	192	1	6	6	NUM
foster-255	192	2	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	192	3	no	no	INTJ
foster-255	192	4	.	.	NOUN
foster-255	192	5	3	3	NUM
foster-255	192	6	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	192	7	july	july	PROPN
foster-255	192	8	2025	2025	NUM
foster-255	193	1	e	e	X
foster-255	193	2	-	-	PUNCT
foster-255	193	3	issn	issn	ADJ
foster-255	193	4	:	:	PUNCT
foster-255	193	5	2723	2723	NUM
foster-255	193	6	-	-	SYM
foster-255	193	7	4126	4126	NUM
foster-255	193	8	p	p	NOUN
foster-255	193	9	-	-	PUNCT
foster-255	193	10	issn	issn	NOUN
foster-255	193	11	:	:	PUNCT
foster-255	193	12	2776	2776	NUM
foster-255	193	13	-	-	SYM
foster-255	193	14	8880	8880	NUM
foster-255	193	15	202	202	NUM
foster-255	193	16	the	the	DET
foster-255	193	17	study	study	NOUN
foster-255	193	18	's	's	PART
foster-255	193	19	findings	finding	NOUN
foster-255	193	20	demonstrate	demonstrate	VERB
foster-255	193	21	that	that	SCONJ
foster-255	193	22	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	193	23	literacy	literacy	NOUN
foster-255	193	24	-	-	PUNCT
foster-255	193	25	focused	focus	VERB
foster-255	193	26	education	education	NOUN
foster-255	193	27	in	in	ADP
foster-255	193	28	efl	efl	PROPN
foster-255	193	29	classrooms	classroom	NOUN
foster-255	193	30	cultivates	cultivate	VERB
foster-255	193	31	a	a	DET
foster-255	193	32	complex	complex	ADJ
foster-255	193	33	interactional	interactional	ADJ
foster-255	193	34	ecosystem	ecosystem	NOUN
foster-255	193	35	involving	involve	VERB
foster-255	193	36	learner	learner	NOUN
foster-255	193	37	-	-	PUNCT
foster-255	193	38	content	content	NOUN
foster-255	193	39	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	193	40	learnerinstructor	learnerinstructor	NOUN
foster-255	193	41	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	193	42	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	193	43	learner	learner	NOUN
foster-255	193	44	-	-	PUNCT
foster-255	193	45	learner	learner	NOUN
foster-255	193	46	interactions	interaction	NOUN
foster-255	193	47	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	194	1	every	every	DET
foster-255	194	2	mode	mode	NOUN
foster-255	194	3	of	of	ADP
foster-255	194	4	engagement	engagement	NOUN
foster-255	194	5	serves	serve	VERB
foster-255	194	6	a	a	DET
foster-255	194	7	unique	unique	ADJ
foster-255	194	8	yet	yet	CCONJ
foster-255	194	9	synergistic	synergistic	ADJ
foster-255	194	10	function	function	NOUN
foster-255	194	11	in	in	ADP
foster-255	194	12	influencing	influence	VERB
foster-255	194	13	students	student	NOUN
foster-255	194	14	'	'	PART
foster-255	194	15	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	194	16	learning	learning	NOUN
foster-255	194	17	experiences	experience	NOUN
foster-255	194	18	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	194	19	skills	skill	NOUN
foster-255	194	20	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	195	1	learner	learner	NOUN
foster-255	195	2	-	-	PUNCT
foster-255	195	3	content	content	NOUN
foster-255	195	4	interaction	interaction	NOUN
foster-255	195	5	is	be	AUX
foster-255	195	6	significantly	significantly	ADV
foster-255	195	7	influenced	influence	VERB
foster-255	195	8	by	by	ADP
foster-255	195	9	the	the	DET
foster-255	195	10	integration	integration	NOUN
foster-255	195	11	of	of	ADP
foster-255	195	12	multimedia	multimedia	NOUN
foster-255	195	13	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	195	14	including	include	VERB
foster-255	195	15	videos	video	NOUN
foster-255	195	16	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	195	17	audiovisual	audiovisual	ADJ
foster-255	195	18	resources	resource	NOUN
foster-255	195	19	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	196	1	students	student	NOUN
foster-255	196	2	are	be	AUX
foster-255	196	3	encouraged	encourage	VERB
foster-255	196	4	to	to	PART
foster-255	196	5	engage	engage	VERB
foster-255	196	6	in	in	ADP
foster-255	196	7	self	self	NOUN
foster-255	196	8	-	-	PUNCT
foster-255	196	9	directed	direct	VERB
foster-255	196	10	study	study	NOUN
foster-255	196	11	prior	prior	ADV
foster-255	196	12	to	to	ADP
foster-255	196	13	class	class	NOUN
foster-255	196	14	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	196	15	promoting	promote	VERB
foster-255	196	16	autonomy	autonomy	NOUN
foster-255	196	17	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	196	18	critical	critical	ADJ
foster-255	196	19	thinking	thinking	NOUN
foster-255	196	20	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	196	21	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	196	22	a	a	DET
foster-255	196	23	multimodal	multimodal	ADJ
foster-255	196	24	understanding	understanding	NOUN
foster-255	196	25	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	197	1	these	these	DET
foster-255	197	2	connections	connection	NOUN
foster-255	197	3	are	be	AUX
foster-255	197	4	facilitated	facilitate	VERB
foster-255	197	5	by	by	ADP
foster-255	197	6	activities	activity	NOUN
foster-255	197	7	that	that	PRON
foster-255	197	8	necessitate	necessitate	ADJ
foster-255	197	9	analysis	analysis	NOUN
foster-255	197	10	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	197	11	production	production	NOUN
foster-255	197	12	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	197	13	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	197	14	collaborative	collaborative	ADJ
foster-255	197	15	conversations	conversation	NOUN
foster-255	197	16	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	197	17	indicating	indicate	VERB
foster-255	197	18	a	a	DET
foster-255	197	19	transition	transition	NOUN
foster-255	197	20	from	from	ADP
foster-255	197	21	passive	passive	ADJ
foster-255	197	22	receiving	receiving	NOUN
foster-255	197	23	to	to	ADP
foster-255	197	24	active	active	ADJ
foster-255	197	25	involvement	involvement	NOUN
foster-255	197	26	with	with	ADP
foster-255	197	27	content	content	NOUN
foster-255	197	28	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	198	1	interaction	interaction	NOUN
foster-255	198	2	between	between	ADP
foster-255	198	3	learners	learner	NOUN
foster-255	198	4	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	198	5	instructors	instructor	NOUN
foster-255	198	6	is	be	AUX
foster-255	198	7	fundamental	fundamental	ADJ
foster-255	198	8	to	to	ADP
foster-255	198	9	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	198	10	education	education	NOUN
foster-255	198	11	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	198	12	offering	offer	VERB
foster-255	198	13	crucial	crucial	ADJ
foster-255	198	14	advice	advice	NOUN
foster-255	198	15	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	198	16	explanation	explanation	NOUN
foster-255	198	17	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	198	18	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	198	19	feedback	feedback	NOUN
foster-255	198	20	that	that	PRON
foster-255	198	21	solidify	solidify	VERB
foster-255	198	22	students	student	NOUN
foster-255	198	23	'	'	PART
foster-255	198	24	comprehension	comprehension	NOUN
foster-255	198	25	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	199	1	notwithstanding	notwithstanding	ADP
foster-255	199	2	the	the	DET
foster-255	199	3	availability	availability	NOUN
foster-255	199	4	of	of	ADP
foster-255	199	5	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	199	6	tools	tool	NOUN
foster-255	199	7	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	199	8	students	student	NOUN
foster-255	199	9	have	have	VERB
foster-255	199	10	a	a	DET
foster-255	199	11	pronounced	pronounced	ADJ
foster-255	199	12	inclination	inclination	NOUN
foster-255	199	13	towards	towards	ADP
foster-255	199	14	real	real	ADJ
foster-255	199	15	-	-	PUNCT
foster-255	199	16	time	time	NOUN
foster-255	199	17	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	199	18	instructor	instructor	NOUN
foster-255	199	19	-	-	PUNCT
foster-255	199	20	led	lead	VERB
foster-255	199	21	learning	learning	NOUN
foster-255	199	22	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	200	1	the	the	DET
foster-255	200	2	teacher	teacher	NOUN
foster-255	200	3	's	's	PART
foster-255	200	4	position	position	NOUN
foster-255	200	5	evolves	evolve	VERB
foster-255	200	6	into	into	ADP
foster-255	200	7	that	that	PRON
foster-255	200	8	of	of	ADP
foster-255	200	9	a	a	DET
foster-255	200	10	facilitator	facilitator	NOUN
foster-255	200	11	who	who	PRON
foster-255	200	12	connects	connect	VERB
foster-255	200	13	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	200	14	technologies	technology	NOUN
foster-255	200	15	with	with	ADP
foster-255	200	16	educational	educational	ADJ
foster-255	200	17	objectives	objective	NOUN
foster-255	200	18	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	200	19	thereby	thereby	ADV
foster-255	200	20	enhancing	enhance	VERB
foster-255	200	21	engagement	engagement	NOUN
foster-255	200	22	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	200	23	understanding	understanding	NOUN
foster-255	200	24	of	of	ADP
foster-255	200	25	concepts	concept	NOUN
foster-255	200	26	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	201	1	interaction	interaction	NOUN
foster-255	201	2	among	among	ADP
foster-255	201	3	learners	learner	NOUN
foster-255	201	4	flourishes	flourish	NOUN
foster-255	201	5	in	in	ADP
foster-255	201	6	collaborative	collaborative	ADJ
foster-255	201	7	activities	activity	NOUN
foster-255	201	8	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	201	9	including	include	VERB
foster-255	201	10	group	group	NOUN
foster-255	201	11	discussions	discussion	NOUN
foster-255	201	12	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	201	13	peer	peer	NOUN
foster-255	201	14	evaluations	evaluation	NOUN
foster-255	201	15	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	201	16	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	201	17	joint	joint	ADJ
foster-255	201	18	presentations	presentation	NOUN
foster-255	201	19	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	202	1	these	these	DET
foster-255	202	2	encounters	encounter	NOUN
foster-255	202	3	enhance	enhance	VERB
foster-255	202	4	understanding	understanding	NOUN
foster-255	202	5	through	through	ADP
foster-255	202	6	shared	share	VERB
foster-255	202	7	viewpoints	viewpoint	NOUN
foster-255	202	8	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	202	9	foster	foster	ADJ
foster-255	202	10	vital	vital	ADJ
foster-255	202	11	social	social	ADJ
foster-255	202	12	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	202	13	communicative	communicative	ADJ
foster-255	202	14	abilities	ability	NOUN
foster-255	202	15	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	203	1	they	they	PRON
foster-255	203	2	function	function	VERB
foster-255	203	3	as	as	ADP
foster-255	203	4	a	a	DET
foster-255	203	5	medium	medium	NOUN
foster-255	203	6	for	for	ADP
foster-255	203	7	peer	peer	NOUN
foster-255	203	8	-	-	PUNCT
foster-255	203	9	assisted	assist	VERB
foster-255	203	10	learning	learning	NOUN
foster-255	203	11	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	203	12	critical	critical	ADJ
foster-255	203	13	analysis	analysis	NOUN
foster-255	203	14	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	203	15	particularly	particularly	ADV
foster-255	203	16	in	in	ADP
foster-255	203	17	managing	manage	VERB
foster-255	203	18	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	203	19	content	content	NOUN
foster-255	203	20	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	204	1	integrating	integrate	VERB
foster-255	204	2	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	204	3	literacy	literacy	NOUN
foster-255	204	4	into	into	ADP
foster-255	204	5	the	the	DET
foster-255	204	6	efl	efl	PROPN
foster-255	204	7	classroom	classroom	NOUN
foster-255	204	8	fosters	foster	VERB
foster-255	204	9	a	a	DET
foster-255	204	10	harmonious	harmonious	ADJ
foster-255	204	11	environment	environment	NOUN
foster-255	204	12	where	where	SCONJ
foster-255	204	13	technology	technology	NOUN
foster-255	204	14	enhances	enhance	VERB
foster-255	204	15	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	204	16	rather	rather	ADV
foster-255	204	17	than	than	ADP
foster-255	204	18	supplants	supplant	NOUN
foster-255	204	19	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	204	20	traditional	traditional	ADJ
foster-255	204	21	pedagogical	pedagogical	ADJ
foster-255	204	22	approaches	approach	NOUN
foster-255	204	23	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	205	1	this	this	DET
foster-255	205	2	taxonomy	taxonomy	NOUN
foster-255	205	3	emphasizes	emphasize	VERB
foster-255	205	4	the	the	DET
foster-255	205	5	interrelation	interrelation	NOUN
foster-255	205	6	of	of	ADP
foster-255	205	7	interaction	interaction	NOUN
foster-255	205	8	kinds	kind	NOUN
foster-255	205	9	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	205	10	underscores	underscore	VERB
foster-255	205	11	the	the	DET
foster-255	205	12	significance	significance	NOUN
foster-255	205	13	of	of	ADP
foster-255	205	14	instructional	instructional	ADJ
foster-255	205	15	design	design	NOUN
foster-255	205	16	that	that	PRON
foster-255	205	17	intentionally	intentionally	ADV
foster-255	205	18	incorporates	incorporate	VERB
foster-255	205	19	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	205	20	resources	resource	NOUN
foster-255	205	21	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	206	1	when	when	SCONJ
foster-255	206	2	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	206	3	materials	material	NOUN
foster-255	206	4	are	be	AUX
foster-255	206	5	integrally	integrally	ADV
foster-255	206	6	incorporated	incorporate	VERB
foster-255	206	7	in	in	ADP
foster-255	206	8	interactive	interactive	ADJ
foster-255	206	9	teaching	teaching	NOUN
foster-255	206	10	methods	method	NOUN
foster-255	206	11	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	206	12	they	they	PRON
foster-255	206	13	can	can	AUX
foster-255	206	14	significantly	significantly	ADV
foster-255	206	15	enhance	enhance	VERB
foster-255	206	16	language	language	NOUN
foster-255	206	17	acquisition	acquisition	NOUN
foster-255	206	18	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	206	19	foster	foster	ADJ
foster-255	206	20	student	student	NOUN
foster-255	206	21	independence	independence	NOUN
foster-255	206	22	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	206	23	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	206	24	cultivate	cultivate	VERB
foster-255	206	25	21st	21st	ADJ
foster-255	206	26	-	-	PUNCT
foster-255	206	27	century	century	NOUN
foster-255	206	28	competencies	competency	NOUN
foster-255	206	29	essential	essential	ADJ
foster-255	206	30	for	for	ADP
foster-255	206	31	academic	academic	ADJ
foster-255	206	32	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	206	33	practical	practical	ADJ
foster-255	206	34	success	success	NOUN
foster-255	206	35	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	207	1	culture	culture	NOUN
foster-255	207	2	themes	theme	NOUN
foster-255	207	3	three	three	NUM
foster-255	207	4	comprehensive	comprehensive	ADJ
foster-255	207	5	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	207	6	thematically	thematically	ADV
foster-255	207	7	coherent	coherent	ADJ
foster-255	207	8	cultural	cultural	ADJ
foster-255	207	9	themes	theme	NOUN
foster-255	207	10	arise	arise	VERB
foster-255	207	11	from	from	ADP
foster-255	207	12	classroom	classroom	NOUN
foster-255	207	13	interactions	interaction	NOUN
foster-255	207	14	in	in	ADP
foster-255	207	15	a	a	DET
foster-255	207	16	digitally	digitally	ADV
foster-255	207	17	mediated	mediate	VERB
foster-255	207	18	learning	learning	NOUN
foster-255	207	19	environment	environment	NOUN
foster-255	207	20	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	208	1	these	these	DET
foster-255	208	2	topics	topic	NOUN
foster-255	208	3	illustrate	illustrate	VERB
foster-255	208	4	both	both	CCONJ
foster-255	208	5	the	the	DET
foster-255	208	6	interactional	interactional	ADJ
foster-255	208	7	patterns	pattern	NOUN
foster-255	208	8	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	208	9	the	the	DET
foster-255	208	10	sociocultural	sociocultural	ADJ
foster-255	208	11	processes	process	NOUN
foster-255	208	12	influencing	influence	VERB
foster-255	208	13	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	208	14	literacy	literacy	NOUN
foster-255	208	15	-	-	PUNCT
foster-255	208	16	based	base	VERB
foster-255	208	17	instruction	instruction	NOUN
foster-255	208	18	:	:	PUNCT
foster-255	208	19	technology	technology	NOUN
foster-255	208	20	-	-	PUNCT
foster-255	208	21	enhanced	enhance	VERB
foster-255	208	22	pedagogical	pedagogical	ADJ
foster-255	208	23	mediation	mediation	NOUN
foster-255	208	24	as	as	ADP
foster-255	208	25	a	a	DET
foster-255	208	26	cultural	cultural	ADJ
foster-255	208	27	norm	norm	NOUN
foster-255	208	28	the	the	DET
foster-255	208	29	topic	topic	NOUN
foster-255	208	30	involved	involve	VERB
foster-255	208	31	illustrates	illustrate	VERB
foster-255	208	32	the	the	DET
foster-255	208	33	integration	integration	NOUN
foster-255	208	34	of	of	ADP
foster-255	208	35	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	208	36	technology	technology	NOUN
foster-255	208	37	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	208	38	especially	especially	ADV
foster-255	208	39	multimedia	multimedia	NOUN
foster-255	208	40	platforms	platform	NOUN
foster-255	208	41	(	(	PUNCT
foster-255	208	42	e.g.	e.g.	ADV
foster-255	208	43	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	208	44	youtube	youtube	NOUN
foster-255	208	45	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	208	46	kahoot	kahoot	NOUN
foster-255	208	47	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	208	48	chatgpt	chatgpt	NOUN
foster-255	208	49	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	208	50	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	208	51	into	into	ADP
foster-255	208	52	the	the	DET
foster-255	208	53	routine	routine	ADJ
foster-255	208	54	instructional	instructional	ADJ
foster-255	208	55	culture	culture	NOUN
foster-255	208	56	of	of	ADP
foster-255	208	57	efl	efl	PROPN
foster-255	208	58	classrooms	classroom	NOUN
foster-255	208	59	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	209	1	educators	educator	NOUN
foster-255	209	2	do	do	AUX
foster-255	209	3	not	not	PART
foster-255	209	4	simply	simply	ADV
foster-255	209	5	employ	employ	VERB
foster-255	209	6	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	209	7	technologies	technology	NOUN
foster-255	209	8	for	for	ADP
foster-255	209	9	instruction	instruction	NOUN
foster-255	209	10	;	;	PUNCT
foster-255	209	11	they	they	PRON
foster-255	209	12	intentionally	intentionally	ADV
foster-255	209	13	incorporate	incorporate	VERB
foster-255	209	14	them	they	PRON
foster-255	209	15	to	to	PART
foster-255	209	16	enhance	enhance	VERB
foster-255	209	17	comprehension	comprehension	NOUN
foster-255	209	18	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	209	19	stimulate	stimulate	VERB
foster-255	209	20	prior	prior	ADJ
foster-255	209	21	knowledge	knowledge	NOUN
foster-255	209	22	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	209	23	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	209	24	facilitate	facilitate	VERB
foster-255	209	25	learning	learn	VERB
foster-255	209	26	interactions	interaction	NOUN
foster-255	209	27	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	210	1	the	the	DET
foster-255	210	2	consistent	consistent	ADJ
foster-255	210	3	use	use	NOUN
foster-255	210	4	of	of	ADP
foster-255	210	5	pre	pre	ADJ
foster-255	210	6	-	-	ADJ
foster-255	210	7	class	class	ADJ
foster-255	210	8	video	video	NOUN
foster-255	210	9	materials	material	NOUN
foster-255	210	10	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	210	11	interactive	interactive	ADJ
foster-255	210	12	conversations	conversation	NOUN
foster-255	210	13	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	210	14	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	210	15	technology	technology	NOUN
foster-255	210	16	-	-	PUNCT
foster-255	210	17	enhanced	enhance	VERB
foster-255	210	18	activities	activity	NOUN
foster-255	210	19	indicates	indicate	VERB
foster-255	210	20	a	a	DET
foster-255	210	21	transformation	transformation	NOUN
foster-255	210	22	in	in	ADP
foster-255	210	23	pedagogical	pedagogical	ADJ
foster-255	210	24	culture	culture	NOUN
foster-255	210	25	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	210	26	wherein	wherein	SCONJ
foster-255	210	27	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	210	28	tools	tool	NOUN
foster-255	210	29	serve	serve	VERB
foster-255	210	30	as	as	ADP
foster-255	210	31	cognitive	cognitive	ADJ
foster-255	210	32	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	210	33	social	social	ADJ
foster-255	210	34	mediators	mediator	NOUN
foster-255	210	35	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	211	1	this	this	DET
foster-255	211	2	transition	transition	NOUN
foster-255	211	3	aligns	align	VERB
foster-255	211	4	with	with	ADP
foster-255	211	5	vygotsky	vygotsky	NOUN
foster-255	211	6	's	's	PART
foster-255	211	7	sociocultural	sociocultural	ADJ
foster-255	211	8	theory	theory	NOUN
foster-255	211	9	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	211	10	emphasizing	emphasize	VERB
foster-255	211	11	the	the	DET
foster-255	211	12	crucial	crucial	ADJ
foster-255	211	13	role	role	NOUN
foster-255	211	14	of	of	ADP
foster-255	211	15	mediated	mediate	VERB
foster-255	211	16	technologies	technology	NOUN
foster-255	211	17	in	in	ADP
foster-255	211	18	meaning	mean	VERB
foster-255	211	19	-	-	PUNCT
foster-255	211	20	making	make	VERB
foster-255	211	21	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	211	22	instructional	instructional	ADJ
foster-255	211	23	practices	practice	NOUN
foster-255	211	24	within	within	ADP
foster-255	211	25	a	a	DET
foster-255	211	26	digitally	digitally	ADV
foster-255	211	27	literate	literate	ADJ
foster-255	211	28	classroom	classroom	NOUN
foster-255	211	29	environment	environment	NOUN
foster-255	211	30	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	212	1	http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689	http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689	NOUN
foster-255	212	2	http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689	http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689	NUM
foster-255	212	3	copyright	copyright	NOUN
foster-255	212	4	©	©	PROPN
foster-255	212	5	the	the	DET
foster-255	212	6	author(s	author(s	NOUN
foster-255	212	7	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	212	8	vol	vol	NOUN
foster-255	212	9	.	.	PROPN
foster-255	213	1	6	6	NUM
foster-255	213	2	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	213	3	no	no	INTJ
foster-255	213	4	.	.	NOUN
foster-255	213	5	3	3	NUM
foster-255	213	6	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	213	7	july	july	PROPN
foster-255	213	8	2025	2025	NUM
foster-255	214	1	e	e	X
foster-255	214	2	-	-	PUNCT
foster-255	214	3	issn	issn	ADJ
foster-255	214	4	:	:	PUNCT
foster-255	214	5	2723	2723	NUM
foster-255	214	6	-	-	SYM
foster-255	214	7	4126	4126	NUM
foster-255	214	8	p	p	NOUN
foster-255	214	9	-	-	PUNCT
foster-255	214	10	issn	issn	NOUN
foster-255	214	11	:	:	PUNCT
foster-255	214	12	2776	2776	NUM
foster-255	214	13	-	-	SYM
foster-255	214	14	8880	8880	NUM
foster-255	214	15	203	203	NUM
foster-255	214	16	teacher	teacher	NOUN
foster-255	214	17	authority	authority	NOUN
foster-255	214	18	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	214	19	human	human	ADJ
foster-255	214	20	connection	connection	NOUN
foster-255	214	21	in	in	ADP
foster-255	214	22	a	a	DET
foster-255	214	23	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	214	24	landscape	landscape	NOUN
foster-255	214	25	despite	despite	SCONJ
foster-255	214	26	the	the	DET
foster-255	214	27	growing	grow	VERB
foster-255	214	28	influence	influence	NOUN
foster-255	214	29	of	of	ADP
foster-255	214	30	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	214	31	media	medium	NOUN
foster-255	214	32	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	214	33	teacher	teacher	NOUN
foster-255	214	34	-	-	PUNCT
foster-255	214	35	student	student	NOUN
foster-255	214	36	contact	contact	NOUN
foster-255	214	37	remains	remain	VERB
foster-255	214	38	culturally	culturally	ADV
foster-255	214	39	rooted	rooted	ADJ
foster-255	214	40	in	in	ADP
foster-255	214	41	hierarchical	hierarchical	ADJ
foster-255	214	42	yet	yet	CCONJ
foster-255	214	43	dialogic	dialogic	ADJ
foster-255	214	44	structures	structure	NOUN
foster-255	214	45	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	215	1	educators	educator	NOUN
foster-255	215	2	are	be	AUX
foster-255	215	3	still	still	ADV
foster-255	215	4	regarded	regard	VERB
foster-255	215	5	as	as	ADP
foster-255	215	6	authoritative	authoritative	ADJ
foster-255	215	7	sources	source	NOUN
foster-255	215	8	of	of	ADP
foster-255	215	9	knowledge	knowledge	NOUN
foster-255	215	10	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	215	11	emotional	emotional	ADJ
foster-255	215	12	support	support	NOUN
foster-255	215	13	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	215	14	directing	direct	VERB
foster-255	215	15	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	215	16	interaction	interaction	NOUN
foster-255	215	17	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	216	1	the	the	DET
foster-255	216	2	societal	societal	ADJ
foster-255	216	3	expectation	expectation	NOUN
foster-255	216	4	for	for	ADP
foster-255	216	5	teacher	teacher	NOUN
foster-255	216	6	engagement	engagement	NOUN
foster-255	216	7	—	—	PUNCT
foster-255	216	8	via	via	ADP
foster-255	216	9	feedback	feedback	NOUN
foster-255	216	10	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	216	11	scaffolding	scaffolding	NOUN
foster-255	216	12	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	216	13	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	216	14	real	real	ADJ
foster-255	216	15	-	-	PUNCT
foster-255	216	16	time	time	NOUN
foster-255	216	17	interaction	interaction	NOUN
foster-255	216	18	—	—	PUNCT
foster-255	216	19	illustrates	illustrate	VERB
foster-255	216	20	a	a	DET
foster-255	216	21	hybrid	hybrid	ADJ
foster-255	216	22	pedagogy	pedagogy	NOUN
foster-255	216	23	that	that	PRON
foster-255	216	24	merges	merge	VERB
foster-255	216	25	traditional	traditional	ADJ
foster-255	216	26	reverence	reverence	NOUN
foster-255	216	27	for	for	ADP
foster-255	216	28	teacher	teacher	NOUN
foster-255	216	29	authority	authority	NOUN
foster-255	216	30	with	with	ADP
foster-255	216	31	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	216	32	innovation	innovation	NOUN
foster-255	216	33	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	217	1	this	this	DET
foster-255	217	2	subject	subject	NOUN
foster-255	217	3	underscores	underscore	VERB
foster-255	217	4	the	the	DET
foster-255	217	5	enduring	endure	VERB
foster-255	217	6	nature	nature	NOUN
foster-255	217	7	of	of	ADP
foster-255	217	8	collectivist	collectivist	NOUN
foster-255	217	9	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	217	10	teacher	teacher	NOUN
foster-255	217	11	-	-	PUNCT
foster-255	217	12	centered	center	VERB
foster-255	217	13	educational	educational	ADJ
foster-255	217	14	norms	norm	NOUN
foster-255	217	15	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	217	16	despite	despite	SCONJ
foster-255	217	17	the	the	DET
foster-255	217	18	integration	integration	NOUN
foster-255	217	19	of	of	ADP
foster-255	217	20	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	217	21	platforms	platform	NOUN
foster-255	217	22	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	218	1	culturally	culturally	ADV
foster-255	218	2	sensitive	sensitive	ADJ
foster-255	218	3	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	218	4	education	education	NOUN
foster-255	218	5	must	must	AUX
foster-255	218	6	align	align	VERB
foster-255	218	7	with	with	ADP
foster-255	218	8	local	local	ADJ
foster-255	218	9	relational	relational	ADJ
foster-255	218	10	norms	norm	NOUN
foster-255	218	11	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	218	12	learner	learner	NOUN
foster-255	218	13	expectations	expectation	NOUN
foster-255	218	14	around	around	ADP
foster-255	218	15	authority	authority	NOUN
foster-255	218	16	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	218	17	direction	direction	NOUN
foster-255	218	18	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	218	19	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	218	20	interpersonal	interpersonal	ADJ
foster-255	218	21	interaction	interaction	NOUN
foster-255	218	22	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	219	1	peer	peer	NOUN
foster-255	219	2	collaboration	collaboration	NOUN
foster-255	219	3	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	219	4	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	219	5	solidarity	solidarity	NOUN
foster-255	219	6	amid	amid	ADP
foster-255	219	7	structural	structural	ADJ
foster-255	219	8	constraints	constraint	NOUN
foster-255	219	9	interaction	interaction	NOUN
foster-255	219	10	among	among	ADP
foster-255	219	11	learners	learner	NOUN
foster-255	219	12	in	in	ADP
foster-255	219	13	the	the	DET
foster-255	219	14	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	219	15	classroom	classroom	NOUN
foster-255	219	16	demonstrates	demonstrate	VERB
foster-255	219	17	a	a	DET
foster-255	219	18	cultural	cultural	ADJ
foster-255	219	19	inclination	inclination	NOUN
foster-255	219	20	towards	towards	ADP
foster-255	219	21	solidarity	solidarity	NOUN
foster-255	219	22	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	219	23	peer	peer	NOUN
foster-255	219	24	support	support	NOUN
foster-255	219	25	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	219	26	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	219	27	collaborative	collaborative	ADJ
foster-255	219	28	problem	problem	NOUN
foster-255	219	29	-	-	PUNCT
foster-255	219	30	solving	solving	NOUN
foster-255	219	31	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	219	32	especially	especially	ADV
foster-255	219	33	in	in	ADP
foster-255	219	34	group	group	NOUN
foster-255	219	35	assignments	assignment	NOUN
foster-255	219	36	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	219	37	informal	informal	ADJ
foster-255	219	38	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	219	39	networks	network	NOUN
foster-255	219	40	(	(	PUNCT
foster-255	219	41	e.g.	e.g.	ADV
foster-255	219	42	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	219	43	whatsapp	whatsapp	NOUN
foster-255	219	44	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	219	45	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	220	1	this	this	DET
foster-255	220	2	solidarity	solidarity	NOUN
foster-255	220	3	frequently	frequently	ADV
foster-255	220	4	arises	arise	VERB
foster-255	220	5	as	as	ADP
foster-255	220	6	a	a	DET
foster-255	220	7	reaction	reaction	NOUN
foster-255	220	8	to	to	ADP
foster-255	220	9	infrastructural	infrastructural	ADJ
foster-255	220	10	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	220	11	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	220	12	disparities	disparity	NOUN
foster-255	220	13	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	220	14	as	as	SCONJ
foster-255	220	15	students	student	NOUN
foster-255	220	16	mitigate	mitigate	VERB
foster-255	220	17	restricted	restricted	ADJ
foster-255	220	18	access	access	NOUN
foster-255	220	19	or	or	CCONJ
foster-255	220	20	understanding	understanding	NOUN
foster-255	220	21	by	by	ADP
foster-255	220	22	depending	depend	VERB
foster-255	220	23	on	on	ADP
foster-255	220	24	peer	peer	NOUN
foster-255	220	25	networks	network	NOUN
foster-255	220	26	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	221	1	although	although	SCONJ
foster-255	221	2	peer	peer	NOUN
foster-255	221	3	connection	connection	NOUN
foster-255	221	4	promotes	promote	VERB
foster-255	221	5	engagement	engagement	NOUN
foster-255	221	6	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	221	7	it	it	PRON
foster-255	221	8	is	be	AUX
foster-255	221	9	also	also	ADV
foster-255	221	10	limited	limit	VERB
foster-255	221	11	by	by	ADP
foster-255	221	12	social	social	ADJ
foster-255	221	13	dynamics	dynamic	NOUN
foster-255	221	14	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	221	15	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	221	16	confidence	confidence	NOUN
foster-255	221	17	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	221	18	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	221	19	disparities	disparity	NOUN
foster-255	221	20	in	in	ADP
foster-255	221	21	involvement	involvement	NOUN
foster-255	221	22	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	222	1	this	this	DET
foster-255	222	2	subject	subject	NOUN
foster-255	222	3	embodies	embody	VERB
foster-255	222	4	a	a	DET
foster-255	222	5	culture	culture	NOUN
foster-255	222	6	of	of	ADP
foster-255	222	7	adaptable	adaptable	ADJ
foster-255	222	8	collaboration	collaboration	NOUN
foster-255	222	9	influenced	influence	VERB
foster-255	222	10	by	by	ADP
foster-255	222	11	collectivist	collectivist	ADJ
foster-255	222	12	principles	principle	NOUN
foster-255	222	13	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	222	14	practical	practical	ADJ
foster-255	222	15	responses	response	NOUN
foster-255	222	16	to	to	ADP
foster-255	222	17	technical	technical	ADJ
foster-255	222	18	constraints	constraint	NOUN
foster-255	222	19	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	223	1	it	it	PRON
foster-255	223	2	necessitates	necessitate	VERB
foster-255	223	3	the	the	DET
foster-255	223	4	deliberate	deliberate	ADJ
foster-255	223	5	organization	organization	NOUN
foster-255	223	6	of	of	ADP
foster-255	223	7	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	223	8	peer	peer	NOUN
foster-255	223	9	work	work	NOUN
foster-255	223	10	to	to	PART
foster-255	223	11	achieve	achieve	VERB
foster-255	223	12	a	a	DET
foster-255	223	13	balance	balance	NOUN
foster-255	223	14	of	of	ADP
foster-255	223	15	inclusion	inclusion	NOUN
foster-255	223	16	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	223	17	agency	agency	NOUN
foster-255	223	18	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	223	19	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	223	20	critical	critical	ADJ
foster-255	223	21	discourse	discourse	NOUN
foster-255	223	22	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	224	1	discussion	discussion	NOUN
foster-255	224	2	the	the	DET
foster-255	224	3	research	research	NOUN
foster-255	224	4	findings	finding	NOUN
foster-255	224	5	show	show	VERB
foster-255	224	6	the	the	DET
foster-255	224	7	interaction	interaction	NOUN
foster-255	224	8	is	be	AUX
foster-255	224	9	a	a	DET
foster-255	224	10	core	core	NOUN
foster-255	224	11	component	component	NOUN
foster-255	224	12	of	of	ADP
foster-255	224	13	language	language	NOUN
foster-255	224	14	acquisition	acquisition	NOUN
foster-255	224	15	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	224	16	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	224	17	pedagogy	pedagogy	NOUN
foster-255	224	18	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	225	1	the	the	DET
foster-255	225	2	results	result	NOUN
foster-255	225	3	of	of	ADP
foster-255	225	4	the	the	DET
foster-255	225	5	study	study	NOUN
foster-255	225	6	in	in	ADP
foster-255	225	7	line	line	NOUN
foster-255	225	8	with	with	ADP
foster-255	225	9	(	(	PUNCT
foster-255	225	10	moore	moore	PROPN
foster-255	225	11	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	225	12	1989	1989	NUM
foster-255	225	13	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	225	14	who	who	PRON
foster-255	225	15	classified	classify	VERB
foster-255	225	16	learning	learn	VERB
foster-255	225	17	interaction	interaction	NOUN
foster-255	225	18	into	into	ADP
foster-255	225	19	three	three	NUM
foster-255	225	20	interconnected	interconnected	ADJ
foster-255	225	21	domains	domain	NOUN
foster-255	225	22	:	:	PUNCT
foster-255	225	23	learner	learner	NOUN
foster-255	225	24	-	-	PUNCT
foster-255	225	25	content	content	NOUN
foster-255	225	26	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	225	27	learnerinstructor	learnerinstructor	NOUN
foster-255	225	28	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	225	29	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	225	30	learner	learner	NOUN
foster-255	225	31	-	-	PUNCT
foster-255	225	32	learner	learner	NOUN
foster-255	225	33	interaction	interaction	NOUN
foster-255	225	34	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	226	1	it	it	PRON
foster-255	226	2	also	also	ADV
foster-255	226	3	illustrates	illustrate	VERB
foster-255	226	4	how	how	SCONJ
foster-255	226	5	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	226	6	platforms	platform	NOUN
foster-255	226	7	mediate	mediate	VERB
foster-255	226	8	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	226	9	alter	alter	VERB
foster-255	226	10	interactions	interaction	NOUN
foster-255	226	11	in	in	ADP
foster-255	226	12	efl	efl	PROPN
foster-255	226	13	classes	class	NOUN
foster-255	226	14	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	226	15	highlighting	highlight	VERB
foster-255	226	16	advantages	advantage	NOUN
foster-255	226	17	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	226	18	limitations	limitation	NOUN
foster-255	226	19	shaped	shape	VERB
foster-255	226	20	by	by	ADP
foster-255	226	21	infrastructure	infrastructure	NOUN
foster-255	226	22	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	226	23	instructor	instructor	NOUN
foster-255	226	24	expertise	expertise	NOUN
foster-255	226	25	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	226	26	student	student	NOUN
foster-255	226	27	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	226	28	literacy	literacy	NOUN
foster-255	226	29	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	226	30	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	226	31	the	the	PRON
foster-255	226	32	provide	provide	VERB
foster-255	226	33	the	the	DET
foster-255	226	34	lived	live	VERB
foster-255	226	35	experiences	experience	NOUN
foster-255	226	36	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	226	37	pedagogical	pedagogical	ADJ
foster-255	226	38	struggles	struggle	NOUN
foster-255	226	39	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	226	40	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	226	41	cultural	cultural	ADJ
foster-255	226	42	significances	significance	NOUN
foster-255	226	43	that	that	PRON
foster-255	226	44	influence	influence	VERB
foster-255	226	45	the	the	DET
foster-255	226	46	incorporation	incorporation	NOUN
foster-255	226	47	of	of	ADP
foster-255	226	48	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	226	49	literacy	literacy	NOUN
foster-255	226	50	into	into	ADP
foster-255	226	51	classroom	classroom	NOUN
foster-255	226	52	interactions	interaction	NOUN
foster-255	226	53	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	227	1	interaction	interaction	NOUN
foster-255	227	2	between	between	ADP
foster-255	227	3	the	the	DET
foster-255	227	4	learner	learner	NOUN
foster-255	227	5	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	227	6	the	the	DET
foster-255	227	7	content	content	NOUN
foster-255	227	8	the	the	DET
foster-255	227	9	principal	principal	ADJ
foster-255	227	10	interaction	interaction	NOUN
foster-255	227	11	observed	observe	VERB
foster-255	227	12	in	in	ADP
foster-255	227	13	this	this	DET
foster-255	227	14	study	study	NOUN
foster-255	227	15	was	be	AUX
foster-255	227	16	between	between	ADP
foster-255	227	17	learners	learner	NOUN
foster-255	227	18	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	227	19	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	227	20	content	content	NOUN
foster-255	227	21	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	228	1	students	student	NOUN
foster-255	228	2	frequently	frequently	ADV
foster-255	228	3	employed	employ	VERB
foster-255	228	4	multimedia	multimedia	NOUN
foster-255	228	5	resources	resource	NOUN
foster-255	228	6	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	228	7	including	include	VERB
foster-255	228	8	youtube	youtube	NOUN
foster-255	228	9	videos	video	NOUN
foster-255	228	10	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	228	11	google	google	PROPN
foster-255	228	12	translate	translate	NOUN
foster-255	228	13	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	228	14	kahoot	kahoot	NOUN
foster-255	228	15	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	228	16	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	228	17	chatgpt	chatgpt	NOUN
foster-255	228	18	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	228	19	to	to	PART
foster-255	228	20	enhance	enhance	VERB
foster-255	228	21	their	their	PRON
foster-255	228	22	understanding	understanding	NOUN
foster-255	228	23	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	228	24	pronunciation	pronunciation	NOUN
foster-255	228	25	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	228	26	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	228	27	vocabulary	vocabulary	ADJ
foster-255	228	28	learning	learning	NOUN
foster-255	228	29	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	229	1	this	this	DET
foster-255	229	2	notable	notable	ADJ
foster-255	229	3	degree	degree	NOUN
foster-255	229	4	of	of	ADP
foster-255	229	5	learner	learner	NOUN
foster-255	229	6	-	-	PUNCT
foster-255	229	7	content	content	NOUN
foster-255	229	8	interaction	interaction	NOUN
foster-255	229	9	aligns	align	VERB
foster-255	229	10	with	with	ADP
foster-255	229	11	anderson	anderson	PROPN
foster-255	229	12	's	's	PART
foster-255	229	13	(	(	PUNCT
foster-255	229	14	2003	2003	NUM
foster-255	229	15	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	229	16	interaction	interaction	NOUN
foster-255	229	17	equivalency	equivalency	NOUN
foster-255	229	18	theorem	theorem	VERB
foster-255	229	19	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	229	20	which	which	PRON
foster-255	229	21	posits	posit	VERB
foster-255	229	22	that	that	SCONJ
foster-255	229	23	substantial	substantial	ADJ
foster-255	229	24	learning	learning	NOUN
foster-255	229	25	can	can	AUX
foster-255	229	26	occur	occur	VERB
foster-255	229	27	when	when	SCONJ
foster-255	229	28	at	at	ADV
foster-255	229	29	least	least	ADV
foster-255	229	30	one	one	NUM
foster-255	229	31	form	form	NOUN
foster-255	229	32	of	of	ADP
foster-255	229	33	interaction	interaction	NOUN
foster-255	229	34	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	229	35	particularly	particularly	ADV
foster-255	229	36	learner	learner	NOUN
foster-255	229	37	-	-	PUNCT
foster-255	229	38	content	content	NOUN
foster-255	229	39	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	229	40	is	be	AUX
foster-255	229	41	enhanced	enhance	VERB
foster-255	229	42	through	through	ADP
foster-255	229	43	high	high	ADJ
foster-255	229	44	-	-	PUNCT
foster-255	229	45	quality	quality	NOUN
foster-255	229	46	resources	resource	NOUN
foster-255	229	47	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	229	48	learner	learner	NOUN
foster-255	229	49	autonomy	autonomy	NOUN
foster-255	229	50	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	230	1	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	230	2	tools	tool	NOUN
foster-255	230	3	enabled	enable	VERB
foster-255	230	4	asynchronous	asynchronous	ADJ
foster-255	230	5	learning	learning	NOUN
foster-255	230	6	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	230	7	allowing	allow	VERB
foster-255	230	8	students	student	NOUN
foster-255	230	9	to	to	PART
foster-255	230	10	examine	examine	VERB
foster-255	230	11	knowledge	knowledge	NOUN
foster-255	230	12	at	at	ADP
foster-255	230	13	their	their	PRON
foster-255	230	14	convenience	convenience	NOUN
foster-255	230	15	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	230	16	thereby	thereby	ADV
foster-255	230	17	enhancing	enhance	VERB
foster-255	230	18	comprehension	comprehension	NOUN
foster-255	230	19	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	230	20	autonomy	autonomy	NOUN
foster-255	230	21	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	231	1	however	however	ADV
foster-255	231	2	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	231	3	not	not	PART
foster-255	231	4	all	all	DET
foster-255	231	5	students	student	NOUN
foster-255	231	6	exhibited	exhibit	VERB
foster-255	231	7	the	the	DET
foster-255	231	8	same	same	ADJ
foster-255	231	9	level	level	NOUN
foster-255	231	10	of	of	ADP
foster-255	231	11	ability	ability	NOUN
foster-255	231	12	in	in	ADP
foster-255	231	13	critically	critically	ADV
foster-255	231	14	analyzing	analyze	VERB
foster-255	231	15	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	231	16	content	content	NOUN
foster-255	231	17	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	232	1	many	many	ADJ
foster-255	232	2	participants	participant	NOUN
foster-255	232	3	relied	rely	VERB
foster-255	232	4	on	on	ADP
foster-255	232	5	passive	passive	ADJ
foster-255	232	6	consumption	consumption	NOUN
foster-255	232	7	http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689	http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689	NOUN
foster-255	232	8	http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689	http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689	NUM
foster-255	232	9	copyright	copyright	NOUN
foster-255	232	10	©	©	PROPN
foster-255	232	11	the	the	DET
foster-255	232	12	author(s	author(s	NOUN
foster-255	232	13	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	232	14	vol	vol	NOUN
foster-255	232	15	.	.	PROPN
foster-255	233	1	6	6	NUM
foster-255	233	2	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	233	3	no	no	INTJ
foster-255	233	4	.	.	NOUN
foster-255	233	5	3	3	NUM
foster-255	233	6	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	233	7	july	july	PROPN
foster-255	233	8	2025	2025	NUM
foster-255	234	1	e	e	X
foster-255	234	2	-	-	PUNCT
foster-255	234	3	issn	issn	ADJ
foster-255	234	4	:	:	PUNCT
foster-255	234	5	2723	2723	NUM
foster-255	234	6	-	-	SYM
foster-255	234	7	4126	4126	NUM
foster-255	234	8	p	p	NOUN
foster-255	234	9	-	-	PUNCT
foster-255	234	10	issn	issn	NOUN
foster-255	234	11	:	:	PUNCT
foster-255	234	12	2776	2776	NUM
foster-255	234	13	-	-	SYM
foster-255	234	14	8880	8880	NUM
foster-255	234	15	204	204	NUM
foster-255	234	16	rather	rather	ADV
foster-255	234	17	than	than	ADP
foster-255	234	18	actively	actively	ADV
foster-255	234	19	engaging	engage	VERB
foster-255	234	20	in	in	ADP
foster-255	234	21	knowledge	knowledge	NOUN
foster-255	234	22	construction	construction	NOUN
foster-255	234	23	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	234	24	supporting	support	VERB
foster-255	234	25	previous	previous	ADJ
foster-255	234	26	concerns	concern	NOUN
foster-255	234	27	that	that	PRON
foster-255	234	28	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	234	29	exposure	exposure	NOUN
foster-255	234	30	does	do	AUX
foster-255	234	31	not	not	PART
foster-255	234	32	automatically	automatically	ADV
foster-255	234	33	result	result	VERB
foster-255	234	34	in	in	ADP
foster-255	234	35	successful	successful	ADJ
foster-255	234	36	participation	participation	NOUN
foster-255	234	37	(	(	PUNCT
foster-255	234	38	garrison	garrison	NOUN
foster-255	234	39	&	&	CCONJ
foster-255	234	40	akyol	akyol	NOUN
foster-255	234	41	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	234	42	2013	2013	NUM
foster-255	234	43	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	234	44	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	235	1	this	this	PRON
foster-255	235	2	underscores	underscore	VERB
foster-255	235	3	the	the	DET
foster-255	235	4	imperative	imperative	NOUN
foster-255	235	5	of	of	ADP
foster-255	235	6	cultivating	cultivate	VERB
foster-255	235	7	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	235	8	literacy	literacy	NOUN
foster-255	235	9	skills	skill	NOUN
foster-255	235	10	that	that	PRON
foster-255	235	11	enable	enable	VERB
foster-255	235	12	students	student	NOUN
foster-255	235	13	to	to	PART
foster-255	235	14	access	access	VERB
foster-255	235	15	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	235	16	interpret	interpret	NOUN
foster-255	235	17	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	235	18	synthesize	synthesize	VERB
foster-255	235	19	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	235	20	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	235	21	utilize	utilize	VERB
foster-255	235	22	information	information	NOUN
foster-255	235	23	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	236	1	interaction	interaction	NOUN
foster-255	236	2	between	between	ADP
foster-255	236	3	learner	learner	NOUN
foster-255	236	4	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	236	5	instructor	instructor	NOUN
foster-255	236	6	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	236	7	platforms	platform	NOUN
foster-255	236	8	have	have	AUX
foster-255	236	9	transformed	transform	VERB
foster-255	236	10	the	the	DET
foster-255	236	11	traditional	traditional	ADJ
foster-255	236	12	dynamics	dynamic	NOUN
foster-255	236	13	of	of	ADP
foster-255	236	14	learner	learner	NOUN
foster-255	236	15	-	-	PUNCT
foster-255	236	16	instructor	instructor	NOUN
foster-255	236	17	interaction	interaction	NOUN
foster-255	236	18	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	237	1	educators	educator	NOUN
foster-255	237	2	employed	employ	VERB
foster-255	237	3	whatsapp	whatsapp	NOUN
foster-255	237	4	groups	group	NOUN
foster-255	237	5	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	237	6	google	google	PROPN
foster-255	237	7	forms	form	NOUN
foster-255	237	8	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	237	9	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	237	10	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	237	11	presentations	presentation	NOUN
foster-255	237	12	to	to	PART
foster-255	237	13	provide	provide	VERB
foster-255	237	14	comments	comment	NOUN
foster-255	237	15	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	237	16	distribute	distribute	VERB
foster-255	237	17	resources	resource	NOUN
foster-255	237	18	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	237	19	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	237	20	assess	assess	VERB
foster-255	237	21	student	student	NOUN
foster-255	237	22	understanding	understanding	NOUN
foster-255	237	23	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	238	1	these	these	DET
foster-255	238	2	systems	system	NOUN
foster-255	238	3	enhanced	enhance	VERB
foster-255	238	4	immediacy	immediacy	NOUN
foster-255	238	5	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	238	6	response	response	NOUN
foster-255	238	7	but	but	CCONJ
foster-255	238	8	also	also	ADV
foster-255	238	9	posed	pose	VERB
foster-255	238	10	challenges	challenge	NOUN
foster-255	238	11	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	239	1	the	the	DET
foster-255	239	2	asynchronous	asynchronous	ADJ
foster-255	239	3	characteristics	characteristic	NOUN
foster-255	239	4	of	of	ADP
foster-255	239	5	specific	specific	ADJ
foster-255	239	6	tools	tool	NOUN
foster-255	239	7	often	often	ADV
foster-255	239	8	led	lead	VERB
foster-255	239	9	to	to	ADP
foster-255	239	10	delayed	delay	VERB
foster-255	239	11	feedback	feedback	NOUN
foster-255	239	12	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	239	13	reducing	reduce	VERB
foster-255	239	14	the	the	DET
foster-255	239	15	dialogic	dialogic	ADJ
foster-255	239	16	quality	quality	NOUN
foster-255	239	17	of	of	ADP
foster-255	239	18	instruction	instruction	NOUN
foster-255	239	19	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	240	1	nonetheless	nonetheless	ADV
foster-255	240	2	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	240	3	the	the	DET
foster-255	240	4	findings	finding	NOUN
foster-255	240	5	demonstrate	demonstrate	VERB
foster-255	240	6	that	that	SCONJ
foster-255	240	7	educators	educator	NOUN
foster-255	240	8	maintained	maintain	VERB
foster-255	240	9	a	a	DET
foster-255	240	10	substantial	substantial	ADJ
foster-255	240	11	instructional	instructional	ADJ
foster-255	240	12	presence	presence	NOUN
foster-255	240	13	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	240	14	as	as	SCONJ
foster-255	240	15	outlined	outline	VERB
foster-255	240	16	by	by	ADP
foster-255	240	17	garrison	garrison	PROPN
foster-255	240	18	et	et	PROPN
foster-255	240	19	al	al	PROPN
foster-255	240	20	.	.	PROPN
foster-255	241	1	(	(	PUNCT
foster-255	241	2	2000	2000	NUM
foster-255	241	3	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	241	4	within	within	ADP
foster-255	241	5	the	the	DET
foster-255	241	6	community	community	NOUN
foster-255	241	7	of	of	ADP
foster-255	241	8	inquiry	inquiry	NOUN
foster-255	241	9	framework	framework	NOUN
foster-255	241	10	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	242	1	their	their	PRON
foster-255	242	2	efforts	effort	NOUN
foster-255	242	3	to	to	PART
foster-255	242	4	curate	curate	VERB
foster-255	242	5	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	242	6	contextualise	contextualise	VERB
foster-255	242	7	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	242	8	content	content	NOUN
foster-255	242	9	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	242	10	combined	combine	VERB
foster-255	242	11	with	with	ADP
foster-255	242	12	the	the	DET
foster-255	242	13	use	use	NOUN
foster-255	242	14	of	of	ADP
foster-255	242	15	assessment	assessment	NOUN
foster-255	242	16	technology	technology	NOUN
foster-255	242	17	like	like	ADP
foster-255	242	18	google	google	PROPN
foster-255	242	19	forms	form	NOUN
foster-255	242	20	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	242	21	helped	help	VERB
foster-255	242	22	preserve	preserve	VERB
foster-255	242	23	a	a	DET
foster-255	242	24	cognitive	cognitive	ADJ
foster-255	242	25	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	242	26	educational	educational	ADJ
foster-255	242	27	presence	presence	NOUN
foster-255	242	28	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	243	1	however	however	ADV
foster-255	243	2	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	243	3	deeper	deep	ADJ
foster-255	243	4	educational	educational	ADJ
foster-255	243	5	involvement	involvement	NOUN
foster-255	243	6	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	243	7	including	include	VERB
foster-255	243	8	personalized	personalize	VERB
foster-255	243	9	feedback	feedback	NOUN
foster-255	243	10	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	243	11	dialogic	dialogic	ADJ
foster-255	243	12	inquiry	inquiry	NOUN
foster-255	243	13	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	243	14	or	or	CCONJ
foster-255	243	15	customized	customize	VERB
foster-255	243	16	support	support	NOUN
foster-255	243	17	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	243	18	was	be	AUX
foster-255	243	19	occasionally	occasionally	ADV
foster-255	243	20	obstructed	obstruct	VERB
foster-255	243	21	by	by	ADP
foster-255	243	22	time	time	NOUN
foster-255	243	23	constraints	constraint	NOUN
foster-255	243	24	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	243	25	technological	technological	ADJ
foster-255	243	26	proficiency	proficiency	NOUN
foster-255	243	27	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	243	28	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	243	29	inconsistent	inconsistent	ADJ
foster-255	243	30	internet	internet	NOUN
foster-255	243	31	connectivity	connectivity	NOUN
foster-255	243	32	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	244	1	peer	peer	NOUN
foster-255	244	2	interaction	interaction	NOUN
foster-255	244	3	among	among	ADP
foster-255	244	4	learners	learner	NOUN
foster-255	244	5	the	the	DET
foster-255	244	6	interaction	interaction	NOUN
foster-255	244	7	among	among	ADP
foster-255	244	8	learners	learner	NOUN
foster-255	244	9	was	be	AUX
foster-255	244	10	the	the	DET
foster-255	244	11	least	least	ADJ
foster-255	244	12	developed	develop	VERB
foster-255	244	13	of	of	ADP
foster-255	244	14	the	the	DET
foster-255	244	15	three	three	NUM
foster-255	244	16	categories	category	NOUN
foster-255	244	17	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	245	1	although	although	SCONJ
foster-255	245	2	numerous	numerous	ADJ
foster-255	245	3	collaborative	collaborative	ADJ
foster-255	245	4	activities	activity	NOUN
foster-255	245	5	took	take	VERB
foster-255	245	6	place	place	NOUN
foster-255	245	7	over	over	ADP
foster-255	245	8	whatsapp	whatsapp	NOUN
foster-255	245	9	or	or	CCONJ
foster-255	245	10	during	during	ADP
foster-255	245	11	in	in	ADP
foster-255	245	12	-	-	PUNCT
foster-255	245	13	class	class	NOUN
foster-255	245	14	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	245	15	tasks	task	NOUN
foster-255	245	16	(	(	PUNCT
foster-255	245	17	e.g.	e.g.	ADV
foster-255	245	18	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	245	19	team	team	NOUN
foster-255	245	20	quizzes	quiz	NOUN
foster-255	245	21	using	use	VERB
foster-255	245	22	kahoot	kahoot	NOUN
foster-255	245	23	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	245	24	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	245	25	these	these	DET
foster-255	245	26	interactions	interaction	NOUN
foster-255	245	27	were	be	AUX
foster-255	245	28	primarily	primarily	ADV
foster-255	245	29	logistical	logistical	ADJ
foster-255	245	30	rather	rather	ADV
foster-255	245	31	than	than	ADP
foster-255	245	32	academically	academically	ADV
foster-255	245	33	or	or	CCONJ
foster-255	245	34	socially	socially	ADV
foster-255	245	35	significant	significant	ADJ
foster-255	245	36	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	246	1	this	this	PRON
foster-255	246	2	is	be	AUX
foster-255	246	3	concerning	concern	VERB
foster-255	246	4	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	246	5	as	as	SCONJ
foster-255	246	6	peer	peer	NOUN
foster-255	246	7	interaction	interaction	NOUN
foster-255	246	8	is	be	AUX
foster-255	246	9	essential	essential	ADJ
foster-255	246	10	for	for	ADP
foster-255	246	11	meaning	mean	VERB
foster-255	246	12	negotiation	negotiation	NOUN
foster-255	246	13	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	246	14	language	language	NOUN
foster-255	246	15	production	production	NOUN
foster-255	246	16	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	246	17	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	246	18	the	the	DET
foster-255	246	19	development	development	NOUN
foster-255	246	20	of	of	ADP
foster-255	246	21	intercultural	intercultural	ADJ
foster-255	246	22	competences	competence	NOUN
foster-255	246	23	(	(	PUNCT
foster-255	246	24	vygotsky	vygotsky	NOUN
foster-255	246	25	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	246	26	1978	1978	NUM
foster-255	246	27	;	;	PUNCT
foster-255	246	28	smith	smith	PROPN
foster-255	246	29	&	&	CCONJ
foster-255	246	30	macgregor	macgregor	PROPN
foster-255	246	31	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	246	32	1992	1992	NUM
foster-255	246	33	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	246	34	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	247	1	barriers	barrier	NOUN
foster-255	247	2	to	to	PART
foster-255	247	3	peer	peer	NOUN
foster-255	247	4	contact	contact	NOUN
foster-255	247	5	included	include	VERB
foster-255	247	6	unequal	unequal	ADJ
foster-255	247	7	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	247	8	access	access	NOUN
foster-255	247	9	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	247	10	reduced	reduce	VERB
foster-255	247	11	confidence	confidence	NOUN
foster-255	247	12	in	in	ADP
foster-255	247	13	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	247	14	communication	communication	NOUN
foster-255	247	15	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	247	16	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	247	17	a	a	DET
foster-255	247	18	school	school	NOUN
foster-255	247	19	environment	environment	NOUN
foster-255	247	20	that	that	PRON
foster-255	247	21	prioritized	prioritize	VERB
foster-255	247	22	teacher	teacher	NOUN
foster-255	247	23	-	-	PUNCT
foster-255	247	24	led	lead	VERB
foster-255	247	25	instruction	instruction	NOUN
foster-255	247	26	over	over	ADP
foster-255	247	27	peer	peer	NOUN
foster-255	247	28	collaboration	collaboration	NOUN
foster-255	247	29	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	248	1	consequently	consequently	ADV
foster-255	248	2	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	248	3	while	while	SCONJ
foster-255	248	4	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	248	5	technologies	technology	NOUN
foster-255	248	6	can	can	AUX
foster-255	248	7	enhance	enhance	VERB
foster-255	248	8	student	student	NOUN
foster-255	248	9	dialogue	dialogue	NOUN
foster-255	248	10	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	248	11	collaborative	collaborative	ADJ
foster-255	248	12	knowledge	knowledge	NOUN
foster-255	248	13	construction	construction	NOUN
foster-255	248	14	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	248	15	their	their	PRON
foster-255	248	16	use	use	NOUN
foster-255	248	17	requires	require	VERB
foster-255	248	18	deliberate	deliberate	ADJ
foster-255	248	19	teaching	teaching	NOUN
foster-255	248	20	strategies	strategy	NOUN
foster-255	248	21	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	248	22	the	the	DET
foster-255	248	23	formulation	formulation	NOUN
foster-255	248	24	of	of	ADP
foster-255	248	25	cooperative	cooperative	ADJ
foster-255	248	26	assignments	assignment	NOUN
foster-255	248	27	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	249	1	this	this	DET
foster-255	249	2	study	study	NOUN
foster-255	249	3	demonstrates	demonstrate	VERB
foster-255	249	4	that	that	SCONJ
foster-255	249	5	student	student	NOUN
foster-255	249	6	interactions	interaction	NOUN
foster-255	249	7	in	in	ADP
foster-255	249	8	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	249	9	literacy	literacy	NOUN
foster-255	249	10	-	-	PUNCT
foster-255	249	11	focused	focus	VERB
foster-255	249	12	efl	efl	PROPN
foster-255	249	13	training	training	NOUN
foster-255	249	14	reveal	reveal	VERB
foster-255	249	15	significant	significant	ADJ
foster-255	249	16	changes	change	NOUN
foster-255	249	17	in	in	ADP
foster-255	249	18	learning	learn	VERB
foster-255	249	19	dynamics	dynamic	NOUN
foster-255	249	20	within	within	ADP
foster-255	249	21	technology	technology	NOUN
foster-255	249	22	-	-	PUNCT
foster-255	249	23	mediated	mediate	VERB
foster-255	249	24	contexts	contexts	NOUN
foster-255	249	25	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	250	1	the	the	DET
foster-255	250	2	findings	finding	NOUN
foster-255	250	3	illustrate	illustrate	VERB
foster-255	250	4	how	how	SCONJ
foster-255	250	5	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	250	6	platforms	platform	NOUN
foster-255	250	7	such	such	ADJ
foster-255	250	8	as	as	ADP
foster-255	250	9	youtube	youtube	NOUN
foster-255	250	10	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	250	11	kahoot	kahoot	NOUN
foster-255	250	12	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	250	13	whatsapp	whatsapp	NOUN
foster-255	250	14	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	250	15	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	250	16	chatgpt	chatgpt	NOUN
foster-255	250	17	have	have	AUX
foster-255	250	18	transformed	transform	VERB
foster-255	250	19	traditional	traditional	ADJ
foster-255	250	20	classroom	classroom	NOUN
foster-255	250	21	interactions	interaction	NOUN
foster-255	250	22	by	by	ADP
foster-255	250	23	introducing	introduce	VERB
foster-255	250	24	innovative	innovative	ADJ
foster-255	250	25	methods	method	NOUN
foster-255	250	26	of	of	ADP
foster-255	250	27	engagement	engagement	NOUN
foster-255	250	28	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	250	29	collaboration	collaboration	NOUN
foster-255	250	30	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	250	31	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	250	32	learner	learner	NOUN
foster-255	250	33	independence	independence	NOUN
foster-255	250	34	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	251	1	this	this	DET
foster-255	251	2	result	result	NOUN
foster-255	251	3	supports	support	VERB
foster-255	251	4	vygotsky	vygotsky	NOUN
foster-255	251	5	's	's	PART
foster-255	251	6	(	(	PUNCT
foster-255	251	7	1978	1978	NUM
foster-255	251	8	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	251	9	sociocultural	sociocultural	ADJ
foster-255	251	10	theory	theory	NOUN
foster-255	251	11	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	251	12	which	which	PRON
foster-255	251	13	emphasizes	emphasize	VERB
foster-255	251	14	the	the	DET
foster-255	251	15	importance	importance	NOUN
foster-255	251	16	of	of	ADP
foster-255	251	17	mediated	mediate	VERB
foster-255	251	18	tools	tool	NOUN
foster-255	251	19	in	in	ADP
foster-255	251	20	the	the	DET
foster-255	251	21	joint	joint	ADJ
foster-255	251	22	construction	construction	NOUN
foster-255	251	23	of	of	ADP
foster-255	251	24	knowledge	knowledge	NOUN
foster-255	251	25	through	through	ADP
foster-255	251	26	social	social	ADJ
foster-255	251	27	interaction	interaction	NOUN
foster-255	251	28	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	252	1	the	the	DET
foster-255	252	2	students	student	NOUN
foster-255	252	3	in	in	ADP
foster-255	252	4	the	the	DET
foster-255	252	5	observed	observe	VERB
foster-255	252	6	classrooms	classroom	NOUN
foster-255	252	7	demonstrated	demonstrate	VERB
foster-255	252	8	increased	increase	VERB
foster-255	252	9	motivation	motivation	NOUN
foster-255	252	10	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	252	11	which	which	PRON
foster-255	252	12	was	be	AUX
foster-255	252	13	attributed	attribute	VERB
foster-255	252	14	to	to	ADP
foster-255	252	15	the	the	DET
foster-255	252	16	use	use	NOUN
foster-255	252	17	of	of	ADP
foster-255	252	18	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	252	19	devices	device	NOUN
foster-255	252	20	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	252	21	enhancing	enhance	VERB
foster-255	252	22	their	their	PRON
foster-255	252	23	focus	focus	NOUN
foster-255	252	24	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	252	25	engagement	engagement	NOUN
foster-255	252	26	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	252	27	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	252	28	collaborative	collaborative	ADJ
foster-255	252	29	behaviours	behaviour	NOUN
foster-255	252	30	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	253	1	video	video	NOUN
foster-255	253	2	content	content	NOUN
foster-255	253	3	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	253	4	game	game	NOUN
foster-255	253	5	-	-	PUNCT
foster-255	253	6	based	base	VERB
foster-255	253	7	systems	system	NOUN
foster-255	253	8	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	253	9	such	such	ADJ
foster-255	253	10	as	as	ADP
foster-255	253	11	kahoot	kahoot	NOUN
foster-255	253	12	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	253	13	cultivate	cultivate	VERB
foster-255	253	14	a	a	DET
foster-255	253	15	dynamic	dynamic	ADJ
foster-255	253	16	learning	learning	NOUN
foster-255	253	17	environment	environment	NOUN
foster-255	253	18	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	253	19	augmenting	augment	VERB
foster-255	253	20	competition	competition	NOUN
foster-255	253	21	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	253	22	engagement	engagement	NOUN
foster-255	253	23	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	254	1	this	this	PRON
foster-255	254	2	aligns	align	VERB
foster-255	254	3	with	with	ADP
foster-255	254	4	the	the	DET
foster-255	254	5	multidimensional	multidimensional	ADJ
foster-255	254	6	engagement	engagement	NOUN
foster-255	254	7	framework	framework	NOUN
foster-255	254	8	established	establish	VERB
foster-255	254	9	by	by	ADP
foster-255	254	10	fredricks	fredrick	NOUN
foster-255	254	11	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	254	12	blumenfeld	blumenfeld	NOUN
foster-255	254	13	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	254	14	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	254	15	paris	paris	PROPN
foster-255	254	16	(	(	PUNCT
foster-255	254	17	2004	2004	NUM
foster-255	254	18	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	254	19	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	254	20	which	which	PRON
foster-255	254	21	includes	include	VERB
foster-255	254	22	behavioral	behavioral	ADJ
foster-255	254	23	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	254	24	emotional	emotional	ADJ
foster-255	254	25	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	254	26	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	254	27	cognitive	cognitive	ADJ
foster-255	254	28	http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689	http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689	NOUN
foster-255	254	29	http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689	http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689	NUM
foster-255	254	30	copyright	copyright	NOUN
foster-255	254	31	©	©	PROPN
foster-255	254	32	the	the	DET
foster-255	254	33	author(s	author(s	NOUN
foster-255	254	34	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	254	35	vol	vol	NOUN
foster-255	254	36	.	.	PROPN
foster-255	255	1	6	6	NUM
foster-255	255	2	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	255	3	no	no	INTJ
foster-255	255	4	.	.	NOUN
foster-255	255	5	3	3	NUM
foster-255	255	6	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	255	7	july	july	PROPN
foster-255	255	8	2025	2025	NUM
foster-255	256	1	e	e	X
foster-255	256	2	-	-	PUNCT
foster-255	256	3	issn	issn	ADJ
foster-255	256	4	:	:	PUNCT
foster-255	256	5	2723	2723	NUM
foster-255	256	6	-	-	SYM
foster-255	256	7	4126	4126	NUM
foster-255	256	8	p	p	NOUN
foster-255	256	9	-	-	PUNCT
foster-255	256	10	issn	issn	NOUN
foster-255	256	11	:	:	PUNCT
foster-255	256	12	2776	2776	NUM
foster-255	256	13	-	-	SYM
foster-255	256	14	8880	8880	NUM
foster-255	256	15	205	205	NUM
foster-255	256	16	elements	element	NOUN
foster-255	256	17	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	257	1	the	the	DET
foster-255	257	2	active	active	ADJ
foster-255	257	3	participation	participation	NOUN
foster-255	257	4	of	of	ADP
foster-255	257	5	students	student	NOUN
foster-255	257	6	in	in	ADP
foster-255	257	7	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	257	8	quizzes	quiz	NOUN
foster-255	257	9	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	257	10	their	their	PRON
foster-255	257	11	love	love	NOUN
foster-255	257	12	for	for	ADP
foster-255	257	13	multimedia	multimedia	NOUN
foster-255	257	14	content	content	NOUN
foster-255	257	15	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	257	16	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	257	17	their	their	PRON
foster-255	257	18	enthusiasm	enthusiasm	NOUN
foster-255	257	19	for	for	ADP
foster-255	257	20	exploring	explore	VERB
foster-255	257	21	resources	resource	NOUN
foster-255	257	22	beyond	beyond	ADP
foster-255	257	23	the	the	DET
foster-255	257	24	classroom	classroom	NOUN
foster-255	257	25	illustrate	illustrate	VERB
foster-255	257	26	all	all	DET
foster-255	257	27	three	three	NUM
foster-255	257	28	dimensions	dimension	NOUN
foster-255	257	29	of	of	ADP
foster-255	257	30	engagement	engagement	NOUN
foster-255	257	31	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	258	1	nonetheless	nonetheless	ADV
foster-255	258	2	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	258	3	while	while	SCONJ
foster-255	258	4	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	258	5	technologies	technology	NOUN
foster-255	258	6	improved	improve	VERB
foster-255	258	7	students	student	NOUN
foster-255	258	8	'	'	PART
foster-255	258	9	surface	surface	NOUN
foster-255	258	10	interaction	interaction	NOUN
foster-255	258	11	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	258	12	task	task	NOUN
foster-255	258	13	involvement	involvement	NOUN
foster-255	258	14	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	258	15	the	the	DET
foster-255	258	16	degree	degree	NOUN
foster-255	258	17	of	of	ADP
foster-255	258	18	substantial	substantial	ADJ
foster-255	258	19	academic	academic	ADJ
foster-255	258	20	engagement	engagement	NOUN
foster-255	258	21	varied	vary	VERB
foster-255	258	22	significantly	significantly	ADV
foster-255	258	23	among	among	ADP
foster-255	258	24	learners	learner	NOUN
foster-255	258	25	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	259	1	several	several	ADJ
foster-255	259	2	students	student	NOUN
foster-255	259	3	demonstrated	demonstrate	VERB
foster-255	259	4	critical	critical	ADJ
foster-255	259	5	engagement	engagement	NOUN
foster-255	259	6	by	by	ADP
foster-255	259	7	independently	independently	ADV
foster-255	259	8	acquiring	acquire	VERB
foster-255	259	9	supplementary	supplementary	ADJ
foster-255	259	10	knowledge	knowledge	NOUN
foster-255	259	11	through	through	ADP
foster-255	259	12	platforms	platform	NOUN
foster-255	259	13	like	like	ADP
foster-255	259	14	youtube	youtube	NOUN
foster-255	259	15	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	259	16	chatgpt	chatgpt	NOUN
foster-255	259	17	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	259	18	thereby	thereby	ADV
foster-255	259	19	exemplifying	exemplify	VERB
foster-255	259	20	learner	learner	NOUN
foster-255	259	21	autonomy	autonomy	NOUN
foster-255	259	22	—	—	PUNCT
foster-255	259	23	a	a	DET
foster-255	259	24	key	key	ADJ
foster-255	259	25	attribute	attribute	NOUN
foster-255	259	26	of	of	ADP
foster-255	259	27	21st	21st	ADJ
foster-255	259	28	-	-	PUNCT
foster-255	259	29	century	century	NOUN
foster-255	259	30	education	education	NOUN
foster-255	259	31	(	(	PUNCT
foster-255	259	32	redecker	redecker	NOUN
foster-255	259	33	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	259	34	2017	2017	NUM
foster-255	259	35	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	259	36	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	260	1	in	in	ADP
foster-255	260	2	contrast	contrast	NOUN
foster-255	260	3	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	260	4	several	several	ADJ
foster-255	260	5	individuals	individual	NOUN
foster-255	260	6	utilize	utilize	VERB
foster-255	260	7	technology	technology	NOUN
foster-255	260	8	passively	passively	ADV
foster-255	260	9	or	or	CCONJ
foster-255	260	10	solely	solely	ADV
foster-255	260	11	for	for	ADP
foster-255	260	12	entertainment	entertainment	NOUN
foster-255	260	13	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	260	14	illustrating	illustrate	VERB
foster-255	260	15	what	what	PRON
foster-255	260	16	ertmer	ertmer	NOUN
foster-255	260	17	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	260	18	newby	newby	NOUN
foster-255	260	19	(	(	PUNCT
foster-255	260	20	1993	1993	NUM
foster-255	260	21	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	260	22	define	define	VERB
foster-255	260	23	as	as	ADP
foster-255	260	24	low	low	ADJ
foster-255	260	25	-	-	PUNCT
foster-255	260	26	level	level	NOUN
foster-255	260	27	involvement	involvement	NOUN
foster-255	260	28	that	that	PRON
foster-255	260	29	fails	fail	VERB
foster-255	260	30	to	to	PART
foster-255	260	31	foster	foster	VERB
foster-255	260	32	higher	high	ADJ
foster-255	260	33	-	-	PUNCT
foster-255	260	34	order	order	NOUN
foster-255	260	35	cognitive	cognitive	ADJ
foster-255	260	36	skills	skill	NOUN
foster-255	260	37	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	261	1	the	the	DET
foster-255	261	2	significance	significance	NOUN
foster-255	261	3	of	of	ADP
foster-255	261	4	interaction	interaction	NOUN
foster-255	261	5	in	in	ADP
foster-255	261	6	technologyenhanced	technologyenhance	VERB
foster-255	261	7	efl	efl	PROPN
foster-255	261	8	lessons	lesson	NOUN
foster-255	261	9	has	have	AUX
foster-255	261	10	also	also	ADV
foster-255	261	11	evolved	evolve	VERB
foster-255	261	12	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	262	1	students	student	NOUN
foster-255	262	2	reported	report	VERB
foster-255	262	3	frequent	frequent	ADJ
foster-255	262	4	use	use	NOUN
foster-255	262	5	of	of	ADP
foster-255	262	6	whatsapp	whatsapp	NOUN
foster-255	262	7	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	262	8	instagram	instagram	PROPN
foster-255	262	9	for	for	ADP
foster-255	262	10	exchanging	exchange	VERB
foster-255	262	11	materials	material	NOUN
foster-255	262	12	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	262	13	discussing	discuss	VERB
foster-255	262	14	assignments	assignment	NOUN
foster-255	262	15	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	262	16	indicating	indicate	VERB
foster-255	262	17	the	the	DET
foster-255	262	18	formation	formation	NOUN
foster-255	262	19	of	of	ADP
foster-255	262	20	informal	informal	ADJ
foster-255	262	21	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	262	22	student	student	NOUN
foster-255	262	23	-	-	PUNCT
foster-255	262	24	led	lead	VERB
foster-255	262	25	learning	learning	NOUN
foster-255	262	26	networks	network	NOUN
foster-255	262	27	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	263	1	these	these	DET
foster-255	263	2	peer	peer	NOUN
foster-255	263	3	-	-	PUNCT
foster-255	263	4	driven	drive	VERB
foster-255	263	5	interactions	interaction	NOUN
foster-255	263	6	promote	promote	VERB
foster-255	263	7	the	the	DET
foster-255	263	8	principles	principle	NOUN
foster-255	263	9	of	of	ADP
foster-255	263	10	connectivism	connectivism	NOUN
foster-255	263	11	(	(	PUNCT
foster-255	263	12	siemens	siemen	NOUN
foster-255	263	13	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	263	14	2005	2005	NUM
foster-255	263	15	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	263	16	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	263	17	which	which	PRON
foster-255	263	18	posits	posit	VERB
foster-255	263	19	that	that	SCONJ
foster-255	263	20	learning	learning	NOUN
foster-255	263	21	occurs	occur	VERB
foster-255	263	22	through	through	ADP
foster-255	263	23	decentralized	decentralize	VERB
foster-255	263	24	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	263	25	technology	technology	NOUN
foster-255	263	26	-	-	PUNCT
foster-255	263	27	mediated	mediate	VERB
foster-255	263	28	networks	network	NOUN
foster-255	263	29	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	264	1	however	however	ADV
foster-255	264	2	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	264	3	these	these	DET
foster-255	264	4	conversations	conversation	NOUN
foster-255	264	5	often	often	ADV
foster-255	264	6	lacked	lack	VERB
foster-255	264	7	moderation	moderation	NOUN
foster-255	264	8	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	264	9	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	264	10	the	the	DET
foster-255	264	11	absence	absence	NOUN
foster-255	264	12	of	of	ADP
foster-255	264	13	instructor	instructor	NOUN
foster-255	264	14	engagement	engagement	NOUN
foster-255	264	15	on	on	ADP
foster-255	264	16	these	these	DET
foster-255	264	17	informal	informal	ADJ
foster-255	264	18	forums	forum	NOUN
foster-255	264	19	may	may	AUX
foster-255	264	20	result	result	VERB
foster-255	264	21	in	in	ADP
foster-255	264	22	uneven	uneven	ADJ
foster-255	264	23	academic	academic	ADJ
foster-255	264	24	discourse	discourse	NOUN
foster-255	264	25	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	264	26	variations	variation	NOUN
foster-255	264	27	in	in	ADP
foster-255	264	28	participation	participation	NOUN
foster-255	264	29	levels	level	NOUN
foster-255	264	30	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	265	1	notwithstanding	notwithstanding	ADP
foster-255	265	2	the	the	DET
foster-255	265	3	apparent	apparent	ADJ
foster-255	265	4	benefits	benefit	NOUN
foster-255	265	5	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	265	6	challenges	challenge	NOUN
foster-255	265	7	persist	persist	VERB
foster-255	265	8	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	266	1	a	a	DET
foster-255	266	2	multitude	multitude	NOUN
foster-255	266	3	of	of	ADP
foster-255	266	4	students	student	NOUN
foster-255	266	5	indicated	indicate	VERB
foster-255	266	6	challenges	challenge	NOUN
foster-255	266	7	in	in	ADP
foster-255	266	8	focusing	focus	VERB
foster-255	266	9	on	on	ADP
foster-255	266	10	academic	academic	ADJ
foster-255	266	11	content	content	NOUN
foster-255	266	12	while	while	SCONJ
foster-255	266	13	using	use	VERB
foster-255	266	14	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	266	15	devices	device	NOUN
foster-255	266	16	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	266	17	often	often	ADV
foster-255	266	18	leading	lead	VERB
foster-255	266	19	to	to	ADP
foster-255	266	20	multitasking	multitaske	VERB
foster-255	266	21	or	or	CCONJ
foster-255	266	22	distractions	distraction	NOUN
foster-255	266	23	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	267	1	these	these	DET
foster-255	267	2	findings	finding	NOUN
foster-255	267	3	align	align	VERB
foster-255	267	4	with	with	ADP
foster-255	267	5	junco	junco	NOUN
foster-255	267	6	's	's	PART
foster-255	267	7	(	(	PUNCT
foster-255	267	8	2012	2012	NUM
foster-255	267	9	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	267	10	research	research	NOUN
foster-255	267	11	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	267	12	which	which	PRON
foster-255	267	13	suggests	suggest	VERB
foster-255	267	14	that	that	SCONJ
foster-255	267	15	excessive	excessive	ADJ
foster-255	267	16	social	social	ADJ
foster-255	267	17	media	media	NOUN
foster-255	267	18	usage	usage	NOUN
foster-255	267	19	may	may	AUX
foster-255	267	20	be	be	AUX
foster-255	267	21	associated	associate	VERB
foster-255	267	22	with	with	ADP
foster-255	267	23	reduced	reduced	ADJ
foster-255	267	24	academic	academic	ADJ
foster-255	267	25	engagement	engagement	NOUN
foster-255	267	26	if	if	SCONJ
foster-255	267	27	not	not	PART
foster-255	267	28	adequately	adequately	ADV
foster-255	267	29	regulated	regulate	VERB
foster-255	267	30	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	268	1	moreover	moreover	ADV
foster-255	268	2	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	268	3	technological	technological	ADJ
foster-255	268	4	disparities	disparity	NOUN
foster-255	268	5	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	268	6	including	include	VERB
foster-255	268	7	limited	limited	ADJ
foster-255	268	8	access	access	NOUN
foster-255	268	9	to	to	ADP
foster-255	268	10	devices	device	NOUN
foster-255	268	11	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	268	12	unreliable	unreliable	ADJ
foster-255	268	13	internet	internet	NOUN
foster-255	268	14	connectivity	connectivity	NOUN
foster-255	268	15	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	268	16	hindered	hinder	VERB
foster-255	268	17	equal	equal	ADJ
foster-255	268	18	participation	participation	NOUN
foster-255	268	19	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	268	20	particularly	particularly	ADV
foster-255	268	21	among	among	ADP
foster-255	268	22	students	student	NOUN
foster-255	268	23	from	from	ADP
foster-255	268	24	lower	low	ADJ
foster-255	268	25	socioeconomic	socioeconomic	ADJ
foster-255	268	26	backgrounds	background	NOUN
foster-255	268	27	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	269	1	warschauer	warschauer	NOUN
foster-255	269	2	(	(	PUNCT
foster-255	269	3	2003	2003	NUM
foster-255	269	4	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	269	5	observed	observe	VERB
foster-255	269	6	that	that	SCONJ
foster-255	269	7	the	the	DET
foster-255	269	8	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	269	9	divide	divide	NOUN
foster-255	269	10	remains	remain	VERB
foster-255	269	11	a	a	DET
foster-255	269	12	considerable	considerable	ADJ
foster-255	269	13	barrier	barrier	NOUN
foster-255	269	14	to	to	ADP
foster-255	269	15	inclusive	inclusive	ADJ
foster-255	269	16	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	269	17	education	education	NOUN
foster-255	269	18	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	270	1	the	the	DET
foster-255	270	2	research	research	NOUN
foster-255	270	3	demonstrates	demonstrate	VERB
foster-255	270	4	that	that	SCONJ
foster-255	270	5	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	270	6	engagement	engagement	NOUN
foster-255	270	7	is	be	AUX
foster-255	270	8	heterogeneous	heterogeneous	ADJ
foster-255	270	9	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	270	10	significantly	significantly	ADV
foster-255	270	11	influenced	influence	VERB
foster-255	270	12	by	by	ADP
foster-255	270	13	individual	individual	ADJ
foster-255	270	14	learning	learning	NOUN
foster-255	270	15	preferences	preference	NOUN
foster-255	270	16	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	270	17	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	270	18	competencies	competency	NOUN
foster-255	270	19	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	270	20	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	270	21	classroom	classroom	NOUN
foster-255	270	22	environment	environment	NOUN
foster-255	270	23	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	271	1	educators	educator	NOUN
foster-255	271	2	must	must	AUX
foster-255	271	3	create	create	VERB
foster-255	271	4	structured	structured	ADJ
foster-255	271	5	yet	yet	CCONJ
foster-255	271	6	flexible	flexible	ADJ
foster-255	271	7	learning	learning	NOUN
foster-255	271	8	settings	setting	NOUN
foster-255	271	9	to	to	PART
foster-255	271	10	effectively	effectively	ADV
foster-255	271	11	leverage	leverage	VERB
foster-255	271	12	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	271	13	resources	resource	NOUN
foster-255	271	14	that	that	PRON
foster-255	271	15	promote	promote	VERB
foster-255	271	16	focused	focused	ADJ
foster-255	271	17	engagement	engagement	NOUN
foster-255	271	18	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	271	19	independent	independent	ADJ
foster-255	271	20	exploration	exploration	NOUN
foster-255	271	21	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	272	1	this	this	PRON
foster-255	272	2	entails	entail	VERB
foster-255	272	3	integrating	integrate	VERB
foster-255	272	4	collaborative	collaborative	ADJ
foster-255	272	5	efforts	effort	NOUN
foster-255	272	6	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	272	7	peer	peer	NOUN
foster-255	272	8	evaluation	evaluation	NOUN
foster-255	272	9	systems	system	NOUN
foster-255	272	10	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	272	11	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	272	12	explicit	explicit	ADJ
foster-255	272	13	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	272	14	literacy	literacy	NOUN
foster-255	272	15	instruction	instruction	NOUN
foster-255	272	16	into	into	ADP
foster-255	272	17	the	the	DET
foster-255	272	18	curriculum	curriculum	NOUN
foster-255	272	19	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	273	1	instruction	instruction	NOUN
foster-255	273	2	based	base	VERB
foster-255	273	3	on	on	ADP
foster-255	273	4	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	273	5	literacy	literacy	NOUN
foster-255	273	6	has	have	AUX
foster-255	273	7	revolutionized	revolutionize	VERB
foster-255	273	8	learning	learn	VERB
foster-255	273	9	interactions	interaction	NOUN
foster-255	273	10	in	in	ADP
foster-255	273	11	the	the	DET
foster-255	273	12	efl	efl	PROPN
foster-255	273	13	classroom	classroom	NOUN
foster-255	273	14	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	273	15	particularly	particularly	ADV
foster-255	273	16	enhancing	enhance	VERB
foster-255	273	17	learner	learner	NOUN
foster-255	273	18	-	-	PUNCT
foster-255	273	19	content	content	NOUN
foster-255	273	20	engagement	engagement	NOUN
foster-255	273	21	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	274	1	to	to	PART
foster-255	274	2	fully	fully	ADV
foster-255	274	3	realize	realize	VERB
foster-255	274	4	the	the	DET
foster-255	274	5	educational	educational	ADJ
foster-255	274	6	potential	potential	NOUN
foster-255	274	7	of	of	ADP
foster-255	274	8	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	274	9	communication	communication	NOUN
foster-255	274	10	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	274	11	there	there	PRON
foster-255	274	12	must	must	AUX
foster-255	274	13	be	be	AUX
foster-255	274	14	an	an	DET
foster-255	274	15	enhanced	enhanced	ADJ
foster-255	274	16	emphasis	emphasis	NOUN
foster-255	274	17	on	on	ADP
foster-255	274	18	dialogic	dialogic	ADJ
foster-255	274	19	interactions	interaction	NOUN
foster-255	274	20	between	between	ADP
foster-255	274	21	educators	educator	NOUN
foster-255	274	22	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	274	23	learners	learner	NOUN
foster-255	274	24	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	274	25	as	as	ADV
foster-255	274	26	well	well	ADV
foster-255	274	27	as	as	ADP
foster-255	274	28	the	the	DET
foster-255	274	29	encouragement	encouragement	NOUN
foster-255	274	30	of	of	ADP
foster-255	274	31	peer	peer	NOUN
foster-255	274	32	collaboration	collaboration	NOUN
foster-255	274	33	through	through	ADP
foster-255	274	34	structured	structure	VERB
foster-255	274	35	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	274	36	tasks	task	NOUN
foster-255	274	37	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	275	1	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	275	2	resources	resource	NOUN
foster-255	275	3	have	have	AUX
foster-255	275	4	enhanced	enhance	VERB
foster-255	275	5	student	student	NOUN
foster-255	275	6	engagement	engagement	NOUN
foster-255	275	7	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	275	8	interaction	interaction	NOUN
foster-255	275	9	in	in	ADP
foster-255	275	10	efl	efl	PROPN
foster-255	275	11	classes	class	NOUN
foster-255	275	12	;	;	PUNCT
foster-255	275	13	yet	yet	ADV
foster-255	275	14	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	275	15	consistent	consistent	ADJ
foster-255	275	16	pedagogical	pedagogical	ADJ
foster-255	275	17	approaches	approach	NOUN
foster-255	275	18	are	be	AUX
foster-255	275	19	crucial	crucial	ADJ
foster-255	275	20	to	to	PART
foster-255	275	21	deepen	deepen	VERB
foster-255	275	22	learning	learning	NOUN
foster-255	275	23	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	275	24	minimize	minimize	VERB
foster-255	275	25	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	275	26	distractions	distraction	NOUN
foster-255	275	27	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	275	28	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	275	29	ensure	ensure	VERB
foster-255	275	30	equitable	equitable	ADJ
foster-255	275	31	participation	participation	NOUN
foster-255	275	32	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	276	1	educators	educator	NOUN
foster-255	276	2	must	must	AUX
foster-255	276	3	adapt	adapt	VERB
foster-255	276	4	their	their	PRON
foster-255	276	5	roles	role	NOUN
foster-255	276	6	to	to	PART
foster-255	276	7	foster	foster	VERB
foster-255	276	8	both	both	CCONJ
foster-255	276	9	technical	technical	ADJ
foster-255	276	10	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	276	11	social	social	ADJ
foster-255	276	12	engagement	engagement	NOUN
foster-255	276	13	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	276	14	thereby	thereby	ADV
foster-255	276	15	maximising	maximise	VERB
foster-255	276	16	the	the	DET
foster-255	276	17	educational	educational	ADJ
foster-255	276	18	benefits	benefit	NOUN
foster-255	276	19	of	of	ADP
foster-255	276	20	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	276	21	literacy	literacy	NOUN
foster-255	276	22	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	277	1	this	this	DET
foster-255	277	2	study	study	NOUN
foster-255	277	3	demonstrates	demonstrate	VERB
foster-255	277	4	that	that	SCONJ
foster-255	277	5	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	277	6	literacy	literacy	NOUN
foster-255	277	7	practices	practice	NOUN
foster-255	277	8	in	in	ADP
foster-255	277	9	efl	efl	PROPN
foster-255	277	10	classrooms	classroom	NOUN
foster-255	277	11	are	be	AUX
foster-255	277	12	profoundly	profoundly	ADV
foster-255	277	13	interconnected	interconnected	ADJ
foster-255	277	14	with	with	ADP
foster-255	277	15	sociocultural	sociocultural	ADJ
foster-255	277	16	values	value	NOUN
foster-255	277	17	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	277	18	local	local	ADJ
foster-255	277	19	pedagogical	pedagogical	ADJ
foster-255	277	20	traditions	tradition	NOUN
foster-255	277	21	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	277	22	as	as	ADP
foster-255	277	23	http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689	http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689	PROPN
foster-255	277	24	http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689	http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689	NOUN
foster-255	277	25	copyright	copyright	NOUN
foster-255	277	26	©	©	PROPN
foster-255	277	27	the	the	DET
foster-255	277	28	author(s	author(s	NOUN
foster-255	277	29	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	277	30	vol	vol	NOUN
foster-255	277	31	.	.	PROPN
foster-255	278	1	6	6	NUM
foster-255	278	2	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	278	3	no	no	INTJ
foster-255	278	4	.	.	NOUN
foster-255	278	5	3	3	NUM
foster-255	278	6	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	278	7	july	july	PROPN
foster-255	278	8	2025	2025	NUM
foster-255	279	1	e	e	X
foster-255	279	2	-	-	PUNCT
foster-255	279	3	issn	issn	ADJ
foster-255	279	4	:	:	PUNCT
foster-255	279	5	2723	2723	NUM
foster-255	279	6	-	-	SYM
foster-255	279	7	4126	4126	NUM
foster-255	279	8	p	p	NOUN
foster-255	279	9	-	-	PUNCT
foster-255	279	10	issn	issn	NOUN
foster-255	279	11	:	:	PUNCT
foster-255	279	12	2776	2776	NUM
foster-255	279	13	-	-	SYM
foster-255	279	14	8880	8880	NUM
foster-255	279	15	206	206	NUM
foster-255	279	16	evidenced	evidence	VERB
foster-255	279	17	by	by	ADP
foster-255	279	18	the	the	DET
foster-255	279	19	identified	identify	VERB
foster-255	279	20	culture	culture	NOUN
foster-255	279	21	themes	theme	NOUN
foster-255	279	22	:	:	PUNCT
foster-255	279	23	technology	technology	NOUN
foster-255	279	24	-	-	PUNCT
foster-255	279	25	enhanced	enhance	VERB
foster-255	279	26	pedagogical	pedagogical	ADJ
foster-255	279	27	mediation	mediation	NOUN
foster-255	279	28	as	as	ADP
foster-255	279	29	a	a	DET
foster-255	279	30	cultural	cultural	ADJ
foster-255	279	31	norm	norm	NOUN
foster-255	279	32	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	279	33	teacher	teacher	NOUN
foster-255	279	34	authority	authority	NOUN
foster-255	279	35	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	279	36	human	human	ADJ
foster-255	279	37	connection	connection	NOUN
foster-255	279	38	in	in	ADP
foster-255	279	39	a	a	DET
foster-255	279	40	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	279	41	landscape	landscape	NOUN
foster-255	279	42	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	279	43	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	279	44	peer	peer	NOUN
foster-255	279	45	collaboration	collaboration	NOUN
foster-255	279	46	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	279	47	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	279	48	solidarity	solidarity	NOUN
foster-255	279	49	amid	amid	ADP
foster-255	279	50	structural	structural	ADJ
foster-255	279	51	constraints	constraint	NOUN
foster-255	279	52	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	280	1	these	these	DET
foster-255	280	2	elements	element	NOUN
foster-255	280	3	align	align	VERB
foster-255	280	4	with	with	ADP
foster-255	280	5	vygotsky	vygotsky	PROPN
foster-255	280	6	’s	’s	PART
foster-255	280	7	(	(	PUNCT
foster-255	280	8	1978	1978	NUM
foster-255	280	9	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	280	10	sociocultural	sociocultural	ADJ
foster-255	280	11	theory	theory	NOUN
foster-255	280	12	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	280	13	which	which	PRON
foster-255	280	14	posits	posit	VERB
foster-255	280	15	that	that	SCONJ
foster-255	280	16	tools	tool	NOUN
foster-255	280	17	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	280	18	symbols	symbol	NOUN
foster-255	280	19	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	280	20	such	such	ADJ
foster-255	280	21	as	as	ADP
foster-255	280	22	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	280	23	media	medium	NOUN
foster-255	280	24	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	280	25	facilitate	facilitate	VERB
foster-255	280	26	cognitive	cognitive	ADJ
foster-255	280	27	growth	growth	NOUN
foster-255	280	28	via	via	ADP
foster-255	280	29	social	social	ADJ
foster-255	280	30	interaction	interaction	NOUN
foster-255	280	31	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	281	1	the	the	DET
foster-255	281	2	utilization	utilization	NOUN
foster-255	281	3	of	of	ADP
foster-255	281	4	platforms	platform	NOUN
foster-255	281	5	such	such	ADJ
foster-255	281	6	as	as	ADP
foster-255	281	7	youtube	youtube	NOUN
foster-255	281	8	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	281	9	kahoot	kahoot	NOUN
foster-255	281	10	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	281	11	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	281	12	chatgpt	chatgpt	NOUN
foster-255	281	13	illustrates	illustrate	VERB
foster-255	281	14	that	that	SCONJ
foster-255	281	15	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	281	16	tools	tool	NOUN
foster-255	281	17	serve	serve	VERB
foster-255	281	18	not	not	PART
foster-255	281	19	only	only	ADV
foster-255	281	20	as	as	ADP
foster-255	281	21	supplementary	supplementary	ADJ
foster-255	281	22	instructional	instructional	ADJ
foster-255	281	23	resources	resource	NOUN
foster-255	281	24	but	but	CCONJ
foster-255	281	25	as	as	ADP
foster-255	281	26	essential	essential	ADJ
foster-255	281	27	mediators	mediator	NOUN
foster-255	281	28	in	in	ADP
foster-255	281	29	the	the	DET
foster-255	281	30	formation	formation	NOUN
foster-255	281	31	of	of	ADP
foster-255	281	32	knowledge	knowledge	NOUN
foster-255	281	33	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	281	34	embodying	embody	VERB
foster-255	281	35	what	what	PRON
foster-255	281	36	wertsch	wertsch	VERB
foster-255	281	37	(	(	PUNCT
foster-255	281	38	1991	1991	NUM
foster-255	281	39	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	281	40	describes	describe	VERB
foster-255	281	41	as	as	ADP
foster-255	281	42	“	"	PUNCT
foster-255	281	43	mediated	mediate	VERB
foster-255	281	44	action	action	NOUN
foster-255	281	45	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	282	1	moreover	moreover	ADV
foster-255	282	2	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	282	3	the	the	DET
foster-255	282	4	enduring	endure	VERB
foster-255	282	5	nature	nature	NOUN
foster-255	282	6	of	of	ADP
foster-255	282	7	teacher	teacher	NOUN
foster-255	282	8	authority	authority	NOUN
foster-255	282	9	in	in	ADP
foster-255	282	10	the	the	DET
foster-255	282	11	context	context	NOUN
foster-255	282	12	of	of	ADP
foster-255	282	13	technological	technological	ADJ
foster-255	282	14	integration	integration	NOUN
foster-255	282	15	corresponds	correspond	VERB
foster-255	282	16	with	with	ADP
foster-255	282	17	the	the	DET
foster-255	282	18	collectivist	collectivist	ADJ
foster-255	282	19	cultural	cultural	ADJ
foster-255	282	20	norms	norm	NOUN
foster-255	282	21	prevalent	prevalent	ADJ
foster-255	282	22	in	in	ADP
foster-255	282	23	indonesian	indonesian	ADJ
foster-255	282	24	classrooms	classroom	NOUN
foster-255	282	25	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	283	1	according	accord	VERB
foster-255	283	2	to	to	ADP
foster-255	283	3	hofstede	hofstede	NOUN
foster-255	283	4	(	(	PUNCT
foster-255	283	5	2001	2001	NUM
foster-255	283	6	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	283	7	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	283	8	societies	society	NOUN
foster-255	283	9	with	with	ADP
foster-255	283	10	considerable	considerable	ADJ
foster-255	283	11	power	power	NOUN
foster-255	283	12	distance	distance	NOUN
foster-255	283	13	often	often	ADV
foster-255	283	14	maintain	maintain	VERB
foster-255	283	15	hierarchical	hierarchical	ADJ
foster-255	283	16	relationships	relationship	NOUN
foster-255	283	17	within	within	ADP
foster-255	283	18	educational	educational	ADJ
foster-255	283	19	contexts	contexts	NOUN
foster-255	283	20	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	284	1	this	this	PRON
foster-255	284	2	is	be	AUX
foster-255	284	3	apparent	apparent	ADJ
foster-255	284	4	in	in	ADP
foster-255	284	5	students	student	NOUN
foster-255	284	6	'	'	PART
foster-255	284	7	dependence	dependence	NOUN
foster-255	284	8	on	on	ADP
foster-255	284	9	direct	direct	ADJ
foster-255	284	10	instructor	instructor	NOUN
foster-255	284	11	instruction	instruction	NOUN
foster-255	284	12	despite	despite	SCONJ
foster-255	284	13	the	the	DET
foster-255	284	14	presence	presence	NOUN
foster-255	284	15	of	of	ADP
foster-255	284	16	self	self	NOUN
foster-255	284	17	-	-	PUNCT
foster-255	284	18	access	access	NOUN
foster-255	284	19	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	284	20	resources	resource	NOUN
foster-255	284	21	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	285	1	li	li	PROPN
foster-255	285	2	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	285	3	walsh	walsh	PROPN
foster-255	285	4	(	(	PUNCT
foster-255	285	5	2011	2011	NUM
foster-255	285	6	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	285	7	reported	report	VERB
foster-255	285	8	similar	similar	ADJ
foster-255	285	9	findings	finding	NOUN
foster-255	285	10	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	285	11	noting	note	VERB
foster-255	285	12	that	that	SCONJ
foster-255	285	13	teacher	teacher	NOUN
foster-255	285	14	-	-	PUNCT
foster-255	285	15	led	lead	VERB
foster-255	285	16	interaction	interaction	NOUN
foster-255	285	17	continues	continue	VERB
foster-255	285	18	to	to	PART
foster-255	285	19	prevail	prevail	VERB
foster-255	285	20	in	in	ADP
foster-255	285	21	asian	asian	ADJ
foster-255	285	22	efl	efl	PROPN
foster-255	285	23	contexts	contexts	NOUN
foster-255	285	24	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	285	25	even	even	ADV
foster-255	285	26	in	in	ADP
foster-255	285	27	technologically	technologically	ADV
foster-255	285	28	advanced	advanced	ADJ
foster-255	285	29	settings	setting	NOUN
foster-255	285	30	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	286	1	peer	peer	NOUN
foster-255	286	2	collaboration	collaboration	NOUN
foster-255	286	3	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	286	4	driven	drive	VERB
foster-255	286	5	by	by	ADP
foster-255	286	6	infrastructural	infrastructural	ADJ
foster-255	286	7	constraints	constraint	NOUN
foster-255	286	8	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	286	9	aligns	align	VERB
foster-255	286	10	with	with	ADP
foster-255	286	11	the	the	DET
foster-255	286	12	conclusions	conclusion	NOUN
foster-255	286	13	of	of	ADP
foster-255	286	14	warschauer	warschauer	NOUN
foster-255	286	15	(	(	PUNCT
foster-255	286	16	2003	2003	NUM
foster-255	286	17	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	286	18	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	286	19	selwyn	selwyn	PROPN
foster-255	286	20	(	(	PUNCT
foster-255	286	21	2011	2011	NUM
foster-255	286	22	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	286	23	regarding	regard	VERB
foster-255	286	24	the	the	DET
foster-255	286	25	adaptive	adaptive	ADJ
foster-255	286	26	use	use	NOUN
foster-255	286	27	of	of	ADP
foster-255	286	28	technology	technology	NOUN
foster-255	286	29	in	in	ADP
foster-255	286	30	resource	resource	NOUN
foster-255	286	31	-	-	PUNCT
foster-255	286	32	constrained	constrain	VERB
foster-255	286	33	environments	environment	NOUN
foster-255	286	34	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	287	1	the	the	DET
foster-255	287	2	camaraderie	camaraderie	NOUN
foster-255	287	3	exhibited	exhibit	VERB
foster-255	287	4	by	by	ADP
foster-255	287	5	students	student	NOUN
foster-255	287	6	via	via	ADP
foster-255	287	7	whatsapp	whatsapp	NOUN
foster-255	287	8	talks	talk	NOUN
foster-255	287	9	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	287	10	collaborative	collaborative	ADJ
foster-255	287	11	efforts	effort	NOUN
foster-255	287	12	illustrates	illustrate	VERB
foster-255	287	13	the	the	DET
foster-255	287	14	virtues	virtue	NOUN
foster-255	287	15	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	287	16	weaknesses	weakness	NOUN
foster-255	287	17	of	of	ADP
foster-255	287	18	informal	informal	ADJ
foster-255	287	19	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	287	20	learning	learning	NOUN
foster-255	287	21	networks	network	NOUN
foster-255	287	22	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	288	1	this	this	PRON
foster-255	288	2	underscores	underscore	VERB
foster-255	288	3	the	the	DET
foster-255	288	4	necessity	necessity	NOUN
foster-255	288	5	for	for	ADP
foster-255	288	6	organized	organized	ADJ
foster-255	288	7	peer	peer	NOUN
foster-255	288	8	assignments	assignment	NOUN
foster-255	288	9	that	that	PRON
foster-255	288	10	harmonize	harmonize	VERB
foster-255	288	11	collaboration	collaboration	NOUN
foster-255	288	12	with	with	ADP
foster-255	288	13	critical	critical	ADJ
foster-255	288	14	involvement	involvement	NOUN
foster-255	288	15	(	(	PUNCT
foster-255	288	16	smith	smith	PROPN
foster-255	288	17	&	&	CCONJ
foster-255	288	18	macgregor	macgregor	PROPN
foster-255	288	19	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	288	20	1992	1992	NUM
foster-255	288	21	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	288	22	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	289	1	in	in	ADP
foster-255	289	2	conclusion	conclusion	NOUN
foster-255	289	3	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	289	4	these	these	DET
foster-255	289	5	cultural	cultural	ADJ
foster-255	289	6	themes	theme	NOUN
foster-255	289	7	suggest	suggest	VERB
foster-255	289	8	that	that	SCONJ
foster-255	289	9	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	289	10	literacy	literacy	NOUN
foster-255	289	11	in	in	ADP
foster-255	289	12	efl	efl	PROPN
foster-255	289	13	classrooms	classroom	NOUN
foster-255	289	14	encompasses	encompass	VERB
foster-255	289	15	not	not	PART
foster-255	289	16	only	only	ADV
foster-255	289	17	technical	technical	ADJ
foster-255	289	18	skills	skill	NOUN
foster-255	289	19	but	but	CCONJ
foster-255	289	20	also	also	ADV
foster-255	289	21	the	the	DET
foster-255	289	22	negotiation	negotiation	NOUN
foster-255	289	23	of	of	ADP
foster-255	289	24	culture	culture	NOUN
foster-255	289	25	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	290	1	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	290	2	pedagogy	pedagogy	NOUN
foster-255	290	3	must	must	AUX
foster-255	290	4	be	be	AUX
foster-255	290	5	locally	locally	ADV
foster-255	290	6	anchored	anchor	VERB
foster-255	290	7	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	290	8	harmonizing	harmonize	VERB
foster-255	290	9	with	with	ADP
foster-255	290	10	local	local	ADJ
foster-255	290	11	values	value	NOUN
foster-255	290	12	while	while	SCONJ
foster-255	290	13	promoting	promote	VERB
foster-255	290	14	critical	critical	ADJ
foster-255	290	15	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	290	16	collaborative	collaborative	ADJ
foster-255	290	17	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	290	18	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	290	19	independent	independent	ADJ
foster-255	290	20	learning	learning	NOUN
foster-255	290	21	in	in	ADP
foster-255	290	22	digitally	digitally	ADV
foster-255	290	23	mediated	mediate	VERB
foster-255	290	24	settings	setting	NOUN
foster-255	290	25	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	291	1	conclusion	conclusion	NOUN
foster-255	291	2	this	this	DET
foster-255	291	3	study	study	NOUN
foster-255	291	4	highlights	highlight	NOUN
foster-255	291	5	that	that	PRON
foster-255	291	6	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	291	7	literacy	literacy	NOUN
foster-255	291	8	-	-	PUNCT
foster-255	291	9	focused	focus	VERB
foster-255	291	10	instruction	instruction	NOUN
foster-255	291	11	in	in	ADP
foster-255	291	12	indonesian	indonesian	PROPN
foster-255	291	13	efl	efl	PROPN
foster-255	291	14	classrooms	classroom	NOUN
foster-255	291	15	promotes	promote	VERB
foster-255	291	16	a	a	DET
foster-255	291	17	complex	complex	ADJ
foster-255	291	18	ecology	ecology	NOUN
foster-255	291	19	of	of	ADP
foster-255	291	20	interaction	interaction	NOUN
foster-255	291	21	among	among	ADP
foster-255	291	22	learners	learner	NOUN
foster-255	291	23	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	291	24	teachers	teacher	NOUN
foster-255	291	25	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	291	26	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	291	27	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	291	28	content	content	NOUN
foster-255	291	29	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	292	1	the	the	DET
foster-255	292	2	incorporation	incorporation	NOUN
foster-255	292	3	of	of	ADP
foster-255	292	4	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	292	5	tools	tool	NOUN
foster-255	292	6	—	—	PUNCT
foster-255	292	7	such	such	ADJ
foster-255	292	8	as	as	ADP
foster-255	292	9	youtube	youtube	NOUN
foster-255	292	10	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	292	11	kahoot	kahoot	NOUN
foster-255	292	12	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	292	13	whatsapp	whatsapp	NOUN
foster-255	292	14	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	292	15	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	292	16	chatgpt	chatgpt	NOUN
foster-255	292	17	—	—	PUNCT
foster-255	292	18	has	have	AUX
foster-255	292	19	revolutionized	revolutionize	VERB
foster-255	292	20	conventional	conventional	ADJ
foster-255	292	21	classroom	classroom	NOUN
foster-255	292	22	dynamics	dynamic	NOUN
foster-255	292	23	by	by	ADP
foster-255	292	24	improving	improve	VERB
foster-255	292	25	studentcontent	studentcontent	NOUN
foster-255	292	26	interaction	interaction	NOUN
foster-255	292	27	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	292	28	promoting	promote	VERB
foster-255	292	29	learner	learner	NOUN
foster-255	292	30	independence	independence	NOUN
foster-255	292	31	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	292	32	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	292	33	enabling	enable	VERB
foster-255	292	34	multimodal	multimodal	NOUN
foster-255	292	35	understanding	understanding	NOUN
foster-255	292	36	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	293	1	notwithstanding	notwithstanding	ADP
foster-255	293	2	these	these	DET
foster-255	293	3	advantages	advantage	NOUN
foster-255	293	4	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	293	5	the	the	DET
foster-255	293	6	study	study	NOUN
foster-255	293	7	reveals	reveal	VERB
foster-255	293	8	ongoing	ongoing	ADJ
foster-255	293	9	issues	issue	NOUN
foster-255	293	10	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	293	11	including	include	VERB
foster-255	293	12	disparities	disparity	NOUN
foster-255	293	13	in	in	ADP
foster-255	293	14	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	293	15	competency	competency	NOUN
foster-255	293	16	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	293	17	infrastructural	infrastructural	ADJ
foster-255	293	18	limitations	limitation	NOUN
foster-255	293	19	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	293	20	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	293	21	the	the	DET
foster-255	293	22	inadequacy	inadequacy	NOUN
foster-255	293	23	of	of	ADP
foster-255	293	24	peer	peer	NOUN
foster-255	293	25	-	-	PUNCT
foster-255	293	26	to	to	ADP
foster-255	293	27	-	-	PUNCT
foster-255	293	28	peer	peer	NOUN
foster-255	293	29	collaboration	collaboration	NOUN
foster-255	293	30	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	294	1	these	these	DET
foster-255	294	2	findings	finding	NOUN
foster-255	294	3	emphasize	emphasize	VERB
foster-255	294	4	that	that	SCONJ
foster-255	294	5	although	although	SCONJ
foster-255	294	6	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	294	7	technologies	technology	NOUN
foster-255	294	8	provide	provide	VERB
foster-255	294	9	novel	novel	ADJ
foster-255	294	10	opportunities	opportunity	NOUN
foster-255	294	11	for	for	ADP
foster-255	294	12	engagement	engagement	NOUN
foster-255	294	13	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	294	14	instruction	instruction	NOUN
foster-255	294	15	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	294	16	their	their	PRON
foster-255	294	17	effectiveness	effectiveness	NOUN
foster-255	294	18	depends	depend	VERB
foster-255	294	19	on	on	ADP
foster-255	294	20	deliberate	deliberate	ADJ
foster-255	294	21	pedagogical	pedagogical	ADJ
foster-255	294	22	integration	integration	NOUN
foster-255	294	23	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	294	24	equal	equal	ADJ
foster-255	294	25	access	access	NOUN
foster-255	294	26	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	295	1	this	this	DET
foster-255	295	2	study	study	NOUN
foster-255	295	3	has	have	VERB
foster-255	295	4	two	two	NUM
foster-255	295	5	implications	implication	NOUN
foster-255	295	6	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	296	1	it	it	PRON
foster-255	296	2	underscores	underscore	VERB
foster-255	296	3	the	the	DET
foster-255	296	4	necessity	necessity	NOUN
foster-255	296	5	for	for	SCONJ
foster-255	296	6	efl	efl	PROPN
foster-255	296	7	educators	educator	NOUN
foster-255	296	8	to	to	PART
foster-255	296	9	cultivate	cultivate	VERB
foster-255	296	10	culturally	culturally	ADV
foster-255	296	11	attuned	attune	VERB
foster-255	296	12	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	296	13	methodologies	methodology	NOUN
foster-255	296	14	that	that	PRON
foster-255	296	15	harmonize	harmonize	VERB
foster-255	296	16	autonomy	autonomy	NOUN
foster-255	296	17	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	296	18	structure	structure	NOUN
foster-255	296	19	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	296	20	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	296	21	social	social	ADJ
foster-255	296	22	engagement	engagement	NOUN
foster-255	296	23	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	297	1	educators	educator	NOUN
foster-255	297	2	must	must	AUX
foster-255	297	3	evolve	evolve	VERB
foster-255	297	4	from	from	ADP
foster-255	297	5	mere	mere	ADJ
foster-255	297	6	content	content	NOUN
foster-255	297	7	deliverers	deliverer	NOUN
foster-255	297	8	to	to	ADP
foster-255	297	9	learning	learn	VERB
foster-255	297	10	facilitators	facilitator	NOUN
foster-255	297	11	capable	capable	ADJ
foster-255	297	12	of	of	ADP
foster-255	297	13	effectively	effectively	ADV
foster-255	297	14	scaffolding	scaffold	VERB
foster-255	297	15	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	297	16	engagement	engagement	NOUN
foster-255	297	17	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	298	1	curricular	curricular	ADJ
foster-255	298	2	implications	implication	NOUN
foster-255	298	3	involve	involve	VERB
foster-255	298	4	integrating	integrate	VERB
foster-255	298	5	explicit	explicit	ADJ
foster-255	298	6	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	298	7	literacy	literacy	NOUN
foster-255	298	8	training	training	NOUN
foster-255	298	9	into	into	ADP
foster-255	298	10	language	language	NOUN
foster-255	298	11	programs	program	NOUN
foster-255	298	12	to	to	PART
foster-255	298	13	enhance	enhance	VERB
foster-255	298	14	students	student	NOUN
foster-255	298	15	'	'	PART
foster-255	298	16	critical	critical	ADJ
foster-255	298	17	thinking	thinking	NOUN
foster-255	298	18	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	298	19	multimodal	multimodal	ADJ
foster-255	298	20	literacy	literacy	NOUN
foster-255	298	21	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	298	22	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	298	23	collaborative	collaborative	ADJ
foster-255	298	24	abilities	ability	NOUN
foster-255	298	25	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	299	1	moreover	moreover	ADV
foster-255	299	2	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	299	3	the	the	DET
foster-255	299	4	http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689	http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689	NOUN
foster-255	299	5	http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689	http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689	NOUN
foster-255	299	6	copyright	copyright	NOUN
foster-255	299	7	©	©	PROPN
foster-255	299	8	the	the	DET
foster-255	299	9	author(s	author(s	NOUN
foster-255	299	10	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	299	11	vol	vol	NOUN
foster-255	299	12	.	.	PROPN
foster-255	299	13	6	6	NUM
foster-255	299	14	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	299	15	no	no	INTJ
foster-255	299	16	.	.	NOUN
foster-255	299	17	3	3	NUM
foster-255	299	18	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	299	19	july	july	PROPN
foster-255	299	20	2025	2025	NUM
foster-255	299	21	e	e	X
foster-255	299	22	-	-	PUNCT
foster-255	299	23	issn	issn	ADJ
foster-255	299	24	:	:	PUNCT
foster-255	299	25	2723	2723	NUM
foster-255	299	26	-	-	SYM
foster-255	299	27	4126	4126	NUM
foster-255	299	28	p	p	NOUN
foster-255	299	29	-	-	PUNCT
foster-255	299	30	issn	issn	NOUN
foster-255	299	31	:	:	PUNCT
foster-255	299	32	2776	2776	NUM
foster-255	299	33	-	-	SYM
foster-255	299	34	8880	8880	NUM
foster-255	299	35	207	207	NUM
foster-255	299	36	results	result	NOUN
foster-255	299	37	underscore	underscore	VERB
foster-255	299	38	the	the	DET
foster-255	299	39	significance	significance	NOUN
foster-255	299	40	of	of	ADP
foster-255	299	41	institutional	institutional	ADJ
foster-255	299	42	support	support	NOUN
foster-255	299	43	in	in	ADP
foster-255	299	44	mitigating	mitigate	VERB
foster-255	299	45	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	299	46	inequities	inequity	NOUN
foster-255	299	47	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	299	48	equipping	equip	VERB
foster-255	299	49	educators	educator	NOUN
foster-255	299	50	with	with	ADP
foster-255	299	51	the	the	DET
foster-255	299	52	skills	skill	NOUN
foster-255	299	53	to	to	PART
foster-255	299	54	utilize	utilize	VERB
foster-255	299	55	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	299	56	tools	tool	NOUN
foster-255	299	57	effectively	effectively	ADV
foster-255	299	58	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	300	1	future	future	ADJ
foster-255	300	2	research	research	NOUN
foster-255	300	3	should	should	AUX
foster-255	300	4	expand	expand	VERB
foster-255	300	5	the	the	DET
foster-255	300	6	parameters	parameter	NOUN
foster-255	300	7	of	of	ADP
foster-255	300	8	this	this	DET
foster-255	300	9	study	study	NOUN
foster-255	300	10	by	by	ADP
foster-255	300	11	investigating	investigate	VERB
foster-255	300	12	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	300	13	literacy	literacy	NOUN
foster-255	300	14	-	-	PUNCT
foster-255	300	15	based	base	VERB
foster-255	300	16	interactions	interaction	NOUN
foster-255	300	17	in	in	ADP
foster-255	300	18	a	a	DET
foster-255	300	19	broader	broad	ADJ
foster-255	300	20	range	range	NOUN
foster-255	300	21	of	of	ADP
foster-255	300	22	socio	socio	NOUN
foster-255	300	23	-	-	PUNCT
foster-255	300	24	educational	educational	ADJ
foster-255	300	25	contexts	contexts	NOUN
foster-255	300	26	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	300	27	including	include	VERB
foster-255	300	28	rural	rural	ADJ
foster-255	300	29	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	300	30	disadvantaged	disadvantaged	ADJ
foster-255	300	31	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	300	32	or	or	CCONJ
foster-255	300	33	marginalised	marginalise	VERB
foster-255	300	34	groups	group	NOUN
foster-255	300	35	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	301	1	longitudinal	longitudinal	ADJ
foster-255	301	2	research	research	NOUN
foster-255	301	3	could	could	AUX
foster-255	301	4	examine	examine	VERB
foster-255	301	5	the	the	DET
foster-255	301	6	evolution	evolution	NOUN
foster-255	301	7	of	of	ADP
foster-255	301	8	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	301	9	participation	participation	NOUN
foster-255	301	10	over	over	ADP
foster-255	301	11	time	time	NOUN
foster-255	301	12	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	301	13	its	its	PRON
foster-255	301	14	enduring	endure	VERB
foster-255	301	15	effects	effect	NOUN
foster-255	301	16	on	on	ADP
foster-255	301	17	language	language	NOUN
foster-255	301	18	competency	competency	NOUN
foster-255	301	19	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	301	20	learner	learner	NOUN
foster-255	301	21	identity	identity	NOUN
foster-255	301	22	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	302	1	moreover	moreover	ADV
foster-255	302	2	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	302	3	participatory	participatory	ADJ
foster-255	302	4	action	action	NOUN
foster-255	302	5	research	research	NOUN
foster-255	302	6	that	that	PRON
foster-255	302	7	includes	include	VERB
foster-255	302	8	instructors	instructor	NOUN
foster-255	302	9	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	302	10	students	student	NOUN
foster-255	302	11	as	as	ADP
foster-255	302	12	co	co	NOUN
foster-255	302	13	-	-	NOUN
foster-255	302	14	researchers	researcher	NOUN
foster-255	302	15	may	may	AUX
foster-255	302	16	provide	provide	VERB
foster-255	302	17	profound	profound	ADJ
foster-255	302	18	insights	insight	NOUN
foster-255	302	19	into	into	ADP
foster-255	302	20	the	the	DET
foster-255	302	21	mutual	mutual	ADJ
foster-255	302	22	influence	influence	NOUN
foster-255	302	23	of	of	ADP
foster-255	302	24	technology	technology	NOUN
foster-255	302	25	utilization	utilization	NOUN
foster-255	302	26	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	302	27	classroom	classroom	NOUN
foster-255	302	28	culture	culture	NOUN
foster-255	302	29	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	303	1	exploring	explore	VERB
foster-255	303	2	the	the	DET
foster-255	303	3	convergence	convergence	NOUN
foster-255	303	4	of	of	ADP
foster-255	303	5	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	303	6	literacy	literacy	NOUN
foster-255	303	7	with	with	ADP
foster-255	303	8	emotive	emotive	ADJ
foster-255	303	9	dimensions	dimension	NOUN
foster-255	303	10	—	—	PUNCT
foster-255	303	11	such	such	ADJ
foster-255	303	12	as	as	ADP
foster-255	303	13	motivation	motivation	NOUN
foster-255	303	14	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	303	15	identity	identity	NOUN
foster-255	303	16	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	303	17	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	303	18	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	303	19	wellbeing	wellbeing	NOUN
foster-255	303	20	—	—	PUNCT
foster-255	303	21	would	would	AUX
foster-255	303	22	enhance	enhance	VERB
foster-255	303	23	the	the	DET
foster-255	303	24	comprehension	comprehension	NOUN
foster-255	303	25	of	of	ADP
foster-255	303	26	its	its	PRON
foster-255	303	27	significance	significance	NOUN
foster-255	303	28	in	in	ADP
foster-255	303	29	comprehensive	comprehensive	ADJ
foster-255	303	30	efl	efl	PROPN
foster-255	303	31	learning	learning	PROPN
foster-255	303	32	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	304	1	research	research	NOUN
foster-255	304	2	must	must	AUX
foster-255	304	3	prioritize	prioritize	VERB
foster-255	304	4	local	local	ADJ
foster-255	304	5	perspectives	perspective	NOUN
foster-255	304	6	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	304	7	contextual	contextual	ADJ
foster-255	304	8	realities	reality	NOUN
foster-255	304	9	in	in	ADP
foster-255	304	10	the	the	DET
foster-255	304	11	development	development	NOUN
foster-255	304	12	of	of	ADP
foster-255	304	13	inclusive	inclusive	ADJ
foster-255	304	14	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	304	15	adaptive	adaptive	ADJ
foster-255	304	16	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	304	17	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	304	18	effective	effective	ADJ
foster-255	304	19	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	304	20	pedagogies	pedagogy	NOUN
foster-255	304	21	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	305	1	acknowledgment	acknowledgment	NOUN
foster-255	305	2	i	i	PRON
foster-255	305	3	am	be	AUX
foster-255	305	4	writing	write	VERB
foster-255	305	5	to	to	PART
foster-255	305	6	convey	convey	VERB
foster-255	305	7	my	my	PRON
foster-255	305	8	gratitude	gratitude	NOUN
foster-255	305	9	to	to	ADP
foster-255	305	10	the	the	DET
foster-255	305	11	indonesian	indonesian	ADJ
foster-255	305	12	government	government	NOUN
foster-255	305	13	's	's	PART
foster-255	305	14	lembaga	lembaga	PROPN
foster-255	305	15	pengelola	pengelola	PROPN
foster-255	305	16	dana	dana	PROPN
foster-255	305	17	pendidikan	pendidikan	PROPN
foster-255	305	18	indonesia	indonesia	PROPN
foster-255	305	19	(	(	PUNCT
foster-255	305	20	lpdp	lpdp	ADJ
foster-255	305	21	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	305	22	for	for	ADP
foster-255	305	23	granting	grant	VERB
foster-255	305	24	me	i	PRON
foster-255	305	25	a	a	DET
foster-255	305	26	scholarship	scholarship	NOUN
foster-255	305	27	to	to	PART
foster-255	305	28	facilitate	facilitate	VERB
foster-255	305	29	my	my	PRON
foster-255	305	30	doctoral	doctoral	ADJ
foster-255	305	31	studies	study	NOUN
foster-255	305	32	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	305	33	the	the	DET
foster-255	305	34	publication	publication	NOUN
foster-255	305	35	of	of	ADP
foster-255	305	36	this	this	DET
foster-255	305	37	essay	essay	NOUN
foster-255	305	38	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	306	1	references	reference	NOUN
foster-255	306	2	abella	abella	PROPN
foster-255	306	3	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	306	4	j.	j.	PROPN
foster-255	306	5	l.	l.	PROPN
foster-255	306	6	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	306	7	&	&	CCONJ
foster-255	306	8	rosa	rosa	PROPN
foster-255	306	9	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	306	10	e.	e.	PROPN
foster-255	306	11	d.	d.	PROPN
foster-255	306	12	d.	d.	PROPN
foster-255	306	13	(	(	PUNCT
foster-255	306	14	2023	2023	NUM
foster-255	306	15	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	306	16	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	307	1	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	307	2	literacy	literacy	NOUN
foster-255	307	3	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	307	4	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	307	5	competence	competence	NOUN
foster-255	307	6	of	of	ADP
foster-255	307	7	selected	select	VERB
foster-255	307	8	filipino	filipino	ADJ
foster-255	307	9	teachers	teacher	NOUN
foster-255	307	10	:	:	PUNCT
foster-255	307	11	basis	basis	NOUN
foster-255	307	12	for	for	ADP
foster-255	307	13	a	a	DET
foster-255	307	14	post	post	ADJ
foster-255	307	15	-	-	ADJ
foster-255	307	16	pandemic	pandemic	ADJ
foster-255	307	17	pedagogy	pedagogy	NOUN
foster-255	307	18	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	308	1	ijorer	ijorer	PROPN
foster-255	308	2	international	international	PROPN
foster-255	308	3	journal	journal	NOUN
foster-255	308	4	of	of	ADP
foster-255	308	5	recent	recent	ADJ
foster-255	308	6	educational	educational	ADJ
foster-255	308	7	research	research	NOUN
foster-255	308	8	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	308	9	4(5	4(5	PROPN
foster-255	308	10	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	308	11	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	308	12	548	548	NUM
foster-255	308	13	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	308	14	https://doi.org/10.46245/ijorer.v4i5.378	https://doi.org/10.46245/ijorer.v4i5.378	PROPN
foster-255	308	15	amin	amin	PROPN
foster-255	308	16	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	308	17	m.	m.	NOUN
foster-255	308	18	y.	y.	PROPN
foster-255	308	19	m.	m.	PROPN
foster-255	308	20	(	(	PUNCT
foster-255	308	21	2023	2023	NUM
foster-255	308	22	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	308	23	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	309	1	ai	ai	VERB
foster-255	309	2	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	309	3	chat	chat	VERB
foster-255	309	4	gpt	gpt	NOUN
foster-255	309	5	in	in	ADP
foster-255	309	6	language	language	NOUN
foster-255	309	7	teaching	teaching	NOUN
foster-255	309	8	:	:	PUNCT
foster-255	309	9	enhancing	enhance	VERB
foster-255	309	10	efl	efl	PROPN
foster-255	309	11	classroom	classroom	NOUN
foster-255	309	12	support	support	NOUN
foster-255	309	13	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	309	14	transforming	transform	VERB
foster-255	309	15	assessment	assessment	NOUN
foster-255	309	16	techniques	technique	NOUN
foster-255	309	17	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	310	1	international	international	ADJ
foster-255	310	2	journal	journal	NOUN
foster-255	310	3	of	of	ADP
foster-255	310	4	higher	high	ADJ
foster-255	310	5	education	education	NOUN
foster-255	310	6	pedagogies	pedagogy	NOUN
foster-255	310	7	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	310	8	4(4	4(4	NUM
foster-255	310	9	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	310	10	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	310	11	1	1	X
foster-255	310	12	.	.	X
foster-255	310	13	https://doi.org/10.33422/ijhep.v4i4.554	https://doi.org/10.33422/ijhep.v4i4.554	PROPN
foster-255	310	14	anderson	anderson	PROPN
foster-255	310	15	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	310	16	t.	t.	PROPN
foster-255	310	17	(	(	PUNCT
foster-255	310	18	2003	2003	NUM
foster-255	310	19	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	310	20	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	311	1	getting	get	VERB
foster-255	311	2	the	the	DET
foster-255	311	3	mix	mix	NOUN
foster-255	311	4	right	right	ADV
foster-255	311	5	again	again	ADV
foster-255	311	6	:	:	PUNCT
foster-255	311	7	an	an	DET
foster-255	311	8	updated	update	VERB
foster-255	311	9	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	311	10	theoretical	theoretical	ADJ
foster-255	311	11	rationale	rationale	NOUN
foster-255	311	12	for	for	ADP
foster-255	311	13	interaction	interaction	NOUN
foster-255	311	14	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	312	1	international	international	ADJ
foster-255	312	2	review	review	NOUN
foster-255	312	3	of	of	ADP
foster-255	312	4	research	research	NOUN
foster-255	312	5	in	in	ADP
foster-255	312	6	open	open	ADJ
foster-255	312	7	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	312	8	distributed	distributed	ADJ
foster-255	312	9	learning	learning	NOUN
foster-255	312	10	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	312	11	4(2	4(2	NUM
foster-255	312	12	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	312	13	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	312	14	1–14	1–14	PROPN
foster-255	312	15	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	312	16	baldoví	baldoví	PROPN
foster-255	312	17	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	312	18	m.	m.	NOUN
foster-255	312	19	i.	i.	PROPN
foster-255	312	20	p.	p.	PROPN
foster-255	312	21	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	312	22	alonso	alonso	PROPN
foster-255	312	23	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	312	24	á	á	PROPN
foster-255	312	25	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	312	26	s.	s.	PROPN
foster-255	312	27	m.	m.	PROPN
foster-255	312	28	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	312	29	&	&	CCONJ
foster-255	312	30	chacón	chacón	PROPN
foster-255	312	31	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	312	32	j.	j.	PROPN
foster-255	312	33	p.	p.	PROPN
foster-255	312	34	(	(	PUNCT
foster-255	312	35	2023	2023	NUM
foster-255	312	36	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	312	37	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	313	1	the	the	DET
foster-255	313	2	smart	smart	ADJ
foster-255	313	3	classroom	classroom	NOUN
foster-255	313	4	:	:	PUNCT
foster-255	313	5	learning	learn	VERB
foster-255	313	6	challenges	challenge	NOUN
foster-255	313	7	in	in	ADP
foster-255	313	8	the	the	DET
foster-255	313	9	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	313	10	ecosystem	ecosystem	NOUN
foster-255	313	11	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	314	1	education	education	NOUN
foster-255	314	2	sciences	sciences	PROPN
foster-255	314	3	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	314	4	13(7	13(7	NUM
foster-255	314	5	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	314	6	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	314	7	662	662	NUM
foster-255	314	8	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	314	9	https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13070662	https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13070662	PROPN
foster-255	314	10	chan	chan	PROPN
foster-255	314	11	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	314	12	s.	s.	PROPN
foster-255	314	13	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	314	14	&	&	CCONJ
foster-255	314	15	lo	lo	PROPN
foster-255	314	16	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	314	17	n.	n.	NOUN
foster-255	314	18	(	(	PUNCT
foster-255	314	19	2024	2024	NUM
foster-255	314	20	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	314	21	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	315	1	enhancing	enhance	VERB
foster-255	315	2	efl	efl	PROPN
foster-255	315	3	/	/	SYM
foster-255	315	4	esl	esl	PROPN
foster-255	315	5	instruction	instruction	NOUN
foster-255	315	6	through	through	ADP
foster-255	315	7	gamification	gamification	NOUN
foster-255	315	8	:	:	PUNCT
foster-255	315	9	a	a	DET
foster-255	315	10	comprehensive	comprehensive	ADJ
foster-255	315	11	review	review	NOUN
foster-255	315	12	of	of	ADP
foster-255	315	13	empirical	empirical	ADJ
foster-255	315	14	evidence	evidence	NOUN
foster-255	315	15	[	[	X
foster-255	315	16	review	review	NOUN
foster-255	315	17	of	of	ADP
foster-255	315	18	enhancing	enhance	VERB
foster-255	315	19	efl	efl	PROPN
foster-255	315	20	/	/	SYM
foster-255	315	21	esl	esl	PROPN
foster-255	315	22	instruction	instruction	NOUN
foster-255	315	23	through	through	ADP
foster-255	315	24	gamification	gamification	NOUN
foster-255	315	25	:	:	PUNCT
foster-255	315	26	a	a	DET
foster-255	315	27	comprehensive	comprehensive	ADJ
foster-255	315	28	review	review	NOUN
foster-255	315	29	of	of	ADP
foster-255	315	30	empirical	empirical	ADJ
foster-255	315	31	evidence	evidence	NOUN
foster-255	315	32	]	]	PUNCT
foster-255	315	33	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	316	1	frontiers	frontier	NOUN
foster-255	316	2	in	in	ADP
foster-255	316	3	education	education	NOUN
foster-255	316	4	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	316	5	9	9	NUM
foster-255	316	6	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	316	7	frontiers	frontier	NOUN
foster-255	316	8	media	medium	NOUN
foster-255	316	9	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	317	1	https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2024.1395155	https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2024.1395155	PROPN
foster-255	317	2	creswell	creswell	PROPN
foster-255	317	3	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	317	4	j.	j.	PROPN
foster-255	317	5	w.	w.	PROPN
foster-255	317	6	(	(	PUNCT
foster-255	317	7	2012	2012	NUM
foster-255	317	8	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	317	9	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	318	1	qualitative	qualitative	ADJ
foster-255	318	2	inquiry	inquiry	NOUN
foster-255	318	3	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	318	4	research	research	NOUN
foster-255	318	5	design	design	NOUN
foster-255	318	6	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	319	1	sage	sage	NOUN
foster-255	319	2	publications	publication	NOUN
foster-255	319	3	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	320	1	creswell	creswell	PROPN
foster-255	320	2	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	320	3	w.	w.	PROPN
foster-255	320	4	j	j	PROPN
foster-255	320	5	&	&	CCONJ
foster-255	320	6	creswell	creswell	PROPN
foster-255	320	7	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	320	8	d.	d.	PROPN
foster-255	320	9	j.	j.	PROPN
foster-255	320	10	(	(	PUNCT
foster-255	320	11	2023	2023	NUM
foster-255	320	12	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	320	13	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	321	1	research	research	NOUN
foster-255	321	2	design	design	PROPN
foster-255	321	3	:	:	PUNCT
foster-255	321	4	qualitative	qualitative	NOUN
foster-255	321	5	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	321	6	quantitative	quantitative	ADJ
foster-255	321	7	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	321	8	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	321	9	mixed	mixed	ADJ
foster-255	321	10	methods	method	NOUN
foster-255	321	11	approaches	approach	NOUN
foster-255	321	12	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	321	13	6th	6th	ADJ
foster-255	321	14	ed	ed	NOUN
foster-255	321	15	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	322	1	sage	sage	NOUN
foster-255	322	2	publications	publication	NOUN
foster-255	322	3	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	322	4	inc	inc	PROPN
foster-255	322	5	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	323	1	http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689	http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689	PROPN
foster-255	324	1	http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689	http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689	PROPN
foster-255	324	2	https://doi.org/10.46245/ijorer.v4i5.378	https://doi.org/10.46245/ijorer.v4i5.378	PROPN
foster-255	324	3	https://doi.org/10.33422/ijhep.v4i4.554	https://doi.org/10.33422/ijhep.v4i4.554	NOUN
foster-255	324	4	https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13070662	https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13070662	VERB
foster-255	324	5	https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2024.1395155	https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2024.1395155	PROPN
foster-255	324	6	copyright	copyright	NOUN
foster-255	324	7	©	©	PROPN
foster-255	324	8	the	the	DET
foster-255	324	9	author(s	author(s	NOUN
foster-255	324	10	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	324	11	vol	vol	NOUN
foster-255	324	12	.	.	PROPN
foster-255	325	1	6	6	NUM
foster-255	325	2	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	325	3	no	no	INTJ
foster-255	325	4	.	.	NOUN
foster-255	325	5	3	3	NUM
foster-255	325	6	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	325	7	july	july	PROPN
foster-255	325	8	2025	2025	NUM
foster-255	326	1	e	e	X
foster-255	326	2	-	-	PUNCT
foster-255	326	3	issn	issn	ADJ
foster-255	326	4	:	:	PUNCT
foster-255	326	5	2723	2723	NUM
foster-255	326	6	-	-	SYM
foster-255	326	7	4126	4126	NUM
foster-255	326	8	p	p	NOUN
foster-255	326	9	-	-	PUNCT
foster-255	326	10	issn	issn	NOUN
foster-255	326	11	:	:	PUNCT
foster-255	326	12	2776	2776	NUM
foster-255	326	13	-	-	SYM
foster-255	326	14	8880	8880	NUM
foster-255	326	15	208	208	NUM
foster-255	326	16	denzin	denzin	NOUN
foster-255	326	17	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	326	18	k.	k.	PROPN
foster-255	326	19	n	n	CCONJ
foster-255	326	20	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	326	21	&	&	CCONJ
foster-255	326	22	lincoln	lincoln	PROPN
foster-255	326	23	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	326	24	s.	s.	PROPN
foster-255	326	25	y.	y.	PROPN
foster-255	326	26	(	(	PUNCT
foster-255	326	27	2018	2018	NUM
foster-255	326	28	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	326	29	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	327	1	the	the	DET
foster-255	327	2	sage	sage	NOUN
foster-255	327	3	handbook	handbook	NOUN
foster-255	327	4	of	of	ADP
foster-255	327	5	qualitative	qualitative	ADJ
foster-255	327	6	research	research	NOUN
foster-255	327	7	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	327	8	5th	5th	ADJ
foster-255	327	9	ed	ed	NOUN
foster-255	327	10	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	328	1	sage	sage	NOUN
foster-255	328	2	publications	publication	NOUN
foster-255	328	3	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	328	4	inc	inc	PROPN
foster-255	328	5	.	.	PROPN
foster-255	328	6	djibran	djibran	PROPN
foster-255	328	7	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	328	8	a.	a.	PROPN
foster-255	328	9	k.	k.	PROPN
foster-255	328	10	s.	s.	PROPN
foster-255	328	11	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	328	12	subiyanto	subiyanto	NOUN
foster-255	328	13	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	328	14	p.	p.	NOUN
foster-255	328	15	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	328	16	wakhudin	wakhudin	PROPN
foster-255	328	17	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	328	18	w.	w.	PROPN
foster-255	328	19	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	328	20	&	&	CCONJ
foster-255	328	21	rahayu	rahayu	PROPN
foster-255	328	22	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	328	23	n.	n.	PROPN
foster-255	328	24	s.	s.	PROPN
foster-255	328	25	(	(	PUNCT
foster-255	328	26	2024	2024	NUM
foster-255	328	27	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	328	28	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	329	1	transforming	transform	VERB
foster-255	329	2	education	education	NOUN
foster-255	329	3	in	in	ADP
foster-255	329	4	the	the	DET
foster-255	329	5	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	329	6	age	age	NOUN
foster-255	329	7	 	 	SPACE
foster-255	329	8	:	:	PUNCT
foster-255	329	9	how	how	SCONJ
foster-255	329	10	technology	technology	NOUN
foster-255	329	11	affects	affect	VERB
foster-255	329	12	teaching	teach	VERB
foster-255	329	13	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	329	14	learning	learning	NOUN
foster-255	329	15	methods	method	NOUN
foster-255	329	16	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	330	1	journal	journal	PROPN
foster-255	330	2	of	of	ADP
foster-255	330	3	pedagogy	pedagogy	NOUN
foster-255	330	4	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	330	5	1(3	1(3	NUM
foster-255	330	6	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	330	7	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	330	8	141	141	NUM
foster-255	330	9	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	331	1	https://doi.org/10.62872/ksq9jc13	https://doi.org/10.62872/ksq9jc13	PROPN
foster-255	331	2	ertmer	ertmer	NOUN
foster-255	331	3	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	331	4	p.	p.	NOUN
foster-255	331	5	a.	a.	PROPN
foster-255	331	6	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	331	7	&	&	CCONJ
foster-255	331	8	newby	newby	PROPN
foster-255	331	9	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	331	10	t.	t.	PROPN
foster-255	331	11	j.	j.	PROPN
foster-255	331	12	(	(	PUNCT
foster-255	331	13	1993	1993	NUM
foster-255	331	14	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	331	15	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	332	1	behaviorism	behaviorism	NOUN
foster-255	332	2	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	332	3	cognitivism	cognitivism	NOUN
foster-255	332	4	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	332	5	constructivism	constructivism	NOUN
foster-255	332	6	:	:	PUNCT
foster-255	332	7	comparing	compare	VERB
foster-255	332	8	critical	critical	ADJ
foster-255	332	9	features	feature	NOUN
foster-255	332	10	from	from	ADP
foster-255	332	11	an	an	DET
foster-255	332	12	instructional	instructional	ADJ
foster-255	332	13	design	design	NOUN
foster-255	332	14	perspective	perspective	NOUN
foster-255	332	15	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	333	1	performance	performance	NOUN
foster-255	333	2	improvement	improvement	NOUN
foster-255	333	3	quarterly	quarterly	ADV
foster-255	333	4	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	333	5	6(4	6(4	NOUN
foster-255	333	6	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	333	7	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	333	8	50–72	50–72	NUM
foster-255	333	9	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	334	1	erwani	erwani	PROPN
foster-255	334	2	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	334	3	p.	p.	PROPN
foster-255	334	4	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	334	5	sofendi	sofendi	PROPN
foster-255	334	6	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	334	7	&	&	CCONJ
foster-255	334	8	mirizon	mirizon	PROPN
foster-255	334	9	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	334	10	s.	s.	PROPN
foster-255	334	11	(	(	PUNCT
foster-255	334	12	2022	2022	NUM
foster-255	334	13	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	334	14	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	335	1	online	online	PROPN
foster-255	335	2	learning	learning	NOUN
foster-255	335	3	amidst	amidst	ADP
foster-255	335	4	covid-19	covid-19	PROPN
foster-255	335	5	pandemic	pandemic	ADJ
foster-255	335	6	disruption	disruption	NOUN
foster-255	335	7	:	:	PUNCT
foster-255	335	8	efl	efl	PROPN
foster-255	335	9	lecturers	lecturer	NOUN
foster-255	335	10	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	335	11	students	student	NOUN
foster-255	335	12	'	'	PART
foster-255	335	13	classroom	classroom	NOUN
foster-255	335	14	interaction	interaction	NOUN
foster-255	335	15	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	336	1	jeels	jeels	PROPN
foster-255	336	2	(	(	PUNCT
foster-255	336	3	journal	journal	NOUN
foster-255	336	4	of	of	ADP
foster-255	336	5	english	english	ADJ
foster-255	336	6	education	education	PROPN
foster-255	336	7	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	336	8	linguistics	linguistic	NOUN
foster-255	336	9	studies	study	NOUN
foster-255	336	10	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	336	11	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	336	12	9(1	9(1	NUM
foster-255	336	13	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	336	14	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	336	15	229	229	NUM
foster-255	336	16	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	337	1	https://doi.org/10.30762/jeels.v9i1.4527	https://doi.org/10.30762/jeels.v9i1.4527	PROPN
foster-255	337	2	fadilah	fadilah	PROPN
foster-255	337	3	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	337	4	r.	r.	PROPN
foster-255	337	5	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	337	6	ayudhia	ayudhia	NOUN
foster-255	337	7	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	337	8	h.	h.	PROPN
foster-255	337	9	y.	y.	PROPN
foster-255	337	10	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	337	11	pratama	pratama	NOUN
foster-255	337	12	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	337	13	v.	v.	ADP
foster-255	337	14	m.	m.	NOUN
foster-255	337	15	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	337	16	&	&	CCONJ
foster-255	337	17	harmawan	harmawan	PROPN
foster-255	337	18	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	337	19	v.	v.	PROPN
foster-255	337	20	(	(	PUNCT
foster-255	337	21	2023	2023	NUM
foster-255	337	22	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	337	23	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	338	1	teachers	teacher	NOUN
foster-255	338	2	’	’	PART
foster-255	338	3	teaching	teaching	NOUN
foster-255	338	4	reflection	reflection	NOUN
foster-255	338	5	:	:	PUNCT
foster-255	338	6	english	english	PROPN
foster-255	338	7	teachers	teacher	NOUN
foster-255	338	8	’	'	PUNCT
foster-255	338	9	challenges	challenge	NOUN
foster-255	338	10	in	in	ADP
foster-255	338	11	rural	rural	ADJ
foster-255	338	12	areas	area	NOUN
foster-255	338	13	of	of	ADP
foster-255	338	14	indonesia	indonesia	PROPN
foster-255	338	15	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	339	1	let	let	VERB
foster-255	339	2	linguistics	linguistic	NOUN
foster-255	339	3	literature	literature	PROPN
foster-255	339	4	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	339	5	english	english	PROPN
foster-255	339	6	teaching	teaching	NOUN
foster-255	339	7	journal	journal	NOUN
foster-255	339	8	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	339	9	13(1	13(1	NUM
foster-255	339	10	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	339	11	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	339	12	85	85	NUM
foster-255	339	13	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	340	1	https://doi.org/10.18592/let.v13i1.8923	https://doi.org/10.18592/let.v13i1.8923	PROPN
foster-255	340	2	fetterman	fetterman	PROPN
foster-255	340	3	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	340	4	m.	m.	PROPN
foster-255	340	5	d.	d.	PROPN
foster-255	340	6	(	(	PUNCT
foster-255	340	7	2010	2010	NUM
foster-255	340	8	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	340	9	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	341	1	ethnography	ethnography	NOUN
foster-255	341	2	:	:	PUNCT
foster-255	341	3	step	step	NOUN
foster-255	341	4	-	-	PUNCT
foster-255	341	5	by	by	ADP
foster-255	341	6	-	-	PUNCT
foster-255	341	7	step	step	NOUN
foster-255	341	8	ed	ed	NOUN
foster-255	341	9	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	342	1	sage	sage	NOUN
foster-255	342	2	publications	publication	NOUN
foster-255	342	3	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	342	4	inc	inc	PROPN
foster-255	342	5	.	.	PROPN
foster-255	342	6	fredricks	fredricks	PROPN
foster-255	342	7	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	342	8	j.	j.	PROPN
foster-255	342	9	a.	a.	PROPN
foster-255	342	10	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	342	11	blumenfeld	blumenfeld	PROPN
foster-255	342	12	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	342	13	p.	p.	PROPN
foster-255	342	14	c.	c.	PROPN
foster-255	342	15	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	342	16	&	&	CCONJ
foster-255	342	17	paris	paris	PROPN
foster-255	342	18	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	342	19	a.	a.	PROPN
foster-255	342	20	h.	h.	PROPN
foster-255	342	21	(	(	PUNCT
foster-255	342	22	2004	2004	NUM
foster-255	342	23	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	342	24	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	343	1	school	school	NOUN
foster-255	343	2	engagement	engagement	NOUN
foster-255	343	3	:	:	PUNCT
foster-255	343	4	the	the	DET
foster-255	343	5	potential	potential	NOUN
foster-255	343	6	of	of	ADP
foster-255	343	7	the	the	DET
foster-255	343	8	concept	concept	NOUN
foster-255	343	9	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	343	10	state	state	NOUN
foster-255	343	11	of	of	ADP
foster-255	343	12	the	the	DET
foster-255	343	13	evidence	evidence	NOUN
foster-255	343	14	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	344	1	review	review	NOUN
foster-255	344	2	of	of	ADP
foster-255	344	3	educational	educational	ADJ
foster-255	344	4	research	research	NOUN
foster-255	344	5	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	344	6	74(1	74(1	NOUN
foster-255	344	7	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	344	8	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	344	9	59–109	59–109	NUM
foster-255	344	10	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	344	11	https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543074001059	https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543074001059	PROPN
foster-255	344	12	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	344	13	garrison	garrison	PROPN
foster-255	344	14	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	344	15	d.	d.	PROPN
foster-255	344	16	r.	r.	PROPN
foster-255	344	17	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	344	18	&	&	CCONJ
foster-255	344	19	akyol	akyol	PROPN
foster-255	344	20	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	344	21	z.	z.	PROPN
foster-255	344	22	(	(	PUNCT
foster-255	344	23	2013	2013	NUM
foster-255	344	24	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	344	25	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	345	1	the	the	DET
foster-255	345	2	community	community	NOUN
foster-255	345	3	of	of	ADP
foster-255	345	4	inquiry	inquiry	NOUN
foster-255	345	5	theoretical	theoretical	ADJ
foster-255	345	6	framework	framework	NOUN
foster-255	345	7	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	346	1	in	in	ADP
foster-255	346	2	m.	m.	NOUN
foster-255	346	3	g.	g.	PROPN
foster-255	346	4	moore	moore	PROPN
foster-255	346	5	(	(	PUNCT
foster-255	346	6	ed	ed	NOUN
foster-255	346	7	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	346	8	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	346	9	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	346	10	handbook	handbook	NOUN
foster-255	346	11	of	of	ADP
foster-255	346	12	distance	distance	NOUN
foster-255	346	13	education	education	NOUN
foster-255	346	14	(	(	PUNCT
foster-255	346	15	3rd	3rd	ADJ
foster-255	346	16	ed	ed	NOUN
foster-255	346	17	.	.	PROPN
foster-255	346	18	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	346	19	pp	pp	ADP
foster-255	346	20	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	347	1	104–120	104–120	NUM
foster-255	347	2	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	347	3	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	348	1	routledge	routledge	PROPN
foster-255	348	2	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	348	3	garrison	garrison	PROPN
foster-255	348	4	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	348	5	d.	d.	PROPN
foster-255	348	6	r.	r.	PROPN
foster-255	348	7	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	348	8	anderson	anderson	PROPN
foster-255	348	9	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	348	10	t.	t.	PROPN
foster-255	348	11	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	348	12	&	&	CCONJ
foster-255	348	13	archer	archer	PROPN
foster-255	348	14	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	348	15	w.	w.	PROPN
foster-255	348	16	(	(	PUNCT
foster-255	348	17	2000	2000	NUM
foster-255	348	18	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	348	19	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	349	1	critical	critical	ADJ
foster-255	349	2	inquiry	inquiry	NOUN
foster-255	349	3	in	in	ADP
foster-255	349	4	a	a	DET
foster-255	349	5	text	text	NOUN
foster-255	349	6	-	-	PUNCT
foster-255	349	7	based	base	VERB
foster-255	349	8	environment	environment	NOUN
foster-255	349	9	:	:	PUNCT
foster-255	349	10	computer	computer	NOUN
foster-255	349	11	conferencing	conferencing	NOUN
foster-255	349	12	in	in	ADP
foster-255	349	13	higher	high	ADJ
foster-255	349	14	education	education	NOUN
foster-255	349	15	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	350	1	the	the	DET
foster-255	350	2	internet	internet	NOUN
foster-255	350	3	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	350	4	higher	high	ADJ
foster-255	350	5	education	education	NOUN
foster-255	350	6	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	350	7	2(2	2(2	NUM
foster-255	350	8	-	-	SYM
foster-255	350	9	3	3	NUM
foster-255	350	10	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	350	11	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	350	12	87	87	NUM
foster-255	350	13	–	–	SYM
foster-255	350	14	105	105	NUM
foster-255	350	15	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	351	1	gay	gay	PROPN
foster-255	351	2	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	351	3	g.	g.	PROPN
foster-255	351	4	(	(	PUNCT
foster-255	351	5	2010	2010	NUM
foster-255	351	6	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	351	7	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	352	1	culturally	culturally	ADV
foster-255	352	2	responsive	responsive	ADJ
foster-255	352	3	teaching	teaching	NOUN
foster-255	352	4	:	:	PUNCT
foster-255	352	5	theory	theory	NOUN
foster-255	352	6	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	352	7	research	research	NOUN
foster-255	352	8	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	352	9	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	352	10	practice	practice	NOUN
foster-255	352	11	(	(	PUNCT
foster-255	352	12	2nd	2nd	ADJ
foster-255	352	13	ed	ed	NOUN
foster-255	352	14	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	352	15	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	352	16	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	353	1	teachers	teacher	NOUN
foster-255	353	2	college	college	PROPN
foster-255	353	3	press	press	PROPN
foster-255	353	4	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	354	1	hidayat	hidayat	PROPN
foster-255	354	2	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	354	3	d.	d.	PROPN
foster-255	354	4	n.	n.	PROPN
foster-255	354	5	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	354	6	lee	lee	PROPN
foster-255	354	7	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	354	8	j.	j.	PROPN
foster-255	354	9	y.	y.	PROPN
foster-255	354	10	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	354	11	mason	mason	PROPN
foster-255	354	12	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	354	13	j.	j.	PROPN
foster-255	354	14	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	354	15	&	&	CCONJ
foster-255	354	16	khaerudin	khaerudin	PROPN
foster-255	354	17	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	354	18	t.	t.	PROPN
foster-255	354	19	(	(	PUNCT
foster-255	354	20	2022	2022	NUM
foster-255	354	21	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	354	22	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	355	1	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	355	2	technology	technology	NOUN
foster-255	355	3	supporting	support	VERB
foster-255	355	4	english	english	ADJ
foster-255	355	5	learning	learning	NOUN
foster-255	355	6	among	among	ADP
foster-255	355	7	indonesian	indonesian	ADJ
foster-255	355	8	university	university	NOUN
foster-255	355	9	students	student	NOUN
foster-255	355	10	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	356	1	research	research	NOUN
foster-255	356	2	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	356	3	practice	practice	NOUN
foster-255	356	4	in	in	ADP
foster-255	356	5	technology	technology	NOUN
foster-255	356	6	enhanced	enhanced	ADJ
foster-255	356	7	learning	learning	NOUN
foster-255	356	8	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	356	9	17(1	17(1	NUM
foster-255	356	10	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	356	11	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	357	1	https://doi.org/10.1186/s41039-02200198-8	https://doi.org/10.1186/s41039-02200198-8	PROPN
foster-255	357	2	hofstede	hofstede	PROPN
foster-255	357	3	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	357	4	g.	g.	PROPN
foster-255	357	5	(	(	PUNCT
foster-255	357	6	2001	2001	NUM
foster-255	357	7	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	357	8	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	358	1	culture	culture	NOUN
foster-255	358	2	's	's	PART
foster-255	358	3	consequences	consequence	NOUN
foster-255	358	4	:	:	PUNCT
foster-255	358	5	comparing	compare	VERB
foster-255	358	6	values	value	NOUN
foster-255	358	7	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	358	8	behaviors	behavior	NOUN
foster-255	358	9	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	358	10	institutions	institution	NOUN
foster-255	358	11	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	358	12	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	358	13	organizations	organization	NOUN
foster-255	358	14	across	across	ADP
foster-255	358	15	nations	nation	NOUN
foster-255	358	16	(	(	PUNCT
foster-255	358	17	2nd	2nd	ADJ
foster-255	358	18	ed	ed	NOUN
foster-255	358	19	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	358	20	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	358	21	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	359	1	sage	sage	NOUN
foster-255	359	2	publications	publication	NOUN
foster-255	359	3	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	360	1	junco	junco	PROPN
foster-255	360	2	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	360	3	r.	r.	PROPN
foster-255	360	4	(	(	PUNCT
foster-255	360	5	2012	2012	NUM
foster-255	360	6	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	360	7	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	361	1	the	the	DET
foster-255	361	2	relationship	relationship	NOUN
foster-255	361	3	between	between	ADP
foster-255	361	4	the	the	DET
foster-255	361	5	frequency	frequency	NOUN
foster-255	361	6	of	of	ADP
foster-255	361	7	facebook	facebook	PROPN
foster-255	361	8	use	use	NOUN
foster-255	361	9	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	361	10	participation	participation	NOUN
foster-255	361	11	in	in	ADP
foster-255	361	12	facebook	facebook	NOUN
foster-255	361	13	activities	activity	NOUN
foster-255	361	14	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	361	15	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	361	16	student	student	NOUN
foster-255	361	17	engagement	engagement	NOUN
foster-255	361	18	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	362	1	computers	computer	NOUN
foster-255	362	2	&	&	CCONJ
foster-255	362	3	education	education	NOUN
foster-255	362	4	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	362	5	58(1	58(1	NUM
foster-255	362	6	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	362	7	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	362	8	162–171	162–171	NUM
foster-255	362	9	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	363	1	li	li	PROPN
foster-255	363	2	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	363	3	l.	l.	PROPN
foster-255	363	4	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	363	5	&	&	CCONJ
foster-255	363	6	walsh	walsh	PROPN
foster-255	363	7	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	363	8	s.	s.	PROPN
foster-255	363	9	(	(	PUNCT
foster-255	363	10	2011	2011	NUM
foster-255	363	11	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	363	12	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	364	1	technology	technology	NOUN
foster-255	364	2	uptake	uptake	ADJ
foster-255	364	3	in	in	ADP
foster-255	364	4	chinese	chinese	PROPN
foster-255	364	5	efl	efl	PROPN
foster-255	364	6	classes	class	NOUN
foster-255	364	7	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	365	1	language	language	NOUN
foster-255	365	2	teaching	teaching	NOUN
foster-255	365	3	research	research	NOUN
foster-255	365	4	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	365	5	15(1	15(1	NUM
foster-255	365	6	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	365	7	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	366	1	99–125	99–125	NUM
foster-255	366	2	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	367	1	https://doi.org/10.1177/1362168810383347	https://doi.org/10.1177/1362168810383347	ADJ
foster-255	367	2	http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689	http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689	NOUN
foster-255	367	3	http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689	http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689	PROPN
foster-255	367	4	https://doi.org/10.62872/ksq9jc13	https://doi.org/10.62872/ksq9jc13	PROPN
foster-255	367	5	https://doi.org/10.30762/jeels.v9i1.4527	https://doi.org/10.30762/jeels.v9i1.4527	PROPN
foster-255	367	6	https://doi.org/10.18592/let.v13i1.8923	https://doi.org/10.18592/let.v13i1.8923	PROPN
foster-255	367	7	https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543074001059	https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543074001059	PROPN
foster-255	367	8	https://doi.org/10.1186/s41039-022-00198-8	https://doi.org/10.1186/s41039-022-00198-8	PROPN
foster-255	367	9	https://doi.org/10.1186/s41039-022-00198-8	https://doi.org/10.1186/s41039-022-00198-8	NUM
foster-255	367	10	https://doi.org/10.1177/1362168810383347	https://doi.org/10.1177/1362168810383347	ADJ
foster-255	367	11	copyright	copyright	NOUN
foster-255	367	12	©	©	PROPN
foster-255	367	13	the	the	DET
foster-255	367	14	author(s	author(s	NOUN
foster-255	367	15	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	367	16	vol	vol	NOUN
foster-255	367	17	.	.	PROPN
foster-255	368	1	6	6	NUM
foster-255	368	2	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	368	3	no	no	INTJ
foster-255	368	4	.	.	NOUN
foster-255	368	5	3	3	NUM
foster-255	368	6	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	368	7	july	july	PROPN
foster-255	368	8	2025	2025	NUM
foster-255	369	1	e	e	X
foster-255	369	2	-	-	PUNCT
foster-255	369	3	issn	issn	ADJ
foster-255	369	4	:	:	PUNCT
foster-255	369	5	2723	2723	NUM
foster-255	369	6	-	-	SYM
foster-255	369	7	4126	4126	NUM
foster-255	369	8	p	p	NOUN
foster-255	369	9	-	-	PUNCT
foster-255	369	10	issn	issn	NOUN
foster-255	369	11	:	:	PUNCT
foster-255	369	12	2776	2776	NUM
foster-255	369	13	-	-	SYM
foster-255	369	14	8880	8880	NUM
foster-255	369	15	209	209	NUM
foster-255	369	16	lin	lin	PROPN
foster-255	369	17	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	369	18	z.	z.	PROPN
foster-255	369	19	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	369	20	ryskulova	ryskulova	PROPN
foster-255	369	21	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	369	22	b.	b.	PROPN
foster-255	369	23	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	369	24	cheng	cheng	PROPN
foster-255	369	25	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	369	26	x.	x.	PROPN
foster-255	369	27	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	369	28	ren	ren	PROPN
foster-255	369	29	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	369	30	s.	s.	PROPN
foster-255	369	31	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	369	32	&	&	CCONJ
foster-255	369	33	apaeva	apaeva	PROPN
foster-255	369	34	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	369	35	s.	s.	PROPN
foster-255	369	36	(	(	PUNCT
foster-255	369	37	2024	2024	NUM
foster-255	369	38	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	369	39	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	370	1	critical	critical	ADJ
foster-255	370	2	thinking	thinking	NOUN
foster-255	370	3	development	development	NOUN
foster-255	370	4	of	of	ADP
foster-255	370	5	foreign	foreign	ADJ
foster-255	370	6	language	language	NOUN
foster-255	370	7	teachers	teacher	NOUN
foster-255	370	8	through	through	ADP
foster-255	370	9	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	370	10	literacy	literacy	NOUN
foster-255	370	11	training	training	NOUN
foster-255	370	12	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	371	1	journal	journal	NOUN
foster-255	371	2	of	of	ADP
foster-255	371	3	educational	educational	ADJ
foster-255	371	4	technology	technology	NOUN
foster-255	371	5	development	development	NOUN
foster-255	371	6	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	371	7	exchange	exchange	NOUN
foster-255	371	8	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	371	9	17(1	17(1	NUM
foster-255	371	10	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	371	11	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	371	12	222	222	NUM
foster-255	371	13	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	372	1	https://doi.org/10.18785/jetde.1701.13	https://doi.org/10.18785/jetde.1701.13	PROPN
foster-255	372	2	moore	moore	PROPN
foster-255	372	3	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	372	4	m.	m.	NOUN
foster-255	372	5	g.	g.	PROPN
foster-255	372	6	(	(	PUNCT
foster-255	372	7	1989	1989	NUM
foster-255	372	8	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	372	9	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	373	1	editorial	editorial	NOUN
foster-255	373	2	:	:	PUNCT
foster-255	373	3	three	three	NUM
foster-255	373	4	types	type	NOUN
foster-255	373	5	of	of	ADP
foster-255	373	6	interaction	interaction	NOUN
foster-255	373	7	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	374	1	the	the	DET
foster-255	374	2	american	american	PROPN
foster-255	374	3	journal	journal	PROPN
foster-255	374	4	of	of	ADP
foster-255	374	5	distance	distance	NOUN
foster-255	374	6	education	education	NOUN
foster-255	374	7	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	374	8	3(2	3(2	NUM
foster-255	374	9	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	374	10	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	374	11	1–7	1–7	X
foster-255	374	12	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	374	13	https://doi.org/10.1080/08923648909526659	https://doi.org/10.1080/08923648909526659	NOUN
foster-255	374	14	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	375	1	nasaruddin	nasaruddin	VERB
foster-255	375	2	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	375	3	a.	a.	PROPN
foster-255	375	4	h.	h.	PROPN
foster-255	375	5	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	375	6	das	das	PROPN
foster-255	375	7	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	375	8	st	st	PROPN
foster-255	375	9	.	.	PROPN
foster-255	375	10	w.	w.	PROPN
foster-255	375	11	h.	h.	PROPN
foster-255	375	12	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	375	13	&	&	CCONJ
foster-255	375	14	ladiqi	ladiqi	PROPN
foster-255	375	15	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	375	16	s.	s.	PROPN
foster-255	375	17	(	(	PUNCT
foster-255	375	18	2023	2023	NUM
foster-255	375	19	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	375	20	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	376	1	digital	digital	PROPN
foster-255	376	2	-	-	PUNCT
foster-255	376	3	based	base	VERB
foster-255	376	4	islamic	islamic	ADJ
foster-255	376	5	religious	religious	ADJ
foster-255	376	6	education	education	NOUN
foster-255	376	7	(	(	PUNCT
foster-255	376	8	ire	ire	NOUN
foster-255	376	9	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	376	10	learning	learn	VERB
foster-255	376	11	model	model	NOUN
foster-255	376	12	at	at	ADP
foster-255	376	13	senior	senior	ADJ
foster-255	376	14	high	high	ADJ
foster-255	376	15	school	school	NOUN
foster-255	376	16	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	377	1	indonesian	indonesian	ADJ
foster-255	377	2	journal	journal	PROPN
foster-255	377	3	of	of	ADP
foster-255	377	4	islamic	islamic	ADJ
foster-255	377	5	education	education	PROPN
foster-255	377	6	studies	study	NOUN
foster-255	377	7	(	(	PUNCT
foster-255	377	8	ijies	ijie	NOUN
foster-255	377	9	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	377	10	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	377	11	6(1	6(1	NUM
foster-255	377	12	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	377	13	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	377	14	79	79	NUM
foster-255	377	15	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	378	1	https://doi.org/10.33367/ijies.v6i1.3525	https://doi.org/10.33367/ijies.v6i1.3525	PROPN
foster-255	378	2	pozo	pozo	PROPN
foster-255	378	3	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	378	4	j.	j.	PROPN
foster-255	378	5	i.	i.	PROPN
foster-255	378	6	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	378	7	cabellos	cabellos	PROPN
foster-255	378	8	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	378	9	b.	b.	PROPN
foster-255	378	10	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	378	11	&	&	CCONJ
foster-255	378	12	echeverría	echeverría	NOUN
foster-255	378	13	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	378	14	m.	m.	NOUN
foster-255	378	15	del	del	PROPN
foster-255	378	16	p.	p.	PROPN
foster-255	379	1	p.	p.	NOUN
foster-255	380	1	(	(	PUNCT
foster-255	380	2	2024	2024	NUM
foster-255	380	3	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	380	4	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	381	1	has	have	AUX
foster-255	381	2	the	the	DET
foster-255	381	3	educational	educational	ADJ
foster-255	381	4	use	use	NOUN
foster-255	381	5	of	of	ADP
foster-255	381	6	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	381	7	technologies	technology	NOUN
foster-255	381	8	changed	change	VERB
foster-255	381	9	after	after	ADP
foster-255	381	10	the	the	DET
foster-255	381	11	pandemic	pandemic	NOUN
foster-255	381	12	?	?	PUNCT
foster-255	382	1	a	a	DET
foster-255	382	2	longitudinal	longitudinal	ADJ
foster-255	382	3	study	study	NOUN
foster-255	382	4	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	383	1	plos	plos	PROPN
foster-255	383	2	one	one	NUM
foster-255	383	3	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	383	4	19(12	19(12	NUM
foster-255	383	5	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	383	6	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	384	1	https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0311695	https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0311695	PROPN
foster-255	384	2	reddy	reddy	NOUN
foster-255	384	3	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	384	4	p.	p.	NOUN
foster-255	384	5	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	384	6	chaudhary	chaudhary	PROPN
foster-255	384	7	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	384	8	k.	k.	PROPN
foster-255	384	9	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	384	10	&	&	CCONJ
foster-255	384	11	hussein	hussein	PROPN
foster-255	384	12	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	384	13	s.	s.	PROPN
foster-255	384	14	(	(	PUNCT
foster-255	384	15	2023	2023	NUM
foster-255	384	16	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	384	17	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	385	1	a	a	DET
foster-255	385	2	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	385	3	literacy	literacy	NOUN
foster-255	385	4	model	model	NOUN
foster-255	385	5	to	to	PART
foster-255	385	6	narrow	narrow	VERB
foster-255	385	7	the	the	DET
foster-255	385	8	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	385	9	literacy	literacy	NOUN
foster-255	385	10	skills	skill	NOUN
foster-255	385	11	gap	gap	NOUN
foster-255	385	12	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	386	1	heliyon	heliyon	NOUN
foster-255	386	2	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	386	3	9(4	9(4	NUM
foster-255	386	4	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	386	5	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	387	1	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14878	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14878	PROPN
foster-255	387	2	redecker	redecker	NOUN
foster-255	387	3	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	387	4	c.	c.	PROPN
foster-255	387	5	(	(	PUNCT
foster-255	387	6	2017	2017	NUM
foster-255	387	7	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	387	8	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	388	1	european	european	ADJ
foster-255	388	2	framework	framework	NOUN
foster-255	388	3	for	for	ADP
foster-255	388	4	the	the	DET
foster-255	388	5	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	388	6	competence	competence	NOUN
foster-255	388	7	of	of	ADP
foster-255	388	8	educators	educator	NOUN
foster-255	388	9	:	:	PUNCT
foster-255	388	10	digcompedu	digcompedu	PROPN
foster-255	388	11	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	389	1	european	european	PROPN
foster-255	389	2	commission	commission	PROPN
foster-255	389	3	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	390	1	sakkir	sakkir	PROPN
foster-255	390	2	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	390	3	g.	g.	PROPN
foster-255	390	4	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	390	5	rukmana	rukmana	PROPN
foster-255	390	6	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	390	7	n.	n.	PROPN
foster-255	390	8	s.	s.	PROPN
foster-255	390	9	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	390	10	muslim	muslim	PROPN
foster-255	390	11	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	390	12	a.	a.	PROPN
foster-255	390	13	b.	b.	PROPN
foster-255	390	14	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	390	15	andrew	andrew	PROPN
foster-255	390	16	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	390	17	m.	m.	NOUN
foster-255	390	18	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	390	19	&	&	CCONJ
foster-255	390	20	muhayyang	muhayyang	PROPN
foster-255	390	21	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	390	22	m.	m.	NOUN
foster-255	390	23	(	(	PUNCT
foster-255	390	24	2023	2023	NUM
foster-255	390	25	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	390	26	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	391	1	the	the	DET
foster-255	391	2	challenges	challenge	NOUN
foster-255	391	3	faced	face	VERB
foster-255	391	4	by	by	ADP
foster-255	391	5	students	student	NOUN
foster-255	391	6	in	in	ADP
foster-255	391	7	learning	learn	VERB
foster-255	391	8	english	english	PROPN
foster-255	391	9	(	(	PUNCT
foster-255	391	10	post	post	ADJ
foster-255	391	11	-	-	ADJ
foster-255	391	12	pandemic	pandemic	ADJ
foster-255	391	13	era	era	NOUN
foster-255	391	14	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	391	15	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	392	1	interference	interference	NOUN
foster-255	392	2	journal	journal	NOUN
foster-255	392	3	of	of	ADP
foster-255	392	4	language	language	NOUN
foster-255	392	5	literature	literature	NOUN
foster-255	392	6	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	392	7	linguistics	linguistic	NOUN
foster-255	392	8	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	392	9	4(1	4(1	NOUN
foster-255	392	10	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	392	11	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	392	12	111	111	NUM
foster-255	392	13	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	393	1	https://doi.org/10.26858/interference.v4i1.43966	https://doi.org/10.26858/interference.v4i1.43966	X
foster-255	393	2	selwyn	selwyn	NOUN
foster-255	393	3	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	393	4	n.	n.	NOUN
foster-255	393	5	(	(	PUNCT
foster-255	393	6	2011	2011	NUM
foster-255	393	7	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	393	8	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	394	1	education	education	NOUN
foster-255	394	2	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	394	3	technology	technology	NOUN
foster-255	394	4	:	:	PUNCT
foster-255	394	5	key	key	ADJ
foster-255	394	6	issues	issue	NOUN
foster-255	394	7	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	394	8	debates	debate	NOUN
foster-255	394	9	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	395	1	bloomsbury	bloomsbury	NOUN
foster-255	395	2	publishing	publishing	NOUN
foster-255	395	3	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	396	1	siemens	siemens	PROPN
foster-255	396	2	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	396	3	g.	g.	PROPN
foster-255	396	4	(	(	PUNCT
foster-255	396	5	2005	2005	NUM
foster-255	396	6	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	396	7	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	397	1	connectivism	connectivism	NOUN
foster-255	397	2	:	:	PUNCT
foster-255	397	3	a	a	DET
foster-255	397	4	learning	learning	NOUN
foster-255	397	5	theory	theory	NOUN
foster-255	397	6	for	for	ADP
foster-255	397	7	the	the	DET
foster-255	397	8	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	397	9	age	age	NOUN
foster-255	397	10	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	398	1	international	international	ADJ
foster-255	398	2	journal	journal	PROPN
foster-255	398	3	of	of	ADP
foster-255	398	4	instructional	instructional	ADJ
foster-255	398	5	technology	technology	NOUN
foster-255	398	6	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	398	7	distance	distance	NOUN
foster-255	398	8	learning	learning	NOUN
foster-255	398	9	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	398	10	2(1	2(1	NUM
foster-255	398	11	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	398	12	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	398	13	3–10	3–10	PROPN
foster-255	398	14	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	399	1	smith	smith	PROPN
foster-255	399	2	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	399	3	b.	b.	PROPN
foster-255	399	4	l.	l.	PROPN
foster-255	399	5	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	399	6	&	&	CCONJ
foster-255	399	7	macgregor	macgregor	PROPN
foster-255	399	8	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	399	9	j.	j.	PROPN
foster-255	399	10	t.	t.	PROPN
foster-255	399	11	(	(	PUNCT
foster-255	399	12	1992	1992	NUM
foster-255	399	13	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	399	14	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	400	1	what	what	PRON
foster-255	400	2	is	be	AUX
foster-255	400	3	collaborative	collaborative	ADJ
foster-255	400	4	learning	learning	NOUN
foster-255	400	5	?	?	PUNCT
foster-255	401	1	in	in	ADP
foster-255	401	2	a.	a.	PROPN
foster-255	401	3	s.	s.	PROPN
foster-255	401	4	goodsell	goodsell	PROPN
foster-255	401	5	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	401	6	m.	m.	PROPN
foster-255	401	7	r.	r.	PROPN
foster-255	401	8	maher	maher	PROPN
foster-255	401	9	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	401	10	v.	v.	ADP
foster-255	401	11	tinto	tinto	PROPN
foster-255	401	12	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	401	13	b.	b.	PROPN
foster-255	401	14	l.	l.	PROPN
foster-255	401	15	smith	smith	PROPN
foster-255	401	16	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	401	17	&	&	CCONJ
foster-255	401	18	j.	j.	PROPN
foster-255	401	19	macgregor	macgregor	PROPN
foster-255	401	20	(	(	PUNCT
foster-255	401	21	eds	eds	PROPN
foster-255	401	22	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	401	23	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	401	24	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	401	25	collaborative	collaborative	ADJ
foster-255	401	26	learning	learning	NOUN
foster-255	401	27	:	:	PUNCT
foster-255	401	28	a	a	DET
foster-255	401	29	sourcebook	sourcebook	NOUN
foster-255	401	30	for	for	ADP
foster-255	401	31	higher	high	ADJ
foster-255	401	32	education	education	NOUN
foster-255	401	33	(	(	PUNCT
foster-255	401	34	pp	pp	ADJ
foster-255	401	35	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	401	36	10–30	10–30	NUM
foster-255	401	37	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	401	38	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	402	1	national	national	ADJ
foster-255	402	2	center	center	NOUN
foster-255	402	3	on	on	ADP
foster-255	402	4	postsecondary	postsecondary	ADJ
foster-255	402	5	teaching	teaching	NOUN
foster-255	402	6	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	402	7	learning	learning	NOUN
foster-255	402	8	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	402	9	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	402	10	assessment	assessment	NOUN
foster-255	402	11	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	403	1	smith	smith	PROPN
foster-255	403	2	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	403	3	b.	b.	PROPN
foster-255	403	4	l.	l.	PROPN
foster-255	403	5	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	403	6	&	&	CCONJ
foster-255	403	7	macgregor	macgregor	PROPN
foster-255	403	8	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	403	9	j.	j.	PROPN
foster-255	403	10	t.	t.	PROPN
foster-255	403	11	(	(	PUNCT
foster-255	403	12	1992	1992	NUM
foster-255	403	13	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	403	14	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	404	1	what	what	PRON
foster-255	404	2	is	be	AUX
foster-255	404	3	collaborative	collaborative	ADJ
foster-255	404	4	learning	learning	NOUN
foster-255	404	5	?	?	PUNCT
foster-255	405	1	in	in	ADP
foster-255	405	2	a.	a.	PROPN
foster-255	405	3	s.	s.	PROPN
foster-255	405	4	goodsell	goodsell	INTJ
foster-255	405	5	et	et	PROPN
foster-255	405	6	al	al	PROPN
foster-255	405	7	.	.	PROPN
foster-255	406	1	(	(	PUNCT
foster-255	406	2	eds	ed	NOUN
foster-255	406	3	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	406	4	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	406	5	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	407	1	collaborative	collaborative	ADJ
foster-255	407	2	learning	learning	NOUN
foster-255	407	3	:	:	PUNCT
foster-255	407	4	a	a	DET
foster-255	407	5	sourcebook	sourcebook	NOUN
foster-255	407	6	for	for	ADP
foster-255	407	7	higher	high	ADJ
foster-255	407	8	education	education	NOUN
foster-255	407	9	(	(	PUNCT
foster-255	407	10	pp	pp	ADJ
foster-255	407	11	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	407	12	10–30	10–30	NUM
foster-255	407	13	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	407	14	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	408	1	national	national	ADJ
foster-255	408	2	center	center	NOUN
foster-255	408	3	on	on	ADP
foster-255	408	4	postsecondary	postsecondary	ADJ
foster-255	408	5	teaching	teaching	NOUN
foster-255	408	6	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	408	7	learning	learning	NOUN
foster-255	408	8	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	408	9	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	408	10	assessment	assessment	NOUN
foster-255	408	11	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	409	1	spradley	spradley	PROPN
foster-255	409	2	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	409	3	j.	j.	PROPN
foster-255	409	4	p.	p.	PROPN
foster-255	409	5	(	(	PUNCT
foster-255	409	6	1979	1979	NUM
foster-255	409	7	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	409	8	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	410	1	the	the	DET
foster-255	410	2	ethnographic	ethnographic	ADJ
foster-255	410	3	interview	interview	NOUN
foster-255	410	4	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	411	1	by	by	ADP
foster-255	411	2	holt	holt	PROPN
foster-255	411	3	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	411	4	rinehart	rinehart	PROPN
foster-255	411	5	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	411	6	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	411	7	winston	winston	PROPN
foster-255	411	8	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	411	9	inc	inc	PROPN
foster-255	411	10	.	.	PROPN
foster-255	411	11	spradley	spradley	PROPN
foster-255	411	12	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	411	13	j.	j.	PROPN
foster-255	411	14	p.	p.	PROPN
foster-255	411	15	(	(	PUNCT
foster-255	411	16	2006	2006	NUM
foster-255	411	17	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	411	18	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	412	1	metode	metode	PROPN
foster-255	412	2	etnografi	etnografi	PROPN
foster-255	412	3	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	413	1	edisi	edisi	PROPN
foster-255	413	2	kedua	kedua	PROPN
foster-255	413	3	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	414	1	jogjakarta	jogjakarta	PROPN
foster-255	414	2	:	:	PUNCT
foster-255	414	3	tiara	tiara	PROPN
foster-255	414	4	wacana	wacana	PROPN
foster-255	414	5	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	415	1	valentina	valentina	PROPN
foster-255	415	2	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	415	3	t.	t.	PROPN
foster-255	415	4	f.	f.	PROPN
foster-255	415	5	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	415	6	arifani	arifani	PROPN
foster-255	415	7	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	415	8	y.	y.	PROPN
foster-255	415	9	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	415	10	&	&	CCONJ
foster-255	415	11	anwar	anwar	PROPN
foster-255	415	12	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	415	13	k.	k.	PROPN
foster-255	415	14	(	(	PUNCT
foster-255	415	15	2022	2022	NUM
foster-255	415	16	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	415	17	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	416	1	can	can	AUX
foster-255	416	2	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	416	3	literacy	literacy	NOUN
foster-255	416	4	practices	practice	NOUN
foster-255	416	5	motivate	motivate	VERB
foster-255	416	6	international	international	ADJ
foster-255	416	7	students	student	NOUN
foster-255	416	8	to	to	PART
foster-255	416	9	upgrade	upgrade	VERB
foster-255	416	10	their	their	PRON
foster-255	416	11	english	english	NOUN
foster-255	416	12	as	as	ADP
foster-255	416	13	a	a	DET
foster-255	416	14	second	second	ADJ
foster-255	416	15	language	language	NOUN
foster-255	416	16	(	(	PUNCT
foster-255	416	17	l2	l2	NOUN
foster-255	416	18	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	416	19	?	?	PUNCT
foster-255	417	1	an	an	DET
foster-255	417	2	ethnographic	ethnographic	ADJ
foster-255	417	3	case	case	NOUN
foster-255	417	4	study	study	NOUN
foster-255	417	5	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	418	1	academic	academic	ADJ
foster-255	418	2	journal	journal	PROPN
foster-255	418	3	perspective	perspective	PROPN
foster-255	418	4	education	education	NOUN
foster-255	418	5	language	language	NOUN
foster-255	418	6	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	418	7	literature	literature	NOUN
foster-255	418	8	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	418	9	9(2	9(2	NUM
foster-255	418	10	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	418	11	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	418	12	99	99	NUM
foster-255	418	13	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	419	1	https://doi.org/10.33603/perspective.v9i2.6085	https://doi.org/10.33603/perspective.v9i2.6085	PROPN
foster-255	419	2	vygotsky	vygotsky	PROPN
foster-255	419	3	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	419	4	l.	l.	PROPN
foster-255	419	5	s.	s.	PROPN
foster-255	419	6	(	(	PUNCT
foster-255	419	7	1978	1978	NUM
foster-255	419	8	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	419	9	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	420	1	mind	mind	NOUN
foster-255	420	2	in	in	ADP
foster-255	420	3	society	society	NOUN
foster-255	420	4	:	:	PUNCT
foster-255	420	5	the	the	DET
foster-255	420	6	development	development	NOUN
foster-255	420	7	of	of	ADP
foster-255	420	8	higher	high	ADJ
foster-255	420	9	psychological	psychological	ADJ
foster-255	420	10	processes	process	NOUN
foster-255	420	11	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	421	1	harvard	harvard	PROPN
foster-255	421	2	university	university	PROPN
foster-255	421	3	press	press	NOUN
foster-255	421	4	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	422	1	http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689	http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689	X
foster-255	422	2	http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689	http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689	PUNCT
foster-255	423	1	https://doi.org/10.18785/jetde.1701.13	https://doi.org/10.18785/jetde.1701.13	PROPN
foster-255	424	1	https://doi.org/10.1080/08923648909526659	https://doi.org/10.1080/08923648909526659	NOUN
foster-255	424	2	https://doi.org/10.33367/ijies.v6i1.3525	https://doi.org/10.33367/ijies.v6i1.3525	NOUN
foster-255	424	3	https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0311695	https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0311695	AUX
foster-255	424	4	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14878	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14878	VERB
foster-255	424	5	https://doi.org/10.26858/interference.v4i1.43966	https://doi.org/10.26858/interference.v4i1.43966	VERB
foster-255	424	6	https://doi.org/10.33603/perspective.v9i2.6085	https://doi.org/10.33603/perspective.v9i2.6085	NOUN
foster-255	424	7	copyright	copyright	NOUN
foster-255	424	8	©	©	PROPN
foster-255	424	9	the	the	DET
foster-255	424	10	author(s	author(s	NOUN
foster-255	424	11	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	424	12	vol	vol	NOUN
foster-255	424	13	.	.	PROPN
foster-255	425	1	6	6	NUM
foster-255	425	2	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	425	3	no	no	INTJ
foster-255	425	4	.	.	NOUN
foster-255	425	5	3	3	NUM
foster-255	425	6	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	425	7	july	july	PROPN
foster-255	425	8	2025	2025	NUM
foster-255	426	1	e	e	X
foster-255	426	2	-	-	PUNCT
foster-255	426	3	issn	issn	ADJ
foster-255	426	4	:	:	PUNCT
foster-255	426	5	2723	2723	NUM
foster-255	426	6	-	-	SYM
foster-255	426	7	4126	4126	NUM
foster-255	426	8	p	p	NOUN
foster-255	426	9	-	-	PUNCT
foster-255	426	10	issn	issn	NOUN
foster-255	426	11	:	:	PUNCT
foster-255	426	12	2776	2776	NUM
foster-255	426	13	-	-	SYM
foster-255	426	14	8880	8880	NUM
foster-255	426	15	210	210	NUM
foster-255	426	16	warschauer	warschauer	NOUN
foster-255	426	17	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	426	18	m.	m.	NOUN
foster-255	426	19	(	(	PUNCT
foster-255	426	20	2003	2003	NUM
foster-255	426	21	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	426	22	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	427	1	technology	technology	NOUN
foster-255	427	2	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	427	3	social	social	ADJ
foster-255	427	4	inclusion	inclusion	NOUN
foster-255	427	5	:	:	PUNCT
foster-255	427	6	rethinking	rethink	VERB
foster-255	427	7	the	the	DET
foster-255	427	8	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	427	9	divide	divide	NOUN
foster-255	427	10	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	428	1	mit	mit	PROPN
foster-255	428	2	press	press	PROPN
foster-255	428	3	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	429	1	wertsch	wertsch	PROPN
foster-255	429	2	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	429	3	j.	j.	PROPN
foster-255	429	4	v.	v.	PROPN
foster-255	429	5	(	(	PUNCT
foster-255	429	6	1991	1991	NUM
foster-255	429	7	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	429	8	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	430	1	voices	voice	NOUN
foster-255	430	2	of	of	ADP
foster-255	430	3	the	the	DET
foster-255	430	4	mind	mind	NOUN
foster-255	430	5	:	:	PUNCT
foster-255	430	6	a	a	DET
foster-255	430	7	sociocultural	sociocultural	ADJ
foster-255	430	8	approach	approach	NOUN
foster-255	430	9	to	to	ADP
foster-255	430	10	mediated	mediate	VERB
foster-255	430	11	action	action	NOUN
foster-255	430	12	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	431	1	harvard	harvard	PROPN
foster-255	431	2	university	university	PROPN
foster-255	431	3	press	press	NOUN
foster-255	431	4	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	432	1	yaseen	yaseen	PROPN
foster-255	432	2	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	432	3	h.	h.	PROPN
foster-255	432	4	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	432	5	mohammad	mohammad	PROPN
foster-255	432	6	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	432	7	a.	a.	PROPN
foster-255	432	8	s.	s.	PROPN
foster-255	432	9	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	432	10	ashal	ashal	ADV
foster-255	432	11	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	432	12	n.	n.	NOUN
foster-255	432	13	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	432	14	abusaimeh	abusaimeh	PROPN
foster-255	432	15	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	432	16	h.	h.	PROPN
foster-255	432	17	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	432	18	ali	ali	PROPN
foster-255	432	19	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	432	20	a.	a.	PROPN
foster-255	432	21	a.	a.	NOUN
foster-255	432	22	a.	a.	PROPN
foster-255	432	23	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	432	24	&	&	CCONJ
foster-255	432	25	sharabati	sharabati	PROPN
foster-255	432	26	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	432	27	a.	a.	NOUN
foster-255	432	28	a.	a.	NOUN
foster-255	432	29	(	(	PUNCT
foster-255	432	30	2025	2025	NUM
foster-255	432	31	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	432	32	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	433	1	the	the	DET
foster-255	433	2	impact	impact	NOUN
foster-255	433	3	of	of	ADP
foster-255	433	4	adaptive	adaptive	ADJ
foster-255	433	5	learning	learning	NOUN
foster-255	433	6	technologies	technology	NOUN
foster-255	433	7	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	433	8	personalized	personalized	ADJ
foster-255	433	9	feedback	feedback	NOUN
foster-255	433	10	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	433	11	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	433	12	interactive	interactive	ADJ
foster-255	433	13	ai	ai	NOUN
foster-255	433	14	tools	tool	NOUN
foster-255	433	15	on	on	ADP
foster-255	433	16	student	student	NOUN
foster-255	433	17	engagement	engagement	NOUN
foster-255	433	18	:	:	PUNCT
foster-255	433	19	the	the	DET
foster-255	433	20	moderating	moderate	VERB
foster-255	433	21	role	role	NOUN
foster-255	433	22	of	of	ADP
foster-255	433	23	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	433	24	literacy	literacy	NOUN
foster-255	433	25	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	434	1	sustainability	sustainability	NOUN
foster-255	434	2	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	434	3	17(3	17(3	NUM
foster-255	434	4	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	434	5	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	434	6	1133	1133	NUM
foster-255	434	7	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	435	1	https://doi.org/10.3390/su17031133	https://doi.org/10.3390/su17031133	PROPN
foster-255	435	2	zahra	zahra	PROPN
foster-255	435	3	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	435	4	i.	i.	PROPN
foster-255	435	5	n.	n.	PROPN
foster-255	435	6	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	435	7	anggrarini	anggrarini	PROPN
foster-255	435	8	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	435	9	n.	n.	NOUN
foster-255	435	10	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	435	11	wati	wati	PROPN
foster-255	435	12	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	435	13	a.	a.	NOUN
foster-255	435	14	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	435	15	prawiro	prawiro	NOUN
foster-255	435	16	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	435	17	i.	i.	PROPN
foster-255	435	18	y.	y.	PROPN
foster-255	435	19	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	435	20	&	&	CCONJ
foster-255	435	21	larasaty	larasaty	PROPN
foster-255	435	22	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	435	23	g.	g.	PROPN
foster-255	435	24	(	(	PUNCT
foster-255	435	25	2023	2023	NUM
foster-255	435	26	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	435	27	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	436	1	efl	efl	PROPN
foster-255	436	2	undergraduate	undergraduate	PROPN
foster-255	436	3	students	student	NOUN
foster-255	436	4	’	’	PART
foster-255	436	5	politeness	politeness	ADJ
foster-255	436	6	strategy	strategy	NOUN
foster-255	436	7	in	in	ADP
foster-255	436	8	online	online	ADJ
foster-255	436	9	classroom	classroom	NOUN
foster-255	436	10	interaction	interaction	NOUN
foster-255	436	11	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	437	1	international	international	ADJ
foster-255	437	2	journal	journal	PROPN
foster-255	437	3	of	of	ADP
foster-255	437	4	science	science	NOUN
foster-255	437	5	education	education	NOUN
foster-255	437	6	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	437	7	cultural	cultural	ADJ
foster-255	437	8	studies	study	NOUN
foster-255	437	9	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	437	10	2(1	2(1	NUM
foster-255	437	11	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	437	12	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	437	13	16	16	NUM
foster-255	437	14	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	438	1	https://doi.org/10.58291/ijsecs.v2i1.73	https://doi.org/10.58291/ijsecs.v2i1.73	PROPN
foster-255	438	2	zhang	zhang	PROPN
foster-255	438	3	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	438	4	j.	j.	PROPN
foster-255	438	5	(	(	PUNCT
foster-255	438	6	2023	2023	NUM
foster-255	438	7	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	438	8	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	439	1	efl	efl	PROPN
foster-255	439	2	teachers	teachers	PROPN
foster-255	439	3	’	’	PART
foster-255	439	4	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	439	5	literacy	literacy	NOUN
foster-255	439	6	:	:	PUNCT
foster-255	439	7	the	the	DET
foster-255	439	8	role	role	NOUN
foster-255	439	9	of	of	ADP
foster-255	439	10	contextual	contextual	ADJ
foster-255	439	11	factors	factor	NOUN
foster-255	439	12	in	in	ADP
foster-255	439	13	their	their	PRON
foster-255	439	14	literacy	literacy	NOUN
foster-255	439	15	development	development	NOUN
foster-255	439	16	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	440	1	frontiers	frontier	NOUN
foster-255	440	2	in	in	ADP
foster-255	440	3	psychology	psychology	NOUN
foster-255	440	4	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	440	5	14	14	NUM
foster-255	440	6	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	441	1	https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1153339	https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1153339	PROPN
foster-255	441	2	zou	zou	PROPN
foster-255	441	3	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	441	4	y.	y.	PROPN
foster-255	441	5	l.	l.	PROPN
foster-255	441	6	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	441	7	kuek	kuek	PROPN
foster-255	441	8	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	441	9	f.	f.	PROPN
foster-255	441	10	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	441	11	feng	feng	PROPN
foster-255	441	12	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	441	13	w.	w.	PROPN
foster-255	441	14	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	441	15	&	&	CCONJ
foster-255	441	16	cheng	cheng	PROPN
foster-255	441	17	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	441	18	x.	x.	PROPN
foster-255	441	19	(	(	PUNCT
foster-255	441	20	2025	2025	NUM
foster-255	441	21	)	)	PUNCT
foster-255	441	22	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	442	1	digital	digital	ADJ
foster-255	442	2	learning	learning	NOUN
foster-255	442	3	in	in	ADP
foster-255	442	4	the	the	DET
foster-255	442	5	21st	21st	ADJ
foster-255	442	6	century	century	NOUN
foster-255	442	7	:	:	PUNCT
foster-255	442	8	trends	trend	NOUN
foster-255	442	9	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	442	10	challenges	challenge	NOUN
foster-255	442	11	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	442	12	and	and	CCONJ
foster-255	442	13	innovations	innovation	NOUN
foster-255	442	14	in	in	ADP
foster-255	442	15	technology	technology	NOUN
foster-255	442	16	integration	integration	NOUN
foster-255	442	17	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	443	1	frontiers	frontier	NOUN
foster-255	443	2	in	in	ADP
foster-255	443	3	education	education	NOUN
foster-255	443	4	,	,	PUNCT
foster-255	443	5	10	10	NUM
foster-255	443	6	.	.	PUNCT
foster-255	444	1	https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2025.1562391	https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2025.1562391	PROPN
foster-255	444	2	http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689	http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689	PUNCT
foster-255	445	1	http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689	http://u.lipi.go.id/1593190689	PROPN
foster-255	445	2	https://doi.org/10.3390/su17031133	https://doi.org/10.3390/su17031133	NUM
foster-255	445	3	https://doi.org/10.58291/ijsecs.v2i1.73	https://doi.org/10.58291/ijsecs.v2i1.73	NOUN
foster-255	445	4	https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1153339	https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1153339	PROPN
foster-255	445	5	https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2025.1562391	https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2025.1562391	PROPN