Microsoft Word - numero 15 articolo 1 E of D. Cz 25, xky O. Ac Pra jiro D. Ch dav AB dis aim (ce bee the dir un wa foc pro KE IN T Experim f cemen . Kytyr, T. zech Technical , 110 00 Prag kytyr@fd.cvut. . Jirousek, cademy of Sci ague 9 ousek@itam.c . Pokorny harles Universi vid.pokorny@ BSTRACT. A seases and d m of the re ement layer en investigat e sample of rection and favorable ac as monitored cus source a opagation bo EYWORDS. B NTRODUCTIO otal hip procedu conventT ental an nted bon Doktor University in gue 1 cz, xdoktor@f P. Zlamal iences of the cas.cz, zlamal@ ity, Faculty of @lf1.cuni.cz Although the disorders of t search was degradation ted using a c pelvic bone magnitude ctivity (down d by repeated and large hig oth in the ce Bone-cement ON p arthroplasty ure that has i tional medica nd num ne-impl Prague, Facu @fd.cvut.cz Czech Repub @itam.cas.cz f medicine, Ort e total hip the human h to investiga and bone-c custom hip e with impla was applied nstairs walk d scanning u gh-resolutio ement layer a t interface; H y or surgical mproved the al therapy. Suc D. Kytyr e merical st lant inte ulty of Transpo blic, Institute thopaedic Clin replacemen hip, the surg ate the cem cement inter simulator. T anted cemen d to the im king) was sim using high re n flat panel and the trab Hip simulato replacement e managemen ccess of the t et alii, Frattura e tudy erface b ortation Scienc of Theoretica nic, V Uvalu 8 nt (THR) is gery brings s mented bone rface debond The experim nted acetabu plant using mulated. The esolution mi detector all becular bone or; µCT; Cra t of the hip nt of those di treatment can ed Integrità Strut behaviou ces, Departmen al and Appl 84, 150 06 P a long-pro some risk of e-implant in ding) during ental setup w ular compon a spherical e process o icro Compu lows investi . ack detection joint with a iseases of the n be disturbed tturale, 15 (201 ur nt of Mechanic lied Mechanics Prague 5 oven method f long-term nterface beha g physiologic was designe nent. The hip l femoral co f damage ac uted Tomogr gation of st n. an artificial p e hip joint th d by several c 1) 5-13; DOI: 10 cs and Materia s, Prosecka´ 7 d of surgica instability o avior. The cal loading c d to allow c p contact fo omponent h ccumulation raphy (µCT) tructural cha prosthesis is hat have resp causes, beside 0.3221/IGF-ESIS. als, Na Floren 76, 190 00 al treatment of the joint. T main proble conditions h cyclic loading orce of requ head. The m n in the fixat ). Use of mic anges and cr a reconstruc ponded poorl es the insuffic 15.01 5 nci t of The ems have g of uired most tion cro- rack ctive ly to cient http://dx.medra.org/10.3221/IGF-ESIS.15.01&auth=true http://www.gruppofrattura.it mailto: xkytyr@fd.cvut.cz mailto: xdoktor@fd.cvut.cz mailto: jirousek@itam.cas.cz mailto: zlamal@itam.cas.cz mailto: david.pokorny@lf1.cuni.cz D. 6 reh Th com com tha Th the res Vis ins MA Bon dim are the Cem to bon is a fro Ma Pol pow is d Lo A n to ser sam T Kytyr et alii, Fra habilitation or he role of failu mponents. T mponent was an femoral on he bone-ceme ere is no stud earch was t sualisation of tability progr ATERIALS AN ne specimen pr he expe The sp (OH(CH mensions of t ea remained in e scanning of mented aceta keep the thic ne bed and th a spherical su om a modified acromolecular lymethylmeth wdery substa depicted in Fi ading test new hip joint allow cyclic l rvo-hydraulic mpling freque T attura ed Integrit r rejection of ure in aseptic The process s not yet satis ne. The most ent interface h y on using µC to investigate f the trabecul ress. AND METHO reparation eriments and pecimen was H2O)nH). W the specimen ntact. The pe the intact ace abular cup Po ckness of the he notches on urface with a d highly cros r Chemistry o hacrylate (PM ance and liqui ig. 1. t simulator w loading of the Instron 1603 ency. A sinus tà Strutturale, 15 f replacement loosening of of the ceme sfactorily des significant w has been stud CT to observ e the degrad ar bone struc ODS measuremen preserved With regards t n to fit the de elvis was scan etabular regio oldi (Beznoska e cement laye n the surface a transverse r sslinked ultra- of the Czech A MMA) bone id componen F as developed e pelvic bone 3 was used. T soidal force w 5 (2011) 5-13; D t, aseptic loo f cemented to ent mantle d cribed. The r work in this fie died using me ve the structu dation caused cture and the nts were carri by immersio to the size o etector. The b nned using a c on, cemented a s.r.o.) was u er constant th of the cup co radial notch l -high-molecu Academy of cement ( (C nts was used f Figure 1: Aceta d for acetabul e sample with The outputs o with a given a DOI: 10.3221/IGF osening is one otal hip replac degradation rate of acetab eld include re echanical testi ural changes in d by the cy e cement layer ed out using on in 4 % of the used X bone was res custom micro acetabular co used. For pro hrough the w onstrains the located along ular-weight po Sciences (Pat C5O2H8)n me for implant fi abular compon ar implant te h implanted c of the force an amplitude wa F-ESIS.15.01 e of the mos cements has b and bone-ce bular compon esearch of Za ing and nume n the cement yclic mechan r changes pro wet anatomi phosphate X-ray detecto sected in its i otomography omponent wa oper functioni whole acetabu movements o g the perimet olyethylene (U tent No. 2977 thacrylic acid fixation. Aceta nent implantati sting (see Fig cemented ace nd displacem as applied. Th st frequent re been extensiv ement interfa nent failure is ant et al. [2, 3] erical analyses t layer and tra nical loading ovided detaile ical specimen (Na2HPO4) or it was ne ischial, pubic y device prior as implanted. ing of the cup ular region. A of the implan er of the imp UHMWPE) 700). d methyl este abular compo ion g. 2). The exp etabular comp ment transduc he hip conta easons of fail vely studied m ace debondin s more then t ] at University s, however, to abecular bone using radiol ed informatio n of human h buffered p cessary to sl c and iliac par any mechani p and its fixat A good comp nt. The outer plant. The im developed by er), produced onent implan perimental set ponent. For t ers were capt ct force of re lure of the T mainly in fem ng of acetab two times hig y of Portsmo o our knowle e. The aim of logical meth on about imp hemipelvic bo paraformaldeh lightly adjust rt; the acetab ical testing. A tion it is essen pression into shape of the mplant was m y the Institut d by mixing ntation proced tup was desig the cyclic load tured with 10 equired direc HR. moral bular gher outh. edge, f the hods. plant one. hyde the bular After ntial o the cup made te of the dure gned ding 0 Hz ction http://dx.medra.org/10.3221/IGF-ESIS.15.01&auth=true http://www.gruppofrattura.it and me (do imp sali Ma Kn sim alm ma bon the sur Th goo stru dia wa rec the vel De use sam Th iso Eiso d magnitude easurement [1 ownstairs wal plant durabili ine solution. aterial testing nowledge of mulations. Th most no corre aterial proper ne can be ass e samples [4] rface) nor ext he pulse trans od agreement ucture have b ameter and 20 s carried out ceiver (USE-T e material, the locity v and b adE v ensity of pure ed to measure mple length. T adE  he kind of me thermic) mod o moduli dep was applied t 1] mean valu king) with 4 ity [3]. The pe Figure 2: Th material prop here is very w elation betwe ties was the sessed by mec . To measur tensometer (p smission ultra t between the been reported 0 − 30 mm le t using USG T). The veloci erefore the Y bone density ρ 2v  e trabecular bo e the time of w Then formula 2 2 l m t v easurement y dulus obtaine pends on the to the implan e (1400 N) a Hz frequency elvic bone wa he hip simulato perties is a p wide range of een the Youn reason for ex chanical testin e the strain possible dama asonic techni e ultrasonical d [6]. A serie ength were dr 20 (Kromph ity of the lon Young's modu ρ, (for details one was obta wave propaga a for the elast yields the so ed from tens coefficient o D. Kytyr e nt using sphe and amplitud y. This freque as supported or. prerequisite fo f trabecular b ng's modulus xperimental a ng, but in thi using standar age of the sam ique [5] is a lly determine es of 20 sam rilled out from holz Geotron ngitudinal ultr ulus can be o see e.g. [7]). ained by samp ation. For sim tic modulus c called adiaba ile or compr f thermal exp et alii, Frattura e erical femoral de (1000 N) w ency is higher by an epoxy m for performin bone material s and anatom assessment o is case strain rd procedure mple surface) quick non-de d and mecha mples from 5 m femoral he n Elektronik, rasonic waves obtained from ple weighting mplification th an be express atic (or dynam ressive tests. R pansion  and ed Integrità Strut component were chosen r than that of mould. Durin ng mechanica properties (E mical location of material pr measuremen es i.e. strain g is inconvenie estructive me anically measu different don eads and delip , FRG) used s' propagation m the formula and volume m he path of the sed as: mical) Young Relationship d the specific tturale, 15 (201 head. Accord to simulate t f normal walk ng the test, th Figure 3: Loa al analysis, es E = 0.1 − 4. n. The high roperties. Ma t is challengin gauge (difficu ent. ethod for Yo ured elastic m nors was test pidated. The d with a 250 n depends on a (1) coupling measurement e wave propa g's modulus w between the c heat of the 1) 5-13; DOI: 10 ding to the h the most unf king but with he specimen w ading cycle. specially in ca .5 GPa) repo discrepancy terial propert ng due to the ult attachmen oung's modul moduli of the ted. The spec experiment d kHz vibrato n the mechani g elasticity mo ts. Ultrasound agation was ta which is large adiabatic Ea material Cp a 0.3221/IGF-ESIS. ip contact fo favorable acti hout any effec was moistened ase of nume orted in litera in the publis ties of trabec e brittle natur nt to the sam lus estimation cancellous b cimens of 5 depisted in Fi or (USG -T) ical propertie odulus Ead, w (1) d probe was aken equal to (2) er than static ad and isother at constant st 15.01 7 orces ivity ct to d by rical ature shed cular re of mple n. A bone mm ig. 4 and es of wave the c (or rmic tress http://dx.medra.org/10.3221/IGF-ESIS.15.01&auth=true http://www.gruppofrattura.it D. 8 and Fro rep Nu Th and ace 20 A s des ma sim em tru dir Hy the of tetr sep con En to dep hem mo Ma Tra UH ma Kytyr et alii, Fra d absolute tem ad iso E E  om the set of ported elastic umerical analy he primary pu d comparison etabular cup a loadsteps asc solid model w signed comp anufacturer (B mplied to incl mbossing the c ue geometry a ections. Final yperMesh (Al e STEP forma the thin geom rahedral elem parately using ntaining noda ngineering sim be quasistatic picted in Fig. mishere of th ore accurate f aterial propert abecular bon HMWPE (IS anufacturers. attura ed Integrit mperature T: 21 aET C    f samples the moduli and w ysis urpose of the n with its be and the ceme certained stre was created in ponents. The Beznoska s.r. lude the sphe cup to the he as a cylindric l assembly (pa ltair Engineer at is defined metry and sm ments shown g the same co al coordinates mulation softw c divided in 2 6. Surface-to he cup was m force transmis ties are descri ne material p SO 5834 -2) tà Strutturale, 15 ad pC e value of elas was used in n Figur numerical an ehavior durin ent mantle im ss field distrib n parametric e geometry .o.). Inner di erical head (⊘ emisphere. T cal socket. Th arts and cons ring, Inc.) fin by areas, ther mall radius of in Fig. 5 was oordinate syst s and element ware Ansys (A 20 loadsteps. o-surface con meshed by con ssion to the p ibed in Tab. 1 properties w ) and the b 5 (2011) 5-13; D stic modulus numerical anal re 4: Ultrasoni nalysis was th ng the loadin mplanted in a s bution at the modeller Inv of the aceta ameter was 3 ⊘D = 32 m The thickness he implant w strains) was ex nite element p refore the sur f the cement s generated w em. HyperM t conectivity. ANSYS, Inc.) . Loading for ntact was defi ntact element pelvis. Frictio 1. All materia were obtained bone-cement DOI: 10.3221/IGF (E = 853 ± lysis. ic measuremen he assessment ng tests. Det small bone bl bone-cement ventor (Auto abular impla 32 mm, oute mm) and the c of this layer was surrounde xported in th pre-processor rface was disc mantle quadr with respect to esh native fo ) was used fo rce value and ined between ts to model f on between th als were consi d by ultraso Palacos R F-ESIS.15.01 72 MPa) was nt of elastic mo t of the degra tailed three-d lock was deve t interface du odesk, Inc.). T ant was obta er 49 mm. Th cylindrical ne r was 3 mm. ed with minim he STEP form r was used fo cretized by qu ratic elements o surface me rmat was con or the numeri d direction of n head and ac femoro-acetab he femoral he idered as isotr nic measurem (Heraeus M s obtained. T odulus. adation of ace dimensional f eloped. The a uring gait cycl The model w ained from he geometry eck. The cem The bone wa mally 15 mm mat. or model dis uadratic trian s were chose esh. Each com nverted to An ical analysis. T f downstair w cetabular com bular interfac ead and the a ropic linear e ment, prope Medical Gmb This value fits etabular repla finite elemen analysis of th e. was composed datasheet pr of femoral c ment mantle w as modeled r m of the bon cretization. T ngular elemen n. Volume m mponent mes nsys (ANSYS The simulatio walking in eac mponent. The ce. The conta acetabular cup elastic. erties of the bH) were pr (3) s in the range acement fixati nt model of he gait divided d of 4 separat rovided by component w was designed regardless of e material in The goemetry nts first. Becau mesh of 10-no sh was expor S, Inc.) input on was assum ch load step e head and in act was used p was neglect stainless st rovided by e of tion the d in tely the was by the all y in use ode rted file med are ner for ted. eel, the http://dx.medra.org/10.3221/IGF-ESIS.15.01&auth=true http://www.gruppofrattura.it Th Ma inte loa Mi To ima the sof Figure 6: he stress field aximum stress erface are sh ad steps consi icrotomography observe the aging using a e specimen a ftware plug-in Material Stainless s UHMWP Bone cem Trabecula : Loading forc d distribution s value equal own in Fig. 8 idered. y imaging process of d a custom µCT and the detec n. F steel PE (ISO 5834 ment ar bone Tabl ce used in the s in the bone to 12.48 MP 8. The places damage in the T device show ctor were pr D. Kytyr e Figure 5: 10-no Youn 4 -2) le 1: Material p simulation. e-cement inte Pa was reache s of maximal e acetabular re wn in Fig. 9 rovided by st et alii, Frattura e ode tetrahedral ng’s modulus 220 0.69 2 0.850 properties used F erface were o d at 20 % of value of von egion during was perform tepper motor ed Integrità Strut l elements mes s [GPa] d in the FE mo Figure 7: Resul observed to lo f the gait cycle n Mises stres the loading m ed. Manipula rs using a U tturale, 15 (201 sh. Poisson’s 0.30 0.46 0.38 0.25 odel. lting stress in t ocate the reg e. The stress ss were in the microfocus C ation with the USB interface 1) 5-13; DOI: 10 ratio 0 6 8 the bone-ceme gions of pote fields on the e acetabular l Computed To e X-ray sourc e, controlled 0.3221/IGF-ESIS. nt interface. ential damage bone-cemen labrum for al omography (µ ce, the table w by Pixelman 15.01 9 e. nt ll µCT) with n [8] http://dx.medra.org/10.3221/IGF-ESIS.15.01&auth=true http://www.gruppofrattura.it D. 10 Mic pan Sig 120 ace per Kytyr et alii, Fra (a) (e) (i) (m (q) F crofocus X-r nel detector ( gnal detected 0 mm with m etabular regio rformed using attura ed Integrit 0% of gait cy 20% of gait cy 40% of gait cy m) 60% of gait c ) 80% of gait c Figure 8: von ray source L8 (FPD) C7942 at each pixel maximal resol on exposed fo g 10 times 0.5 tà Strutturale, 15 ycle (b) ycle (f) ycle (j) cycle (n) cycle (r) Mises stress di 8601-01 (Ham 2CA-22 (Ham of the detect lution of 4 M or scanning. S 5 s, voltage 80 5 (2011) 5-13; D 5% of gait cy 25% of gait cy 45% of gait cy 65% of gait cy 85% of gait cy istribution in th mamatsu Pho mamatsu Phot tor was integr Mpx. The pelv Scanning sequ 0 kV and curr DOI: 10.3221/IGF ycle (c) ycle (g) ycle (k) ycle (o) ycle (s) he bone-cemen tonics K.K.) tonics K.K.) rated to the m vic bone was uence consiste rent 125 µA. F-ESIS.15.01 10% of gait c 30% of gait c ) 50% of gait c 70% of gait c 90% of gait c nt interface du with wolfram with thin-film memory. Phy s fixed in the ed of 360 sca cycle (d) cycle (h) cycle (l) cycle (p) cycle (t) uring the norm m anode was m transistor ( ysical dimensi e iliac area on ns with 1° ste 15% of gait c 35% of gait c 55% of gait cy 75% of gait c 95% of gait c mal walking cycl used. For th (TFT) constr ions of the de nto a rotary t ep increment cycle cycle ycle cycle ycle le. his purpose a ruction was u etector are 12 table to leave . Acquisition a flat used. 20 × e the was http://dx.medra.org/10.3221/IGF-ESIS.15.01&auth=true http://www.gruppofrattura.it µC spe out by wh line wh Rad the Cal for rad cor obj Pro Vis CT provides ecimen a frac tput emission Beer-Lamber 0 I e I  here I0 is the ear attenuatio   here ρ is the d diograph qua e source pow libration mea r inhomogene diation backgr rrected radiog ject. For the r ojections obt sualization To detailed info ction of the X n intensity I o rt law: ( )E d value of inpu on coefficient 3 4Z density of abs ality is mainly wer and the a asurements ha eity reduction round and be grams (3D ra reconstructio Figure 9: M tained by µC oolkit (VTK) ormation abo X-ray beam is on detector. R ut emission e t: orbent mater y given by the acquisition tim ave been perf n across the eam hardenin adiation distr on Filtered Ba Microtomograp Figure 1 CT imaging w libraries. Th D. Kytyr e out the intern s absorbed. T Relationship b emitted by th rial, Z materia e number of me. With dec formed for th chip, dark cu ng correction ribution in th ackprojection phy device; pel 10: Reconstruc were visualiz he bone-ceme et alii, Frattura e nal structure The X-rays th between input he X-ray sour al proton num photons con creasing num he noise reduc urrent correc to get absorb he 2D plane d (FBP) was u lvic bone samp cted acetabulum zed using µC ent interface b ed Integrità Strut e. According hat pass thro t and output rce, d is the t mber and λ X- ntributing to t mber of photo ction. Flat fie tion (scannin bing characte detector) wer used. ple on the left, m from differe CTvis&model before cyclic tturale, 15 (201 to the dens ugh are then intensity of m thickness of -rays wavelen the image. Th ons the prop eld correction ng with disco eristics [9, 10] re used for r X-ray source ent views. ller software loading is sh 1) 5-13; DOI: 10 sity and com captured an monochroma the specimen ngth. his number is portion of no n (scanning w onnected sour ], were perfor reconstruction on the right. [12] based own in Fig. 1 0.3221/IGF-ESIS. mposition of d represented atic X-ray is gi (4) n and µ(E) is (5) s proportiona oise is increas without specim rce) to avoid rmed. The se n of the scan on open sou 11a, the dama 15.01 11 the d by iven s the al to sing. men) d the et of nned urce aged http://dx.medra.org/10.3221/IGF-ESIS.15.01&auth=true http://www.gruppofrattura.it D. 12 one loc lab RE obs inte ace CO trab cru Mig con AC Sci RE [1] H T T Kytyr et alii, Fra e is shown in cation is in ac brum. ESULTS igh re depth testing servable in th erface. In ac etabular labru F ONCLUSION his stud large ph These m beculae dama umb ling and gration, moti nsistent with CKNOWLEDG he resea SGS10/ plan of iences of the EFERENCES G. Bergman (2001) 859. H T T attura ed Integrit n Fig. 11b. C ccord with th esolution mo h were develo g is depicted he segment of ccordance wit um – the crack Figure 11: Reco NS dy shows pos hysical dimen models are sui age and tota smeared crac ions and con clinically obs GEMENT arch has bee /218/OHK2/ the Ministry Czech Repub S nn, G. Deuret tà Strutturale, 15 Comparing F he results obt dels based o oped. Visualis in Fig. 10. T f the model o th the result k is observab (a) intact onstructed slic deb sibilities of m sions and mi itable for inv al hip joint re cks – has bee secutive loos erved degrad en supported /2T/16), by t y of Educatio blic AV0Z207 tzbacher, M. 5 (2011) 5-13; D Fig. 11a and tained from F n a sequence sation of the The significan of the loaded ts obtained b le in the same ces of acetabu bonding of bon modern X-ray icro-focus sou vestigation of eplacement b en found to b ening of the dation process d by Grant A the Grant Ag on, Youth an 710524. Heller, F. Gr DOI: 10.3221/IGF Fig. 11b the FE analysis - e of 1100 slic pelvis with nt damage an pelvis. A pla by the FE an e region (sho ulum; crack in ne-cement inte y imaging tec urce allows fo structural ch behaviour. A be at the bone implant can s. Agency of th gency of the C nd Sports MS raichen, A. Ro F-ESIS.15.01 e direction of - stress field ces with reso implantated nd direction o ace with initia nalysis – stre own in Fig. 11 (b n region of a erface (blue cir chniques. Use for reconstruc hanges caused failure in ce e-cement inte be observed he Czech Te Czech Repub SM68407700 ohlmann, J. S f crack propa with its maxi olution 2368 acetabular co of crack prop alized crack w ess field with 1). b) damaged acetabular labr rcle). e of high res ction of full-s d by osteopor emented acet erface, based by this meth echnical Univ blic (grant No 43 and resea Strauss, G. Du agation is cle imum in regi × 2240 px a omponent be pagation in in was found at t h its maximu rum (red circl olution flat p scale micro-st rosis as well a tabular impla on a new hip hod. The failu versity in Pr o. P105/10/2 arch plan of uda, J. of Bio early visible. ion of acetab and 16 bit co efore mechan nner structur the bone-cem um in region le); panel detecto tructural mod as for research ant – debond p simulator st ure mechanism rague (grant 305), by resea the Academy omechanics, 3 The bular olor nical e is ment n of or of dels. h of ding, udy. m is No. arch y of 34(7) http://dx.medra.org/10.3221/IGF-ESIS.15.01&auth=true http://www.gruppofrattura.it [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10 [11 [12 N.P. Zant, C J. Tong, N.P Y.H. An, R. D. Kytyr, J. Engineers, ( J.Rho, Medi F. G. R. de T. Holy, J. J (2007). J. Jakubek, Research, 5 0] D. Vavrik, J Detectors a ] D. Vavrik, T 2] P. Zlamal, visualization C.K.Y Wong P. Zant, J.-Y. .A. Draughn, . Valach, O. J (2009). ical and Biolo Oliveira, Buil Jakubek, Pixe A. Cejnarov 76(1) (2007) 2 J. Jakubek, N nd Associated T. Holy, J. Jak O. Jirousek n of microfoc g, J. Tong, Int Wang, P. He Mechanical T Jirousek, D. ogical Engine lding and En elman softwar va, T. Holy, S 223. Nuclear Instru d Equipment kubek, M. Jak : µCTmodell cus Computed D. Kytyr e t. J. of Fatigue eaton-Adegbi Testing of Bo Frankeova, J eering and Co nvironment, 4 re package - d S. Pospisil, J uments and M t, 607 (2009) kubek, J. Vala ler - creating d Tomograph et alii, Frattura e e, 29(7) (2007 ile, J.G. Huss one and the B J. Jira, In: 8th omputing, 36 40(2) (2005) 2 data acquisiti . Uher, Z. V Methods in Ph 212. ach, Czechosl g solid and hy data, (2009 ed Integrità Strut 7) 1245. ell, Int. J. of F Bone-Implant YSESM Pro (1998) 57. 97. ion and contr Vykydal, Nucl hysics Researc lovak Journal Finite Elem 9). tturale, 15 (201 Fatigue, 30(8) t Interface, CR oceedings, Sci rol of semicon lear Instrume ch Section A l of Physics, 5 ment models 1) 5-13; DOI: 10 ) (2008) 1366 RC Press (20 ientific Socie nductor pixel ents and Me : Accelerators 58(1) (2008) 5 from microC 0.3221/IGF-ESIS. 6. 00). ty of Mechan l device Medi thods in Phy s, Spectrome 58. CT & µCTv 15.01 13 nical ipix, ysics ters, vis - http://dx.medra.org/10.3221/IGF-ESIS.15.01&auth=true http://www.gruppofrattura.it << /ASCII85EncodePages false /AllowTransparency false /AutoPositionEPSFiles true /AutoRotatePages /None /Binding /Left /CalGrayProfile (Dot Gain 20%) /CalRGBProfile (sRGB IEC61966-2.1) /CalCMYKProfile (U.S. Web Coated \050SWOP\051 v2) /sRGBProfile (sRGB IEC61966-2.1) /CannotEmbedFontPolicy /Error /CompatibilityLevel 1.4 /CompressObjects /Tags /CompressPages true /ConvertImagesToIndexed true /PassThroughJPEGImages true /CreateJobTicket false /DefaultRenderingIntent /Default /DetectBlends true /DetectCurves 0.0000 /ColorConversionStrategy /CMYK /DoThumbnails false /EmbedAllFonts true /EmbedOpenType false /ParseICCProfilesInComments true /EmbedJobOptions true /DSCReportingLevel 0 /EmitDSCWarnings false /EndPage -1 /ImageMemory 1048576 /LockDistillerParams false /MaxSubsetPct 100 /Optimize true /OPM 1 /ParseDSCComments true /ParseDSCCommentsForDocInfo true /PreserveCopyPage true /PreserveDICMYKValues true /PreserveEPSInfo true /PreserveFlatness true /PreserveHalftoneInfo false /PreserveOPIComments true /PreserveOverprintSettings true /StartPage 1 /SubsetFonts true /TransferFunctionInfo /Apply /UCRandBGInfo /Preserve /UsePrologue false /ColorSettingsFile () /AlwaysEmbed [ true ] /NeverEmbed [ true ] /AntiAliasColorImages false /CropColorImages true /ColorImageMinResolution 300 /ColorImageMinResolutionPolicy /OK /DownsampleColorImages true /ColorImageDownsampleType /Bicubic /ColorImageResolution 300 /ColorImageDepth -1 /ColorImageMinDownsampleDepth 1 /ColorImageDownsampleThreshold 1.50000 /EncodeColorImages true /ColorImageFilter /DCTEncode /AutoFilterColorImages true /ColorImageAutoFilterStrategy /JPEG /ColorACSImageDict << /QFactor 0.15 /HSamples [1 1 1 1] /VSamples [1 1 1 1] >> /ColorImageDict << /QFactor 0.15 /HSamples [1 1 1 1] /VSamples [1 1 1 1] >> /JPEG2000ColorACSImageDict << /TileWidth 256 /TileHeight 256 /Quality 30 >> /JPEG2000ColorImageDict << /TileWidth 256 /TileHeight 256 /Quality 30 >> /AntiAliasGrayImages false /CropGrayImages true /GrayImageMinResolution 300 /GrayImageMinResolutionPolicy /OK /DownsampleGrayImages true /GrayImageDownsampleType /Bicubic /GrayImageResolution 300 /GrayImageDepth -1 /GrayImageMinDownsampleDepth 2 /GrayImageDownsampleThreshold 1.50000 /EncodeGrayImages true /GrayImageFilter /DCTEncode /AutoFilterGrayImages true /GrayImageAutoFilterStrategy /JPEG /GrayACSImageDict << /QFactor 0.15 /HSamples [1 1 1 1] /VSamples [1 1 1 1] >> /GrayImageDict << /QFactor 0.15 /HSamples [1 1 1 1] /VSamples [1 1 1 1] >> /JPEG2000GrayACSImageDict << /TileWidth 256 /TileHeight 256 /Quality 30 >> /JPEG2000GrayImageDict << /TileWidth 256 /TileHeight 256 /Quality 30 >> /AntiAliasMonoImages false /CropMonoImages true /MonoImageMinResolution 1200 /MonoImageMinResolutionPolicy /OK /DownsampleMonoImages true /MonoImageDownsampleType /Bicubic /MonoImageResolution 1200 /MonoImageDepth -1 /MonoImageDownsampleThreshold 1.50000 /EncodeMonoImages true /MonoImageFilter /CCITTFaxEncode /MonoImageDict << /K -1 >> /AllowPSXObjects false /CheckCompliance [ /None ] /PDFX1aCheck false /PDFX3Check false /PDFXCompliantPDFOnly false /PDFXNoTrimBoxError true /PDFXTrimBoxToMediaBoxOffset [ 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 ] /PDFXSetBleedBoxToMediaBox true /PDFXBleedBoxToTrimBoxOffset [ 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 ] /PDFXOutputIntentProfile () /PDFXOutputConditionIdentifier () /PDFXOutputCondition () /PDFXRegistryName () /PDFXTrapped /False /CreateJDFFile false /Description << /ARA /BGR /CHS /CHT /CZE /DAN /DEU /ESP /ETI /FRA /GRE /HEB /HRV (Za stvaranje Adobe PDF dokumenata najpogodnijih za visokokvalitetni ispis prije tiskanja koristite ove postavke. 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