Microsoft Word - numero_62_art_12_3626.docx K. C. Anil et alii, Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale, 62 (2022) 168-179; DOI: 10.3221/IGF-ESIS.62.12 168 Mechanical behavior and fractured surface analysis of bauxite residue and graphite reinforced aluminum hybrid composites K. C. Anil Dept. of Industrial Engineering and Management, SIT, Tumakuru, Karnataka, India. anilkc@sit.ac.in, http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1919-8489 J. Kumaraswamy Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, RL Jallapa Institute of Technology, Doddaballapura, Karnataka, India. kumaraswamyj1985@gmail.com, http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4264-4763 Mahadeva Reddy Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Jayawantrao Swant College of Engineering, Hadapsar campus, Pune, India mreddykudge04@gmail.com, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8390-9935 Bhograj Prakash Dept. of Industrial Engineering and Management, SIT, Tumakuru, Karnataka, India. bhograjprakash7@gmail.com, http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8325-9848 ABSTRACT. Composite materials application areas have gradually grown, allowing them to reach and conquer new markets from consumer products to specialized niche applications, advanced composite materials make up a significant portion of the engineered materials industry. The purpose of this study is to investigate the mechanical properties of Aluminum (Al), Red Mud particle (RMp), Graphite particle (GRp) hybrid composites. The different combinations of Rm and Gr wt. % were used to prepare Al-Rm-Gr and Al- Gr-Rm hybrid composites. A stir casting technique is employed to prepare the various composite series. The mechanical properties namely Ultimate tensile strength, Compressive strength and Hardness of prepared hybrid composites are tested as per the ASTM standards to know the influence of reinforcements in Al-8011 alloy. Synthesis of Aluminum-Red Mud-Graphite hybrid composites done by Stir casting method. Drastic reduction in grain size (Grain refinement) was observed in Scanning Electron Microscopic images of fractured surfaces of the tensile specimens, with addition of RMp and GRp to the matrix alloy thus soft alloy is turned into hard and brittle material. Among all the compositions of hybrid composites series AG8R10 was observed to be higher compressive strength and hardness while AR8G10 has higher ultimate tensile strength. KEYWORDS. Al-8011; Red Mud; Graphite; Stir casting. Citation: Anil, K.C., Kumarswamy, J., Reddy, M., Prakash, B., Mechanical Behaviour and Fractured Surface Analysis of Bauxite Residue & Graphite Reinforced Aluminium Hybrid Composites, Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale, 62 (2022) 168-179. Received: 14.06.2022 Accepted: 19.08.2022 Online first: 24.08.2022 Published: 01.10.2022 Copyright: © 2022 This is an open access article under the terms of the CC-BY 4.0, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. https://youtu.be/hsXrGKb3egA K. C. Anil et alii, Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale, 62 (2022) 168-179; DOI: 10.3221/IGF-ESIS.62.12 169 INTRODUCTION n present-day innovation, the idea of combining two distinct materials has gained more significance: in terms of directional properties, wear resistance, strength to weight ratios, stiffness, corrosive and thermal behaviour, etc., the mixture has its unmatchable properties. The principal attraction of modern composite materials is that they are lighter, stronger, and stiffer than anything made ever before, and they found application in space crafts, supersonic flights, etc. To achieve a good combination of strength, rigidity, durability, and density, traditional monolithic materials have limitations. Composites are the most exciting materials of recent interest to address these shortcomings and meet the ever-growing demand for modern-day technology. Although, the composites have their own limitations in the field of corrosion compressive stiffness, formability etc. As part of this research work, the survey is performed to learn the matrix materials, reinforcements, production processes, standards of specimens, physical, chemical, wear, and mechanical behaviour of composites. The overall savings of compound structures over metal equivalents and the economic costs, service and maintenance were demonstrated by at least 20 percent [1]. As data and life-cycles of composite structures become available, robust, durable, dimensionally integral, fatigue-resistant, and easy to maintain and repair can be stated safely. Since composites have new applications in many industries such as aerospace, automotive, etc., they require less costly methods of processing that meet massive market growth and recycling prospects [2] have to be addressed [3]. When aluminum is recycled, the energy consumed is documented to be only about 5% of that needed in the primary production of aluminum [4]. However, some drawbacks associated with aluminum recycling, such as the presence of impurities such as grease, dirt, moisture, etc., greatly affect the mechanical characteristics of the recycled material. A selection of the parameters and procedures incurred in the production method can resolve this issue, because they could lead to the development and accumulation of harmful intermediate phases [3-5]. In developing an effective MMC material, there are several interdependent variables to consider. Since the matrix and reinforcement material properties are determined by the upper bound on the MMC properties, careful selection of these components is important. This uniform distribution depends on the wetting agent, the matrix's porosity, the chemical reaction among matrix and reinforcement, preheat temperature of reinforcement, stirring temperature, stirring time and speed, stirrer geometry, etc. [11-12]. H.B. Bhaskar et. al. [15] have prepared MMC using Aluminium 2024 as a matrix and beryl particles as reinforcement by stir casting route, where the stirring is done at a speed of 350 rpm for 8 min. Among all the fabrication techniques used to fabricate the MMCs the stir casting is most economical for mass production. For this reason, stir casting is the most commercial processing technique employed for developing AMCs [13-14]. Wettability is a liquid's ability to disperse on a solid surface, which indicates the degree of intimate interaction between a liquid and a solid. The particles having a high affinity for oxygen will increase wettability. Magnesium (Mg) acts as a reactive element as well as a good wetting agent (surfactant) with aluminum alloy and helps to fulfil the above requirements [17]. Mg as a wetting agent plays a very vital role in the synthesis of AMCs. Mg helps to thin the gas layer on the dispersoid surface of particles by scavenging oxygen. MATERIALS AND EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS Matrix and Reinforcement he research work on MMCs focuses on the matrix phase of aluminium alloy. The combination of ductility, lightweight, resistant to corrosion, environmental strength and useful mechanical qualities is promising. Aluminum has a density of 2.7 g/cm3 and a melting point of 660.3 °C as a lightweight material. The melting temperature is high enough to meet many applications, yet low enough to allow reasonable and several processing methods. As aluminum can accommodate various reinforcements like particles, fibres, whiskers, etc., the researcher has concentrated on AMCs because of their availability, low fabrication cost, and relatively isotropic properties [9]. The most common aluminum alloys used in the production of MMCs are LM-25, 1100, 2024, 3014, 6061, 6063,7072, 7075, 8011 and etc [6,7,8,10]. They fabricated sandwich panels using AA8011 and AA1100. The bonding is achieved by using epoxy resin-based adhesive through a rolling process. The AA8011/PP/AA1100 sheets are 0.91mm, 1mm, and 0.91mm thickness, respectively. The AA8011/PP/AA1100 sandwich sheets were subjected to a tensile and flexural test to determine the respective strength parameters. The results show that there are reasonably good agreements between the experimentally measured and the calculated values. Al-8011 is an otherwise – unclassified alloy of aluminum. It has a high ductility compared to other Al- alloys. The main alloying element of Al- 8011 is Fe and Si and contains appreciable amounts of tin & lithium [9]. Thus, the present research is aimed to prepare the hybrid composite using Al-8011 alloy. I T K. C. Anil et alii, Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale, 62 (2022) 168-179; DOI: 10.3221/IGF-ESIS.62.12 170 Developing and implementing effective storage and disposal programs remains essential as the inventory grows year by year. The chemical and physical properties of bauxite residue vary by the nature of the ore and the Bayer process's effect. The geographical location of ore and operating procedure of individual refineries will impact the residue's PH value. Thus the Bauxite residue management is a major issue for refineries to find best practices globally to store and achieve less social and environmental impacts during operation and post-closure [22]. Adopting the best practice involves many challenges and risks influenced by government policies, regulatory frameworks, geographical and climatic conditions, and community factors. The best practice is not a single solution that involves disposal, long-term storage, and filtration re-use options, etc. Rudraswamy et al. [23] have tested the properties of the concrete block made up of RM at different wt. %. Results show that the strength characteristics like impact strength, compressive strength, flexural strength, tensile strength, and shear strength are increased up to 10% replacement level. Ramesh et al. [32] also examined the properties of RM concrete and stated that the splitting tensile strength and compressive strength decreases with an increase in red mud content, and the optimum percentage of cement replacement by weight is found to be 25%. By this percentage replacement, one can have strength equal to the strength of controlled concrete. (a) (b) (c) (d) Figure 1: SEM micrographic image of (a) Al-8011 alloy matrix (b) Graphite particles (c) Red mud particles (d) EDAX of the red mud particles. The monocrystalline graphite has a theoretical density of 2.26 g/cm3 and has a lattice structure of the hexagonal cell. Graphite is a material that has mechanical properties close to ceramics like excellent chemical resistance, thermal stability, and high electrical conductivity. Thus, it is commonly used in the electro-metallurgy sector. Its applications in this field are defined by its chemical and physical properties and secondly, by its suitability as a building material for machinery. Barekar et al. [25] suggested that conventional/traditional methods often yield very lower strength and ductility agglomerated structures. The well-established and high-shear disperse mechanisms of a twin-screw mechanism are adapted innovatively to address the agglomerate problem of a cohesive force with a melting-conditioned high-pressure die casting (MC-HPDC). The rheo approach adopted greatly improved reinforcement distribution in the matrix with a strong interfacial link. A good combination of enhanced ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and tensile elongation (e) compared to composites provided by traditional methods is obtained. Dunia Abdul Saheb et al. [24] Developed MMCs, graphite particulates MMCs for aluminum based, silicon carbide particulate to create a standard low cost MMC manufacturing method and obtain the homogenous ceramic material dispersion. Fig. 1 shows the SEM images of matrix Al-8011 alloy and reinforcements graphite flakes and Red mud particles used to prepare composites and EDAX of red mud particles. From the EDX of the red mud particles is shown in Fig. 1(d) it can be seen that the presence of different elements like silica, iron, aluminium, titanium, calcium, as K. C. Anil et alii, Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale, 62 (2022) 168-179; DOI: 10.3221/IGF-ESIS.62.12 171 well as an array of minor constituents, namely: Na, K, Cr, V, Ni, Ba, Cu, Mn, Pb, Zn etc. thus, red mud is potential reinforcement to use in preparation of metal matrix composites. Also, the presence of oxygen in sample is quite common and may originate from the material itself, from the environment and other surrounding as well from the sample preparation and storage [53]. Casting and Coding Stir casting is an ideal route for processing AMCs compared to other fabrication techniques [15-21, 35, 46-51]. Al-8011 alloy is melted in the electrical resistance furnace to attain 750˚C; the melt was agitated with the help of Zircon (Zr) coated stainless steel stirrer to form a good vortex then the C2Cl6 – solid hexachloroethane was added to remove the entrapped gases inside the melt and stirring is done at a speed 50 rpm for a 5 min to ensure proper mixing of the degassing agent in the melt, latter slag was removed from the molten metal. At the temperature of 700˚C, the preheated reinforcement particles with a wetting agent Mg [17] were added with different wt. % into the vortex. After adding the reinforcement and wetting agent to the melt, a mechanical stirring was done at 150 rpm for 10 mins to obtain a proper mixing and uniform distribution of particles in the matrix alloy. Then the mixture is kept in the furnace to get the required temperature for pouring. Before pouring the molten metal into the mould, cover flux (NaCl 45% + KCl 45% + NaF 10%) was added to the molten metal to reduce the atmospheric contamination. Since Mg's surface tension (0.599N/m) is lower than that of Al (0.760 N/m), the addition of Mg reduces the surface tension of the molten Al. Figure 2: Flow diagram of steps followed to cast the hybrid composites. K. C. Anil et alii, Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale, 62 (2022) 168-179; DOI: 10.3221/IGF-ESIS.62.12 172 The mechanical and tribological properties of both Al-Rmp and Al-Grp composites were examined and found higher UTS value and good wear resistance in Al-8% Rmp and Al-8% Grp composites [50,52] hence the hybrid composites series were prepared by keeping 8 wt. % for both reinforcements constant. The combination and code of Rm wt. % and Grp wt. % used to Prepare Al-Rm-Gr & Al- Gr-Rm Hybrid Composites are tabulated in Tab. 1 Compositions Code Compositions Code Al + 8% RMp + 2% Grp AR8G2 Al + 8% Grp + 2% Rmp AG8R2 Al + 8% RMp + 4% Grp AR8G4 Al + 8% Grp + 4% Rmp AG8R4 Al + 8% RMp + 6% Grp AR8G6 Al + 8% Grp + 6% Rmp AG8R6 Al + 8% RMp + 8% Grp AR8G10 Al + 8% Grp + 8% Rmp AG8R8 Al + 8% RMp + 10% Grp AR8G10 Al + 8% Grp + 10% Rmp AG8R10 Table 1: The combination and code of Rm wt. % and Grp wt. % used to Prepare Al-Rm-Gr & Al-Gr-Rm Hybrid Composites. RESULT AND DISCUSSION Microstructure few/typical samples are taken for SEM analysis and Fig. 3 shows that the red mud and graphite particles are uniformly well distributed within the Al-8011 matrix material. No aggregates of the red mud particles can be seen in the mixture in Al-RMp-Grp, and Al-Grp-RMp hybrid composite by this, we can conclude that the wetting agent Mg. and casting parameters used to fabricate the composites are suitable to cast the said composite series. The area fraction also increases as the reinforcement percentage increases, as shown in Fig. 3 (b). There is also an increase in mechanical properties. The interfacial bonding of hard particles with the base alloy can be due to this Strong interfacial bonding can be obtained before adding the same by proper pre-heating of reinforcement, as stated by Hitesh Bansal [33]. Fig. 3 (b) shows a homogeneous mixture of Gr particles in Al-8011 alloy. However, Gr. particles' agglomeration in some regions is visible in Fig. 3 (c, d). This is because of the lower density of Graphite compared to red mud, which tends to float in the melt and settled together in the matrix alloy when poured into a mould or due to the presence of porosity associated with it [34,47,50], entrapped air and moisture in the graphite particles. (a) (b) A K. C. Anil et alii, Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale, 62 (2022) 168-179; DOI: 10.3221/IGF-ESIS.62.12 173 (c) (d) Figure 3: SEM micrographs of (a-b) Al-RMp-Grp hybrid composite, (c-d) Al-Grp-RMp hybrid composite. Ultimate Tensile strength The UTS is affected by a variety of interconnected and dynamic factors. Various variables are reported to have a discontinuous effect on the strength of the composites, such as the distribution and number of particulates in a matrix, the mechanical and physical characteristics of the matrix, the strengthening of the particulates, and the link between matrix and rehabilitation. Various mechanisms for strengthening the force in discontinuously strengthened MMCs have also been proposed [29,54,55]. Fig. 4 shows the effect of particulate addition on the UTS of the composites. The specimens were prepared and tested as per the ASTM E8 standards and average of 5 values is plotted to known the variations in results. Due to the increased area of bonding at the interfacial region of the matrix and the reinforcement in hybrid composites, the UTS of the hybrid composites increases monotonically as the particulate content increases. Other researchers have found that adding ceramic particles to aluminium alloys enhances their strength, wear resistance, and hardness [26-28]. It is also observed with the addition of ceramic particles, the alloy becomes more brittle and the same is shown as %, of elongation. Figure 4: UTS of Al-RMp-Grp and Al-Grp-RMp hybrids. K. C. Anil et alii, Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale, 62 (2022) 168-179; DOI: 10.3221/IGF-ESIS.62.12 174 Figure 5: Percentage of elongation of Al-RMp-Grp and Al-Grp-RMp hybrid composites. An increase in the dislocation pileup as the particle content is increased. Thus, there is a plastic flow restriction due to the particles' random distribution in the matrix. Fig. 5 shows that increase in the reinforcement wt. % leads to a decrease in elongation of the hybrid composite. The elongation of the Specimens is measured using extensometer in the test rig. This is due to an increase of brittleness in the composite, which leads to less plastic deformation. Also, the decreased interparticle spacing, due to the increasing volume percent of reinforcement, creates increased resistance to dislocation motion, contributing to the enhanced strength of the composites [30,31]. The addition, RMp and Grp decrease the Aluminium’s ductility by increasing the hardness of the composites. The results obtained from different compositions of composite materials AR8G10 and AG8R10 hybrid composites, show higher UTS values regarding their composition series, as shown in Fig. 4. When we compare the overall composites series, the UTS of AR8G10 has increased 44.9% and stands higher among all where base Al-8011 matrix alloy have 91.405 UTS [47,50]. Figure 6: Compression strength of Al-RMp-Grp and Al-Grp-RMp hybrid composites. K. C. Anil et alii, Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale, 62 (2022) 168-179; DOI: 10.3221/IGF-ESIS.62.12 175 Figure 7: Hardness of Al-RMp-Grp and Al-Grp-RMp hybrid composites. Compression strength From Fig. 6, it can be shown that all the hybrid composite's compressive strength increases monotonically as the reinforcement material increases. The specimens for the compression test were prepared and tested as per the ASTM E9 standards. The increase in compressive strength is attributed to the decrease in the inter-particle spacing between the red mud particles since RM is harder than the Alloy Al-8011. The red mud particles' presence resists deforming stresses, thus enhancing the compressive strength of the composite material. The percentage of increase in compression strength is similar to the tensile strength and hardness of the composites. However, the incorporation of hard RMp into the composites allowed the composites of the metal matrix to act as brittle rather than ductile materials. Because RMp alone contains many ceramic constituents like Al2O3, Fe2O3, SiO2, TiO2, etc., the capacity of load-bearing of Al-RMp composites increased thus higher compression strength. Furthermore, ceramic elements have a lower thermal expansion than base alloys, resulting in the formation of dislocations at the matrix-reinforcement interface during solidification, which contributes to the composite's strength [50]. The graph also revealed that the Grp also plays a vital role in increasing the compression strengths of hybrid compositions by resisting the applied load. In Al-RMp composite series, it is observed that the increasing trend tends to follow the linear path. Composites with RMp particles have shown higher compression strength in the Al-Gr-RMp and Al-RMp-Grp hybrid composites. The maximum compression strength of 83.14 KN (118.4% higher than the Al-8011 base alloy [47,50] is obtained for the AG8R10 hybrid composite. Hardness The static indentation test was the test used in the present study to examine the specimens'. The specimens for the hardness test were prepared and tested as per the ASTM E10 standards. A ball indentor with a diameter of 10mm was employed in the hardness test, and a load of 500 N was applied for 30 seconds over specimens with a diameter of 15 mm at 5 separate sites, with average values recorded and plotted in Fig. 7. According to Seah et al. [27] and Sahin [28], the increased hardness is also attributed to the fact that the hard red mud particles act as barriers to the movement of the dislocations within the matrix. As the percentage of reinforcement varies by weight, the composite hardness increases monotonically and dramatically from 32.4 to 42.64 BHN in Al-RMp-Grp hybrid composite series and 31.25 to 43.94 BHN in Al-Grp-RMp hybrid series whereas the Al-8011 have 21.3 BHN [47,50]. The increase of hardness is due to the increased area of bonding at the matrix's interfacial region and the reinforcement and refinement of grain structure. Also, the increase in hardness can be attributed to the addition of red mud and graphite particles which impart strength to the matrix alloy by enhanced resistance to crack or penetration. Enough researchers also reported that the addition of hard particulates in metal alloys could lead to improved strength and hardness. K. C. Anil et alii, Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale, 62 (2022) 168-179; DOI: 10.3221/IGF-ESIS.62.12 176 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) Figure 8: SEM micrographs of a fractured surface of (a) Base alloy (b, c, d) Al-RMp-Grp hybrid composite, (e-f) Al-Grp-RMp hybrid composite. Plastically deformed spikes Plastically deformed spikes Brittle Fracture Brittle Fracture Smaller Large grains Smaller Hard particles Hard particles K. C. Anil et alii, Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale, 62 (2022) 168-179; DOI: 10.3221/IGF-ESIS.62.12 177 Fracture surface analysis Fig. 8 (a) shows that there are plastic deformation spikes on the fractured surface in the base alloy as it can see the ductile fracture. But Fig. 8 (b) shows a ductile to brittle transition, because after an added hard particle in the matrix, it can clearly see the plastic deformation spikes and the trans granular fractures on the surface. This is because matrix alloy becomes more difficult and brittle with the addition of reinforcements. Fig. 8 (c-d) shows a completely inter-granular fractured surface and the vacant seats of the reinforcements, partial breakage of hard particles. This shows that the Al-RMp-Grp and Al-Grp- RMp hybrid composite are harder and brittle than other composite series. Also, it is clear that the addition of ceramic reinforcement will reduce the matrix alloy's grain size, strengthening the matrix alloy. Fig. 8 (e-f) shows the fractured surface of the Al-Grp-Rmp hybrid composite sample. It is clearly showing the breakage of hard particles within the matrix alloy, which shows that the particles will restrict the movement/propagation of a crack in matrix alloys. Thus, the load withstanding capacity of the matrix alloy is increased with the addition of reinforcements. Many researchers [36-45] are also investigated the fracture specimens to observe the presence of reinforcement and type fracture. CONCLUSION his paper presents the different combination of reinforcements such as graphite and bauxite residue (red mud) used in the synthesis of Aluminium metal matrix hybrid composites and how it influences its performance. Aluminium- 8011 alloy reinforced with combination of both RMp and Grp hybrid composites were successfully fabricated with fairly uniform distribution using conventional stir casting route. The addition of magnesium as a wetting agent with the RMp into the Al-8011 during casting has resulted in homogeneous distribution of particles. Dispersion of graphite and red mud particles in aluminum matrix improves the compression strength from 38.06 KN to 81.41 KN in case of AR8G10 and 83.14 KN in case of AG8R10 hybrid composites, The tensile strength of AR8G10 and AG8R10 hybrid composites are 132.46 MPa and 131.50MPa respectively whereas base alloy possess 91. 407 MPa. The composite hardness increases monotonically and drastically as the percentage of reinforcements rises by weight from 21.26 to 42.64 BHN in the Al-RMp- Grp hybrid composite series, and 21.26 to 43.94 BHN in the Al-Grp-RMp hybrid composite series. Red mud, the by- product of alumina refineries, can be effectively used to produce Aluminum Matrix Composites (AMC's) as a reinforcement material. Ductile to brittle transition is observed in fractured surfaces of the hybrid composites. Instead of traditional aluminum-intensive material, it can be used as possible reinforcement as it includes many other ceramic components, thereby saving about 12 percent of matrix material. REFERENCES [1] Dhingra, A.K. (1986). Metal Replacement by Composite, The Journal of The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society (JOM), 38 (03), p. 17. [2] Mehrabian, R. Riek, R.G. and Flemings, M. C. (1974). Preparation and casting of Metal-Particulate Non-Metal Composites, Metall. Trans, 5A, pp. 1899-1905. [3] Eliasson, J. and Sandstorm, R. (1995). Applications of Aluminum Matrix Composites, Part 1, Trans. Tech. publications, Switzerland, pp. 3-36. [4] John E. Allison and Gerald S. Cole. (1993). Metal Matrix Composites on the automotive Industry: Opportunities and Challenges, The Journal of The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society (JOM), 45(1), pp. 19-24. [5] Sandeep Khelge, Vijaya Kumar and Kumaraswamy J. (2022). Optimization of wear properties on aluminum alloy (LM22) hybrid composite, Materials Today: Proceedings, 52(3), pp. 565—570. DOI: 10.1016/j.matpr.2021.09.518. [6] Sanman, S., and Sreenivas Rao, K V. (2015). Influence of Reinforcement Particulate Size and Weight Fraction on the Wear Properties of Chill Cast Al-B4C Composites, Int. J. of Applied Engineering Research 10, pp. 10292-10295. [7] Karthikkumar, C., Baranirajan, R., Premnauth, I. and Manimaran., P. (2016). Investigations on Mechanical properties of AL 8011 reinforced with micro B4C / Red Mud by Stir Casting Method, Int. J. of Engineering Research and General Science, 4(2), pp. 405-412. [8] Shaik Mujeeb Quader, Suryanarayana, B., Murthy and Pinninti Ravinder Reddy. (2016). Processing and Mechanical Properties of Al2O3 and Red Mud Particle Reinforced AA6061 Hybrid Composites, Journal of Minerals and Materials Characterization and Engineering, 4, pp.135-142. T K. C. Anil et alii, Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale, 62 (2022) 168-179; DOI: 10.3221/IGF-ESIS.62.12 178 [9] Campbell, F.C. (2006). Manufacturing technology for aerospace structural materials, Butterworth- Heinemann publications, ISBN: 978-1-85-617495-4, Elsevier Inc. [10] Rana, R. S. Rajesh Purohit, and Das, S. (2012). Review of recent Studies in Al matrix composites, International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, 3(6), pp 1-16. [11] Harnby, N., Edward, M. F. and Nienow, A. W. (1997). Mixing in Process Industries, eBook ISBN: 9780080536583. [12] Girot, F. A., Quenisset, J. M., and Naslain, R. (1987). Composites science and technology, 30. DOI:10.1016/0266-3538(87)90007-8. [13] Surappa, M. K. (1997). Microstructure evolution during solidification of DRMMCs (Discontinuously reinforced metal matrix composites): State of art, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 63 (1-3), pp. 325-333. [14] Skibo, D. M., Schuster, D. M. and Jolla, L. (1988). US patent No. 4786 467. [15] Bhaskar, H.B. and Abdul sharief. (2012). Tribological Properties of Aluminium 2024 Alloy–Beryl Particulate MMC’s, Bonfring International Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management Science, 2(4), pp. 143-147. [16] Reddappa, H. N., Suresh, K. R., Niranjan, H. B. and Satyanarayana, K. G. (2014). Effect of Aging on Mechanical and Wear Properties of Beryl Particulate Reinforced Metal Matrix Composites. Journal of Engineering Science and Technology, 9(4), pp. 455 – 462. [17] Radhika, N., Subramanian, R. and Venkat Prasat, S. (2011). Tribological Behaviour of Aluminium/Alumina/Graphite Hybrid Metal Matrix Composite Using Taguchi’s Techniques, Journal of Minerals & Materials Characterization & Engineering, 10(5), pp. 427-443. [18] Sujan, D., Oo, Z., Rahman, M.E., Maleque, M.A. and Tan, C.K. (2012). Engineering and Applied Sciences, 6, pp- 288. [19] Davis, J.R., Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys, ASM International, pp. 351-416. DOI: 10.1361/autb2001p351. [20] Rahimi, M., Fojan, P., Gurevich, L. and Afshari, A. (2015). Aluminium alloy 8011: Surface characteristics, Applied Mechanics and Materials, 719-720, pp. 29-37. [21] Valmir Martins Monteiro, Saulo Brinco Diniz, Bruna Godoi Meirelles, Luis Celso da Silva and Andersan dos Santos Paula. (2014). Microstructural and Mechanical Study of Aluminium Alloys Submitted to Distinct Soaking Times During Solution Heat Treatment, Tecnol. Metal. Mater. Miner., São Paulo, 11(4), pp. 332-339. [22] Bauxite residue management: best practice. (2015). International aluminum Institute (IAI), www. World-aluminum.org. [23] Rudraswamy, M.P. and Prakash, K. B. (2014). An Experimental Investigation on The Effect of Alternate Wetting and Drying on The Properties of Concrete Produced by Red Mud, International Journal of Advanced Research, 2 (1), pp. 473-484. [24] Dunia Abdul Saheb. (2011). Aluminum Silicon Carbide and Aluminum Graphite Particulate Composites, ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 6(10), pp. 41-46. [25] Sandeep Khelge, Vijaya Kumar, Vidyasagar Shetty and Kumaraswamy J. (2022). Effect of reinforcement particles on the mechanical and wear properties of aluminium alloy composites: Review, Materials Today: Proceedings, 52(3), pp. 571-576. DOI:10.1016/j.matpr.2021.09.525. [26] Pai, B. C., Ray, S., Prabhakar, K. and Rohatgi, V. (1976). Fabrication of aluminium–alumina (magnesia) particulate composites in foundries using magnesium additions to the melts. Materials Science and Engineering, 24, p.31. [27] Seah, K. H. W., Sharma, S.C. and Ramesh, A. (2000). Mechanical properties of cast aluminium alloy 6061-albite particulate composites Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers. Part L: Journal of Materials Design and Applications, 214(L), pp. 1-6. [28] Yousuf Sahin. (2010). Abrasive wear behaviour of SiC/2014 Al. composites, Tribology International,43, pp.939-943. [29] Li, Y. and Langdon, T.G. (1999). Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 30(A), p. 315. [30] Milan, M.T. and Bowen, P. (2004). Tensile and fracture toughness properties of SiCp reinforced al alloys: effects of particle size, particle volume fraction and matrix strength, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 13(6), pp. 775–783. [31] Srivatsan, T.S, Meslet, Al-Hajri, Smith, C. and Petraroli, M. (2003). ‘The tensile response and fracture behavior of 2009 aluminum alloy metal matrix composite, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 346, pp. 91–100. [32] Ramesh, R., Rathod, Nagesh T. Suryawanshi. and Pravin, D. Memade. Evaluation of the properties of Red Mud Concrete, Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE), pp. 31-34. [33] Hitesh Bansal. (2011). Wear behaviour of Aluminum based metal matrix composites reinforced with red mud, Sic and Al2O3, Master of Engineering Thesis, Mechanical Engineering Department, Tharpar University Patiala. [34] Alaneme, K.K. and Aluko, A.O. (2012). Fracture toughness (K1C) and tensile properties of as-cast and age-hardened aluminium (6063)–silicon carbide particulate composites, Scientia Iranica, Transactions A: Civil Engineering, 19, pp. 992–996. K. C. Anil et alii, Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale, 62 (2022) 168-179; DOI: 10.3221/IGF-ESIS.62.12 179 [35] Sanman, S., Prashanth, K P., Anil, K C., Venkatesha, B K., Gopal Krishna. U B. and Yuvaraj, L. (2021). Effect of percentage of reinforcement particulates on the corrosion behaviour of aluminium boron carbide composites. Journal of Mines, Metals & Fuels, 69, (12A), pp. 250-254. DOI: 10.18311/jmmf/2021/3011. [36] Bhanuprasad, V.V., Staley, M.A., Ramakrishnan, P. and Mahajan, Y.R. (1995). Fractography of Metal Matrix Composites, Key engineering Materials, 104-107, pp 495-506. DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.104-107.495. [37] Povirk, G.L., Needleman, A. and Nutt, S.R. (1992). An Analysis of the Effect of Residual Stresses on Deformation and Damage Mechanisms in Al-SiC Composites, Mat. Sci. Engg. 132(A), pp. 31-38. [38] Arsenault, R.J., Shi, N., Feng, C.R. and Wang, L. (1991). Localized Deformation of SiC-Al Composites, Mat. Sci. and Engg., 137(A), pp. 55-68. DOI:10.1016/0921-5093(91)90344-M. [39] David A. Woodford. (1990). Critical Property Evaluation of High-Temp. Composites: A Case Study in Materials Design, JOM, 42(11), pp. 50-55. [40] Wu, S.B. and Arsenault, R.J. (1991). The fracture mode in SiC-Al Composites, Mat. Sci. Engg., 138(A), pp. 227-235. [41] Saravana bhavan, K., Suresh, S. and Vettivel, S C. (2013). Synthesis, characterization and mechanical behavior of nickel coated graphite on aluminum matrix Composite, International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology, 02 (11), pp. 749-755. [42] Barekar, N., Tzamtzis, S., Dhindaw, B.K., Patel, J., Hari Babu, N. and Fan, Z. (2009). Processing of Aluminum-Graphite Particulate Metal Matrix Composites by Advanced Shear Technology, Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, 18(9), pp. 1230–1240. DOI: 10.1007/s11665-009-9362-5. [43] Pai, B.C., Rohatgi, P.K. and Venkatesh, S. (1974). Wear Resistance of Cast Graphitic Aluminum Alloys, Wear, 30, pp. 117–125. [44] PiIlai, U. T. S., Pandey, R. K. and Nagam, K. D. P. (1985). Deformation and fracture of aluminium graphite and aluminium zircon particulate composites, Proc of the 5th International Conference on Composite Materials. TMS Publications, p. 895. [45] Ramesh, A., Prakash, J. N., Shiva Shankare Gowda, A. S. and Sonnappa Appaiah. (2009). Comparison of the Mechanical Properties of AL6061/Albite and AL6061/Graphite Metal Matrix Composites, Journal of Minerals & Materials Characterization & Engineering, 8 (2), pp. 93-106. [46] Sanman, S., Sreenivas Rao, K. V. and Anil, K. C. (2015). Effect of Mold Material on Boundary Heat Flux Transients during Gravity Die-Casting. Applied Mechanics and Materials, Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland, 766-767, pp. 405- 409. [47] Sreenivasrao, K. V., Anil, K. C., Girish, K. G. and Akash. (2016). Mechanical characterization of red mud reinforced Al-8011 matrix composite. ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 11(1), pp. 229-234. [48] Anil, K.C., Sachin Gadge, Rishabh Kumar Srivastva and Sreenivas Rao, K.V. (2017). Three-Body Abrasive Wear Behavior of Al-8011 alloy Reinforced with Graphite and Red Mud Particulates, Int. J. of Science, Engineering and Management (IJSEM), 2 (2), pp-29-33. [49] Anil, K.C., Vikas, M.G., Shanmukha Teja, B. and Sreenivas Rao, K.V. (2017). Effect of cutting parameters on surface finish and machinability of graphite reinforced Al-8011 matrix composite, Materials Science and Engineering, 191(012025). DOI: 10.1088/1757-899X/191/1/012025. [50] Sreenivas Rao, K.V., Anil, K.C., Akash and Girisha, K. G. (2017). Effect of Particle Size on Mechanical Properties of Al-RMp Metal Matrix Composites, Materials Today: Proceedings, Science Direct pp- 11154–11157. DOI: 10.1016/j.matpr.2017.08.080. [51] Harshavardhan, R., Anil, K.C. and Sreenivas Rao, K.V. (2018). Evaluation of Fracture Toughness of Red Mud Reinforced Aluminium Matrix Composite, Materials Today: Proceedings, 5, pp 24854–24861. DOI: 10.1016/j.matpr.2018.10.284. [52] Latha Shankar, B., Nagaraj, P. M. and Anil, K. C. (2017). Optimization of Wear Behaviour of AA8011-Gr Composite using Taguchi Technique, Materials Today: Proceedings, 4, pp. 10739-10745. DOI: 10.1016/j.matpr.2017.08.021. [53] Lipinska-Chwalek, M. (2020). https://www.researchgate.net/post/What-are-the-reasons-for-presence-of-Oxygen-and- Carbon-in-EDX-analysis-of-Aluminium-alloy/5eb52b8b3d222662542b996d/citation/download. [54] Jayappa, K., Kumar, V. and Purushotham, G. G. (2021). Effect of reinforcements on mechanical properties of nickel alloy hybrid metal matrix composites processed by sand mold technique, Applied Science and Engineering Progress, 14(1), pp. 44–51. DOI: 10.14416/j.asep.2020.11.001. [55] Kumaraswamy, J., Vijaya Kumar and Purushotham, G. (2021). Evaluation of the microstructure and thermal properties of (ASTM A 494 M grade) nickel alloy hybrid metal matrix composites processed by sand mold casting, International Journal of Ambient Energy,42, pp. 1-10. DOI: 10.1080/01430750.2021.1927836. << /ASCII85EncodePages false /AllowTransparency false /AutoPositionEPSFiles true /AutoRotatePages /None /Binding /Left /CalGrayProfile (Dot Gain 20%) /CalRGBProfile (sRGB IEC61966-2.1) /CalCMYKProfile (U.S. Web Coated \050SWOP\051 v2) /sRGBProfile (sRGB IEC61966-2.1) /CannotEmbedFontPolicy /Error /CompatibilityLevel 1.4 /CompressObjects /Tags /CompressPages true /ConvertImagesToIndexed true /PassThroughJPEGImages true /CreateJobTicket false /DefaultRenderingIntent /Default /DetectBlends true /DetectCurves 0.0000 /ColorConversionStrategy /CMYK /DoThumbnails false /EmbedAllFonts true /EmbedOpenType false /ParseICCProfilesInComments true /EmbedJobOptions true /DSCReportingLevel 0 /EmitDSCWarnings false /EndPage -1 /ImageMemory 1048576 /LockDistillerParams false /MaxSubsetPct 100 /Optimize true /OPM 1 /ParseDSCComments true /ParseDSCCommentsForDocInfo true /PreserveCopyPage true /PreserveDICMYKValues true /PreserveEPSInfo true /PreserveFlatness true /PreserveHalftoneInfo false /PreserveOPIComments true /PreserveOverprintSettings true /StartPage 1 /SubsetFonts true /TransferFunctionInfo /Apply /UCRandBGInfo /Preserve /UsePrologue false /ColorSettingsFile () /AlwaysEmbed [ true ] /NeverEmbed [ true ] /AntiAliasColorImages false /CropColorImages true /ColorImageMinResolution 300 /ColorImageMinResolutionPolicy /OK /DownsampleColorImages true /ColorImageDownsampleType /Bicubic /ColorImageResolution 300 /ColorImageDepth -1 /ColorImageMinDownsampleDepth 1 /ColorImageDownsampleThreshold 1.50000 /EncodeColorImages true /ColorImageFilter /DCTEncode /AutoFilterColorImages true /ColorImageAutoFilterStrategy /JPEG /ColorACSImageDict << /QFactor 0.15 /HSamples [1 1 1 1] /VSamples [1 1 1 1] >> /ColorImageDict << /QFactor 0.15 /HSamples [1 1 1 1] /VSamples [1 1 1 1] >> /JPEG2000ColorACSImageDict << /TileWidth 256 /TileHeight 256 /Quality 30 >> /JPEG2000ColorImageDict << /TileWidth 256 /TileHeight 256 /Quality 30 >> /AntiAliasGrayImages false /CropGrayImages true /GrayImageMinResolution 300 /GrayImageMinResolutionPolicy /OK /DownsampleGrayImages true /GrayImageDownsampleType /Bicubic /GrayImageResolution 300 /GrayImageDepth -1 /GrayImageMinDownsampleDepth 2 /GrayImageDownsampleThreshold 1.50000 /EncodeGrayImages true /GrayImageFilter /DCTEncode /AutoFilterGrayImages true /GrayImageAutoFilterStrategy /JPEG /GrayACSImageDict << /QFactor 0.15 /HSamples [1 1 1 1] /VSamples [1 1 1 1] >> /GrayImageDict << /QFactor 0.15 /HSamples [1 1 1 1] /VSamples [1 1 1 1] >> /JPEG2000GrayACSImageDict << /TileWidth 256 /TileHeight 256 /Quality 30 >> /JPEG2000GrayImageDict << /TileWidth 256 /TileHeight 256 /Quality 30 >> /AntiAliasMonoImages false /CropMonoImages true /MonoImageMinResolution 1200 /MonoImageMinResolutionPolicy /OK /DownsampleMonoImages true /MonoImageDownsampleType /Bicubic /MonoImageResolution 1200 /MonoImageDepth -1 /MonoImageDownsampleThreshold 1.50000 /EncodeMonoImages true /MonoImageFilter /CCITTFaxEncode /MonoImageDict << /K -1 >> /AllowPSXObjects false /CheckCompliance [ /None ] /PDFX1aCheck false /PDFX3Check false /PDFXCompliantPDFOnly false /PDFXNoTrimBoxError true /PDFXTrimBoxToMediaBoxOffset [ 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 ] /PDFXSetBleedBoxToMediaBox true /PDFXBleedBoxToTrimBoxOffset [ 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 ] /PDFXOutputIntentProfile () /PDFXOutputConditionIdentifier () /PDFXOutputCondition () /PDFXRegistryName () /PDFXTrapped /False /CreateJDFFile false /Description << /ARA /BGR /CHS /CHT /CZE /DAN /DEU /ESP /ETI /FRA /GRE /HEB /HRV (Za stvaranje Adobe PDF dokumenata najpogodnijih za visokokvalitetni ispis prije tiskanja koristite ove postavke. Stvoreni PDF dokumenti mogu se otvoriti Acrobat i Adobe Reader 5.0 i kasnijim verzijama.) /HUN /ITA /JPN /KOR /LTH /LVI /NLD (Gebruik deze instellingen om Adobe PDF-documenten te maken die zijn geoptimaliseerd voor prepress-afdrukken van hoge kwaliteit. De gemaakte PDF-documenten kunnen worden geopend met Acrobat en Adobe Reader 5.0 en hoger.) /NOR /POL /PTB /RUM /RUS /SKY /SLV /SUO /SVE /TUR /UKR /ENU (Use these settings to create Adobe PDF documents best suited for high-quality prepress printing. Created PDF documents can be opened with Acrobat and Adobe Reader 5.0 and later.) >> /Namespace [ (Adobe) (Common) (1.0) ] /OtherNamespaces [ << /AsReaderSpreads false /CropImagesToFrames true /ErrorControl /WarnAndContinue /FlattenerIgnoreSpreadOverrides false /IncludeGuidesGrids false /IncludeNonPrinting false /IncludeSlug false /Namespace [ (Adobe) (InDesign) (4.0) ] /OmitPlacedBitmaps false /OmitPlacedEPS false /OmitPlacedPDF false /SimulateOverprint /Legacy >> << /AddBleedMarks false /AddColorBars false /AddCropMarks false /AddPageInfo false /AddRegMarks false /ConvertColors /ConvertToCMYK /DestinationProfileName () /DestinationProfileSelector /DocumentCMYK /Downsample16BitImages true /FlattenerPreset << /PresetSelector /MediumResolution >> /FormElements false /GenerateStructure false /IncludeBookmarks false /IncludeHyperlinks false /IncludeInteractive false /IncludeLayers false /IncludeProfiles false /MultimediaHandling /UseObjectSettings /Namespace [ (Adobe) (CreativeSuite) (2.0) ] /PDFXOutputIntentProfileSelector /DocumentCMYK /PreserveEditing true /UntaggedCMYKHandling /LeaveUntagged /UntaggedRGBHandling /UseDocumentProfile /UseDocumentBleed false >> ] >> setdistillerparams << /HWResolution [2400 2400] /PageSize [612.000 792.000] >> setpagedevice