Microsoft Word - numero_64_art_16_4094.docx B. Gudadappanavar et alii, Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale, 64 (2023) 240-249; DOI: 10.3221/IGF-ESIS.64.16 240 An assessment of HDPE fillers and fiber wrapping on the strength of reinforced concrete Basavaraj Gudadappanavar*, D. K. Kulkarni Research Center, Department of Civil Engineering, SDM College of Engineering & Technology, Dharwad, Visvesvaraya Technological University, Karnataka, India. gudadappa@gmail.com, dilipkkulkarni@rediffmail.com P. S. Shivakumar Gouda Research Center, Department of Mechanical Engineering, SDM College of Engineering & Technology, Dharwad, Visvesvaraya Technological University, Karnataka, India. ursshivu@gmail.com ABSTRACT. Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) is the most promising technique in the present era to bring sustainability, reliability, and pseudo ductility to concrete structures due to its superior properties. Thermoplastic and thermoset polymers are the most thrown-out synthetic waste that contributes to environmental pollution for a long time. To address this issue an attempt was made to utilize High-Density Polyethylene Fiber (HDPE) fillers of size 40x2 mm has been incorporated in concrete. This investigation aims to estimate the integrity effect of HDPE fillers incorporation and wrapping of concrete with Basalt fiber mats (BFM) and Geo-textile fiber mats (GFM) on split tensile strength, shear strength, and impact resistance as per standards. Results indicate that the addition of an optimum quantity of HDPE has a significant effect on improving the tensile, shear, and impact strengths. Adding HDPE fillers in the range of 0.5 - 1.5% in concrete samples wrapped with Basalt and Geo-textile fiber mats showed an increased tensile strength of up to 14.06% and 7.40% respectively with that conventional concrete. Further, wrapping of concrete using Basalt fiber and geotextile fiber mats showed a 4.16% and 20% increase in shear strength for 0.5% HDPE-incorporated concrete samples. Higher impact resistance was also observed for HDPE-added and fiber-wrapped concrete samples. KEYWORDS. Fiber Reinforced Polymer, HDPE, Split Tensile Strength, Shear Strength, Impact Resistance. Citation: Gudadappanavar, B., Kulkarni, D. K., Shivakumar Gouda, P. S., An assessment of HDPE fillers and fiber wrapping on the strength of reinforced concrete, Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale, 64 (2023) 240-249. Received: 15.01.2023 Accepted: 07.03.2023 Online first: 10.03.2023 Published: 01.04.2023 Copyright: © 2023 This is an open access article under the terms of the CC-BY 4.0, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. https://youtu.be/ovjHd0MSpqw B. Gudadappanavar et alii, Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale, 64 (2023) 240-249; DOI: 10.3221/IGF-ESIS.64.16 241 INTRODUCTION oncrete is the most widely used building material due to its superior properties like compressive strength, impact resistance, and durability [1]. But inadequate tensile strength and the catastrophic nature of failure raised to find appropriate techniques to overcome such drawbacks. The incorporation of filler i.e., E-waste, short synthetic fiber, steel fibers, and natural fibers [1-5] slow down the random propagation of cracks. Along with that, Fiber-reinforced composites (FRP) as external jacket [6-8] is promising to enhance their strength due to their superior properties like high tensile strength, impact resistance, stiffness, and flexural strength. Wrapping the HDP (High-Density Polyethylene) sheet enhances the load-carrying capacity [2]. And also, the tensile strength and flexural modulus were increased marginally between 3% and 14% in HDPE-incorporated concrete [3]. Abdulkader Ismail Al- Hadithi [4] found that incorporating Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) with 1.25% of volume increases the tensile strength by 18.43% and increased shear strength was observed up to 1% of PET addition. F.S. Khalid [5] experimented to estimate the effect of filler shape and size on splitting tensile strength. In this study 3 different types of filler were used i.e., Ring-shaped PET fibers (RPET-5 mm and RPET-10mm), irregular shape PET, and synthetic waste fiber. The tensile strength of RPET-10 FRC increased by 16.9%, 35.1%, and 24.4% for fiber content 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5% respectively compared to irregular PET, synthetic fiber, and pristine concrete specimens. The incorporation of filler in concrete improves the ductility and crack flow pattern. The dynamic tensile strength of flax-fiber-reinforced polymer (FFRP) and glass-fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) wrapped with impact strain ranging from 0.1 to 58 s-1 was studied by Wenjie Wang [6]. By increasing the wrapping layers, the tensile strength was enhanced by 29% and 67% in FFRP concrete and 32% and 84% in GFRP concrete. similarly, carbon nanofiber-reinforced concrete (CNFC) showed improved dynamic split tensile strength [7]. Non-Woven Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) plastic tissue-wrapped concrete samples showed a 15.12% increase in tensile strength compared to reference specimens [8]. The thickness of glass fiber wrapping over the concrete also has a significant effect on improving the strength of concrete structures [9]. A.R. Pradeep [10] reported that the carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) wrapped sample showed an increase in split tensile strength from 30 to 50%, flexural strength from 10 to 30%, and compressive strength from 15 to 40% as compared to pristine concrete samples. The increase in shear strength is about 2.15 to 2.46 times as a volume fraction of steel fiber increases from 0 to 1.5% compared to plain concrete [11]. The retrofitting of shear damage of reinforced concrete beam shear strength increased between 50% to 111% due to the carbon fiber strip wrapping and the addition of micro-synthetic fibers.[12]. The polypropylene-incorporated and glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) concrete showed higher impact resistance compared to polypropylene-incorporated and plain concrete [13]. And even, the addition of steel fiber and wrapping of bidirectional carbon fiber-reinforced polymers (CFRPs) to the concrete showed extremely higher impact resistance [14]. Gunasekaran Murali [15] experimented on prepacked aggregate fibrous concrete (PAFC) prepared by incorporating Steel and polypropylene fibers with a dosage of 2.4%. In this study different types of drop weights i.e steel bar, cross knife-like, or line load types were used. The remarkable influence of filler was observed on impact resistance. Through many studies, it was observed that the incorporation of different fillers leads to enhanced ductility of the concrete structure, and also wrapping of different fibers on the concrete structure helps to enhance its durability and strength [16- 19]. This study aims to investigate the effect of the incorporation of HDPE fillers, Basalt, and Geo-textile fiber mat wrapping of concrete for Split tensile, Shear, and impact strengths. The M30 grade concrete was prepared, and samples were cast and tested as per the procedure given in the test standards. MATERIALS he HDPE bottles were collected from Hubballi Dharwad municipal corporation (HDMC). The bi-directional basalt fiber was supplied by Nickunj Eximp Entp Pvt. Ltd. Mumbai. The Geo-Textile fiber was supplied by a local supplier. The physical and mechanical properties of fibers are listed in Tab. 1. The Portland cement of grade 43 was procured from a local supplier. The properties of cement were determined by conducting tests in the laboratory, the fineness of 4.63, the normal consistency of 32%, with a specific gravity of 3.12 were reported. The coarse and fine aggregate was procured from a local supplier and the test was performed in the laboratory. The specific gravity of 2.74 with a fineness modulus of 7.38 for coarse aggregate and similarly a specific gravity of 2.61, and the fineness modulus of 2.18 for fine aggregates were obtained from the lab test. The Poly-Naphthalene Condensate type was used as a superplasticizer which is having a specific gravity of 1.1 – 1.2. Water used for concrete mix is potable drinking water, no Chlorides are found, pH was 7.8 and all other parameters are within the permissible limits. C T B. Gudadappanavar et alii, Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale, 64 (2023) 240-249; DOI: 10.3221/IGF-ESIS.64.16 242 Table 1: Physical and mechanical properties of fibers. SAMPLE PREPARATION he concrete mixing process is as follows. Initially, mixing of coarse aggregate, fine aggregate, and cement were mixed as per the M30 grade of concrete. The blending ratios for different compositions are listed in Tab. 2. Further, a chopped size of 40*2*1 mm(L*W*t) HDPE was added to perform the mixture by varying the proportion from 0.5% to 3%. To enhance the workability of the concrete the mixture of water and superplasticizer solution was poured into the concrete as per the blending ratio proportion. The mixing process was carried out to form the homogenous concrete. For each composition, three samples were tested. The prepared fresh concrete was poured into the mold to cast a split tensile sample with the dimension of 300*150 mm as per standard which is shown in Fig. 2. Similarly, shear and impact test samples were prepared by pouring the fresh concrete into the mold as per the standard. A vibrator was used to bring the proper compaction in the concrete samples. The casted samples were de-molded from the mold after 24 hrs and further samples were soaked in water for 28 days for curing purposes. Cured samples were kept at room temperature for 24 hours for drying. And further, Basalt and Geo-textile fiber mats were wrapped using an epoxy binder. The process of preparing the concrete samples is shown in Fig. 1. Figure 1: Process of sample preparation. Table 2: Mixing proportion to prepare the concrete samples. Fibers Density (kg/m3) Tensile Strength (MPa) Youngs Modulus (GPa) Elongation at Break (%) Basalt Geo-Textile 2650 400 3100 - 4840 643 84 30 3.15 1.6 T Test Materials (3Specimens) Cement (kg) Sand (kg) Coarse Aggregate (kg) Water (ml) Superplasticizer (ml) Tensile Strength 6.53 16.731 24.306 2940 52.29 Shear Strength 3.16 8.10 11.77 1424.25 25.31 Impact Strength 1.305 3.340 4.85 587.25 10.45 B. Gudadappanavar et alii, Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale, 64 (2023) 240-249; DOI: 10.3221/IGF-ESIS.64.16 243 EXPERIMENTAL Split tensile test he split tensile test was performed as per IS: 5816-1999 [20] standard. The sample dimensions and loading configuration is shown in Fig. 2. The 200kN capacity compression testing machine was used to perform the test and the maximum load for each sample is noted to find the tensile strength of concrete samples using Eqn. 1. Tensile strength    2 t P HD (1) where P, H, and D denote Load, the height of the specimen, and the diameter of the specimen respectively. Figure 2: Schematic of sample dimension and compressive loading configuration. Figure 3: Schematic of shear test sample and its loading points. Shear test The shear test for L-shaped samples was prepared by inserting a wooden cube of dimension 60x90x150mm into the cube mold of size 150x150x150 mm. The 1000kN UTM was used to perform the test. The loading points and failure region are shown in Fig. 3. The maximum load was noted to find the failure load and shear strength which are calculated as per Eqn. 2 and Eqn. 3. Failure Load       1 1 2 PL F L L (2) T B. Gudadappanavar et alii, Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale, 64 (2023) 240-249; DOI: 10.3221/IGF-ESIS.64.16 244 Shear Strength = 1000F A (3) where, P= Load (kN), A= Area of shear surface i.e., 60x150 mm2, L1=25mm, L2=25mm Impact test The impact test on the concrete specimen is to measure the ability of impact absorption due to external load. For evaluating impact strength, cylindrical specimens of 150mm diameter and 60mm height were prepared. Samples were tested on Schruder’s impact testing machine which is shown in Fig. 4. Several blows were required to cause the first crack and final failure and then readings were noted down. The number of blows was used and recorded to find the impact energy using Eqn. 4. Impact Energy      W h n (4) where, w = Weight of the hammer = 45.4N, h = Height of fall = 0.457 m, and n = Number of blows required to cause a first crack or final failure Figure 4: Impact test setup. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Split tensile strength ig. 5a illustrates the split tensile strength of HDPE-incorporated concrete samples by varying the range from 0 to 3 % with a 0.5% interval. From Fig. 5a it was observed that 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5 % HDPE-incorporated concrete samples showed an increase in tensile strength of more than 3.67%,7.35%, and 3.89% respectively as compared to plain concrete. Good cohesion even after the first failure was observed up to 1.5% addition of HDPE fillers. But a further increase in the percentage of HDPE leads to a drop in the strength of the concrete due to the poor bonding leading to random propagation of cracks. The increase in tensile strength with different polymer addition was reported in many studies [1-5]. And the authors highlighted that the increase in the tensile strength depends on the optimal quantity of polymers/plastics in concrete. Even fiber wrapping along with HDPE incorporation has a significant effect on tensile strength which is shown in Fig. 5b. From Fig. 5b it was observed that 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5% HDPE filler incorporated concrete wrapped with BFM increased in the tensile strength by more than 9.37%,14.06%, and 7.81% respectively when compared to plain concrete samples. And it was also observed that 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5% of HDPE-filled concrete wrapped with GFM gave increased tensile strength by more than 3.7%,7.40%, and 3.8% respectively when compared to plain concrete samples. In addition to this, the concrete samples without HDPE addition and wrapping showed brittle nature of failure with samples split into two halves are shown in Fig. 6a. But HDPE incorporated samples did not split into two halves even after taking more load than conventional concrete samples. Contrarily, concrete samples wrapped with FRP were not separated which are shown in Figs. 6b and 6c. This indicates that the FRP-wrapped concrete samples could withstand the larger split loads. Comparing the BFM and GFM-wrapped concrete tensile strength, BFM-wrapped samples showed almost F B. Gudadappanavar et alii, Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale, 64 (2023) 240-249; DOI: 10.3221/IGF-ESIS.64.16 245 a 45% increase in the tensile strength for 1 % incorporation of HDPE. This is caused by the attractive mechanical properties of Basalt fiber compared to Geo-Textile fiber which is given in Tab. 1. Figure 5: Tensile Strength of concrete samples (a) Tensile strength versus HDPE proportion (b) Tensile strength of fiber-wrapped samples versus HDPE proportion. Figure 6: Cracked samples under split Tensile Test (a) pristine concrete (b) Geo-Textile wrapped concrete and (c) Basalt fiber wrapped concrete. Shear strength Fig. 7 illustrates the effect of HDPE incorporation in concrete on shear strength. From Fig. 7 it was observed that 0.5% HDPE fiber-reinforced concrete gains shear strength of more than 10.52% when compared to plain concrete samples. Further increase in HDPE in concrete has a decrease in shear strength was noticed. This is due to the poor shear resistance between cement and HDPE and the localization of stresses at the loading point which was shown in Fig. 8a From Fig. 7b it was observed that 0.5% HDPE fiber-reinforced concrete wrapped with BFM and GFM showed an increase in shear strength of more than 4.16% and 20% respectively when compared to fiber-wrapped and pristine concrete samples. The B. Gudadappanavar et alii, Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale, 64 (2023) 240-249; DOI: 10.3221/IGF-ESIS.64.16 246 wrapping with external fiber jackets leads to resisting the sudden catastrophic failure under the shear mode of loading which is shown in Figs. 8b and 8c. Figure 7: Variation of Shear Strength values in concrete (a) Shear strength versus HDPE proportion (b) shear Strength of fiber wrapped versus HDPE proportion. Figure 8: Cracked concrete samples under Shear Test (a) Plain Concrete (b) BFM wrapped and (c) GFM wrapped samples. Impact resistance The effect of adding HDPE in concrete on impact resistance is shown in Figs. 9a and 9b. From Figs. 9a and 9b, it was observed that 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5 % HDPE fiber-reinforced concrete gains an impact strength of more than 33.33%, 61.11%, and 77.77% for the first crack on the specimen and 31.81%,54.54% and 68.18% for the final failure respectively when compared to plain concrete. The energy-absorbing of HDPE-filled concrete is higher and leads to take a greater number of B. Gudadappanavar et alii, Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale, 64 (2023) 240-249; DOI: 10.3221/IGF-ESIS.64.16 247 blows required to develop the initial crack and final failure. Due to the poor resistance to impact the plain concrete samples have broken into many pieces which is shown in Fig. 11 a. Figure 9. Variation of impact energy and number of blows (a) first crack (b) final failure. Fig. 10 illustrates the effect of fillers and fiber wrapping on impact resistance. From Fig. 10 it was observed that 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5% HDPE fiber-reinforced concrete wrapped with BFM gave an increased impact strength of more than 18.58%, 37.03%, and 44.44% for the initial crack on the samples and 15.33%, 25.00%, and 32.69% for the final failure respectively when compared to plain concrete. Similarly, it was observed that 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5% HDPE fiber-reinforced concrete wrapped with GFM showed an increased impact resistance of more than 33.33%,57.14%, and 71.42% for the first crack and 22.22%, 33.33%, and 41.66% for the final failure on the specimens respectively when compared to plain concrete. The impact resistance tested samples with the initial and final crack for Basalt and Geo-textile fiber wrapped are shown in Fig. 11b and 11c. It was also seen that the wrapping helps to withstand higher impact loads. This is due to the resistance offered by the fiber jacket. Figure 10: Variation Impact Energy vs wrapping of fibers and HDPE. B. Gudadappanavar et alii, Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale, 64 (2023) 240-249; DOI: 10.3221/IGF-ESIS.64.16 248 Figure 11: Crack formation during initial and final failure (a) Plain concrete sample (b) Basalt fiber wrapped sample and (c) Geotextile fiber wrapped sample. CONCLUSIONS n this study, the split tensile, shear strength, and impact resistance of HDPE incorporated, and fiber wrapping on concrete samples were experimentally studied. The following conclusion was drawn from the experimental findings.  The results revealed that the addition of 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5 % HDPE in concrete showed an increased tensile strength of more than 3.67%,7.35%, and 3.89% respectively compared to plain concrete.  For 0.5 to 1.5% HDPE incorporated concrete wrapped with BFM increased the tensile strength in the range of 9.37% to 14.10%.  Similarly, 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5% of HDPE fiber-reinforced concrete wrapped with GFM increased the tensile strength by more than 3.7%, 7.40%, and 3.8% respectively when compared to those without HDPE fillers concrete wrapped with GFM.  The shear strength is more than 10.52% for 0.5% HDPE-incorporated concrete concerning pristine concrete.  The wrapping of BFM and GFMs also showed a 4.16% and 20% increase in shear strength for 0.5% HDPE-filled concrete.  The impact strength is more than 33.33%,61.11%, and 77.77% for the first crack on the concrete, and 31.81%,54.54%, and 68.18% more for the final failure were observed in 0.5 to 1.5% HDPE filled concrete samples.  The present techniques used in this study are by adding fillers and fiber wrapping will certainly enhance the load- carrying capacity and to overcome the sudden catastrophic failure of the concrete structure. Hence these techniques can be recommended in the development of concrete structures for safety-critical structural design. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS he authors would like to acknowledge the appraise their appreciation to the organization for providing the required facilities at the Research Center, the civil engineering department of SDM College of Engineering and Technology, Dharwad for their motivation and backing throughout the investigations. REFERENCES [1] Yu, H., Meng, T., Zhao, Y., Liao, J. and Ying, K., (2022). Effects of basalt fiber powder on mechanical properties and microstructure of concrete. Case Studies in Construction Materials, 17, p.e01286. DOI: 10.1016/j.cscm.2022.e01286. I T B. Gudadappanavar et alii, Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale, 64 (2023) 240-249; DOI: 10.3221/IGF-ESIS.64.16 249 [2] Dines, R. and Kumar, P.V., (2020). Potential of High-Density Polyethylene on axial strength enhancement of reinforced concrete columns. Materials Today: Proceedings, 33, pp. 223-228. DOI: 10.1016/j.matpr.2020.03.818. [3] Pešić, N., Živanović, S., Garcia, R. and Papastergiou, P., (2016). Mechanical properties of concrete reinforced with recycled HDPE plastic fibres. Construction and building materials, 115, pp. 362-370. DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.04.050 [4] Al-Hadithi, A.I. and Abbas, M.A., (2018). The effects of adding waste plastic fibers on the mechanical properties and shear strength of reinforced concrete beams. Iraqi Journal of Civil Engineering, 12(1), pp.110-124. [5] Khalid, F.S., Irwan, J.M., Ibrahim, M.W., Othman, N. and Shahidan, S., (2018). Performance of plastic wastes in fiber- reinforced concrete beams. Construction and Building Materials, 183, pp. 451-464. DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.06.122 [6] Wang, W., Mo, Z., Zhang, Y. and Chouw, N., (2022). Dynamic Splitting Tensile Behaviour of Concrete Confined by Natural Flax and Glass FRP. Polymers, 14(20), p.4424. DOI: 10.3390/polym14204424 [7] Wang, Z., Xu, J., Nie, L., Xia, W., Huang, Z. and Meng, X., (2020), September. Research on Dynamic Splitting Tensile Mechanical Properties of Carbon Nanofibers Reinforced Concrete. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol. 567, No. 1, p. 012038). IOP Publishing. DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/567/1/012038 [8] Bahij, S., Omary, S., Steiner, V., Feugeas, F. and Ibrahimkhil, M.H., (2022). Effect of Non-Woven Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Tissue on Fresh and Hardened Properties of Concrete. Materials, 15(24), p.8766. DOI: 10.3390/ma15248766 [9] Vijayan, D.S., Mohan, A., Jebasingh Daniel, J., Gokulnath, V., Saravanan, B. and Kumar, P.D., (2021). Experimental Investigation on the Ecofriendly External Wrapping of Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer in Concrete Columns. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering, 2021. DOI: 10.1155/2021/2909033. [10] Pradeep, A.R., Basavalinganagowda, M.I. and Rangaraj, C., (2020). Comparative Study on Strength Properties of CFRP Wrapped Concrete Elements with Conventional Concrete. SSAHE-JIR, p.43. [11] Marar, K., Eren, Ö. and Roughani, H., (2017). The influence of amount and aspect ratio of fibers on shear behaviour of steel fiber reinforced concrete. KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, 21(4), pp.1393-1399. DOI:10.1007/s12205-016-0787-2. [12] Altoubat, S., Karzad, A.S., Maalej, M., Barakat, S. and Junaid, T., (2020), June. Experimental study of the steel/CFRP interaction in shear-strengthened RC beams incorporating macro-synthetic fibers. Structures, 25, pp. 88-98. DOI: 10.1016/j.istruc.2020.02.027 [13] Kheyroddin, A., Arshadi, H., Ahadi, M.R., Taban, G. and Kioumarsi, M., (2021). The impact resistance of Fiber- Reinforced concrete with polypropylene fibers and GFRP wrapping. Materials Today: Proceedings, 45, pp. 5433-5438. DOI: 10.1016/j.matpr.2021.02.116 [14] Kheyroddin, A., Arshadi, H. and Khedri, J., (2021). The resistance of fiber-reinforced concrete with steel fibers and CFRP to drop-weight impact. Periodica Polytechnica Civil Engineering, 65(2), pp. 666-676. DOI: 10.3311/PPci.17477 [15] Murali, G., Abid, S.R., Amran, M., Vatin, N.I. and Fediuk, R., (2022). Drop Weight Impact Test on Prepacked Aggregate Fibrous Concrete—An Experimental Study. Materials, 15(9), p.3096. DOI: 10.3390/ma15093096. [16] Khalid, F.S., Irwan, J.M., Ibrahim, M.W., Othman, N. and Shahidan, S., (2018). Splitting tensile and pullout behavior of synthetic wastes as fiber-reinforced concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 171, pp.54-64. DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.03.122 [17] Yin, S., Tuladhar, R., Shi, F., Combe, M., Collister, T. and Sivakugan, N., (2015). Use of macro plastic fibres in concrete: A review. Construction and Building Materials, 93, pp.180-188. DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.05.105. [18] Amran, Y.M., Alyousef, R., Rashid, R.S., Alabduljabbar, H. and Hung, C.C., (2018), November. Properties and applications of FRP in strengthening RC structures: A review. Structures, 16, pp. 208-238. DOI: 10.1016/j.istruc.2018.09.008 [19] Yuhazri, M.Y., Zulfikar, A.J. and Ginting, A., (2020), December. Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composite as a Strengthening of Concrete Structures: A Review. In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 1003(1), p. 012135. IOP Publishing. DOI: 10.1088/1757-899X/1003/1/012135. [20] Bureau of Indian standards IS 5816: (1999), Splitting tensile strength of concrete -method of test, New Delhi, India. << /ASCII85EncodePages false /AllowTransparency false /AutoPositionEPSFiles true /AutoRotatePages /None /Binding /Left /CalGrayProfile (Dot Gain 20%) /CalRGBProfile (sRGB IEC61966-2.1) /CalCMYKProfile (U.S. Web Coated \050SWOP\051 v2) /sRGBProfile (sRGB IEC61966-2.1) /CannotEmbedFontPolicy /Error /CompatibilityLevel 1.4 /CompressObjects /Tags /CompressPages true /ConvertImagesToIndexed true /PassThroughJPEGImages true /CreateJobTicket false /DefaultRenderingIntent /Default /DetectBlends true /DetectCurves 0.0000 /ColorConversionStrategy /CMYK /DoThumbnails false /EmbedAllFonts true /EmbedOpenType false /ParseICCProfilesInComments true /EmbedJobOptions true /DSCReportingLevel 0 /EmitDSCWarnings false /EndPage -1 /ImageMemory 1048576 /LockDistillerParams false /MaxSubsetPct 100 /Optimize true /OPM 1 /ParseDSCComments true /ParseDSCCommentsForDocInfo true /PreserveCopyPage true /PreserveDICMYKValues true /PreserveEPSInfo true /PreserveFlatness true /PreserveHalftoneInfo false /PreserveOPIComments true /PreserveOverprintSettings true /StartPage 1 /SubsetFonts true /TransferFunctionInfo /Apply /UCRandBGInfo /Preserve /UsePrologue false /ColorSettingsFile () /AlwaysEmbed [ true ] /NeverEmbed [ true ] /AntiAliasColorImages false /CropColorImages true /ColorImageMinResolution 300 /ColorImageMinResolutionPolicy /OK /DownsampleColorImages true /ColorImageDownsampleType /Bicubic /ColorImageResolution 300 /ColorImageDepth -1 /ColorImageMinDownsampleDepth 1 /ColorImageDownsampleThreshold 1.50000 /EncodeColorImages true /ColorImageFilter /DCTEncode /AutoFilterColorImages true /ColorImageAutoFilterStrategy /JPEG /ColorACSImageDict << /QFactor 0.15 /HSamples [1 1 1 1] /VSamples [1 1 1 1] >> /ColorImageDict << /QFactor 0.15 /HSamples [1 1 1 1] /VSamples [1 1 1 1] >> /JPEG2000ColorACSImageDict << /TileWidth 256 /TileHeight 256 /Quality 30 >> /JPEG2000ColorImageDict << /TileWidth 256 /TileHeight 256 /Quality 30 >> /AntiAliasGrayImages false /CropGrayImages true /GrayImageMinResolution 300 /GrayImageMinResolutionPolicy /OK /DownsampleGrayImages true /GrayImageDownsampleType /Bicubic /GrayImageResolution 300 /GrayImageDepth -1 /GrayImageMinDownsampleDepth 2 /GrayImageDownsampleThreshold 1.50000 /EncodeGrayImages true /GrayImageFilter /DCTEncode /AutoFilterGrayImages true /GrayImageAutoFilterStrategy /JPEG /GrayACSImageDict << /QFactor 0.15 /HSamples [1 1 1 1] /VSamples [1 1 1 1] >> /GrayImageDict << /QFactor 0.15 /HSamples [1 1 1 1] /VSamples [1 1 1 1] >> /JPEG2000GrayACSImageDict << /TileWidth 256 /TileHeight 256 /Quality 30 >> /JPEG2000GrayImageDict << /TileWidth 256 /TileHeight 256 /Quality 30 >> /AntiAliasMonoImages false /CropMonoImages true /MonoImageMinResolution 1200 /MonoImageMinResolutionPolicy /OK /DownsampleMonoImages true /MonoImageDownsampleType /Bicubic /MonoImageResolution 1200 /MonoImageDepth -1 /MonoImageDownsampleThreshold 1.50000 /EncodeMonoImages true /MonoImageFilter /CCITTFaxEncode /MonoImageDict << /K -1 >> /AllowPSXObjects false /CheckCompliance [ /None ] /PDFX1aCheck false /PDFX3Check false /PDFXCompliantPDFOnly false /PDFXNoTrimBoxError true /PDFXTrimBoxToMediaBoxOffset [ 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 ] /PDFXSetBleedBoxToMediaBox true /PDFXBleedBoxToTrimBoxOffset [ 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 ] /PDFXOutputIntentProfile () /PDFXOutputConditionIdentifier () /PDFXOutputCondition () /PDFXRegistryName () /PDFXTrapped /False /CreateJDFFile false /Description << /ARA /BGR /CHS /CHT /CZE /DAN /DEU /ESP /ETI /FRA /GRE /HEB /HRV (Za stvaranje Adobe PDF dokumenata najpogodnijih za visokokvalitetni ispis prije tiskanja koristite ove postavke. Stvoreni PDF dokumenti mogu se otvoriti Acrobat i Adobe Reader 5.0 i kasnijim verzijama.) /HUN /ITA /JPN /KOR /LTH /LVI /NLD (Gebruik deze instellingen om Adobe PDF-documenten te maken die zijn geoptimaliseerd voor prepress-afdrukken van hoge kwaliteit. De gemaakte PDF-documenten kunnen worden geopend met Acrobat en Adobe Reader 5.0 en hoger.) /NOR /POL /PTB /RUM /RUS /SKY /SLV /SUO /SVE /TUR /UKR /ENU (Use these settings to create Adobe PDF documents best suited for high-quality prepress printing. Created PDF documents can be opened with Acrobat and Adobe Reader 5.0 and later.) >> /Namespace [ (Adobe) (Common) (1.0) ] /OtherNamespaces [ << /AsReaderSpreads false /CropImagesToFrames true /ErrorControl /WarnAndContinue /FlattenerIgnoreSpreadOverrides false /IncludeGuidesGrids false /IncludeNonPrinting false /IncludeSlug false /Namespace [ (Adobe) (InDesign) (4.0) ] /OmitPlacedBitmaps false /OmitPlacedEPS false /OmitPlacedPDF false /SimulateOverprint /Legacy >> << /AddBleedMarks false /AddColorBars false /AddCropMarks false /AddPageInfo false /AddRegMarks false /ConvertColors /ConvertToCMYK /DestinationProfileName () /DestinationProfileSelector /DocumentCMYK /Downsample16BitImages true /FlattenerPreset << /PresetSelector /MediumResolution >> /FormElements false /GenerateStructure false /IncludeBookmarks false /IncludeHyperlinks false /IncludeInteractive false /IncludeLayers false /IncludeProfiles false /MultimediaHandling /UseObjectSettings /Namespace [ (Adobe) (CreativeSuite) (2.0) ] /PDFXOutputIntentProfileSelector /DocumentCMYK /PreserveEditing true /UntaggedCMYKHandling /LeaveUntagged /UntaggedRGBHandling /UseDocumentProfile /UseDocumentBleed false >> ] >> setdistillerparams << /HWResolution [2400 2400] /PageSize [612.000 792.000] >> setpagedevice