fnp: A Pathfinder

This is a computer-generated pathfinder created against the Distant Reader study called fnp.

Each Distant Reader study carrel is composed of many individual items. Each item is bibliographically described with author, title, date, summary, and keyword values. Below is a list of the items' most signficant keywords as well as lists of the items themselves. Purpusing the content of this pathfinder provides the student, researcher, or scholar with one way to get their heads around the scope of the carrel. The keywords include:

Disease; Patients; Neuropathology; Cases; Cells; Tumor; Pathology; Cell; Studies; Department; Tissue; Tau; Years; Expression; Methylation; Institute; Protein; Case; Authors; Covid-19; Grade; Blood; Tumors; Synuclein; Myelin

Depending on how this pathfinder was created, many of the bibliographic sections will include elaborations on the meaning(s) of the given keywords. These elaborations were generated by feeding the items' summaries to a large langauge model and asking the model to address the question, "What is X?", where "X" is the keyword. The result will be a few sentences of elaboration. Be forewarned. The elaborations are often plausible, but they should not be take as truth. Instead, they should be taken as points for consideration.

• Top ten discoveries of the year: Neuroinflammation by Lassmann, Hans (2020) - Although originally be-lieved to disturb brain development in the course of intrauterine infection (Counotte et al 2019), it became clear in the last years that it may also infect the adult human nervous system and give rise to inflammatory diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system (da Silva et al 2017). Epstein-Barr Virus specific CD8 T cells selectively infiltrate the brain in multiple sclerosis and interact locally with virus-infected cells: Clue for a virus driven immunopathological mechanism (Serafini et al 2019) Even in the absence of an overt inflammatory disease of the central nervous system there is a small to moderate number of T-lymphocytes present in the brain and spinal cord, while infiltration of the tissue by T-cells and B-cells is massively increased in inflammatory brain diseases. Keywords: activation; brain; cells; disease; et al; lesions; microglia; patients; sclerosis; study; tissue; virus
• Dementia with Lewy bodies – a clinicopathological update by Bencze, János; Seo, Woosung; Hye, Abdul; Aarsland, Dag; Hortobágyi, Tibor (2020) - Bras, J. et al. Vallortigara, J. et al. Keywords: alzheimer; bodies; body; brain; cognitive; dementia; diagnosis; disease; dlb; et al; lewy; lewy bodies; neurol; parkinson; pathology; patients; symptoms; synuclein
• Top ten discoveries of the year: Neurovascular disease by Planas, Anna Maria (2020) - Cerebral endothelial cells of these mice also overexpressed Sox2.They limited Sox2 expression in endothelial cells by generating heterozygous Cdh5-cre/Sox2fl/wt mice with endothelial deletion of Sox2 in heterozygosis. In the affected vessels, endothelial cells suffer endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT), express stem cell markers, and undergo loss of typical endothelial cell properties, with increased cell migration, reduced adherence, and increased blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability. Keywords: alterations; blood; brain; cadasil; calcifications; cells; complement; disease; doi; endothelial; expression; matter; mice; mouse; patients; pericytes; studies; study; van; vessel; white
• Deposits of disease-associated alpha-synuclein may be present in the dura mater in Lewy body disorders: implications for potential inadvertent transmission by surgery by Gelpi, Ellen; Visanji, Naomi P.; Hönigschnabl, Selma; Reiner, Angelika; Fischer, Peter; Lang, Anthony; Budka, Herbert; Kovacs, Gabor G. (2020) - Fixation time of dura mater samples ranged from 3 to 10 years. This suggests propagation of alpha-synuclein from the brain and may indicate that dura mater could be a potential risk tissue for inadvertent transmission of alpha-synuclein by dura mater grafts or surgery. Keywords: aggregates; alpha; amyloid; body; disease; dura; lewy; mater; pathology; potential; synuclein
• Top ten discoveries of the year: Neuromuscular disease by Margeta, Marta (2020) - (Johansen et al., 2019; Mohn et al., 2019; Psimaras et al., 2019). [perimysial foci of CD8+ T cells and CD68+ macrophages that are associated with necrosis of adjacent muscle fibers; Touat et al. (2018) and Fig. 2] is distinct from the patterns seen in IIMs. Keywords: afm; anti; cases; cells; disease; et al; fibers; gene; immune; imnm; inflammatory; muscle; myopathies; myopathy; myositis; patients; sibm; spinal; therapy; treatment
• Top ten discoveries of the year: Neurodegeneration by Crary, John Fonda (2020) - https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aau3333 Grubman, A., Chew, G., Ouyang, J. F., Sun, G., Choo, X. Y., McLean, C., Simmons, R. K., Buckberry, S., Vargas-Landin, D. B., Poppe, D., Pflueger, J., Lister, R., Rackham, O. J. L., Petretto, E., & Polo, J. M. (2019). Acta Neuropathologica, 138(5), 859–876. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-019-02043-7 Manfredsson, F. P., Luk, K. C., Benskey, M. J., Gezer, A., Garcia, J., Kuhn, N. C., Sandoval, I. M., Patterson, J. R., O’Mara, A., Yonkers, R., & Kordower, J. H. (2018). Keywords: alzheimer; brain; cell; disease; expression; pathology
• Neuronal intermediate filament inclusion disease may be incorrectly classified as a subtype of FTLD-FUS by Bieniek, Kevin F; Josephs, Keith Anthony; Lin, Wen-Lang; Dickson, Dennis W (2020) - Therefore, 9/13 cases with FUS immunoreactive inclusions showed striatal atrophy while 0/2 without FUS showed striatal atrophy. A subset of FTLD cases, however, lack tau and TDP-43 immunoreactivity, but have neuronal inclusions positive for ubiquitin, referred to as atypical FTLD (aFTLD-U). Keywords: aftld; atrophy; cases; disease; fus; immunoreactivity; inclusions; neuropathol; nifid; tdp-43
• Multiple system atrophy - a clinicopathological update by Jellinger, Kurt A. (2020) - [3] Gilman S et al. (2008) Second consensus statement on the diagnosis of multiple system atrophy, Neurology 71:670-6. [9] Dhillon JS et al. (2019) Keywords: acta; alpha; brain; cases; cell; cerebellar; degeneration; diagnosis; disease; disord; et al; features; gcis; imaging; inclusions; j et; loss; motor; mov; msa; neurobiol; neurodegeneration; neurol; neurons; neuropathol; parkinson; parkinsonism; pathology; patients; prion; protein; studies; study; synuclein; system atrophy; αsyn
• Neuropathology through the ages – personal reflections: The golden era of neuropathology by Budka, Herbert (2020) - It was a pleasure and privilege to collaborate with Bob for many years on these challenging issues, and to make many good friends in the prion surveillance system, including Heino Diringer, Paul Brown, James Ironside, Maurizio Pocchiari, Fabrizio Tagliavini, Inga Zerr, Pawel Liberski…. Despite all troubles, my early years in neuropathology ended successfully, in 1980 with recognition as clinical specialist (Facharzt) in neurology and psychiatry, a step that also promoted me from assistant to consultant (Oberarzt), and further on in 1982 with my habilitation (lectureship) in neuropathology. Keywords: brain; bse; budka; career; cases; course; day; disease; end; experience; family; fig; group; half; hiv; hospital; institute; kids; kin; later; life; medical; meetings; neurology; neuropathological; neuropathology; new; prion; professor; research; study; system; time; tumour; university; vienna; work; years; zurich
• Studies on inflammation and stroke provide clues to pathomechanism of central nervous system involvement in COVID-19 by Dénes, Adám; Allan, Stuart M; Hortobágyi, Tibor; Smith, Craig J (2020) - Recent reports have described patients with ischaemic stroke complicating COVID-19 infection, often manifesting as large-vessel infarcts occurring in multiple territories and associated with features of prothrombotic coagulopathy3,40,41. However, these small case series may not be representative of wider clinical practice, and no causal relationship has yet been established between COVID-19 infection and stroke. Keywords: brain; cns; cov-2; covid-19; disease; infection; inflammation; journal; manchester; patients; sars; stroke; system; virus
• Clustering of activated microglia occurs before the formation of dystrophic neurites in the evolution of Aβ plaques in Alzheimer’s disease. by Paasila, Patrick Jarmo; Davies, Danielle S; Sutherland, Greg T; Goldsbury, Claire (2020) - Clustering of activated microglia occurs before the formation of dystrophic neurites in the evolution of Aβ plaques in Alzheimer’s disease. Feel free to add comments by clicking these icons on the sidebar Free Neuropathology 1:20 (2020) Original Paper Clustering of activated microglia occurs before the formation of dystrophic neurites in the evolution of Aβ plaques in Alzheimer’s disease. Keywords: ad cases; alzheimer; brain; cases; controls; disease; dystrophic; fig; hpcs; iba1; itc; microglia; pathology; plaques; pmc; processes; tau
• Reflections on an unconventional neuropathology career by Esiri, Margaret Miriam (2020) - Trevor told me that he was hoping to obtain funds to support a Junior Research Officer post in his department that would be devoted to muscle disease research. This period of full-time research reinforced my passion for investigating brain diseases of which there seemed so many without an effective treatment, in part a consequence of inadequate understanding of the disease process – hardly surprising given the complexity of the nervous system and the difficulty of accessing brain tissue during the course of many of these diseases. Keywords: brain; dementia; department; disease; electron; medical; muscle; neuropathology; oxford; post; research; studies; study; time; virus; work
• Enteric synucleinopathy: real entity or only a trendy concept? by de Guilhem de Lataillade, Adrien; Lebouvier, Thibaud; Noble, Wendy; Leclair-Visonneau, Laurene; Derkinderen, Pascal (2020) - Using one and two-dimensional immunoblot analysis with modification-specific synuclein antibodies and mass spectroscopy, Anderson et al. confirmed that the predominant modification of alpha-synuclein in LB was phosphorylation at serine 129. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.mp.4000458 3. Beach TG, Adler CH, Sue LI, et al (2010) Multi-organ distribution of phosphorylated alpha-synuclein histopathology in subjects with Lewy body disorders. Keywords: alpha; brain; cns; disease; ens; enteric; lewy; neurons; parkinson; patients; synuclein; system
• Quantitative proteomic profiling of white matter in cases of cerebral amyloid angiopathy reveals upregulation of extracellular matrix proteins and clusterin by Manousopoulou, Antigoni; Yuen, Ho Ming; MacGregor Sharp, Matt; Saito, Satoshi; Aldea, Roxana; Mazer, Norman; Garbis, Spiros D; Carare, Roxana O (2020) - Downregulated proteins included DSP, IDE, HBG1. Conclusions: The present study reports an in-depth quantitative proteomic profiling of white matter from patients with CAA, highlighting extracellular matrix proteins and clusterin as key molecules in the pathophysiology of white matter changes in cases of CAA. Introduction Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is characterized by the deposition of amyloid proteins including amyloid beta (Aβ), cystatin C, prion protein, ABri/ADan, transthyretin, gelsolin and immunoglobulin light chain amyloid (1) in the walls of leptomenigeal arteries and cortical arterioles (CAA-Type 2) (2) and in the walls of arteries or capillaries (CAA-Type 1), but rarely in the walls of venules (1-3). Keywords: alzheimer; amyloid; analysis; angiopathy; beta; brain; caa; cases; cell; controls; disease; matter; patients; proteins; proteomic; study; white
• The ’Accidental Neuropathologist' – on 40 Years in Neuropathology by Vinters, Harry (2020) - I flatter myself to think that overseas visitors who spent significant time at UCLA Neuropathology – Drs. CAP is a committee of 12-15 senior faculty members representing all (most) segments of UCLA, who review the dossiers of other UCLA academic faculty for initial appointment, major academic promotions (e.g. to the rank of Distinguished Professor) or appointment to an endowed Chair. Keywords: aids; amyloid; brain; canada; center; city; disease; epilepsy; faculty; home; journal; laboratory; life; london; medical; medicine; neurology; neuropathology; patients; research; studies; study; time; ucla; university; vinters; vinters hv; work; world; years
• Neuropathology of COVID-19 (neuro-COVID): clinicopathological update by Lou, Jerry J.; Movassaghi, Mehrnaz; Gordy, Dominique; Olson, Madeline G.; Zhang, Ting; Khurana, Maya S.; Chen, Zesheng; Perez-Rosendahl, Mari; Thammachantha, Samasuk; Singer, Elyse J.; Magaki, Shino D.; Vinters, Harry V.; Yong, William H. (2021) - Rarely, clinically-defined cases of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, Guillain-Barré syndrome and acute necrotizing encephalopathy have been reported in COVID-19 patients. There may also be a bias towards evaluating autopsies of COVID-19 patients with severe disease and high viral loads. Keywords: ace2; acute; brain; cases; cells; coronavirus; cov-2; covid-19; covid-19 patients; disease; doi:10.1016; dysfunction; encephalopathy; et al; findings; infection; inflammation; med; medicine; olfactory; patients; pcr; sars; studies; study; syndrome; system
• Aβ plaques by Walker, Lary C (2020) - Leyns, C.E.G., et al., TREM2 function impedes tau seeding in neuritic plaques. The maximum known lifespan of rhesus monkeys is 44 years (see Stonebarger et al. Keywords: acta; aging; alzheimer; alzheimer disease; amyloid; amyloid beta; amyloid plaques; angiopathy; antibody; astrocytes; aβ plaques; beta; brain; caa; cells; core; dementia; deposition; deposits; diffuse; disease; et al; exp; fibrils; figure; formation; human; like; med; mice; microglia; models; mouse; nat; neurites; neurol; neuropathol; neurosci; pathology; plaques; prion; protein; senile; tangles; tau; transgenic; type
• Inhibiting the mitochondrial pyruvate carrier does not ameliorate synucleinopathy in the absence of inflammation or metabolic deficits by Peelaerts, Wouter; Bergkvist, Liza; George, Sonia; Johnson, Michaela; Meyerdirk, Lindsay; Schulz, Emily; Steiner, Jennifer A.; Madaj, Zachary; Ma, Jiyan; Becker, Katelyn; Nilsson, K. Peter R.; Colca, Jerry R.; Brundin, Patrik (2020) - b) Stereological quantification of αSyn pSer129 positive cells in rat SN. For the AAV αSyn over-expression model, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), αSyn pSer129 and nitrated αSyn-positive cells were counted in the SNpc and SNpr in a series of seven sections at an interval of six sections at 40 μm thickness (240 μm intervals). Keywords: animals; disease; effects; fig; group; mice; model; mpc; msdc-0160; parkinson; pff; placebo; post; pser129; treatment; vector; αsyn
• Neuropathology of the Alzheimer's continuum: an update by Jellinger, Kurt A. (2020) - Alzheimer disease: an update on pathobiology and treatment strategies. Kisler K, Nelson AR, Montagne A, Zlokovic BV (2017) Cerebral blood flow regulation and neurovascular dysfunction in Alzheimer disease. Keywords: accumulation; acta; ad brain; adnc; age; aggregation; aging; alzheimer; alzheimer disease; amyloid; app; association; atrophy; attems; beta; braak; brain; caa; cases; cell; changes; dementia; deposition; deposits; diagnosis; dickson; disease; formation; hippocampal; hyman; jellinger; late; loss; microglia; neurobiol; neurofibrillary; neurol; neurons; neuropathol; neuropathological; nfts; non; onset; pathologies; pathology; plaques; progression; protein; regions; secretase; stage; studies; subtypes; tau; tau pathology; tau protein; tdp-43; thal; van
• Neuroinflammation: 2021 update by Lassmann, Hans (2021) - In line with this view, no reactivity of CD8+ T-cells from MS brain lesions has been seen against the commonly tested myelin antigens (van Nierop et al. 2017). Thus, the presence of ACE2 on brain cells, such as neurons, glia or cerebral endothelial cells suggests that brain infections is possible (Kabbani and Olds 2020, Kanwar et al. 2020). Keywords: activation; brain; cd8; cells; covid-19; demyelination; disease; doi; epub; et al; immune; lassmann; lesions; microglia; mogad; neurol; pathology; patients; pmid; sclerosis; studies; study; tissue; vascular; virus
• Neuromuscular disease: 2021 update by Margeta, Marta (2021) - Skeletal muscle expresses angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, which serves as the cellular receptor for SARS-CoV-2 (Ferrandi et al., 2020); thus, it is conceivable that this virus can invade and directly injure muscle fibers. A recent groundbreaking study by Willingham et al. has used a new method (focused ion beam-scanning electron microscopy) to image muscle fibers in three dimensions at high resolution, providing a new view of the myofibrillar architecture (Willingham et al., 2020). Keywords: anca; cases; covid-19; disease; egpa; electron; et al; fibers; loss; microscopy; muscle; myopathies; myopathy; nerve; patients; sars; study; supervillin; syndrome; transthyretin; treatment; trim72; ttr
• Neurotrauma: 2021 update by Perl, Daniel P. (2021) - Point-of-care platform blood biomarker testing of glial fibrillary acidic protein versus S100 calcium-binding protein B for prediction of traumatic brain injuries: A transforming research and clinical knowledge in traumatic brain injury study. USA daniel.perl@usuhs.edu Submitted: 12 February 2021 Accepted: 09 March 2021 Copyedited by: Shino Magaki Published: 15 March 2021 https://doi.org/10.17879/freeneuropathology-2021-3264 Keywords: Traumatic brain injury, Chronic traumatic encephalopathy, Biomarkers, Neuroinflammation, Microglia, Tau Abstract Despite the interruptions and restrictions to the progress of science that the COVID-19 pandemic has introduced, 2020 was marked by a number of important advances in the field of neurotrauma. Keywords: brain; cte; disease; injury; microglia; neurotrauma; patients; study; tau; tbi
• Neurodevelopmental disorders: 2021 update by Zamora-Moratalla, Alfonsa; Martínez de Lagrán, María; Dierssen, Mara (2021) - Nature Reviews Genetics, 17(8), 487–500. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrg.2016.59 Amiri, A., Coppola1, G., Roychowdhury, T., Liu F., Pochareddy, S., Shin Y., Safi A., Song, L., Zhu, Y., Sousa, A. M. M., Gerstein, M., Crawford, G. E., Sestan, N., Abyzov A., Vaccarino, F. M. (2018). https://doi.org/10.4161/gmic.20169 Ghosh, T. S., Rampelli, S., Jeffery, I. B., Santoro, A., Neto, M., Capri, M., Giampieri, E., Jennings, A., Candela, M., Turroni, S., Zoetendal, E. G., Hermes, G. D. A., Elodie, C., Meunier, N., Brugere, C. M., Pujos-Guillot, E., Berendsen, A. M., De Groot, L. C. P. G. M., Feskins, E. J. M., … O’Toole, P. W. (2020). Keywords: analysis; asd; autism; brain; cell; children; chromatin; cortex; development; disease; disorders; dna; et al; expression; gene; gut; human; j. a.; j. m.; j. s.; microbiota; motor; ndds; risk; sequencing; shank3; study
• Neurodegeneration: 2021 update by Crary, John Fonda (2021) - Protein network analysis in post-mortem Alzheimer disease (AD) brain. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-015-1509-x Lau, A., So, R. W. L., Lau, H. H. C., Sang, J. C., Ruiz-Riquelme, A., Fleck, S. C., Stuart, E., Menon, S., Visanji, N. P., Meisl, G., Faidi, R., Marano, M. M., Schmitt-Ulms, C., Wang, Z., Fraser, P. E., Tandon, A., Hyman, B. T., Wille, H., Ingelsson, M., … Watts, J. C. (2020). Keywords: brain; disease; tau
• Specific immune modulation of experimental colitis drives enteric alpha-synuclein accumulation and triggers age-related Parkinson-like brain pathology by Grathwohl, Stefan; Quansah, Emmanuel; Maroof, Nazia; Steiner, Jennifer A.; Spycher, Liz; Benmansour, Fethalla; Duran-Pacheco, Gonzalo; Siebourg-Polster, Juliane; Oroszlan-Szovik, Krisztina; Remy, Helga; Haenggi, Markus; Stawiski, Marc; Selhausen, Matthias; Mailver, Pierre; Wolfert, Andreas; Emrich, Thomas; Madaj, Zachary; Su, Arel; Escobar Galvis, Martha L.; Mueller, Christoph; Herrmann, Annika; Brundin, Patrik; Britschgi, Markus (2021) - Experimental DSS colitis-induced at a young age exacerbates αSyn brain pathology and dopaminergic neuron loss in old αSyn transgenic mice At this point, we have established and repeatedly demonstrated that modulation of inflammatory mechanisms in experimental colitis induced by acute and chronic DSS administration is causatively linked to induction and persistence of intracellular αSyn inclusions in the ENS of young adult mice. Recently, it was reported that experimental colitis in αSyn transgenic mice leads to enteric accumulation of αSyn and the development of PD-like brain pathology and symptoms within a few months Keywords: accumulation; acute; age; analysis; area; brain; chronic; colitis; colon; disease; dss; dss colitis; fig; group; gut; inclusions; inflammation; lps; mice; months; mouse; paradigm; parkinson; pathology; plexus; roche; submucosal; synuclein; thy1)-h[a30p]αsyn; transgenic mice; type; water; αsyn
• Neuropathological findings in possible normal pressure hydrocephalus: A post-mortem study of 29 cases with lifelines by Hänninen, Joni J.; Nakajima, Madoka; Vanninen, Aleksi; Hytönen, Santtu; Rummukainen, Jaana; Koivisto, Anne Maria; Jääskeläinen, Juha E.; Soininen, Hilkka; Sutela, Anna; Vanninen, Ritva; Hiltunen, Mikko; Leinonen, Ville; Rauramaa, Tuomas (2022) - 14–27 Kazui H, Miyajima M, Mori E, Ishikawa M. Lumboperitoneal shunt surgery for idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (SINPHONI-2): An open-label randomised trial. Lancet Neurol 2017; 14: 585-94 Eide PK, Sorteberg W. Outcome of surgery for idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus: Role of preoperative static and pulsatile intracranial pressure. Keywords: biopsies; brain; cases; dementia; disease; findings; finland; group; hydrocephalus; inph; kuopio; nph; patients; pressure; study
• From neurology to neuropathology and back by Koeppen, Arnulf H. (2021) - Inaugural dissertation of University of Göttingen Medical School, 1963 Koeppen A.H., Hans M.B., Shepherd D.I., Best P.V.: Adult-onset hereditary ataxia in Scotland. Arch Neurol 1977; 34: 611-18 Koeppen A.H., Ronca N.A., Greenfield E.A., Hans M.B.: Defective biosynthesis of proteolipid protein in Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease. Keywords: a.h; brain; disease; koeppen; late; medical; neurology; neuropathology; research
• Viral infection and dementia: A brief synthesis by Wiley, Clayton A. (2021) - While these associations have been subject to extensive reviews, the purpose of this synthesis is to examine the hypothesized link of viral infections and dementia from the opposite perspective: What do we know about acute and chronic encephalitides that could forge a link with dementias? There appears to be little support for the concept that viral infections are a major contributor to today’s common dementias. Keywords: age; brain; cells; chronic; cns; dementia; disease; encephalitis; figure; host; infection; system; virus; viruses
• Differential gene expression in the cortical sulcus compared to the gyral crest within the early stages of chronic traumatic encephalopathy by Cherry, Jonathan D.; Agus, Filisia; Dixon, Erin; Huber, Bertrand; Alvarez, Victor E.; Mez, Jesse; McKee, Ann C.; Labadorf, Adam; Stein, Thor D. (2021) - I) GO analysis of unique CTE genes. GO analysis of CTE specific biological processes demonstrated immune and cell damage biological processes (Figure 7I). Keywords: analysis; changes; control; crest; cte; disease; figure; genes; group; head; immune; processes; response; rhi; sulcus; tau; trauma
• Hypothesis: Entrapment of lipoprotein particles in the brain causes Alzheimer’s disease by Boche, Delphine; Nicoll, James AR (2021) - Impaired movement of lipoprotein particles in the extracellular space in the brain in ageing is central to and causes all the key pathophysiological features of Alzheimer’s disease: degeneration of entrapped lipoprotein particles releases Aβ which aggregates in the aqueous environment of the extracellular space; a microglial reaction to the Aβ results in secretion of neurotoxic substances; neuronal cholesterol deficiency causes intraneuronal tau accumulation. Hypothesis: Entrapment of lipoprotein particles in the brain causes Alzheimer’s disease Feel free to add comments by clicking these icons on the sidebar Free Neuropathology 2:30 (2021) Opinion Piece Hypothesis: Entrapment of lipoprotein particles in the brain causes Alzheimer’s disease Delphine Boche1, James AR Nicoll1,2 1 Clinical Neurosciences, Clinical and Experimental Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom 2 Department of Cellular Pathology, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom Corresponding author: Delphine Boche · Clinical Neurosciences, Clinical and Experimental Sciences Academic Unit · Faculty of Medicine · University of Southampton · Southampton General Hospital · Mailpoint 806 · Keywords: alzheimer; amyloid; apoe; apolipoprotein; brain; cholesterol; disease; extracellular; human; injury; neurons; particles; plaques; plasticity; space; tau
• 65th Annual Meeting of the German Society of Neuropathology and Neuroanatomy (DGNN) - Meeting Abstracts, September 1–3, 2021 by Soc Neuropathol Neuroanat, German (2021) - Specifically, we have created a single cell atlas of the cerebral interferome using single cell RNA sequencing of brain cells of wild type and IFN-α transgenic mice. Patients & Methods: We isolated and cultured patient derived cell lines from MM BM (n = 9) and DNA-sequencing (n = 5) and transcriptome analyses (n = 2) of cell lines and concordant tumor (n = 2). Keywords: berlin; brain; cancer; cells; center; conclusion; department; disease; dna; expression; frankfurt; germany; germany introduction; gießen; hospital; institute; medical; methods; methylation; mice; muscle; neuropathology; objectives; patients; research; results; tumors; university; university hospital
• Strategies to gain novel Alzheimer’s disease diagnostics and therapeutics using modulators of ABCA transporters by Pahnke, Jens; Bascuñana, Pablo; Brackhan, Mirjam; Stefan, Katja; Namasivayam, Vigneshwaran; Koldamova, Radosveta; Wu, Jingyun; Möhle, Luisa; Stefan, Sven Marcel (2021) - Holstege, H.; Hulsman, M.; Charbonnier, C.; Grenier-Boley, B.; Quenez, O.; Grozeva, D.; van Rooij, J. G. J.; Sims, R.; Ahmad, S.; Amin, N.; Norsworthy, P. J.; Dols-Icardo, O.; Hummerich, H.; Kawalia, A.; database, A. s. D. N. I.; Amouyel, P.; Beecham, G. W.; Berr, C.; Bis, J. C.; Boland, A.; Bossù, P.; Bouwman, F.; Bras, J.; Campion, D.; Cochran, J. N.; Daniele, A.; Dartigues, J.-F.; Debette, S.; Deleuze, J.-F.; Denning, N.; DeStefano, A. L.; Farrer, L. A.; Fernandez, M. V.; Fox, N. C.; Galimberti, D.; Genin, E.; Gille, H.; Guen, Y. L.; Guerreiro, R.; Haines, J. L.; Holmes, C.; Ikram, M. A.; Ikram, M. K.; Jansen, I. E.; Kraaij, R.; Lathrop, M.; Lemstra, A. W.; Lleó, A.; Luckcuck, L.; Mannens, M. M. A. M.; Marshall, R.; Martin, E. R.; Masullo, C.; Mayeux, R.; Mecocci, P.; Meggy, A.; Mol, M. O.; Morgan, K.; Myers, R. M.; Nacmias, B.; Naj, A. C.; Napolioni, V.; Pasquier, F.; Pastor, P.; Pericak-Vance, M. A.; Raybould, R.; Redon, R.; Reinders, M. J. T.; Richard, A.-C.; Riedel-Heller, S. G.; Rivadeneira, F.; Rousseau, S.; Ryan, N. S.; Saad, S.; Sanchez-Juan, P.; Schellenberg, G. D.; Scheltens, P.; Schott, J. M.; Seripa, D.; Seshadri, S.; Sie, D.; Sistermans, E.; Sorbi, S.; van Spaendonk, R.; Spalletta, G.; Tesi, N.; Tijms, B.; Uitterlinden, A. G.; van der Lee, S. J.; de Visser, P. J.; Wagner, M.; Wallon, D.; Wang, L.-S.; Zarea, A.; Clarimon, J.; van Swieten, J. C.; Greicius, M. D.; Yokoyama, J. S.; Cruchaga, C.; Hardy, J.; Ramirez, A.; Mead, S.; van der Flier, W. M.; van Duijn, C. M.; Williams, J.; Nicolas, G.; Bellenguez, C.; Lambert, J.-C. Exome sequencing identifies rare damaging variants in the ATP8B4 and ABCA1 genes as novel risk factors for Alzheimer’s Disease. Kaway, C. S.; Adams, M. K. M.; Jenkins, K. S.; Layton, C. J. A Novel ABCA4 mutation associated with a late-onset stargardt disease phenotype: A hypomorphic allele? Keywords: a. a.; a. g.; a. l.; a. m.; a. t.; abca transporters; abca1; abca1 expression; abca1 mrna; abca1 protein; alzheimer; apoe; atp; binding; biol; body; brain; c. a.; c. c.; c. s.; c. y.; cancer; cassette; cells; chem; chen; cholesterol; d. a.; d. j.; d. m.; disease; drug; efflux; expression; function; gene; human; j. a.; j. c.; j. f.; j. g.; j. h.; j. j.; j. k.; j. l.; j. m.; j. r.; j. t.; j. w.; j. y.; k. m.; knock; l. c.; levels; lipid; lxr; m. abca1; m. c.; m. e.; m. g.; m. h.; m. l.; m. m.; m. r.; m. w.; macrophages; med; mice; models; mol; mouse; n. j.; novel; p. j.; p. m.; potential; ppar; r. a.; r. s.; receptor; role; s. a.; s. b.; s. e.; s. j.; s. k.; s. l.; s. m.; s. s.; t. m.; t. s.; transporters; w. s.; wang; y. m.; zhang
• Lessons learned from a career in neuropathology by Weller, Roy O. (2021) - 🎉 🎂 Celebrating Professor Roy Weller: 🎊 🥂 83 years old, over 5 decades of contributions to neuropathology Prof Johannes Attems Consultant Neuropathologist, Newcastle University and Editor, Acta Neuropathologica The first time I met Professor Roy Weller was at the British Neuropathological Society Winter meeting in 2001; in the break after the session where I had presented, he - the famous Professor - approached me - the unknown junior Doctor from Vienna - to discuss my talk! Keywords: alzheimer; amyloid; brain; caa; carare; career; csf; disease; drainage; figure; fluid; human; hydrocephalus; ipad; neuropathology; pathways; post; prof; professor; research; roy; southampton; students; time; weller; work; years
• 61st Annual Meeting of the Canadian Association of Neuropathologists Association canadienne des neuropathologistes (CANP-ACNP) - Meeting Abstracts by Gould, Peter (2021) - The unsung hero of the CNS tissue reaction to the spinal cord injury Abstract 11: Ischemic-like pathology in aberrant white matter tracts of fetal holoprosencephaly: A case series Abstract 12: Brain pathology in patients with congenital heart disease Abstract 13: Characterizing the hippocampal dentate gyrus involvement in temporal lobe epilepsy Abstract 14: The academic program comprised 17 scientific abstracts, 8 unknown cases, the Presidential symposium on Epilepsy and Neoplasms, and a Neuropathology in Practice session on the implementation of the new WHO classification of CNS neoplasms in Canada. Keywords: brain; canada; cases; centre; clinical; department; disease; health; iron; laboratory; medicine; neuropathol; neuropathology; ontario; pathology; patients; tau; toronto; university
• 63rd Meeting of the French Society of Neuropathology - Meeting Abstracts , December 3rd. 2021 by French Society of Neuropathology, The (2021) - of neuropathology Marie-Claire Artaud-Botté1, Sabrina Leclère-Turbant2, Charles Duyckaerts2, Marie Laure Martin-Négrier3, Franck Letournel4, Neuro-CEB Neuropathologist’ Network5, Isabelle Plu6, Susana Boluda2,6, Danielle Seilhean2,6 1 Association Neuro-CEB (Paris, France): ARSLA, Association France DFT, Association France Parkinson, CSC, Fondation ARSEP, Fondation Vaincre Alzheimer 2 ICM-Paris Brain Institute - CNRS UMR7225 - INSERM U1127 – Sorbonne University - GH Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris France 3 GH Pellegrin, Bordeaux, France 4 CHU d’Angers, France 5 Neuro-CEB Neuropathologist’ Network: Susana Boluda (GH Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France), Jean Boutonnat (Hôpital Michalon, Grenoble, France), Fanny Burel-Vandenbos (Hôpital Pasteur, Nice, France), Françoise Chapon (Hôpital Côte de Nacre, Caen, France), Dan-Christian Chiforeanu (Hôpital Pontchaillou, Rennes, France), Vincent Deramecourt (CHU Salengro, Lille, France), Charles Duyckaerts (GH Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France), Maxime Faisant (Hôpital Côte de Nacre, Caen, France), Catherine Godfraind (CHU Gabriel Montpied, Clermont-Ferrand, France), Béatrice Lannes (Hôpital de Hautepierre, Strasbourg, France), Annie Laquerrière (CHU Charles Nicolle, Rouen, France), Franck Letournel (CHU d’Angers, France), Benoit Lhermitte (Hôpital de Hautepierre, Strasbourg, France), Florent Marguet (CHU Charles Nicolle, Rouen, France), Marie-Laure Martin-Négrier (GH Pellegrin, Bordeaux, France), André Maues de Paula (CHU Timone 2, Marseille, France), Claude-Alain Maurage (CHU Salengro, Lille, France), David Meyronet (Hôpital Pierre Wertheimer, Lyon, France), Isabelle Plu (GH Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France), Valérie Rigau (Hôpital Gui de Chauliac, (Montpellier, France) 6 Laboratoire de Neuropathologie, GH Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP-Sorbonne Université, Paris, France The Neuro-CEB national brainbank was founded in 2006 at the initiative of patients’ associations, to support a post mortem brain donation program. of neuropathology 14:30 Human Brain Imaging with STochastic Optical Reconstruction Microscopy (STORM) 14:45 AI applied in neuropathology: automated detection of intraepidermal nerve fibers for the diagnosis of small-fiber neuropathies 15:00 Histological description of myopathy related to chronic graft versus host disease and characterization of inflammatory infiltrate by imaging mass cytometry 15:15 Highlighting autophagy in a fatal case of Pompe’s disease 15:30 Diagnosis and classification of peripheral nerve vasculitis: attempt at simplification bases on a retrospective study at Limoges University Hospital between 2014 and 2020 15:45 Experimental evaluation of myosuppressive effects of IFN-gamma       General assembly (members only) Short communications:   Free Neuropathol 2:32:3 Deciphering the genetic and epigenetic landscape of pediatric bithalamic tumors Arnault Tauziède-Espariat1, Marie-Anne Debily2,3, David Castel2,4, Jacques Grill2,4, Stéphanie Puget5, Alexandre Roux6, Raphaël Saffroy7, Guillaume Gauchotte8, Ellen Wahler1, Lauren Hasty1, Fabrice Chrétien1, Emmanuèle Lechapt1, Volodia Dangouloff-Ros9, Nathalie Boddaert9, Philipp Sievers10,11#, Pascale Varlet1# 1 Department of Neuropathology, GHU Paris-Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Sainte-Anne Hospital, 75014 Paris, France 2 U981, Molecular Predictors and New Targets in Oncology, INSERM, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, 94805 Villejuif, France 3 Université Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, 91000 Evry, France 4 Department of Pediatric Oncology, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, 94805 Villejuif, France 5 Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Necker Hospital, APHP, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cite, 75015 Paris, France 6 Department of Neurosurgery, GHU Paris-Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Sainte-Anne Hospital, 75014 Paris, France 7 Department of Biochemistry and Oncogenetic, Paul Brousse Hospital, 94804 Villejuif, France 8 Department of Pathology, CHRU, Nancy, France 9 Pediatric Radiology Department, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, AP-HP, University de Paris, France 10 Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany 11 Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany # Keywords: brain; chu; department; disease; france; hospital; hôpital; inserm; institute; neuropathology; paris; patients; pitié; salpêtrière; service; sorbonne; université; université paris
• Soluble brain homogenates from diverse human and mouse sources preferentially seed diffuse Aβ plaque pathology when injected into newborn mouse hosts by Moore, Brenda D.; Levites, Yona; Xu, Guilian; Hampton, Hailey; Adamo, Munir F.; Croft, Cara L.; Futch, Hunter S.; Moran, Corey; Fromholt, Susan; Janus, Christopher; Prokop, Stefan; Dickson, Dennis; Lewis, Jada; Giasson, Benoit I.; Golde, Todd E.; Borchelt, David R. (2022) - Brain homogenates from human tauopathies induce tau inclusions in mouse brain. To characterize the pathology in the AD and PA brains used to seed the APP/tau, APP, and tau mice, sections were stained with a pan-Aβ antibody (Fig. Keywords: alzheimer; amyloid; app; brain; deposition; deposits; diffuse; disease; fig; homogenates; human; injection; lbd; levels; lysates; mice; mouse; ndc; pathology; prp.appsi; seeding; tau; tau pathology; transgenic; αsyn
• Neuroinflammation: 2022 update by Lassmann, Hans (2022) - One difference between human and rodent neuropathology is the age-related accumulation of iron in the brain (Connor et al. 1992, Hametner et al. 2013), which is largely absent in rodents, at least at ages of the animals generally investigated in AD models. Iron accumulation in human microglia is increased in neurodegenerative diseases, and it is associated with a pro-inflammatory activation of the cells (Mehta et al. 2013, Hametner et al. 2013, van Duijn et al. 2017), possibly related to its pro-oxidative function. Keywords: activation; alzheimer; brain; cells; cortex; covid-19; damage; demyelination; disease; epub; et al; human; immune; interneurons; iron; lassmann; lesions; loss; mechanisms; microglia; neurodegeneration; neuronal; neuropathol; patients; phenotype; plaques; pmid; role; sclerosis; studies; study; system; tissue; tumor; van
• Cerebrovascular disease lesions are additive and tied to vascular risk factors and cognitive impairment by Robinson, John L; Richardson, Hayley ; Xie, Sharon X; Alfaro, Brian ; Loh, Nicholas; Lee, Virginia M-Y; Lee, Edward B; Trojanowski, John Q (2022) - Similarly, clinical AD dementia cases were twice as likely as NI cases to have either single or multiple cerebrovascular lesions (OR 2.24, 1.50 - 3.36, p<0.001). Indeed, several ‘vascular’ risk factors are also AD risk factors and previous studies have suggested that up to 35% of late-life dementia may be preventable by targeting multiple risk factors such as diabetes, hypertension, obesity, smoking, depression, cognitive inactivity, and physical inactivity (1,27,28). Keywords: age; caa; cases; cvd; dementia; disease; factors; impairment; infarcts; lesions; neuropathologic; risk; vascular
• Neuropathology studies of dementia in US persons other than non-Hispanic whites by Nguyen, My-Le; Huie, Emily; Whitmer, Rachel; George, Kristen; Dugger, Brittany (2022) - Mixed pathology is more likely in black than white decedents with Alzheimer dementia. Furthermore, studies can have certain inclusion and exclusion criteria that may hinder participation in select groups; for example, exclusion of CVD for AD studies may decrease frequencies of certain minority groups with higher frequencies of CVD50. Keywords: aging; alzheimer; americans; asian; black; brain; dementia; disease; et al; groups; health; hispanics; latinos; minority; neuropathology; nhws; population; race; research; studies; study
• Neuromuscular disease: 2022 update by Margeta, Marta (2022) - While these results are very promising from the tissue engineering standpoint, it remains to be seen whether a similar approach can be used to promote muscle fiber regeneration in muscle dystrophies and other muscle diseases that show a significant loss of muscle volume. From the muscle pathology perspective, the most recognizable autophagy defect involves inhibition of the bulk autophagic flux, which results in the autophagic vacuolar myopathy (AVM) phenotype; however, defects of autophagy induction and cargo sequestration can also result in muscle disease (Fig. 3). Keywords: anti; autophagy; biopsies; cases; cmt; complex; cov-2; covid-19; disease; et al; expression; gbs; gene; macrophages; mlip; muscle; mutations; myopathy; nerve; neuropathy; pathology; patients; protein; sars; studies; study; vwa1
• Neurodegeneration: 2022 update by Crary, John Fonda (2022) - https://doi.org/10.1002/alz.12644 Farrell, K., Kim, S., Han, N., Iida, M. A., Gonzalez, E. M., Otero-Garcia, M., Walker, J. M., Richardson, T. E., Renton, A. E., Andrews, S. J., Fulton-Howard, B., Humphrey, J., Vialle, R. A., Bowles, K. R., de Paiva Lopes, K., Whitney, K., Dangoor, D. K., Walsh, H., Marcora, E., … Crary, J. F. (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(11)70156-9 Navarro, E., Udine, E., de Paiva Lopes, K., Parks, M., Riboldi, G., Schilder, B. M., Humphrey, J., Snijders, G. J. L., Vialle, R. A., Zhuang, M., Sikder, T., Argyrou, C., Allan, A., Chao, M. J., Farrell, K., Henderson, B., Simon, S., Raymond, D., Elango, S., … Raj, T. (2021). Keywords: alzheimer; brain; disease; et al; study
• Neurovascular disease: 2022 update by McCullough, Louise D. (2022) - The next two papers focus on B cells, which have been relatively understudied in the context of brain injury. Taken together, this study showed that skull bone marrow provides an accessible source of B cells that are locally educated by CNS-derived antigens. Keywords: authors; b cells; blood; bone; brain; cells; cns; disease; endothelial; flow; malformations; marrow; mice; microglia; papers; skull; treg; vascular
• From Research to Diagnostic Application of Raman Spectroscopy in Neurosciences: Past and Perspectives by Klamminger, Gilbert Georg ; Frauenknecht, Katrin; Mittelbronn, Michel; Kleine Borgmann, Felix Bruno (2022) - Using Raman mapping/imaging for brain tumor visualization116,169, even special morphological features of tumors (e.g., necrosis in glioblastoma, cell density or individual cell nuclei) could be identified170–172. Diem M, Mazur A, Lenau K, et al. Keywords: acs; alzheimer; amyloid; analysis; analyst; applications; approach; biological; blood; brain; brain tissue; brain tumor; cancer; cells; changes; characterization; chem; chemical; clinical; coherent; data; detection; diagnosis; disease; et al; formalin; glioblastoma; human; identification; infrared; injury; j raman; label; laser; learning; machine; med; methods; microscopy; model; mol; mouse; myelin; opt; optical; patients; peaks; phys; potential; protein; raman histology; raman imaging; raman scattering; raman spectroscopy; rep; research; resonance raman; sample; sci; sers; spectra; spectroscopic; state; stokes; structure; study; surface; techniques; tissue; tumor; use; vibrational; vivo; zhang
• Post-mortem neuropathologic examination of a 6-case series of CAR T-cell treated patients by Vidal Robau, Núria; Caballero, Gabriela; Archilla, Ivan; Ladino, Andrea; Fernández, Sara; Ortiz-Maldonado, Valentín; Rovira, Montserrat; Gómez-Hernando, Marta; Delgado, Julio; Suárez-Lledó, María; Fernández de Larrea, Carlos; Balagué, Olga; Frigola, Gerard; Muñoz, Abel; Ortiz, Estrella ; Ribalta, Teresa; Martinez, Miguel J.; Angeles-Marcos, Maria; Español-Rego, Marta ; González, Azucena ; Benitez-Ribas, Daniel ; Martinez-Hernandez, Eugenia; Castro, Pedro; Aldecoa, Iban (2022) - In all cases, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in paraffin blocks for the detection of CAR T cells was performed. The remaining 4 cases only showed a mild patchy gliosis and microglial activation, and CAR T cells were detected by PCR only in one of them. Keywords: barcelona; brain; car; car t; cases; cell; disease; findings; infusion; matter; patients; spain; therapy; treatment
• 66th Annual Meeting of the German Society of Neuropathology and Neuroanatomy (DGNN) - Meeting Abstracts, November 1–5, 2022 by German Society of Neuropathology and Neuroanatomy (DGNN) (2022) - Additionally, we tested the preclinical potential of our mouse model by showing sensitivity of mouse and human tumor cells to AURKA inhibition in vitro. Method: Our main method focused on supervised deep learning to classify single cells in immunfluorescence stainings based on existing nuclear segmentation algorithms. Keywords: age; als; alterations; analysis; berlin; brain; cancer; cases; cell; center; clinical; cns; cohort; control; data; department; der; deutschland; deutschland background; disease; dna; epilepsy; erlangen; expression; figure; für; gene; gliomas; hamburg; heidelberg; institute; lesions; loss; medicine; methods; muscle; mutant; mutations; neurology; neuropathology; norway; number; pathology; patients; profiling; protein; research; results; samples; sequencing; states; study; tissue; treatment; tspo; tumor; und; united; university; university hospital
• Multiple sclerosis: 2023 update by Kuhlmann, Tanja; Antel, Jack (2023) - Marignier, R. et al. Tur et al. could show that PIRA, after a first demyelinating event, was not uncommon and suggested an unfavorable long-term prognosis, especially if it occurs early in the disease course 19. Keywords: brain; cells; course; disease; et al; immune; inflammation; lesions; patients; progression; remyelination; sclerosis; studies
• Neuromuscular disease: 2023 update by Margeta, Marta (2023) - Myopathy as a cause of fatigue in long-term post-COVID-19 symptoms: Histopathological changes in muscle fibers. Furthermore, it remains to be established how the motor neuron axon and muscle fiber interact to orchestrate this highly organized process of new myofibril formation. Keywords: acute; als; axon; biopsies; cells; degeneration; disease; et al; expression; fibers; findings; injury; mice; model; motor; muscle; myhc; myopathy; nerve; nmnat2; patients; sarm1; sibm; studies; study; type
• Survey of Neuroanatomic Sampling and Staining Procedures in Alzheimer Disease Research Center Brain Banks by Juan Carlos Vizcarra; Teich, Andrew; Dugger, Brittany; Gutman, David (2023) - As anatomic regions can be vast and vary in mediolateral, superior/inferior, or rostrocaudal aspects, we also surveyed specific anatomic landmarks within select sampled brain regions. Survey questions focused on obtaining data for the immunohistochemistry (IHC) procedures used, sampling of brain hemispheres, WSI scanners available, antibody usage, and brain region staining and sampling procedures. Keywords: alzheimer; brain; centers; data; disease; pathology; regions; research; respondents; sampling; staining; survey
• Neurodevelopmental disorders: 2023 update by Carriba, Paulina; Lorenzón, Nicola; Dierssen, Mara (2023) - Mutations in SCN3A, encoding for Nav1.3, which is elevated in immature progenitors and foetal brain neurons, can lead to abnormal neuronal migration and subsequent polymicrogyria (Smith et al., 2018). Instead, mutations in SCN1A and SCN2A encoding for Nav1.1 and Nav1.2, respectively (Beckh et al., 1989; Smith et al., 2018), which are elevated in postnatal neurons, are commonly related to infantile epilepsies (Meisler and Kearney, 2005). Keywords: analysis; asd; authors; brain; cell; childhood; clip; cortex; death; development; disease; disorders; dna; epilepsy; epub; et al; expression; gene; human; malformations; mechanisms; methylation; mitochondria; nature; neurons; neuropathol; oct; organoids; pmid; progenitor; rna; sclerosis; specific; stress; study; sudc
• Memoirs of a neuropathologist who was unfit to be a clinician by Takahashi, Hitoshi (2023) - Dr. Ikuta, Dr. Suzuki and Dr. Terry were all his pupils. Concluding remarks I genuinely appreciate the fact I was able to meet my two teachers, Dr. Ikuta and Dr. Suzuki, though I can’t be certain whether I met their expectations or not. Keywords: brain; bri; case; china; department; disease; english; fig; figure; hospital; ikuta; left; medical; neuropathology; new; niigata; professor; research; right; school; students; study; suzuki; takahashi; time; university; year
• From amaurotic idiocy to biochemically defined lipid storage diseases: the first identification of GM1-Gangliosidosis by Kasper, Burkhard S.; Thomas, Christian; Albers, Anne; Kasper, Ekkehard; Sandhoff, Konrad (2023) - Tay Sachs disease with visceral involvement and its relation to Niemann Pick disease. Samuels S, Korey SR, Gonatas J, Terry RD, Weiss M. Studies in Tay Sachs disease. Keywords: analysis; archive; brain; disease; ganglioside; gangliosidosis; gm1; idiocy; jatzkewitz; lipid; munich; patient; sachs; sandhoff; storage; supplement; tay; tissue; tsd
• Neurodegeneration: 2023 update by Crary, John Fonda (2023) - Atherton, K., Han, X., Chung, J., Cherry, J. D., Baucom, Z., Saltiel, N., Nair, E., Abdolmohammadi, B., Uretsky, M., Khan, M. M., Shea, C., Durape, S., Martin, B. M., Palmisano, J. N., Farrell, K., Nowinski, C. J., Alvarez, V. E., Dwyer, B., Daneshvar, D. H., … Mez, J. (2022). Nelson, P. T., Brayne, C., Flanagan, M. E., Abner, E. L., Agrawal, S., Attems, J., Castellani, R. J., Corrada, M. M., Cykowski, M. D., Di, J., Dickson, D. W., Dugger, B. N., Ervin, J. F., Fleming, J., Graff-Radford, J., Grinberg, L. T., Hokkanen, S. R. K., Hunter, S., Kapasi, A., … Schneider, J. A. (2022). Keywords: brain; disease; protein; study; tdp-43
• Serum neurofilament light chains in progressive multiple sclerosis patients treated with repeated cycles of high-dose intravenous steroids by Stork, Lidia; Haupts, Michael; Kruse, Niels; Spill-Askeridis, Petra; Kutllovci, Adriane; Weber, Martin S.; Brück, Wolfgang; Metz, Imke (2023) - In our cohort of 25 patients recruited from ongoing clinical routine care, we found that long-term repeated HDCS therapy for patients with progressive MS reduced sNfL levels by 22% after 20 weeks. Serum neurofilament light chains in progressive multiple sclerosis patients treated with repeated cycles of high-dose intravenous steroids Feel free to add comments by clicking these icons on the sidebar Free Neuropathology 4:15 (2023) Original Paper Serum neurofilament light chains in progressive multiple sclerosis patients treated with repeated cycles of high-dose intravenous steroids Lidia Stork1, Michael Haupts2, Niels Kruse1, Petra Spill-Askeridis3, Adriane Kutllovci1, Martin S. Weber1,4,5, Wolfgang Brück1, Imke Metz1 Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany Department of Neurology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Germany Augusta Hospital, Anholt, Germany Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany Department of Translational Neuroinflammation and Automated Microscopy, Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Göttingen, Germany Corresponding author: Imke Metz · Institute of Neuropathology · University Medical Center Göttingen · Robert-Koch-Str. 40 · 37075 Göttingen · Germany imetz@gwdg.de Submitted: 01 August 2023 Accepted: 24 September 2023 Copyedited by: Cinthya Aguero Published: 05 October 2023 https://doi.org/10.17879/freeneuropathology-2023-5049 Keywords: Progressive multiple sclerosis, Serum neurofilament light chains, High-dose intravenous steroids Abstract Background and objectives: In progressive multiple sclerosis (MS) patients, CNS inflammation trapped behind a closed blood brain barrier drives continuous neuroaxonal degeneration, thus leading to deterioration of neurological function. Keywords: baseline; blood; disease; dose; hdcs; levels; light; median; neurofilament; patients; reduction; sclerosis; snfl; snfl levels; study; therapy; time; treatment; weeks
• A historical look using virtual microscopy: the first case report of adrenomyeloneuropathy (AMN) by Budka, Herbert (2023) - Subsequent neurochemical studies showed a striking excess of VLCFA in brain cholesterol esters as substrate of ALD inclusions Powers and Schaumburg demonstrated characteristic lipid inclusions in ALD adrenals by EM examination [9], followed by their description in brain [12] and other organs [10]. Keywords: adrenal; ald; amn; disease; institute; neurology; neuropathology; report; schaumburg; vienna
• HIV and COVID-19: two pandemics with significant (but different) central nervous system complications by Magaki, Shino; Zhang, Ting; Han, Karam; Mirbaha, Hilda; Yong, William H.; Achim, Cristian; Fishbein, Gregory; Fishbein, Michael C.; Garner, Omai; Salamon, Noriko; Williams, Christopher K.; Valdes-Sueiras, Miguel A.; Hsu, Jeffrey J.; Kelesidis, Theodoros; Mathisen, Glenn E.; Lavretsky, Helen; Singer, Elyse J.; Vinters, Harry V. (2024) - Furthermore, Gelman et al. have shown that subjects with HAND and HIVE have higher brain HIV RNA and DNA levels than patients without HAND, but individuals with HAND without HIVE show no difference compared to patients without HAND Gray F, Lescs MC, Keohane C, Paraire F, Marc B, Durigon M, et al. Keywords: acute; aids; angeles; ann; autopsy; brain; cart; cell; changes; cns; coronavirus; cov-2; covid-19; covid-19 patients; dementia; disease; era; et al; findings; hand; hiv; hiv infection; hiv-1; human; immunodeficiency; individuals; infection; los; matter; medicine; neurol; neurology; neuropathol; neuropathology; patients; pcc; post; protein; rna; sars; severe; studies; study; syndrome; virus; white
• Neuropathology and epilepsy surgery – 2024 update by Blümcke, Ingmar (2024) - The suggested model that AD-TLE represent a specific disease subtype needs further validation to confirm the role of hyperphosphorylated tau in epilepsy patients with and without AD considering age and age at epilepsy onset as potential moderator variables. Twenty-nine cases were previously published with a diagnosis of FCD Type 1, mMCD or non-lesional, which needs reconsideration and which also highlights the difficulty to achieve agreement in the histopathological diagnosis of epilepsy surgery brain samples as was already discussed above. Keywords: associated; authors; brain; disease; epilepsy; fcd; figure; gene; histopathology; lobe; moghe; mtor; mutations; neuropathology; patients; samples; seizure; slc35a2; surgery; tau; tissue; tle; topic; update; variants
• Fast-track neuropathological screening for neurodegenerative diseases by Englert, Benjamin; Roeber, Sigrun; Arzberger, Thomas; Ruf, Viktoria; Windl, Otto; Herms, Jochen (2024) - A study by Selvackadunko et al., comparing the antemortem clinical diagnosis and postmortem neuropathological diagnosis revealed that in one third of cases the in-life and the neuropathological diagnosis differed [2]. Shim, Y.S., et al., Clinicopathologic study of Alzheimer's disease: Alzheimer mimics. Keywords: brain; cases; diagnosis; disease; doi; ftld; lbd; pathology; prion; tau
• Striking intraneuronal neurofilament inclusions restricted to the locus coeruleus in a patient with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease by Leitner, Felix; Klotz, Sigrid; Ornig, Karoline; Weis, Serge; Gelpi, Ellen (2024) - Neurofilament inclusions are the hallmark of neuronal intermediate filament inclusion disease (NIFID), as described by Cairns et al.21 in patients with frontotemporal dementia. 1090 Vienna, Austria Austrian Reference Center for Human Prion Diseases (OERPE) Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, Neuromed Campus, Kepler University Hospital, Linz, Austria Corresponding author: Ellen Gelpi · Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry · Department of Neurology · Medical University of Vienna · 1090 Vienna · Austria ellen.gelpi@meduniwien.ac.at Submitted: 29 July 2024 Accepted: 14 September 2024 Copyedited by: Georg Haase Published: 02 October 2024 https://doi.org/10.17879/freeneuropathology-2024-5721 Keywords: Neurofilament inclusions, Locus coeruleus, Neurofilament, Neuronal cytoplasmic inclusion, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease Introduction Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is the most frequent human prion disease, but it is overall a very rare, rapidly progressive neurodegenerative disease.1 Physiopathologically, prion diseases have set the basis for the concept of protein misfolding as a common mechanism for the most prevalent protein-related neurodegenerative conditions. Keywords: coeruleus; disease; doi; inclusions; jakob; locus
• Selective cellular and regional vulnerability in frontotemporal lobar degeneration: a scoping review by Ravasia, Kashif; Hirsch-Reinshagen, Veronica (2025) - Oligodendroglial coiled bodies are restricted to areas affected by neuronal tau pathology and degeneration in PiD41. Finally, despite the early and consistent involvement of the hippocampus, and the known involvement of subcortical structures later in PiD, there are no additional details on glial involvement and their relationship to neuronal tau pathology in these areas. Keywords: atrophy; brain; cases; cbd; degeneration; disease; et al; ftld; fus; glial; inclusions; involvement; loss; neurol; neurons; neuropathol; palsy; pathological; pathology; progressive; psp; studies; study; supranuclear; tau; tau pathology; tdp; tdp type; tdp-43; type
• 68th Annual Meeting of the German Society of Neuropathology and Neuroanatomy (DGNN) - Meeting Abstracts, September 12–14, 2024 by German Society of Neuropathology and Neuroanatomy (DGNN) (2024) - P06 Free Neuropathol 5:19:13 Epigenetic profiling can improve diagnostics of MPNST with intratumoral histological heterogeneity Tomas Phan1, Karoline Hack1,2, Lennart Well3,4, Inka Ristow3,4, Lan Kluwe5, Said Farschtschi5, Markus Glatzel6, Victor-Felix Mautner5, Ulrich Schüller1,7, Catena Kresbach1,2,6,7 1 Research Institute Children's Cancer Center, Hamburg, Germany 2 Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany 3 Lab of Radiobiology & Experimental Radiation Oncology, Hubertus Wald Tumorzentrum, University Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany 4 Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany 5 Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany 6 Department of Diagnostics, Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany 7 Mildred Scheel Cancer Career Center HaTriCS4, University Medical Center Hamburg- Why We Don’t Save Whole-Slide Images as Lego Mosaics – Putting the Scale of Whole-Slide Images into Perspective I. Neurooncology P01 Free Neuropathol 5:19:5 Identification and description of a novel type of medulloblastoma Alicia Eckhardt1,2,*, Chris Meulenbroeks3,*, Neal Geisemeyer4,*, Michael Bockmayr1,2, Helena Bode1,2, Karoline Hack1,2, Marthe Sönksen2, Denise Obrecht-Sturm2, Christian Thomas5, Melanie Schoof1,2, Arend Koch6, Sage Green7,8, Sidharth Mahapatra9, Dave Doss10, Ekin Guney11, Arie Perry11, Kenneth Aldape12, Anna Darabi13, Stephan Frank14, Peter Kuzman15, Miriam Ratliff16,17, Abigail Suwala18,19, Andrey Korshunov18,19, Olivier Ayrault20, Christine Haberler21, Ales Vicha22, Markus Glatzel23, Martin Mynarek2, Stefan Rutkowski2, Martin Hasselblatt5, Michael D Taylor24, David Jones25,26, Marcel Kool3,4,*, Ulrich Schüller1,2,23,* 1 Research Institute Children’s Cancer Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany 2 Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany 3 Princess Máxima Center for pediatric oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands 4 Hopp Children’s Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ) / Keywords: analysis; augsburg; brain; cancer; cancer center; cases; cell; center; center hamburg; cns; data; department; disease; dna; eppendorf; frankfurt; free; germany; goethe university; hamburg; heidelberg; images; institute; medical; methylation; munich; neurology; neuropathology; patients; research; results; sequencing; study; tau; tumor; university; university hospital
• Neurodegeneration: 2024 update by Crary, John F. (2024) - This sampling of the literature collectively displays the breadth of the progress being made in the neuropathology of neurodegenerative diseases. T cells, key players in the adaptive immune response, have received far less focus in neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's. Keywords: age; aging; alzheimer; brain; cell; cte; dementia; disease; neuropathology; study
• Neurotrauma: 2024 update by Priemer, David S.; Perl, Daniel P. (2024) - CTE in young contact sports athletes The large majority of CTE cases have been char- acterized in older age groups and/or in athletes with long careers, particularly those with an elite level of sport participation.6 The authors found that quan- tified levels of ICAM1, VCAM1, and CRP were signif- icantly increased in CTE cases versus CTE-negative cases, and generally increased with CTE severity. Keywords: ali; authors; blast; brain; cases; chronic; cte; cte cases; disease; encephalopathy; evidence; exposure; head; https://doi.org/10.17879/freeneuropathology-2024-5849; impact; injury; iron; mckee; mice; neuropathology; priemer; spinal; study; tau; tbi; tdp43; vascular; years
• Northern Lights Neuroscience Symposium 2024, Meeting Abstracts, September 26–27, 2024 by Scandinavian Neuropathological Society (2024) - No other differences were identified between the groups regarding other autopsy-reported cardiac findings or clinical disease or risk factors. Here we investigated LATE-NC frequency and its associations with other brain pathologies and cognition parameters in a population aged ≥ 85 years. Keywords: age; alzheimer; amyloid; brain; clinical; data; dementia; department; disease; finland; helsinki; helsinki university; institute; kuopio; late; lewy; neuropathol; pathology; patients; results; study; tau; university; university hospital
• Capillary basal lamina in human brain and spinal cord has fibrillar collagen type I and type III: Ignorance may not be bliss by Lin, Wen-Lang; Dickson, Dennis W. (2025) - In a preliminary EM report of human brain capillary BL (11 cases, 7–49 years of age), we showed banded collagen in expanded spaces in the basal lamina [39]. Our data showed abundant Col 1 and Col 3 fibrils in the expanded spaces in human brain capillary BL. Keywords: arrows; basal; blood; brain; capillary; cell; col; collagen; cord; cortex; disease; endothelial; fibrils; human; lamina; mouse; perivascular; spinal; split; years
• Increased frontocortical microvascular raspberry density in frontotemporal lobar degeneration compared to Lewy body disease and control cases: a neuropathological study by Ek Olofsson, Henric; Englund, Elisabet (2025) - Increased cortical raspberry density occurs in vascular dementia, but also with advancing age. We have previously demonstrated increased cortical raspberry density in association with vascular dementia Keywords: atrophy; brain; cases; control; degeneration; density; disease; ftld; group; https://doi.org/10.17879/freeneuropathology-2025-6178; lbd; lewy; raspberry; raspberry density; study; vascular
• Depletion of nuclear cytoophidia in Alzheimer's disease by Ivanova, Alyona; Munoz, David G.; Woulfe, John (2025) - The demonstration that they are immunoreactive for the nucleotide synthesizing enzymes PRPS provides a novel functional context; linking them to the bundles of metabolic enzyme filaments known as cytoophidia recently described by several authors (for a review, see [11]). Dynamic compartmentalization of purine nucleotide metabolic enzymes at leading edge in highly motile renal cell carcinoma. Keywords: activity; alzheimer; amyloid; beta; brain; cell; cortex; cytoophidia; disease; enzymes; evidence; formation; impdh; metabolic; ncs; neurons; nft; nucleotide; pathology; prps; purine; study; woulfe
• Morphological substrate of chronic schizophrenia in elderly patients: a clinicopathological study by Jellinger, Kurt A. (2025) - Prohovnik I, Dwork AJ, Kaufman MA, Willson N. Alzheimer-type neuropathology in elderly schizophrenia patients. Cortical neuritic plaques and hippo-campal neurofibrillary tangles are related to dementia severity in elderly schizophrenia patients. Keywords: adnc; age; alzheimer; brain; controls; criteria; dementia; disease; impairment; onset; pathology; patients; psychiatry; schizophrenia; scz; studies; study; years
• Neuroinflammatory mechanisms may help identify candidate biomarkers in chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) by Bindra, Guneet S.; Asad, Shaheryar; Shanaa, Jean; Lui, Forshing; Budson, Andrew E.; Turk, Katherine W.; Cherry, Jonathan D. (2025) - In a large-scale mRNA-sequencing analysis of post-mortem CTE, Labadorf et al. reported upregulation of genes related to cytokine signaling, immune cell migration, and apoptosis in late stage CTE, while these same categories had inverse or reduced expression in early stage CTE. Begum et al. 2020 (43) CCL2 TNFSF14 CX3CL1 IL-7 Plasma analysis of living professional rugby players 18 athletes with single concussion, 5 who were repetitively-concussed, 12 healthy controls Reduced CCL2 was associated with severity of symptoms (p = 0.043) and increase in number of symptoms (p = 0.013). Keywords: analysis; athletes; biomarkers; brain; ccl11; ccl2; chronic; controls; csf; cte; disease; encephalopathy; et al; exposure; gfap; head; il-6; immune; inflammation; injury; levels; markers; plasma; players; post; rhi; studies; subjects; tau
• Multiple sclerosis: 2024 update by Klotz, Luisa; Saraste, Maija; Airas, Laura; Kuhlmann, Tanja (2025) - The new diagnostic framework of MS establishes MS as a disease continuum and allows diagnosis based on purely biologic considerations in the absence of any clinical manifestation and new imaging and biomarkers as well as AI approaches may facilitate the prediction of the disease course and treatment responses in individual pwMS in the not too far future. New studies reinforce the strong link between Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and MS, while recent data point towards a role of genetics in MS disease progression. Keywords: cells; criteria; diagnosis; disability; disease; ebv; et al; imaging; lesions; mri; neurol; patients; progression; research; risk; sclerosis; studies; study; treatment
• 69th Annual Meeting of the German Society of Neuropathology and Neuroanatomy (DGNN) - Meeting Abstracts, September 25–27, 2025 by German Society of Neuropathology and Neuroanatomy (DGNN) (2025) - Methods: Using syngeneic mouse models, we injected tumor cells into the internal carotid artery to induce brain metastases and analyzed early host responses via high-resolution spatial transcriptomics. This gene expression was spatially restricted to areas in direct proximity to tumor cells. Keywords: analysis; berlin; brain; cancer; cases; cells; center; center hamburg; cns; conclusion(s; data; department; disease; dkfz; dna; düsseldorf; eppendorf; expression; frankfurt; free; für; germany; germany background; glioblastoma; goethe university; hamburg; heidelberg; heidelberg university; hospital frankfurt; hospital heidelberg; idh; immune; institute; medical; medicine; method(s; methylation; mgmt; munich; münster; neurology; neuropathology; oncology; patients; patterns; pediatric; profiling; research; research center; results; samples; spinal; tissue; tumor; university; university frankfurt; university hospital
• 65th Annual Meeting of the Canadian Association of Neuropathologists - Association canadienne des neuropathologistes (CANP-ACNP) by The Canadian Association of Neuropathologists - Association canadienne des neuropathologistes (CANP-ACNP) (2025) - Abstract 6 Free Neuropathol 6:23:9 Cognitive subtyping in schizophrenia reveals distinct clinicopathologic signatures and a vascular-linked cognitive phenotype Naomi C. Futhey1–3, Fidel Vila-Rodriguez4,5, Shawn J. Stochmanski4, Elizabeth Gregory4, William Honer4, Belen Arranz6,7, Belen Ramos6–8, Ana Escanilla6, America Vera-Montecinos8,9, Mark S. Cembrowski1,2,5,10, Veronica Hirsch-Reinshagen3 Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada Department of Cellular; Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Dr. Antoni Pujadas, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM (Biomedical Network Research Center of Mental Health), Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain Psiquiatria Molecular, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Químicas, Facultad De Ciencias, Universidad San Sebastián, Sede Tres Pascualas Lientur 1457, Concepción, Chile Department of Mathematics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada Cognitive impairment is a defining feature of chronic schizophrenia, but its underlying neuropathology remains unclear and treatment options are scarce. Thus, an inexpensive and time-efficient assay for detecting CDKN2A/B HD would be helpful for routine neuropathology cases. Keywords: abstract; associated; brain; british; canada; canada department; canada laboratory; cases; centre; columbia; disease; health; hospital; laboratory; laboratory medicine; medicine; network; neuropathology; pathology; patients; synuclein; toronto; university; university health; vancouver

• Top ten discoveries of the year: Neurotrauma by Perl, Daniel P (2020) - In 2019, this was emphasized by the positive results of a very large clinical trial (CRASH 2019), the use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and subsequent neuropathology correlation in TBI patients (Griffin, Turtzo et al. 2019) and a pre-clinical model of sub-concussive blast exposure in the rat (Gama Sosa, De Gasperi et al. 2019). Fibrinolysis, with increased concentrations of fibrinogen degradation products, is commonly seen in the brains of acute TBI patients and predicts the development of further intracranial hemorrhagic expansion (Zhang, He et al. 2018). Keywords: brain; clinical; cte; injury; neurotrauma; patients; tau; tbi; traumatic
• Top ten discoveries of the year: Neurooncology by Wesseling, Pieter (2020) - However, across the medulloblastoma subgroups (SHH, Group 3, Group 4), as well as PFA ependymoma and pilocytic astrocytomas, the scRNAseq data also demonstrated high levels of single-cell heterogeneity, with evidence of multiple lineages of differentiation and tumor cells matching different time points in the differentiation hierarchy Furthermore, perturbation of AMPA receptors and use of an AMPA receptor antagonist reduced calcium-related invasiveness of tumor cells and of glioma growth. Keywords: analysis; brain; cells; cns; diffuse; et al; glioma; group; idh; mutant; nature; non; patients; tumor
• Neuropathologists play a key role in establishing the extent of COVID-19 in human patients by Cevik, Lokman; Alves, Michele Joana; Otero, Jose Javier (2020) - ACE2 is expressed in airway epithelia, lung parenchyma, vascular endothelia, kidney cells, small intestine cells (Li et al., 2020) and also in the brain, particularly in glial cells and neurons (Baig et al., 2020). Most of the patients who require intensive care ultimately become unable to breathe spontaneously (Wang et al., 2020). Keywords: brain; cov2; covid-19; et al; infection; patients; sars
• Neuropathology, my friend - on the paths of being and non-being by Garzuly, Ferenc (2020) - We summarized findings in our article (authored by Vidal R, Garzuly F, Budka H, Lalowski M, Linke RP, Brittig F, Frangione B, Wisniewski T) in the American Journal of Pathology in 1996 as follows: We describe a novel transthyretin mutation at codon 18 where Asp is replaced by Gly (D18G) in a Hungarian kindred. Garzuly F, Jellinger K, Szabó L, Tóth K: Morbid changes in Lowe’s oculo-cerebro-renal syndrome. Keywords: autopsy; budka; cases; department; diseases; fig; garzuly; hospital; hungarian; laboratory; neurology; neuropathology; pathology; patients; professor; time; university; years
• Neuropathology through the ages: My life between neurology and neuropathology by Jellinger, Kurt A. (2020) - Between February and August 1963, I worked part-time as guest at the Institute of Pathology, Vienna Medical University, chaired by Hans Chiari, where I performed general autopsies and brain cutting. In the meantime, I worked as guest doctor without salary in the Franz Josef Hospital in Vienna, within the department of Internal Medicine and Surgery, directed by Prof. Herbert Kraus, later chairman of the first Department of Neurosurgery of Vienna Medical School. Keywords: austrian; brain; chairman; chief; clinical; congress; department; disorders; elisabeth; fig; group; hospital; institute; life; medical; neurology; neuropathology; new; parkinson; patients; prof; research; society; time; university; vienna; work; years
• Detailed neuropathologic report of COVID-19 complicated by large intracerebral hemorrhage and periventricular lesions with macrophagic infiltrates by Levine, Adrian; Lee, Carol; Fava, Craig; Tsang, Frankie; McNeil, Kelly; Yip, Stephen T.; Hirsch-Reinshagen, Veronica (2021) - Despite this plethora of hypothesized factors, only a few neuropathological reports have included detailed histopathological brain evaluations of COVID-19 patients with large fatal ICH. Post-mortem neuropathological evaluation of patients with COVID-19 have shown a range of histological changes and have been reviewed elsewhere5,6. In this report, we expand on the neuropathological literature of COVID-19 cases by detailing the neuropathological findings in an elderly male with COVID-19 and fatal ICH. Keywords: brain; changes; covid-19; hemorrhage; ich; lesions; patients
• Neurooncology: 2021 update by Wesseling, Pieter (2021) - Guerreiro Stucklin, A.S., et al., Alterations in ALK/ROS1/NTRK/MET drive a group of infantile hemispheric gliomas. To address this issue, Pine AR, Cirigliano SM, et al (last author Fine HA) performed a complete transcriptomic characterization of tumor cells from 5 patients across four patient-specific glioblastoma–derived model types: 1) glioma spheres (GSs), 2) tumor organoids (TOs), 3) glioblastoma cerebral organoids (GLICOs), and 4) patient-derived xenografts (PDXs). Keywords: authors; brain; cancer; cell; covid-19; diffuse; et al; glioblastoma; gliomas; grade; idh; medulloblastoma; mutant; patients; review; tumors
• The neurovascular unit in diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas by El-Khouly, Fatma E.; Haumann, Rianne; Breur, Marjolein; Veldhuijzen van Zanten, Sophie E.M.; Kaspers, Gertjan J.L.; Hendrikse, N. Harry; Hulleman, Esther; van Vuurden, Dannis G.; Bugiani, Marianna (2021) - In DIPG autopsy samples, vascular density was lower compared to healthy pons. The median vascular diameter was not significantly different: 6.21 µm in DIPG autopsy samples (range 2.25-94.85 µm), and 6.26 µm in controls (range 1.17-264.77 µm). Keywords: barrier; bbb; biopsy; blood; brain; claudin-5; density; diffuse; dipg; expression; patients; samples; tumor
• Medulloblastoma and Cowden Syndrome: Further Evidence of an Association by Albrecht, Steffen; Miedzybrodzki, Barbara; Palma, Laura; Nguyen, Van Hung; Dudley, Roy W.R.; Pietsch, Torsten; Goschzik, Tobias; Jabado, Nada; Goudie, Catherine; Foulkes, William D. (2022) - However, if one of these cells acquires additional alterations of the type described by Skowron et al. CS may be under-recognized in medulloblastoma patients. Keywords: et al; medulloblastoma; montreal; patients; pten; shh; tumor
• Neurooncology: 2022 update by Wesseling, Pieter; Rozowsky, Jacob S. (2022) - Many of these cell states mirror the neurodevelopmental hierarchy, and it has been suggested that tumor cells can transition between more or less differentiated states. At the same time, there may be an opportunity for immunohistochemistry here as well: for example, loss of H3K27me3 staining of tumor cell nuclei in meningioma has been reported as an additional tool for identification of meningiomas with higher risk of recurrence 36,37. Keywords: authors; brain; cancer; cell; classification; cns; et al; gliomas; grade; idh; meningiomas; mutant; mutation; optic; patients; study; topic; tumors
• Neuropathology and epilepsy surgery: 2022 update by Blümcke, Ingmar (2022) - International recommendation for a comprehensive neuropathologic workup of epilepsy surgery brain tissue: A consensus Task Force report from the ILAE Commission on Diagnostic Methods. The creation of a comprehensive DNA methylation-based atlas will establish the epigenetic basis for neuronal diversity and spatial organization throughout the mammalian brain, being also instrumental when developing a human methylome brain atlas in the near future, including epilepsy surgery brain samples from various disorders, e.g. cortical malformations and hippocampal sclerosis. Keywords: brain; cell; classification; development; dna; epilepsy; et al; fcd; human; ilae; matter; methylation; moghe; neurons; patients; seizure; slc35a2; study; surgery; tissue; topic; tumor; type
• 5th Asian Oceanian Congress of Neuropathology along with the 5th Annual Conference of the Neuropathology Society of India - Meeting Abstracts, September 24–26, 2021 by Neuropathology Society of India (2022) - Material and methods: One hundred gliomas (WHO grade II–IV) were analyzed by immunohistochemistry for PD-L1 expressing tumor cells, tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte subsets (TILs; CD4, CD8, FOXP3, CTLA4) and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs; CD68, CD163). PD-1 is expressed on activated T cells while PDL-1 is expressed on antigen presenting tumor cells. Keywords: age; brain; case; cells; conclusion; delhi; department; diagnosis; diffuse; expression; gliomas; grade; h3k27; india; india background; india institute; material; medical; medical sciences; methods; mutation; neuropathol; neuropathology; neurosurgery; new; nimhans; objectives; pathology; patients; report; results; sciences; study; tumors; tumour; years
• Golgi localization of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and interaction with furin in cerebral COVID-19 microangiopathy: a clue to the central nervous system involvement? by Boluda, Susana; Mokhtari, Karima; Mégarbane, Bruno; Annane, Djillali; Mathon, Bertrand; Cao, Albert; Adam, Clovis; Androuin, Alexandre; Bielle, Franck; Brochier, Guy; Charlotte, Frédéric; Chougar, Lydia; El Hachimi, Khalid Hamid; Eloit, Marc; Haïk, Stéphane; Hervé, Dominique; Kasri, Amal; Leducq, Valentin; Lehéricy, Stéphane; Levavasseur, Etienne; Lobsiger, Christian; Lorin de La Grandmaison, Geoffroy; Malet, Isabelle; Malissin, Isabelle; Marot, Stéphane; Marty, Serge; Pérot, Philippe; Plu, Isabelle; Prigent, Annick; Stimmer, Lev; Potier, Marie-Claude; Marcelin, Anne-Geneviève; Delatour, Benoît; Duyckaerts, Charles; Seilhean, Danielle (2023) - Cell Culture To improve our understanding of the interaction of the virus with endothelial cells and furin, cultures of four cell lines were used: human endothelial cells derived from Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC-d-ECs), a human cerebral microvessel endothelial cell line (hCMEC/D3), a Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cell line (HUVEC) and a primate kidney cell line (Vero E6 cells). While no viral particle or viral RNA was found in the brain, the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein was detected in the Golgi apparatus of brain endothelial cells where it closely associated with furin, a host protease known to play a key role in virus replication. Keywords: antibody; blood; brain; cases; cells; cov-2; covid-19; endothelial; endothelial cells; fig; france; furin; golgi; hospital; immunoreactivity; infection; lesions; matter; paris; patients; protein; samples; sars; scale; tissue; university; virus; white
• Neurooncology: 2023 update by Mittelbronn, Michel (2023) - Histomolecular grading for meningioma [6] Besides the classic grading of brain tumors according to the WHO classification of central nervous system (CNS) tumors, several multicentric studies aimed to more precisely stratify brain tumor patients with regard to their risk of recurrence. [9]. Intraoperative diagnostics for brain tumors based on Raman effect Keywords: analyses; approach; authors; brain; brain tumor; cells; classification; cns; diagnostics; dlbcl; features; glioblastoma; glioma; grade; learning; luxembourg; machine; methylation; neuropathology; patients; pmid; potential; prediction; profiling; raman; sequencing; treatment; tumor
• Pathological perspectives in pilocytic astrocytomas: Extent of resection as the sole critical factor for recurrence-free survival, and the challenge of evaluating conclusions derived from limited data by Kulac, Ibrahim; Yenidogan, Irem; Oflaz Sozmen, Banu; Baygul, Arzu; Cha, Soonmee; Pekmezci, Melike; Tihan, Tarik (2023) - Q. T. Ostrom et al., CBTRUS statistical report: primary brain and central nervous system tumors diagnosed in the United States in 2007-2011, Neuro Oncol, vol. Q. T. Ostrom et al., CBTRUS Statistical Report: Primary Brain and Other Central Nervous System Tumors Diagnosed in the United States in 2012-2016, Neuro Oncol, vol. 21, no. Keywords: age; alterations; analysis; astrocytoma; cases; features; mutations; outcome; patients; recurrence; resection; studies; survival; tumors; vol; years
• Deep RNA sequencing of muscle tissue reveals absence of viral signatures in dermatomyositis by Corman, Victor M.; Preusse, Corinna; Melchert, Julia; Benveniste, Olivier; Koll, Randi; Goebel, Hans-Hilmar; Jones, Terry C.; Drosten, Christian; Schara-Schmidt, Ulrike; Leonard-Louis, Sarah; Stenzel, Werner; Radke, Josefine (2024) - Deep sequencing of DM patients’ skeletal muscle biopsies only revealed viral reads derived from column-based extraction and library preparation kit contaminations. In one sample, viral reads against Kadipiro virus were identified, which was also previously shown to be a potential kit contamination Keywords: berlin; dermatomyositis; doi; globin; juvenile; muscle; patients; reads; rrna; samples; sequences; sequencing; virus
• 63rd Annual Meeting of the Canadian Association of Neuropathologists - Association canadienne des neuropathologistes (CANP-ACNP) by Canadian Association of Neuropathologists - Association canadienne des neuropathologistes (CANP-ACNP), The (2023) - MAiD patient brains have no or only early acidophilia in sensitive sites. MAiD patient brains have no type 2 astrocytes. Keywords: abstract; association; brain; british; canada; cases; columbia; department; laboratory; medicine; methylation; neuropathol; ontario; pathology; patients; toronto; tumor; type; university
• Neurooncology: 2024 update by Mittelbronn, Michel (2024) - Regarding the understanding of brain tumor development and progression, several novel mechanisms have been presented which might also be considered as treatment targets in the future, such as a) autonomous rhythmical Ca2+ oscillations in interconnected glioma cell networks driving tumor growth; b) transfer of mitochondria from normal astrocytes to glioma cells enhancing proliferation and self-renewal; c) brain endothelial cell remodeling upon matrix-metalloprotease 9 secretion by tumor cells metastasizing into the CNS and d) anti-tumor activity of microglia in CNS metastasis of breast cancer. Once cancer cells successfully extravasated and started perivascular metastatic growth, prominent endothelial cell remodeling led to the formation of capillary loops that followed the localization of tumor cells. Keywords: authors; brain; ca2; cancer; cells; clinical; cns; et al; formation; glioblastoma; glioma; glioma cells; grade; h3k27; luxembourg; metastasis; methylation; mitochondria; neuropathology; patients; pmid; profiling; studies; study; transfer; treatment; tumor
• Adult glioblastoma with Lynch syndrome-associated mismatch repair deficiency forms a distinct high-risk molecular subgroup by Georgescu, Maria-Magdalena (2024) - When possible, this method was extended to the rest of MMR mutations from tumors not mapping to the G3/MMR subgroup (see Suppl. The question arises if these tumors should be included in the G3/MMR high-risk subgroup where MMR mutations are causative, or if their tumors, like the M53/SC case, show only added hypermutator phenotype to a baseline mutation core that fits another G1–G7 subgroup and show therefore better prognosis. Keywords: cases; cohort; egfr; fig; glioblastoma; high; mgcs; mmr; mmr cases; mmr subgroup; msh6; mutations; patients; subgroup; suppl; survival; table; tp53; tumors
• Parkinsonism associated with prolonged unresponsive wakefulness syndrome after blunt head injury: a clinico-pathological study by Jellinger, Kurt A. (2025) - Rare cases of patients with traumatic SN lesions who survived for a longer time with or without developing a parkinsonian syndrome have been reported, such as a subject who survived a severe TBI with symmetric SN necroses for 32 years without parkinsonism Primary traumatic brainstem lesions after severe TBI inducing parkinsonian symptoms are either caused by hyperextension of the head, tearing forces or rotation mechanisms leading to contusions, fatal tears and hemorrhages of the rostral brainstem Keywords: brain; brainstem; et al; injury; lesions; necroses; patients; pontine; state; syndrome; tbi; tegmentum; uws
• 66th Meeting of the French Society of Neuropathology - Meeting Abstracts , December 6th. 2024 by French Society of Neuropathology, The (2025) - Free Neuropathol 6:2:11–12 Deciphering genetic and epigenetic of high grade gliomas with BRAF activating alteration is supporting the discovery of a new intracranial MPNST BRAF positive tumor type Benoît Lhermitte1,2*, Thibaut Wolf1,2*, Marlene Deschuyter2, Damien Reita2,4, Chinar Salmanli2, Agathe Chammas5, Marie-Pierre Chenard1,3, Guillaume Gauchotte6, Stephanie Lacomme7, Julien Todeschi8, Andres Coca8, Fabien Rech9, Romain Appay10, Roland Schott11, Georges Noel12, Sophie Martin2, Natacha Entz-Werlé2,13 Department of Pathology, University Hospitals of Strasbourg, Avenue Molière, 67098 Strasbourg Cedex, France UMR CNRS 7021, Laboratory Bioimaging and Pathologies, Team OnKO-3T – Translational, transversal and therapeutic oncology, University of Strasbourg University, Faculty of Pharmacy, 74 route du Rhin, 67405, Illkirch, France Centre de Ressources Biologiques, University Hospitals of Strasbourg, Avenue Molière, 67098 Strasbourg Cedex, France Department of Cancer Molecular Genetics Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Hospitals of Strasbourg, France Department of Pediatric Radiology, University Hospitals of Strasbourg, Avenue Molière, 67098 Strasbourg Cedex, France Department of Biopathology, CHRU Nancy, Université de Lorraine, INSERM U1256, NGERE, F-54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France Centre de Ressources Biologiques, BB-0033-00035, CHRU Nancy, F-54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France Neurosurgery Department, University Hospital of Strasbourg, 67098 Strasbourg, France Department of Neurosurgery, CHRU-Nancy, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France Department of Pathology and Neuropathology, University Hospital of Timone Marseille, 264 rue Saint-Pierre, 13005, Marseille, France Oncology Department, ICANS (Institut de Cancérologie Strasbourg Europe), 17 rue Albert Calmette, 67200, Strasbourg, France Radiotherapy Department, ICANS (Institut de Cancérologie Strasbourg Europe), 17 rue Albert Calmette, 67200, Strasbourg, France Pediatric Onco-hematology unit, University Hospitals of Strasbourg, Avenue Molière, 67098 Strasbourg Cedex, France * Thibaut Wolf1, Damien Reita2,3, Marlène Deschuyter3, Julie Buffa2, Erwan Pencreach2, Eric Jeandidier4, Marie-Pierre Chenard1, Natacha Entz-Werlé3–5,Benoît Lhermitte1,3 Pathology Department, University Hospital of Strasbourg, 67098 Strasbourg, France Oncobiology Platform, Laboratory of Biochemistry, University Hospital of Strasbourg, 67098 Strasbourg, France UMR CNRS 7021, Laboratory Bioimaging and Pathologies, OnKO3T team, Faculty of Pharmacy, 67401 Illkirch, France Cytogenetic Departement, Mulhouse Hospital, 68100 Mulhouse, France Pediatric Oncology Department, University Hospital of Strasbourg, 67098 Strasbourg, France Clarifying the diagnosis and prognosis of BRAF-mutant gliomas requires testing for CDKN2A homozygous deletion (HD). Keywords: brain; centre; department; dna; france; france department; hospital; institut; methylation; neuropathology; paris; patients; pitié; salpêtrière; sorbonne; strasbourg; university; university hospital
• Neurooncology: 2025 update by Mittelbronn, Michel (2025) - Most interestingly, if glioblas- toma showed epithelioid tumor cells in more than 30 % of total tumor cells, patients displayed an unfavorable prognosis independent of clinical pa- rameters, treatment or molecular alterations. An important next step in the development of time-dependent transcriptomics would be expanding its applicability to cells that remain within a distinct cellular collec- tive, such as brain tumor cells. Keywords: approach; authors; brain; brain tumor; cancer; cells; diagnostics; dna; drexler; ependymoma; et al; figure; findings; glioblastoma; https://doi.org/10.17879/freeneuropathology-2025-6316; immune; metastasis; methylation; michel; microenvironment; mittelbronn; months; neurooncology; page; patients; primary; sequencing; single; survival; time; tissue; treatment; tumor
• Histopathologic evidence of intimal hyperplasia in carotid artery webs associated with stroke by Khan, Farhan; Nobee, Alisa; Lewis, Skylar; Donahue, John E.; Yaghi, Shadi (2025) - Histological findings of carotid artery web resected via endarterectomy (Hematoxylin and Eosin stain, Elastic stain). Histological findings of carotid artery web were collected via endarterectomy (Hematoxylin and Eosin stain, Elastic stain). Keywords: arrow; artery; carotid; imaging; patients; stroke; thrombus; web; webs

• Free for authors, free for readers, free from publisher, free formatting and free opinion: This is Free Neuropathology by Paulus, Werner (2020) - Financially supporting journals by national or international funding organizations (such as Gates Open Research) is also not helpful, because funding is usually restricted to a limited period of time, so that permanent structures which are mandatory for scientific journals are endangered. I am deeply convinced that the purpose of scientific journals is publishing science, ideally the best science, but definitely not making money, for whomsoever. Keywords: authors; journal; neuropathology; publishers; science; scientists
• Between two worlds: Life in Neuropathology and beyond by Lantos, Peter (2020) - First it fused with University College Hospital London (UCHL) to become “Unisex” for a couple of years while the new UCHL was built. This donation was, by the way, the seed from which the Reta Lila Weston Institute of Neurological Studies at University College London later blossomed. Keywords: fig; hospital; hungary; institute; life; london; medical; middlesex; neuropathology; professor; research; time; years
• Neuropathology as a Life-Task by Jänisch, Werner (2020) - For example, performing a postmortem of a patient with an oligodendroglioma motivated me to buy and study K. J. Zülch’s book on brain tumors (23) in 1957. The department mostly treated patients with brain tumors and trigeminal neuralgia. Keywords: brain; director; english; fig; findings; gdr; german; institute; jänisch; knowledge; medical; neuropathology; professor; research; school; students; system; tumors; university; way
• Reflection on my 37 years practice as a neuropathologist: Home alone. by Popović, Mara (2020) - p. e152-3. 9. Curin Serbec, V., et al., Monoclonal antibody against a peptide of human prion protein discriminates between Creutzfeldt-Jacob’s disease-affected and normal brain tissue. Lukan, A., et al., Regional distribution of anchorless prion protein, PrP226*, in the human brain. Keywords: brain; figure; neuropathology; pathology; slovenia; tau; years
• 62nd Meeting of the French Society of Neuropathology - Meeting Abstracts , December 4th. 2020 by French Society of Neuropathology, The (2020) - Free Neuropathol 1, 34: 6 Multiple cerebral angiopathy in SARS-COV-2 infection Danielle Seilhean1,2, Karima Mokhtari1, Isabelle Plu1, Susana Boluda-Casas1,2, Bertrand Mathon3, Albert Cao4, Dominique Hervé5, Bruno Mégarbane6, Franck Bielle1,2, Etienne Levavasseur2, Isabelle Malet7, Stéphane Marot7, Hamid El Hachimi2, Serge Marty2, Annick Prigent2, Charles Duyckaerts1,2, Marie-Claude Potier2, Stéphane Haïk1,2, Benoît Delatour2, Anne-Geneviève Marcelin7 1 Department of Neuropathology, Pitie Salpetriere Hospital, AP-HP Sorbonne University, Paris, France 2 INSERM U1127, CNRS UMR7225, Sorbonne University-UMRS1127, Brain Institute ICM, Paris, France 3 Department of Neurosurgery, Pitie Salpetriere Hospital, AP-HP Sorbonne University, Paris, France 4 Department of Neurology, Neuro-ICU, Pitie Salpetriere Hospital, AP-HP Sorbonne University, Paris, France 5 Department of Neurology, Lariboisière Hospital, AP-HP Nord- Paris University, Paris, France 6 Department of Intensive Care, Lariboisière Hospital, AP-HP Nord- Paris University, Paris, France 7 Department of Virology, INSERM UMRS 1136, Pitie Salpetriere Hospital, AP-HP Sorbonne University, Paris, France SARS-CoV-2 is the cause of a pandemic characterized by its severity in elderly subjects or those presenting metabolic or vascular risk factors. Free Neuropathol 1, 34: 5 Neuropathological variability of four tauopathy cases with MAPT microduplication Susana Boluda1,2, David Wallon3,4,5, Anne Rovelet-Lecrux3,4,6, Dominique Campion3,4,6, Gaël Nicolas3,4,6, Charles Duyckaerts1,2 1 Department of Neuropathology, Pitie Salpetriere Hospital, AP-HP Sorbonne University, Paris, France 2 INSERM U1127, CNRS UMR7225, Sorbonne University-UMRS1127, Brain Institute ICM, Paris, France 3 INSERM U1245, University of Normandy, UNIROUEN, Rouen, France 4 CNR-MAJ, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France 5 Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Rouen, France 6 Department of Genetics, University Hospital, Rouen, France Keywords: department; france; hospital; neuropathology; paris; sorbonne; university
• A varied neuropathology career - turning west and east by Schober, Ralf (2021) - Second, I became familiar with pathological anatomy, since one of my tasks was to prepare and to display organs with characteristic changes suited to the lectures of Prof. Johannes Linzbach, head of the Institute. Founder of the Institute in 1962 and head of neuropathology was Wilhelm Krücke, in conjunction with his directory of the Ludwig Edinger Institute of Neurology of the University. Keywords: brain; colleagues; department; fig; germany; head; institute; leipzig; max; medical; medicine; neuropathology; planck; position; research; school; time; university; work; years
• Notes on the career of Jacqueline Mikol by Mikol, Jacqueline (2021) - The delegates were the following: Professor Dr. H. H. Goebel, Professor Dr. W. Schlote, Professor Dr. W. Wechsler (Germany), Professor R. Cotrufo, Professor N. Rizzuto, Professor D. Schiffer (Italy), Dr. D. Troost (The Netherlands), Professor D. I. Graham, Dr. Janice R. Anderson, Professor R. O. Weller (United Kingdom), Professor F. Gray, Professor J. J. Hauw, Professor J. F. Pelissier (France); Dr. S. J. Balogiannis (Greece) had apologized. Professor Brion was qualified in Neurology, Neuropsychiatry and Neuropathology. Keywords: cns; department; diseases; european; life; neuropathology; paris; professor; row
• 50 years of surgical pathology / 36 years of neuropathology: My Way / A personal journey by Mørk, Sverre J. (2021) - The unrivalled textbook on brain tumour pathology used since the 1960s was Pathology of Tumours of the Nervous System (published by Edward Arnold). Brain tumour cases came from all over the world. Keywords: bergen; brain; cancer; cases; cells; department; experience; home; hospital; institute; international; journal; life; lucien; medicine; meeting; microscope; myelin; neuropathology; new; norway; norwegian; oslo; pathology; research; rubinstein; section; start; time; tissue; tumour; university; way; work; years
• Alzheimer’s disease is an inherent, natural part of human brain aging: an integrated perspective by Ferrer, Isidro (2022) - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.07002.x Pacheco-Quinto J, Clausen D, Pérez-González R, et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrneurol.2015.119 Calero M, Rostagno A, Matsubara E, et al. Keywords: abnormal; acad; accumulation; acid; acta; activation; activity; addition; adenosine; alterations; altered; alzheimer brain; alzheimer dementia; alzheimer disease; alzheimer res; alzheimer type; amyloid; amyloid beta; amyloid plaques; amyloid β; analysis; app; association; astrocytes; autophagy; beta; binding; blood; braak; brain aging; brain pathol; brain res; brains; cases; cell; cellular; changes; chem; cholinergic; clinical; cognitive; complex; cortex; curr alzheimer; cycle; damage; death; degeneration; dementia; dependent; deposition; deposits; disease amyloid; disease brain; disease hippocampus; disease pathogenesis; disease pathology; disease patients; disease progression; diseases; distribution; dna; dysfunction; dystrophic; early; effects; energy; et al; evidence; expression; factor; ferrer; formation; functional; gaba; glutamate; growth; high; hippocampus; histone; human; human alzheimer; hypothesis; impairment; implications; individuals; int; int j; j alzheimer; j biol; j cell; j neurol; j neurosci; j pathol; kinase; levels; lipid; locus; loss; low; matter; mechanisms; med; membrane; metabolism; methylation; mice; microglia; mitochondrial; model; modifications; mol; molecular; mouse; nat; nature; neurites; neurobiol; neurochem; neurodegeneration; neurofibrillary; neurol; neurons; neuropathol; neuropathological; neuropathology; new; nft; nft pathology; nfts; non; number; oligomers; onset alzheimer; pathways; phosphorylation; plaques; post; preclinical; precursor; prion; proc; production; protein; receptors; regions; regulation; responses; rev; risk; rnas; role; sad; seeding; senile; serotonin; signaling; species; specific; spreading; sps; stages; stress; structure; studies; study; synapses; synaptic; system; tangles; tau; tau deposits; tau pathology; tau phosphorylation; tau protein; tauopathies; tauopathy; transgenic; usa; van; vulnerability; wang; white; years; zhang
• My pathway to a career in neuropathology by Harper, Clive (2022) - I won a Commonwealth Scholarship to Sydney University and commenced Dentistry in 1961. The Faculty of Medicine at Sydney University formally came into being on 13 June 1856 and thus is the oldest Faculty of Medicine in Australia and New Zealand. Keywords: alcohol; australia; brain; career; cases; department; friends; harper; hospital; medical; medicine; neuropathology; new; perth; professor; research; staff; sydney; time; university; work; working; years
• Intraoperative confocal laser endomicroscopy for brain tumors - potential and challenges from a neuropathological perspective by Maragkou, Theoni; Quint, Karl; Pollo, Bianca; Hewer, Ekkehard (2022) - While interpretation guidelines for CLE images are in their infancy in neuropathology, various interpretation criteria and classification systems have been developed and validated in urology and gastroenterology owing to the earlier adoption of CLE in these areas. These diagnostic systems use features of tissue and cellular architecture found in CLE images to distinguish normal from malignant tissue, or to distinguish between different types of lesions. Keywords: brain; cle; cle images; diagnosis; endomicroscopy; grade; images; imaging; laser; neuropathologists; neuropathology; techniques; time; tissue; tumor; vivo
• 64th Meeting of the French Society of Neuropathology - Meeting Abstracts , December 2nd. 2022 by French Society of Neuropathology, The (2023) - Free Neuropathol 4:5:11 Neurofilament accumulations in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis patients’ motor neurons impair axonal initial segment integrity Cynthia Lefebvre-Omar1, Elise Liu1, Carine Dalle1, Boris Lamotte d'Incamps2, Stéphanie Bigou1, Clément Daube1, Marc Davenne1, Noémie Robil3, Coline Jost-Mousseau1, François Salachas1,4, Lucette Lacomblez1,4, Danielle Seilhean1,5, Christian S. Lobsiger1, Stéphanie Millecamps1, Séverine Boillée1, Delphine Bohl1 Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau – Paris Brain Institute – ICM, Inserm, CNRS AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France Université de Paris, Saints-Pères Paris Institut des Neurosciences, CNRS, Paris, France GenoSplice technology, Paris, France Département de Neurologie, Centre de référence SLA Ile de France, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Sorbonne Université, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France Département de Neuropathologie, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Sorbonne Université, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France Neurofilament (NF) levels in patient’ fluids have emerged as the prime biomarker of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) disease progression, while NF accumulation in MNs of patients is one of the oldest pathological hallmarks. Submitted: 22 March 2023 Accepted: 23 March 2023 Published: 04 April 2023 https://doi.org/10.17879/freeneuropathology-2023-4776 Keywords: French Society of Neuropathology, SFNP, Meeting abstracts, 64th Meeting - Dec. 2022   Neuro-Oncology   Free Neuropathol 4:5:2-3 Clinico-pathological and epigenetic heterogeneity of diffuse gliomas with FGFR3:TACC3 fusion Alice Métais1,2, Arnault Tauziède-Espariat1,2, Jeremy Garcia3, Romain Appay3,4, Emmanuelle Uro-Coste5, David Meyronet6,7,8, Claude-Alain Maurage9, Fanny Vandenbos10, Valérie Rigaud11, Dan Christian Chiforeanu12, Johan Pallud13,2, Yann Suhan Senova14, Raphaël Saffroy15, Carole Colin4, Myriam Edjlali16,17, Pascale Varlet1,2, Dominique Figarella-Branger3,4 and contributors of the Biopathology RENOCLIP-LOC network18 GHU Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, site Sainte-Anne, service de Neuropathologie, Paris, France Institut de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences de Paris (IPNP), UMR_S1266, INSERM, Université de Paris, Equipe IMA-BRAIN (Imaging biomarkers for brain development and disorders), Paris, France APHM, CHU Timone, Service d'Anatomie Pathologique et de Neuropathologie, Marseille, France Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, INP, Inst Neurophysiopathol, Marseille, France Department of Pathology, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France Groupe Hospitalier Est, Département de Neuropathologie, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France Claude Bernard University Lyon 1, Lyon, France Department of Cancer cell plasticity – INSERM U1052 Cancer Research Center of Lyon, Lyon, France Department of Pathology, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France Department of Neuropathology, Hôpital Pasteur, Nice, France Department of Pathology, Gui de Chauliac Hospital, Montpellier University Medical Center, Montpellier, France Service d'Anatomie et Cytologie Pathologiques, Pontchaillou University Hospital, Rennes, France Department of Neurosurgery, GHU Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Paris, France Departments of Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP) Keywords: angers; app; centre; cnrs; department; france; france department; gliomas; hospital; hospitalier; inserm; neuropathology; paris; salpêtrière; sorbonne; university
• Vale Emeritus Professor Byron A Kakulas AO, 1932 – 2023 by Harper, Clive; Masters, Colin (2023) - Colin L Masters MD · Laureate Professor of Dementia Research · Florey Institute and The University of Melbourne, Australia c.masters@unimelb.edu.au Submitted: 17 May 2023 Accepted: 17 May 2023 Published: 22 June 2023 https://doi.org/10.17879/freeneuropathology-2023-4820 Keywords: Obituary, Neuropathology Australia, Inclusion body myositis, Muscular dystrophy Vale Emeritus Professor Byron A Kakulas AO, 1932 - 2023. It is with great sadness that we reflect on the recent passing of our friend and colleague, Emeritus Professor Byron Kakulas AO. Keywords: australia; byron; kakulas; neuropathology; professor
• My recollections of my 50 years as a neuropathologist from a neurologist’s perspective by Hashizume, Yoshio (2023) - Dr. Y Wang is currently a professor in Shanghai. Dr. Yoshida specializes in neurology and has grown to become a leading expert in the neuropathology of neurodegenerative diseases in Japan 21,22,23). Keywords: cord; figure; hashizume; hospital; institute; japanese; left; nagoya; neuropathology; professor; research; right; spinal; study; university
• How and why I fell into neuropathology by Hauw, Jean-Jacques (2023) - He recommended me to Professor Pascal Brunet (Fig 1) at La Salpêtrière Hospital, who proved to be an excellent mentor throughout my whole career. Following his advice, I did one externship in neurology in Professor Paul Castaigne’s and an additional one in Professor François Lhermitte’s department at La Salpêtrière Hospital. Keywords: autopsies; brain; charles; department; escourolle; fig; french; hauw; hospital; jean; laboratory; medicine; nerve; neurology; neuropathology; paris; pitié; professor; raymond; research; salpêtrière; tissue
• A hobby neuropathologist from Far East resides in Western Europe by Hori, Akira (2024) - He answered me: no one other than Prof. H. Jacob if I intended to learn clinical NP. Prof. Iizuka wrote me: Prof. Jacob should be your teacher and I have nothing to do with you. Keywords: colleagues; fig; germany; institute; japan; japanese; later; life; medical; neuropathology; prof; research; school; time; years
• Brainstem inflammation in sudden unexpected death in infancy and childhood (SIDS/SUDC) by Budka, Herbert; Risser, Daniele U.; Monticelli, Fabio C. (2024) - All three authors are providing (neuro)pathological examinations in forensic cases as sworn‑in experts, ordered by District Attorneys or Courts in Austria. Department of Neurology · Medical University of Vienna · 1140 Wien · Utendorfgasse 2/7 · Austria herbert.budka@meduniwien.ac.at Submitted: 2 April 2024 Accepted: 29 April 2024 Copyedited by: Bert M. Verheijen Published: 3 May 2024 https://doi.org/10.17879/freeneuropathology-2024-5479 Keywords: SIDS, SUDC, Brain inflammation, Brainstem, Neuroinflammation, Microglia Sudden Unexpected Infant Death (SUID) is the leading cause of death in the first year of age in developed countries [4] and a mystery in medicine still to be clarified. Keywords: brainstem; cases; death; infant; microglia; neuropathology; sids; sudc
• Neuropathology in 1984: a deadly shot into the heart of Europe by Budka, Herbert (2024) - The present neuropathological article relates the sad fate of František Faktor, a 33 years-old Czech who was shot by ČSSR border guards when attempting to flee to Austria at the border between Česke Velenice and Gmünd. This finding proved that ČSSR border guards had shot on Austrian territory, resulting in a major diplomatic éclat between both countries. Keywords: austria; border; cord; curtain; faktor; františek; gmünd; imagine; iron; neuropathology; nov; root; spinal
• Free Neuropathology: A bibliometric impact analysis by Haase, Georg; Margeta, Marta; Mersmann, Ralf; Paulus, Werner (2025) - Free Neuropathology has not yet received an impact factor since FNP papers are not yet indexed in the Web of Science. [7, 8], which was found to contain all 154 published FNP papers (Fig. 1B). Fig. Keywords: citations; fig; fnp; impact; neuropathology; papers

• The definition and role of brain invasion in meningioma grading: Still controversial after all these years by Perry, Arie (2021) - 505 Parnassus Avenue, M551, Box 0102 · San Francisco, CA 94143 · USA Arie.Perry@ucsf.edu Submitted: 05 March 2021 Accepted: 23 March 2021 Copyedited by: Nima Sharifai Published: 24 March 2021 https://doi.org/10.17879/freeneuropathology-2021-3276 Keywords: Meningioma, Brain invasion, Grading In their landmark 1938 monograph on meningiomas, Cushing and Eisenhardt stated that brain invasion, defined similarly to today by tumoral penetration of the pia, had long been considered a sign of malignancy1. As such, this question remains unanswered and the upcoming 5th edition of the WHO (in press) will include the following text on the question of brain invasion: “Brain invasion by meningioma is characterized by irregular, tongue-like protrusions of tumour cells into underlying GFAP-positive parenchyma, without intervening leptomeninges. Keywords: brain; brain invasion; cases; grade; invasion; meningiomas; tumor
• A potential diagnostic pitfall: Primary synovial sarcoma of the central nervous system by Tauziede-Espariat, Arnault; Macagno, Nicolas; Pissaloux, Daniel; Figarella-Branger, Dominique; Appay, Romain; Bochaton, Dorian; Tazi, Sanaa; Kauv, Paul; Hasty, Lauren; Métais, Alice; Chrétien, Fabrice; Varlet, Pascale (2022) - A potential diagnostic pitfall: Primary synovial sarcoma of the central nervous system Feel free to add comments by clicking these icons on the sidebar Free Neuropathology 3:11 (2022) Letter A potential diagnostic pitfall: Primary synovial sarcoma of the central nervous system Arnault Tauziède-Espariat1,2, Nicolas Macagno3, Daniel Pissaloux3, Dominique Figarella-Branger4,5, Romain Appay4,5, Dorian Bochaton6, Sanaa Tazi7, Paul Kauv8, Lauren Hasty1, Alice Métais1,2, Fabrice Chrétien1, Pascale Varlet1,2 1 Department of Neuropathology, GHU Paris - Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Sainte-Anne Hospital, Paris, France 2 INSERM, IMA-BRAIN, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurosciences of Paris, Université de Paris, UMR S1266, Paris, France 3 Department of Biopathology, Léon Bérard Cancer Center, Lyon, France 4 Department of Pathology, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France 5 INSERM U1037, Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), Toulouse, France 6 Institut Curie Hospital, Laboratory of Somatic Genetics, Paris, France 7 Department of Neurosurgery, Henri Mondor Hospital, Créteil, France 8 Department of Radiology, Henri Mondor Hospital, Créteil, France Corresponding author: Arnault Tauziède-Espariat · Department of Neuropathology · GHU Paris - Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Sainte-Anne Hospital · 1 Rue Cabanis, 75014 Paris · France a.tauziede-espariat@ghu-paris.fr Submitted: 14 March 2022 Accepted: 25 April 2022 Copyedited by: Cinthya Agüero Published: 26 April 2022 https://doi.org/10.17879/freeneuropathology-2022-3811 Keywords: SS18, SSX, Synovial sarcoma, BCOR Introduction Synovial sarcoma (SS) is an aggressive soft tissue sarcoma that occurs primarily in the juxta-articular extremital regions of young adults, followed by the trunk and the head and neck. Keywords: cases; cns; france; fusion; sarcoma; synovial; tumor
• Amygdala granular fuzzy astrocytes as lesions preceding development of argyrophilic grains: data from 239 autopsy cases by Yokota, Osamu; Miki, Tomoko; Ikeda, Chikako; Ishizu, Hideki; Haraguchi, Takashi; Miyashita, Akinori; Ikeuchi, Takeshi; Takenoshita, Shintaro; Terada, Seishi (2022) - The binomial logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate whether the age at death, Braak stage, Thal phase, frontal lobe GFA stage, caudate nucleus GFA stage, putamen GFA stage, or amygdala GFA stage could be used as possible predictors of the development of AGD, and it demonstrated that the amygdala GFA stage (the standardized partial regression coefficient (β), 1.79; odds ratio, 6.63; 95% confidence interval (CI), 3.57–12.32; p<0.001), the age at death (β, 1.34; odds ratio, 1.09; 95% CI, 1.02–1.16; p<0.001), the frontal lobe GFA stage (β, 0.62; odds ratio, 3.47; 95% CI, 1.06–11.33; p=0.0391), and the putamen GFA stage (β, 0.64; odds ratio, 3.10; 95% CI, 1.005–9.56; p=0.0490) were significant independent predictors of the occurrence of argyrophilic grains. Japan oyokota1@yahoo.co.jp Submitted: 15 June 2022 Accepted: 21 July 2022 Copyedited by: Irati Bastero Published: 27 July 2022 https://doi.org/10.17879/freeneuropathology-2022-4285 Additional resources and electronic supplementary material: supplementary material Keywords: Amygdala, Argyrophilic grain disease, ARTAG, Blood vessel, Granular fuzzy astrocyte, Tau Cases of argyrophilic grain disease (AGD) frequently have astrocytes containing non-argyrophilic tau-positive fine granules in the foot processes sprouting from cell bodies in the amygdala. Keywords: agd; amygdala; cases; gfas; grains; stage
• 62nd Annual Meeting of the Canadian Association of Neuropathologists - Association canadienne des neuropathologistes (CANP-ACNP) by Canadian Association of Neuropathologists - Association canadienne des neuropathologistes (CANP-ACNP), The (2022) - Abstract 3: Spinal nerve root blood in pediatric autopsy cases is not necessarily a marker of trauma at that site Abstract 4: Multifocal necrotizing leukoencephalopathy post-CoVID-19 infection: expanding the “neuro-CoVID” spectrum Abstract 5: The international disseminated pediatric low grade glioma consortium: project goals and preliminary results Abstract 3 Free Neuropathol 3:25:6 Spinal nerve root blood in pediatric autopsy cases is not necessarily a marker of trauma at that site Marc R. Del Bigio1 1 Department of Pathology, University of Manitoba and Diagnostic Services Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada Increasingly, the forensic examination of suspected child abuse cases includes dissection of the entire cervical spine; hemorrhage along nerve roots is postulated to indicate forces exerted by shaking. Keywords: abstract; association; brain; canada; canp; cases; cells; department; health; human; laboratory; medicine; neuropathol; pathology; toronto; university
• 6th Annual Conference of the Neuropathology Society of India (NPSICON) - Meeting Abstracts, February 23–25, 2023 by Neuropathology Society of India (2023) - Results: Histopathology revealed oval to columnar tumor cells arranged in pseudorosettes formation and papillary architecture with fibro-vascular core and small foci of tumor cells arranged in group. On microscopic examination sections from the mass revealed PitNET showing therapy related changes, in the form of shrinkage of tumor cells. Keywords: abstract; age; astrocytoma; background; cases; cells; chandigarh; cns; conclusion; department; diagnosis; education; ependymomas; expression; grade; immunohistochemistry; india; institute; loss; material; medical; meningiomas; methods; neuropathol; objectives; pathology; positive; posters; report; research; results; study; tumor
• Neurotrauma: 2023 Update by Priemer, David S.; Perl, Daniel P. (2023) - Importantly, in the year prior the same laboratory published the results from a different experiment in which the artificial brain model was exposed to blast wave; this resulted in an entirely different pattern of tissue distortion with physical strain maximized at interface regions, particularly the subpial region and gray-white matter junction, closely corresponding to the pattern of pathology observed in interface astroglial scarring.8,9 Chronic traumatic encephalopathy is primarily a neuronal disease Debate over how to identify and classify CTE pathology continued in 2022, with a focus being on the relevance of astrocytic ptau pathology in cases of CTE and largely in response to the de-emphasis of astrocytic ptau as necessary for a CTE diagnosis in the most recent consensus diagnostic statement.10 Authors Butler et al., with the resources of the Boston University CTE Brain Bank, examined dorsolateral frontal cortex samples from the brains of 150 decedents with known CTE for the precise cellular distribution of ptau pathology in the cerebral cortex.11 Individuals whose brains were examined in the study ranged from 21 to 80 years of age. Finally, a large-scale analysis of APOE genotypes contends that gene status may influence CTE pathology and outcomes. Keywords: age; authors; brain; cases; chronic; cte; doi; encephalopathy; evidence; impact; injury; pathology; pmcid; ptau; study; tbi; traumatic
• Molecular fragment characteristics and distribution of tangle associated TDP-43 (TATs) and other TDP-43 lesions in Alzheimer’s disease by Josephs, Keith A.; Koga, Shunsuke; Tosakulwong, Nirubol; Weigand, Stephen D.; Pham, Nha Trang Thu; Baker, Matt; Whitwell, Jennifer L.; Rademakers, Rosa; Petrucelli, Leonard; Dickson, Dennis W. (2023) - In terms of strengths, our sample was unbiased as we selected consecutive cases for the study; pathological determination of Braak NFT stage was performed by a single experienced neuropathologist, reducing variability, and TDP-43 inclusion assessments were performed by two experts to reach consensus on severity ratings; and we performed confocal microscopy to confirm that TATs represent TDP-43 colocalized with paired helical filament tau. Competing interests None Funding The study was funded by National Institute of Aging grants R01-AG37491 and RF-NS120992. Authors' contributions Dr. Josephs was responsive for generating TDP-43 burden data, obtaining study funding, and for drafting the manuscript. Keywords: alzheimer; antibodies; antibody; brain; burden; cases; characteristics; cluster; dementia; doi; inclusions; lesions; ncis; neuropathol; tats; tdp-43
• Infantile pilocytic astrocytoma with persisting external granular layer of the cerebellum: a potential diagnostic pitfall by Tauziède-Espariat, Arnault; Hasty, Lauren; Métais, Alice; Varlet, Pascale (2024) - Tumor cells did not present atypia and mitotic figures were scarce. The FISH (Fluorescent in situ Hybridization) analysis of the BRAF locus identified a rearrangement of tumor cells in both cases (Figure 1O and Q) without abnormality in the superficial undifferentiated cells. Keywords: cases; cells; cerebellum; layer; paris; pilocytic; tumor
• 64th Annual Meeting of the Canadian Association of Neuropathologists - Association canadienne des neuropathologistes (CANP-ACNP) by Canadian Association of Neuropathologists - Association canadienne des neuropathologistes (CANP-ACNP), The (2025) - We classified PSP cases into high and low groups based on the number of tau-positive astrocytes in the SN and compared clinicopathological features. Conclusion: We stratified PSP cases based on the presence and severity of NITAG-type pathology and identified distinct features supporting the notion that PSP might have different pathological subtypes eventually reflect distinct pathogenesis.   Keywords: abstract; brain; caa; canada; cases; centre; department; features; laboratory; medicine; pathology; tau; toronto; university
• Mechanical perfusion in brain banking: methods of assessment and relationship to the postmortem interval by Garrood, Macy; Keberle, Alicia; Taylor, Gabriel A.; Thorn, Emma L.; De Sanctis, Claudia; Farrell, Kurt; Crary, John F.; Sparks, Jordan S.; McKenzie, Andrew T. (2025) - Results Approach to brain perfusion In preliminary experiments, we cannulated and perfused the common carotid arteries using an anterior cervical approach that has previously been demonstrated to provide high-quality perfusion of the brain (Insausti et al., 2023). The complex interplay between these factors – agonal state, age, disease history, medications, and environmental circumstances during the PMI – likely contributes to substantial variability in postmortem brain perfusion beyond the PMI alone. Keywords: air; arteries; artery; blood; brain; cases; cortex; donor; et al; examination; figure; fixation; flow; fluid; grades; images; perfusate; perfusion; perfusion quality; postmortem; pressure; regions; tissue; vessels

• The “neuroepithelial tumor”: Exchanging our trash can for an industrial size dumpster? by Perry, Arie (2020) - For instance, whereas we previously had only two known NET entities, dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor (DNET) (don’t even get me started on “dysembryoplastic”) and cribriform neuroepithelial tumor (CRINET), we’ve since added: 1) high-grade neuroepithelial tumor (HGNET) with MN1 alteration (HGNET-MN1), 2) HGNET with BCOR exon 15 internal tandem duplication (HGNET-BCOR), 3) neuroepithelial tumor with H3 G34 mutation (NET-H3-G34), and 4) polymorphous low-grade neuroepithelial tumor of the young (PLNTY)3-9. This explains the intended use of neuroepithelial tumor in the original 1988 description of DNET10, wherein the authors emphasized their view that DNET is likely related to a developmental disorder or malformation, given the frequent histologic findings resembling focal cortical dysplasia in adjacent cortex. Keywords: cells; grade; hgnet; tumor
• Treatment of autoimmune encephalomyelitis with a histone deacetylase inhibitor: Analyzing the role of immune-response genes by Jayaraman, Arathi; Avgush, Karen; Kulam, Rashad; Soni, Advait; Khan, Areeb; Kerdjoudj, Mourad; Jayaraman, Sundararajan (2020) - Autoimmune-prone female non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice immunized with the MOG35-55 peptide consistently induced severe and long-lasting progressive EAE (PEAE) in 100% of animals characterized by paralysis of fore and hind limbs with (Slavin et al., 1998; Hidaka et al., 2014; Dang et al., 2015) or without discernible remissions (Basso et al., 2008; Jayaraman et al., 2017; 2018). Regardless, PEAE induced in NOD mice mimics features of progressive MS including the life-long disease, prominent demyelination, axonal loss, and astrogliosis (Slavin et al., 1998; Basso et al., 2008; Hidaka et al., 2014; Dang et al., 2015; Jayaraman et al., 2017; 2018), and hence is ideal for testing the efficacy of new drugs to treat progressive MS. Keywords: cells; cns; data; drug; eae; et al; expression; fig; genes; jayaraman; jayaraman et; mice; peae; sclerosis; slo; transcription; treatment; tsa
• Loss of Ramified Microglia Precedes Axonal Spheroid Formation in Adult-Onset Leukoencephalopathy with Axonal Spheroids. by Alturkustani, Murad; Zhang, Qi; AlYamany, Basma; Ang, Lee-Cyn (2020) - As we did not observe any area with axonal spheroids to have reactive ramified microglia, it is unlikely that axonal spheroids precede microglia loss. Our results and conclusions in this study (i.e. the correlation between microglia loss and axonal spheroids) are based on the pathological findings only, regardless of the underlying genetic alterations. Keywords: alas; amoeboid; areas; bar; cells; csf1r; figure; hla; loss; matter; microglia; pathology; scale; score; spheroids; study
• Desmoplastic myxoid tumor of pineal region, SMARCB1-mutant, in young adult by Manoranjan, Branavan; Starreveld, Yves P.; Nordal, Robert A.; Dunham, Christopher; Bens, Susanne; Thomas, Christian; Hasselblatt, Martin; Joseph, Jeffrey T. (2021) - Tumor cells displayed a minor predilection for the perivascular region (3E, black arrow), although they did not form ependymal pseudorosettes or pilomyxoid rosettes. Tumor cells showed a weak predilection for the perivascular region (E, white arrows; 20x) around thin-walled vessels (black arrow). Keywords: arrow; cells; csf; cytoplasm; dna; expression; figure; ini1; matrix; methylation; mutant; myxoid; pineal; region; smarcb1; tumor
• The Multifaceted Appearance of Supratentorial Ependymoma with ZFTA-MAML2 Fusion by Oon, Ming Liang; Hendriansyah, Lutfi; Pratiseyo, Patricia Diana; Wahjoepramono, Eka; Goh, Jian Yuan; Kuick, Chik Hong; Chang, Kenneth TE; Perry, Arie; Tan, Char Loo (2021) - A minor subset of tumor cells showed prominent intracytoplasmic fine eosinophilic granules, some with a more globular appearance (Fig. 2B). Focally, aggregates of tumor cells with eccentric nuclei and mucinous cytoplasm were also identified (Fig. 2D). Keywords: case; cells; ependymoma; epn; fig; fusion; maml2; tumor; zfta
• Malignant melanotic nerve sheath tumor with PRKAR1A, KMT2C and GNAQ mutations by Terry, Merryl; Wakeman, Kristina; Williams, Brian J.; Miller, Donald M.; Sak, Müge; Abdullaev, Zied; Pacheco, Marwil C.; Aldape, Kenneth; Lehman, Norman L. (2022) - Scattered melanin was identified within tumor cells and melanophages (Figure 3B and 3F). Tumor cells were diffusely immunopositive for SOX10, HMB-45, and Melan-A (Figure 4B). Keywords: cancer; cells; figure; gnaq; louisville; melanoma; melanotic; methylation; mmnst; mutations; nerve; prkar1a; right; schwannoma; sheath; tissue; tumor; tumours; usa
• Pigmented ependymoma, a tumor with predilection for the middle-aged adult: case report with methylation classification and review of 16 literature cases by Himstead, Alexander; Perez-Rosendahl, Mari; Fote, Gianna; Zhang, Angie; Kim, Michael; Floriolli, David; Quezado, Martha; Aldape, Kenneth; Pratt, Drew; Abdullaev, Zied; Monuki, Edwin; Hsu, Frank; Yong, William (2022) - A. (400X) Smear- swollen pigmented tumor cells. Clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes of pigmented tumors in central nervous system: focusing on melanocytic tumors. Keywords: case; cells; ependymoma; epn_pfb; fig; fossa; lipofuscin; methylation; pigment; review; tumor; ventricle
• Blocking TGF-β- and Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT)-mediated activation of vessel-associated mural cells in glioblastoma impacts tumor angiogenesismor angiogenesis by Merk, Luisa; Regel, Katja; Eckhardt, Hermann; Evers, Marietheres; El-Ayoubi, Ali; Mittelbronn, Michel; Krüger, Marcel; Gérardy, Jean-Jacques; Mack, Andreas F.; Naumann, Ulrike (2024) - Even after aggressive surgery, tumor cells that invaded healthy brain areas will remain and are the source of recurrence [3]. We further observed that this altered and chaotic vessel structure was clearly attenuated after knocking out TGF-β in tumor cells or SLUG in VAMCs (Fig. 9; Suppl. Keywords: brain; cells; fig; gbm; gl261; glioma; knockout; mice; par; pdgfrβ; pericytes; slug; suppl; tgf; tumor; vamcs; vascular; vessel
• Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy and hippocampal sclerosis associated with BRAFV600E mutant neurons in the Cornu Ammonis: an uncertain pathogenesis and a diagnostic challenge by Alsalek, Samir; Himstead, Alexander; Self, Scott; Fote, Gianna; Vadera, Sumeet; Monuki, Edwin; Perez-Rosendahl, Mari; Yong, William (2024) - There were far more NeuN immunopositive neurons than BRAF mutant neurons. A curvilinear distribution of BRAF mutant neurons mimics the usual neuroanatomic architecture of the CA (Figure 2G). Keywords: braf; brafv600e; cd34; cells; epilepsy; hippocampal; lobe; mtle; mutant; neurons; sclerosis; temporal
• Stem cell-associated transcription factors in non-functioning pituitary neuroendocrine tumours by Øystese, Kristin Astrid; Olarescu, Nicoleta Cristina; Lindskog, Cecilia; Xheka, Fabjola; Berg-Johnsen, Jon; Berg , Jens Petter; Bollerslev, Jens; Casar-Borota, Olivera (2024) - It has been hypothesised that pituitary stem cells play a role in the development of PitNETs by paracrine effects, while tumour models have shown that the stem cells themselves do not give rise to tumour cells  Furthermore, nuclear coexpression of PROP1 and SOX2 was found in tumour stem cells isolated from NF-PitNETs [20]. Keywords: cells; epub; expression; gonadotroph; ihc; markers; pitnets; pituitary; pmid; prop1; pubmed; pubmed pmid; sox2; sox9; staining; stem; tumours
• YAP1 fusion-positive ependymoma presenting in an adult with a pigmented phenotype and association with superficial siderosis by Lopes Abath Neto, Osorio; Furtado Freitas, Leonardo; Quezado, Martha; Abdullaev, Zied; Aldape, Kenneth (2024) - YAP1 fusion-positive ependymoma presenting in an adult with a pigmented phenotype and association with superficial siderosis Feel free to add comments by clicking these icons on the sidebar Free Neuropathology 5:23 (2024) Letter YAP1 fusion-positive ependymoma presenting in an adult with a pigmented phenotype and association with superficial siderosis Osorio Lopes Abath Neto1, Leonardo Furtado Freitas2, Martha Quezado3, Zied Abdullaev3, Kenneth Aldape3 Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, 200 Hawkins Dr, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA Department of Radiology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, 200 Hawkins Dr, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Dr., Room 2S235, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA Corresponding author: Osorio Lopes Abath Neto · Department of Pathology · University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics · 200 Hawkins Dr · Iowa City · IA 52242 · USA osorio-lopesabathneto@uiowa.edu Submitted: 19 August 2024 Accepted: 23 September 2024 Copyedited by: Vanessa S. Goodwill Published: 07 October 2024 https://doi.org/10.17879/freeneuropathology-2024-5817 Keywords: Pigmented, Ependymoma, YAP1, Siderosis, DNA methylation Ependymomas containing pigmented tumor cells are rare, with only 17 reported cases in the literature1,2,3,4, most of which arrising from the fourth ventricle or adjacent locations in the infratentorial compartment. Furthermore, the presence of lipofuscin argues in favor of postmitotic tumor cells that have aged long enough to allow for the accumulation of non-degradable proteins within the cytoplasm. Keywords: cells; ependymoma; fusion; iowa; superficial; tumor; yap1

• Molecular clarification of brainstem astroblastoma with EWSR1-BEND2 fusion in a 38-year-old man by Smith-Cohn, Matthew A.; Abdullaev, Zied; Aldape, Kenneth D.; Quezado, Martha; Rosenblum, Marc K.; Vanderbilt, Chad M.; Rodriguez, Fausto J.; Laterra, John; Eberhart, Charles G. (2021) - Legend: MB,G3, medulloblastoma, subclass group 3; EPN, PF A, ependymoma, posterior fossa group A; EPN, PF B, ependymoma, posterior fossa group B; SUBEPN, PF, subependymoma, posterior fossa; MB, SHH CHL AD, medulloblastoma, subclass SHH A (children and adult); MB, SHH INF, medulloblastoma, subclass SHH B (infant); CONTR, CEBM, control tissue, cerebellar hemisphere; LIPN, cerebellar liponeurocytoma; CNS NB, FOXR2, CNS neuroblastoma with FOXR2 activation; SP-EPN-MYCN, MYCN amplified spinal cord ependymoma; EPN, YAP, ependymoma, YAP fusion; HGNET, MN1; high grade neuroepithelial tumor with MN1 alteration; GBM, G34, glioblastoma, IDH wildtype, H3.3 G34 mutant; GBM, MES, glioblastoma, IDH wildtype, subclass mesenchymal; GBM, MID, glioblastoma, IDH wildtype, subclass midline; GBM, MYCN, glioblastoma, IDH wildtype, subclass MYCN; GBM, RTK I, glioblastoma, IDH wildtype, subclass RTK I; GBM, RTK II, glioblastoma, IDH wildtype, subclass RTK II; GBM, RTK III, glioblastoma, IDH wildtype, subclass RTK III; HGNET, BCOR, CNS high grade neuroepithelial tumor with BCOR alteration; PTPR, A, papillary tumor of the pineal region group A; PTPR, B, papillary tumor of the pineal region group B; CONTR, PONS, control tissue, pons; CONTR, WM, control tissue, white matter; CONTR, HYPTHAL, control tissue, hypothalamus; CONTR, HEMI, control tissue, hemispheric cortex; CN, central neurocytoma; SUBEPN, SPINE, subependymoma, spinal; LGG, MYB, low grade glioma, MYB/MYBL1; LGG, DNT, low grade glioma, dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor; LGG, GG, low grade glioma, ganglioglioma; IHG, infantile hemispheric glioma; LGG, PA/GG ST, low grade glioma, rosette forming glioneuronal tumor; LGG, RGNT, rosette forming glioneuronal tumor; CONTR, REACT, reactive tumor microenvironment; DLGNT, diffuse leptomeningeal glioneuronal tumor; ANA PA, anaplastic pilocytic astrocytoma; PXA, (anaplastic) pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma; LYMPHO, lymphoma; DMG, K27, diffuse midline glioma H3 K27M mutant; LGG, PA PF, subclass posterior fossa pilocytic astrocytoma; LGG, PA MID, midline pilocytic astrocytoma; CONTR, INFLAM, control tissue, inflammatory tumor microenvironment; EPN, RELA, ependymoma, RELA fusion; ATRT, TYR, atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor, subclass TYR; CHGL, chordoid glioma of the third ventricle; LGG, SEGA, subependymal giant cell astrocytoma. Our patient is unique due to the presence of a rare non-canonical EWSR1-BEND2 fusion between chromosomes 22 and X. Interestingly, early molecular analyses of astroblastomas identified deletions in chromosomes 22q and X.1,2 Including our case, there are at least four known cases of CNS tumor with EWSR1-BEND2 fusions in the literature (Table 1).3–5 Keywords: alteration; astroblastoma; bend2; case; cns; ewsr1; fusion; grade; mn1; tumor; year
• Differentiation of primary CNS lymphoma and glioblastoma using Raman spectroscopy and machine learning algorithms by Klamminger, Gilbert Georg; Klein, Karoline; Mombaerts, Laurent; Jelke, Finn; Mirizzi, Giulia; Slimani, Rédouane; Husch, Andreas; Mittelbronn, Michel; Hertel, Frank; Kleine Borgmann, Felix Bruno (2021) - Raman and FTIR spectroscopy in determining the chemical changes in healthy brain tissues and glioblastoma tumor tissues. Assessment of tumor tissue via RS during diagnostic stereotactic interventions may lead to early changes of the intraoperative surgical course by favoring immediate surgical intervention in the case of glioblastoma or rather to cessation of the procedure in lymphoma patients without waiting for more detailed histopathological analysis. Keywords: classification; cm-1; data; ffpe; glioblastoma; luxembourg; lymphoma; pcnsl; raman; spectroscopy; tissue; tumor
• An atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor (AT/RT) with molecular features of pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma (PXA) in a 62-year-old patient by Dottermusch, Matthias; Alomari, Ali; Uksul, Nesrin; Knappe, Ulrich J.; Neumann, Julia E. (2021) - As it is the case for the herein presented tumor, it remains unclear, if AT/RTs with molecular features of PXA correspond to secondary rhabdoid tumors, which have emerged from and entirely outgrown preexisting PXAs. Preoperative lumbar puncture with examination of cerebrospinal fluid revealed extensive presence of tumor cells. Keywords: atypical; figure; ini1; rhabdoid; smarcb1; teratoid; tumor
• Cell-in-cell phenomena of intracellular neutrophils in a recurrent pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma by Fote, Gianna M.; Urgun, Kamran; Davies, Jordan; Himstead, Alexander S.; Gramajo-Aponte, Kevin; Lopez, Alexander; Hsu, Frank P.K.; Yong, William H. (2024) - Bland necrosis - 200X. (iii) Necrosis with abundant neutrophils - 200X. (iv) Mostly viable neutrophils within intracytoplasmic vacuolar spaces of cell (arrow) - 600X. (v) Varying degrees of engulfed neutrophil degeneration - 600X. (vi) Degenerate basophilic nucleus in tumor cell (arrow) - 400X. (vii) BRAFV600E immunopositive tumor cells - 200X. (viii) S100 immunonegative tumor cells; S100 immunopositive small histiocytes - 200X. (ix) CD68 immunonegative tumor cells; CD68 immunopositive small histiocytes - 200X. (x) Ki-67 immunopositivity in many tumor nuclei - 200X. (xi) Myeloperoxidase immunostaining highlights the predominantly intracytoplasmic localization of neutrophils - 400X. (C) Timeline of the patient’s clinical course. We observed mostly viable but also necrotic neutrophils engulfed within tumor cells. Keywords: cell; diagnosis; doi; figure; medicine; neutrophils; patient; pleomorphic; tumor; xanthoastrocytoma
• Malignant glioma in L-2-Hydroxy Glutaric Aciduria: thorough molecular characterization of a case and literature review by Cordier, Fleur; Wesseling, Pieter; Tops, Bastiaan B.J.; Kester, Lennart; French, Pim J.; van den Bent, Martin; Hinz, Felix; Aronica, Eleonora; Slot, K. Mariam; Abbink, Floor; van der Knaap, Marjo S.; Kranendonk, Mariëtte E.G. (2024) - Dot-like EMA staining was found in a small number of tumor cells. Malignant glioma in L-2-Hydroxyglutaric Aciduria: thorough molecular characterization of a case and literature review Free Neuropathology 5:11 (2024) Case Report Malignant glioma in L-2-Hydroxyglutaric Aciduria: thorough molecular characterization of a case and literature review Fleur Cordier1,2, Pieter Wesseling1,3, Bastiaan B.J. Tops1, Lennart Kester1, Pim J. French4, Martin van den Bent4, Felix Hinz5,11, Eleonora Aronica3, K. Mariam Slot6, Floor Abbink7, Marjo S. van der Knaap8,9,10, Mariëtte E.G. Kranendonk1 Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands Department of Pathology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium Department of Pathology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers (UMC), University of Amsterdam (EA) and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (PW), Amsterdam Neuroscience, The Netherlands Department of Neurology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany Department of Neurosurgery, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Department of Pediatric Oncology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Department of Pediatric Neurology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany Corresponding authors: Marjo S. van der Knaap & Pieter Wesseling · Dept. of Pediatric Neurology & Pathology · Amsterdam University Medical Centers/Vumc · De Boelelaan 1117 · 1081 HV Amsterdam · The Netherlands p.wesseling@amsterdamumc.nl Submitted: 15 February 2024 Accepted: 23 April 2024 Copyedited by: Georg Haase Published: 3 May 2024 https://doi.org/10.17879/freeneuropathology-2024-5377 Keywords: L-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria, CNS tumor, Paediatric-type diffuse high-grade glioma, DNA-methylation-classification, Sequencing Abstract L-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria (L-2-HGA) is a rare neurometabolic disorder characterized by accumulation of L2-hydroxyglutarate (L-2-HG) due to mutations in the L2HGDH gene. Keywords: aciduria; amsterdam; diffuse; glioma; hga; hydroxyglutaric; idh; l-2; methylation; tumor
• A novel FUS::BEND2 fusion expanding the molecular spectrum of astroblastomas by Tauziède-Espariat, Arnault; Bonhomme, Benjamin; Truffaux, Nathalène; Dangouloff-Ros, Volodia; Boddaert, Nathalie; Beccaria, Kévin; Hasty, Lauren; Métais, Alice; Varlet, Pascale (2024) - [1], after the discovery of MN1 fusions (with BEND2 as the main partner gene) The recent literature has concluded that BEND2 fusions (without the MN1 gene) may occur in this tumor type. Keywords: astroblastoma; bend2; case; fusion; gene; mn1; paris; tumor
• A novel KDM2A::YAP1 fusion in a pediatric supratentorial CNS neoplasm resembling a tumor with BCOR internal tandem duplication by Tauziede-Espariat, Arnault; Métais, Alice; Bochaton, Dorian; Servant, Euphrasie; Chotard, Guillaume; Le Quang, Mégane; Bonhomme, Benjamin; Truffaux, Nathalène; Dangouloff-Ros, Volodia; Boddaert, Nathalie; Hasty, Lauren; Gimbert, Edouard; Varlet, Pascale (2025) - In the literature, other alterations implicating the BCOR gene (CREBBP::BCOR fusions) or its ligand BCORL1 (EP300::BCORL1, CREBBP::BCORL1 fusions) have been reported (16,22,23), for which SATB2 IHC may constitute a helpful diagnostic tool, being positive in CNS tumors with BCOR alterations (regardless of their molecular abnormality), and in sarcoma harboring KDM2B or YWHAE fusions (1,2). In contrast to previously reported CNS cases harboring an alternative gene fusion of the PRC1.1 complex, the current tumor presented histopathological similarities to CNS tumors with BCOR alterations but not sarcomas (5). Keywords: bcor; cns; figure; france; fusion; paris; pathol; tumor
• A malignant choroid plexus tumor with heterologous differentiation and BAP1 deletion suggesting choroid plexus blastoma by Tauziède-Espariat, Arnault; Métais, Alice; Guerrini-Rousseau, Léa; Sassi, Farah; Hasty, Lauren; Saffroy, Raphaël; Dangouloff-Ros, Volodia; Beccaria, Kévin; Servant, Euphrasie; Varlet, Pascale (2025) - We could like to point out that this case represents the second observation of a malignant choroid plexus tumor showing heterologous elements, thus highlighting the value of DNA-methylation profiling in the diagnosis of choroid plexus tumors with unusual histopathological features. The genetic landscape of choroid plexus tumors in children and adults. Keywords: bap1; choroid; figure; france; france department; paris; plexus; tumor
• Histologic and molecular characterization of a MAZ::NCOA2 fusion-positive intracranial neoplasm by Stalter, Elliot; Voyles, Claire; Freitas, Leonardo F.; Quezado, Martha M.; Dlouhy, Brian J.; Groves, Andrew; Lopes Abath Neto, Osorio (2025) - More than one third of soft tissue tumor types harbor gene fusions, over half of which are recurrent, and in the central nervous system (CNS) fusions are uniquely associated with infantile tumors1. C–L. An intraoperative smear preparation (C; H&E, 400X) shows that tumor cells are spindled, with hyperchromatic elongated nuclei and processes. Keywords: city; figure; fusion; health; iowa; maz::ncoa2; tumor; usa

• ACOX1 gain-of-function post-mortem neuropathology is distinct from ACOX1 loss-of-function: case report and literature review by Hubler, Zita; Roberts, Kaleigh Filisa; Sharifai, Nima; Sim, Julia; Hung, Sophia A.; Robvais, Grace E.; Pestronk, Alan; Schmidt, Robert E.; Dahiya, Sonika; Bucelli, Robert C. (2025) - greater than small (purple arrow), myelinated axons, empty MBP sheaths (evidence of ongoing axon loss) and small axons with associated MBP staining (immature/regenerating axons). The dorsal root ganglia showed frequent Nageotte nodules, indicating ganglion cell loss (Fig. 3b). Keywords: acox1; cord; dorsal; function; loss; mitchell; myelin; pathology

• Top ten discoveries of the year: Neurodevelopmental disorders by Dierssen, Mara (2020) - Cerebral organoids model human brain development and microcephaly. This coordinated development provides the architecture for the expansion of behavioral and cognitive abilities, especially rapid in the first years, but also especially vulnerable to genetic and/or environmental insults leading to developmental brain disorders. Keywords: asd; autism; brain; cell; development; disorders; editing; et al; fetal; genes; human; imaging; mri; neurons; organoids; rna; schizophrenia; stem; studies; study; utero
• Neurodevelopmental disorders: 2022 update by Sabariego-Navarro, Miguel; Fernández-Blanco, Alvaro; Sierra, César; Dierssen, Mara (2022) - This study used three times more genomes as compared to the analysis of Mitra et al., thus substantially increasing the statistical power. Weyn-Vanhentenryck, S.M., et al., Precise temporal regulation of alternative splicing during neural development. Keywords: alterations; asd; astrocytes; brain; cell; chromatin; development; disability; disorders; dna; et al; genes; genome; human; mechanisms; mice; mutations; role; syndrome; type
• Postmortem changes in brain cell structure: a review by Krassner, Margaret; Kauffman, Justin; Sowa, Allison; Cialowicz, Katarzyna; Walsh, Samantha; Farrell, Kurt; Crary, John; McKenzie, Andrew (2023) - Mechanism or associated outcome Role in postmortem brain decomposition Cell death by oncotic necrosis The main cell death pathway in the postmortem brain, wherein the loss of ATP leads to a sequence of morphological changes and eventual necrosis Autolysis Primary role in the early postmortem decomposition of brain cells Apoptosis Not a substantial contributor to postmortem decomposition, because this cell death pathway requires ATP Compacted neurons (a.k.a. dark neurons) May become more common after short periods of PMI, but less common with longer periods of PMI; is not thought to contribute to postmortem decomposition Temporary ischemia Temporary cerebral ischemia followed by reperfusion has much different mechanisms of decomposition (e.g. requiring ATP) than the permanent global cerebral ischemia that occurs postmortem Postmortem fluid shifts Biomolecular breakdown and blood extravasation leads to dramatic fluid shifts in the early postmortem brain; eventually, the brain is transformed to a paste- or fluid-like consistency Perivascular and pericellular rarefactions These areas expand and become more frequent in the PMI, which appears to be due to the swelling of astrocyte processes and other cells, causing those areas to not stain on light microscopy Vacuolization Common finding in postmortem brain cells and tissue spaces such as the neuropil that evolves throughout the PMI and can cause alteration of cell morphometry or compression of other structures Biomolecule degradation Largely driven by enzymes, biomolecule breakdown is a key driving force of postmortem decomposition, varying in rate based on many factors, such as the substrate and the temperature Biomolecule redistribution The breakdown of the factors stabilizing biomolecules in place in vivo leads them to eventually diffuse away from their original locations, with degrees of both Gaussian and non-Gaussian spread Table 1. Many studies describe vacuoles as a characteristic morphologic finding in postmortem brain cells (Haines and Jenkins, 1968; Hilbig et al., 2004; Koenig and Koenig, 1952). Keywords: biomolecules; brain; brain cell; brain tissue; cell; cell death; changes; colleagues; death; decomposition; dendrites; electron; et al; example; features; fixation; fluid; h pmi; human; ischemia; loss; membrane; methods; microscopy; morphology; morphometry; myelin; necrosis; neurol; neurons; neuropathol; pathol; pmi; pmis; postmortem; postmortem brain; postmortem changes; postmortem decomposition; processes; protein; rate; review; staining; structure; studies; study; swelling; synapses; temperature; time; tissue; vacuolization; visualization
• Cellular activation patterns of CD10+ fibro-adipogenic progenitors across acquired disease states in human skeletal muscle biopsies by Schutz, Peter W.; Cheung, Simon; Yi, Lin; Rossi, Fabio M. V. (2024) - Results: Histological activation of endomysial CD10+ FAPs includes prominent expansion of a network of cell processes surrounding muscle fibers, as well as endomysial cell clusters evidencing proliferation. Endomysial FAPs form an interconnected network of processes on the surface of muscle fibers and extending along capillaries. Keywords: activation; atrophy; biopsies; cd10; cell; fap; fap activation; faps; fibers; fibro; ibm; muscle; processes; staining; type
• The presence of shrunken neurons with pyknotic nuclei in the dentate nucleus is a common postmortem change associated with autolysis of the cerebellar granular cell layer by Dundar, Bilge; Agac, Busranur; Alzayadneh, Eyas; Tashjian, Randy; Conway, Kyle (2024) - Age 0.97 < 0.01 Male 1.20 0.18 Neuropathologic features (n = 81) Granular cell layer autolysis (severity; 0 - 3) -1.65 < 0.01 Postmortem interval (24 hours) -0.65 0.12 Cerebellar arteriolosclerosis (severity; 0 - 3) -0.03 0.94 Hypoxic-ischemic injury (present/absent) -0.65 0.52 Neurodegenerative disease (present/absent) 2.91 < 0.01 Clinicopathologic features (n = 53) Acute liver failure (present/absent) -4.39 < 0.01 Chronic liver disease (present/absent) -1.93 0.15 Acute kidney injury (present/absent) -1.15 0.26 Chronic kidney disease (present/absent) 1.44 0.22 Diffuse alveolar damage (present/absent) -2.05 0.85 History of smoking (present/absent) -1.03 0.31 History of hypertension (present/absent) -1.54 0.19 Heart weight (per 100 grams) 0.00 0.30 History of diabetes (present/absent) -2.29 0.03 The fact that both significant clinicopathologic relationships – acute liver injury and a history of diabetes – appear to be also associated with GCA suggests that these clinical states predispose decedents to cerebellar autolytic change. The diameter of DN neuronal cell bodies may provide a measurable proxy for cerebellar autolysis to assist in semi-quantitative assessment of GCA. Keywords: cell; cerebellar; change; gca; neurons
• Neurodevelopmental disorders: 2024 update by Martínez de Lagrán, María; Bascón-Cardozo , Karen; Dierssen, Mara (2024) - Sheridan et al. Arai T, Kamagata K, Uchida W, Andica C, Takabayashi K, Saito Y, et al. Keywords: asd; autism; brain; brain development; cell; cerebellum; data; development; disorders; elements; et al; function; genes; genome; human; imaging; individuals; lines‑1; long; maturation; ndds; neurodevelopmental; neurons; protein; rna; role; schizophrenia; spectrum; studies; study; syndrome
• Cryopreservation of brain cell structure: a review by McKenzie, Andrew T.; Thorn, Emma L.; Nnadi, Oge; Wróbel, Borys; Kendziorra, Emil; Farrell, Kurt; Crary, John F. (2024) - The reviews on brain tissue cryopreservation have tended to focus on aspects other than histology, such as biobanking in general (Shabihkhani et al., 2014) or cellular survival (Paynter, 2008). Second, our review focused primarily on brain tissue cryopreservation, with limited consideration of other tissue types. Keywords: artifacts; brain tissue; cell; cooling; cryofixation; cryopreservation; cryoprotectants; crystals; damage; effects; electron; et al; formation; freezing; human; ice; ice damage; ice formation; immersion; liquid; methods; microscopy; morphology; nitrogen; rate; research; review; samples; storage; studies; study; temperature; tissue; vitrification; water
• Evaluating ultrastructural preservation quality in banked brain tissue by Garrood, Macy; Keberle, Alicia; Sowa, Allison; Janssen, William; Thorn, Emma; De Sanctis, Claudia; Farrell, Kurt; Crary, John; McKenzie, Andrew (2025) - Introduction Since the 1950s, when the synapse was first visualized with an electron microscope, the ultra- structural analysis of brain tissue has enabled many critical discoveries about the structure of the brain (Sotelo, 2020; Nahirney and Tremblay, 2021). Previous studies have found that fixation and sample preparation methods can influence the visualized ultrastructure of brain tissue (Schiff and Gennaro Jr., 1979; Small, 1981; Sele et al., 2019; Eberhardt et al., 2022; Shafiei et al., 2024). Keywords: artifacts; brain; cell; cortex; electron; et al; fixation; garrood; hours; https://doi.org/10.17879/freeneuropathology-2025-6763; human; images; light; microscopy; perfusion; pmi; postmortem; preservation; quality; samples; staining; thalamus; tissue

• Fluid preservation in brain banking: a review by McKenzie, Andrew; Nnadi, Oge; Slagell, Kat D.; Thorn, Emma L.; Farrell, Kurt; Crary, John F. (2024) - Although formic acid may not adversely affect histology after short exposure times of one hour, its long-term effects on brain tissue preservation are still a concern (Brown et al., 1990). A more recent study using mass spectrometry found that there was a loss of phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylserine detection in fixed brain tissue, while sphingolipids remained intact after years of storage in formalin (Gaudin et al., 2014). Keywords: acid; banking; biomolecules; brain; brain tissue; buffer; changes; chemical; clearing; concentration; damage; data; dna; effects; et al; ethanol; example; fixation; fixative; fluid; formaldehyde; formalin; gel; glycerol; human; imaging; lipids; long; methods; paraffin; preservation; proteins; review; solutions; specimens; staining; storage; studies; study; temperature; term; term storage; time; tissue; use; van; years

• 35th Australian and New Zealand Society for Neuropathology (ANZSNP) Scientific Meeting - Meeting Abstracts, August 31st - September 1st, 2024 by The Australian and New Zealand Society for Neuropathology (ANZSNP) (2024) - Interesting case presentation abstracts   Case presentation 1 Free Neuropathol 5:29:8 CNS Neuroepithelial tumours with PATZ1 fusion Mike Watson1 Department of Anatomical Pathology, Auckland City Hospital, New Zealand CNS neuroepithelial tumours with PATZ1 fusions comprise a heterogenous group. https://doi.org/10.17879/freeneuropathology-2024-5984 Keywords: ANZSNP, 35th ANZSNP Scientific Meeting 2024, Australian and New Zealand Society for Neuropathology (ANZSNP), Queenstown, New Zealand Table of contents Research paper oral presentation abstracts Keywords: case; department; dna; meeting; methylation; new; pbl; presentation; zealand

• Ex situ perfusion fixation for brain banking: a technical report by McKenzie, Andrew T.; Woodoff-Leith, Emma; Dangoor, Diana; Cervera, Alessandra; Ressler, Hadley; Whitney, Kristen; Dams-O’Connor, Kristen; Wu, Zhuhao; Hillman, Elizabeth M.C.; Seifert, Alan C.; Crary, John F. (2022) - Brain perfusion fixation in male pigs using a safer closed system. 5 µm FFPE tissue sections prepared from perfusion fixation brain tissue were baked for 1 hour at 70° C, and the RNAScope assay was run on the Leica BOND Rx automated slide stainer platform (Leica Biosystems). Keywords: blood; brain; case; et al; fixation; fixative; flow; human; immersion; new; perfusion; perfusion fixation; pressure; procedure; situ; tissue; vessels; york
• Glioneuronal heterotopia in the right middle cranial fossa by Russler-Germain, Emilie; Majumdar, Shamaita; Nguyen, Theresa; Hirose, Keiko; Yang, Peter H.; Mian, Ali; Dahiya, Sonika (2024) - Developing brain tissue and robust reactive changes resulted in high proliferation indices, a potential diagnostic pitfall. (A) and high- (B) power hematoxylin and eosin-stained sections demonstrate widespread ulceration (*) of the lining squamous epithelium (inset), hyalinized ectatic vessels, and reactive glioneuronal tissue (arrows indicate calcospherites). Keywords: brain; case; extracerebral; fossa; heterotopia; intracranial; mass; tissue
• Preservation of cellular structure via immersion fixation in brain banking by Garrood, Macy; Thorn, Emma L.; Goldstein, Adam; Sowa, Allison; Janssen, William; Wilson, Alyssa; López, Claudia S.; Shankar, Raakhee; Stempinski, Erin S.; Farrell, Kurt; Crary, John F.; McKenzie, Andrew T. (2025) - Introduction High-quality preservation of large samples of brain tissue for subsequent study is critical for many areas, including clinical care, research, and education. In this study, we employ a multimodal approach, using light microscopy to assess large areas of brain tissue and EM techniques to evaluate detailed histologic features. Keywords: areas; brain; brain tissue; data; electron; et al; fixation; human; images; immersion; immersion fixation; microscopy; myelin; postmortem; preservation; quality; regions; samples; tissue

• Neurotrauma: 2022 update by Priemer, David S.; Perl, Daniel P. (2022) - Localizing clinical patterns of blast traumatic brain injury through computational modeling and simulation. November 2022 Copyedited by: Shino Magaki Published: 15 November 2022 https://doi.org/10.17879/freeneuropathology-2022-4495 Keywords: Traumatic brain injury, Chronic traumatic encephalopathy, Tau, Interface astroglial scarring, Diffuse axonal injury, Multidimensional MRI Abstract The year 2021 was highlighted by many notable advancements in the field of neurotrauma and associated neuropathology. Keywords: acetylated; authors; blast; brain; criteria; cte; head; injury; study; tau; tbi
• An optimized filter trap assay for detecting recombinant authentic tau fibrils by Balaj, Allison R.; Rothstein, Thomas L.; Kaku, Hiroaki (2024) - Our investigation highlights the superior efficacy of sarkosyl, an anionic surfactant traditionally used to prepare protein lysates from brains and cultured neurons, in preserving the aggregated state of tau dGAE fibrils in vitro, underscoring its potential for further exploratory studies. Although sarkosyl has traditionally been used to prepare lysates from brain tissues and from cultured neurons to detect tau aggregates, the effectiveness of sarkosyl in maintaining the aggregated state of tau dGAE fibrils in vitro presents a promising avenue for future studies. Keywords: aggregates; aggregation; dgae; fibrils; fta; sarkosyl; tau

• Regression of multiple intracranial meningiomas after cessation of long-term synthetic progesterone (megestrol) medication: case report and autopsy by AlDoheyan, Tamadar A.; Del Bigio, Marc R. (2024) - One woman was prescribed apremilast, an inhibitor of phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4), for her psoriasis during the period of meningioma regression [32]. The present report is the first one to show the histopathologic endpoint associated with meningioma regression. Keywords: case; megestrol; meningioma; progesterone; receptor; regression; report; tumors; years
• Assessment of intraepidermal nerve fiber densities in 5 µm sections from arm and leg – a search for normative age-related values by Ekman, Linnéa; Dahlin, Lars B.; Englund, Elisabet (2024) - Assessment of intraepidermal nerve fiber densities in 5 µm sections from arm and leg – a search for normative age-related values Feel free to add comments by clicking these icons on the sidebar Free Neuropathology 5:24 (2024) Original Paper Assessment of intraepidermal nerve fiber densities in 5 µm sections from arm and leg – a search for normative age-related values Linnéa Ekman1, Lars B. Dahlin1, 2, 3, Elisabet Englund4 Department of Translational Medicine, Hand Surgery, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden Department of Hand Surgery, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden Division of Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden Corresponding author: Linnéa Ekman · Department of Translational Medicine · Hand Surgery · Lund University · Jan Waldenströms gata 5 · 205 02 Malmö · Sweden linnea.ekman@med.lu.se Submitted: 19 August 2024 Accepted: 23 September 2024 Copyedited by: Aivi Nguyen Published: 11 October 2024 https://doi.org/10.17879/freeneuropathology-2024-5815 Keywords: Intraepidermal nerve fiber density, Skin biopsy, Peripheral neuropathy, Small nerve fiber neuropathy Abstract Background and aims: Normative values are lacking regarding intraepidermal nerve fiber density (IENFD) in thin sections of 5 µm. These precautions were taken to minimize the potential influence of the lesion on nerve fiber density and ensure that the assessment was conducted on skin resembling normal skin. Keywords: age; arm; distal; fiber; ienfd; leg; nerve; proximal; sections; skin; study; years

• Neuronal Transcriptome from C9orf72 Repeat Expanded Human Tissue is Associated with Loss of C9orf72 Function by Liu, Elaine Y.; Russ, Jenny; Lee, Edward B. (2020) - However, knockout mouse models of C9orf72 do not show neuronal defects but, rather, exhibit an inflammatory phenotype (39-41), although reduction of C9orf72 protein appears to exacerbate phenotypes in mice overexpressing mutant C9orf72 RNA (42). The mutation is associated with a reduction of C9orf72 protein and accumulation of toxic RNA and dipeptide repeat aggregates. Keywords: als; analysis; associated; c9orf72; carriers; changes; expansion; expression; function; genes; loss; mutation; nuclei; protein; repeat; rna; tdp-43; transcriptome

• Reference on copy number variations in pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma: Implications for diagnostic approach by Reuss, David E.; Schrimpf, Daniel; Stichel, Damian; Ebrahimi, Azadeh; Dampier, Chris; Aldape, Kenneth; Snuderl, Matija; Capper, David; Sill, Martin; Jones, David T.W.; Pfister, Stefan M.; Felix, Sahm; von Deimling, Andreas (2023) - Tumors with mcPXA prediction are highly homogenous in respect to grouping upon tSNE analyses or CNV analyses independent of whether they were histologically diagnosed as PXA or as other tumors (Figures 2 and 3, tables 1 and 2). Given the demonstrated morphological heterogeneity of mcPXA tumors, this work contributes to providing an alternative for defining PXA on molecular, rather than morphological grounds. Keywords: diagnosis; germany; heidelberg; mcpxa; mcpxaref; methylation; prediction; pxa; reference; tumors
• Heterogeneity of DNA methylation profiles and copy number alterations in 10782 adult-type glioblastomas, IDH-wildtype by Reuss, David E.; Schrimpf , Daniel; Cherkezov , Asan; Suwala , Abigail K.; Lausová , Tereza; Snuderl , Matija; Capper , David; Sill, Martin; Jones , David T. W.; Pfister , Stefan M.; Sahm , Felix; von Deimling, Andreas (2024) - Currently best studied within this group is mc GBM_PNC typically exhibiting gains on chromosome 1 and fewer gene amplifications, lower incidence of the 7/10 signature and fewer homozygous deletions of CDKN2A/B than the majority of glioblastoma IDH wildtype tumors (14). mc (n) 1p 1q 7p 7q 10p 10q 13q 19p 19q 20p 20q 7/10 sig.   gain gain gain gain loss loss loss gain gain gain gain n ( %) HGG_B (117) 3 % 9 % 9 % 4 % 10 % 15 % 20 % 3 % 3 % 15 % 11 % 2 (2 %) HGG_E (153) 5 % 15 % 5 % 10 % 6 % 12 % 34 % 3 % 2 % 2 % 8 % 5 (3 %) HGG_F (150) 2 % 13 % 21 % 18 % 22 % 21 % 15 % 0 % 0 % 2 % 1 % 23 (15 %) GBM_MES_ATYP (329) 16 % 11 % 62 % 57 % 53 % 47 % 46 % 2 % 1 % 18 % 16 % 125 (38 %) GBM_MES_TYP (3668) 5 % 5 % 76 % 70 % 87 % 85 % 33 % 9 % 12 % 28 % 22 % 2667 (73 %) GBM_RTK1 (2267) 6 % 10 % 83 % 81 % 82 % 85 % 41 % 11 % 8 % 13 % 13 % 1739 (77 %) GBM_RTK2 (3924) 6 % 8 % 88 % 87 % 93 % 92 % 24 % 43 % 42 % 48 % 46 % 3495 (89 %) GBM_PNC (124) 48 % 46 % 58 % 57 % 90 % 90 % 47 % 10 % 10 % 40 % 41 % 71 (57 %) GBM_CBM (59) 6 % 22 % 24 % 26 % 38 % 26 % 34 % 6 % 4 % 10 % 12 % 6 (12 %) Table 2. Keywords: age; chromosome; data; diagnosis; gbm_mes_typ; gbm_rtk1; glioblastoma; idh; methylation; table; tumors; wildtype

• Adrenomyeloneuropathy (AMN): myelinopathy or axonopathy? Comment on: Considering the myelin-centric hypothesis: insights from Budka's historical adrenomyeloneuropathy case report by E. Salsano and C. Benzoni by Budka, Herbert (2023) - First, affected cerebrospinal tracts show not only diffuse loss of myelin, resulting from moderate loss of myelinated fibers, but also moderate diffuse loss of pNFP-immunoreactive axons (Fig. 1) that seems to be commensurate with myelin loss. Thus the situation is complicated by the mutual dependency between myelin sheath and axon, leading to secondary axonopathies in primary myelinopathies, and vice versa. Keywords: amn; case; fig; institute; myelin

• SARS-CoV-2 vaccination induced cerebral venous sinus thrombosis: Do megakaryocytes, platelets and lipid mediators make up the orchestra? by Chiang, Kate Chander; Raghavan, Ravi; Gupta, Ajay (2021) - We propose that antiplatelet agents targeting thromboxane A2 receptor signaling such as low-dose aspirin merit consideration for chemoprophylaxis when administering the adenovirus based COVID-19 vaccines to young adults at risk of thrombosis provided there are no contraindications. B. Predilection of cerebral venous sinuses for thrombosis following vaccination Recent studies have demonstrated that arterial, venous and sinusoidal endothelial cells in the brain uniquely express markers of the lymphatic endothelium including podoplanin.37 Podoplanin (D2-40) serves as a ligand for CLEC2 receptors on platelets.38 Thromboxane A2-dependent CLEC2 signaling leads to platelet activation (Figure 1), while a TxA2 receptor antagonist nearly abolished CLEC2 signaling and platelet activation.38 TxA2-dependent CLEC2 signaling promotes release of exosomes and microvesicles from platelets, leading to activation of CLEC5A and TLR2 receptors respectively on neutrophils, neutrophil activation and release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) (Figure 1).39 Neutrophil activation, more than platelet activation, is associated with thrombotic complications in COVID-19.13,18,40 As proposed above, the expression of podoplanin by cerebral venous sinuses may be responsible for the predilection of brain vascular bed to thromboinflammation and CVST as a complication of COVID-19 vaccines. Keywords: adenovirus; cov-2; covid-19; cvst; journal; platelet; protein; sars; spike; thrombosis; thromboxane; vaccines
• Friedreich cardiomyopathy is a secondary desminopathy by Koeppen, Arnulf; Rafique, Rahman; Mazurkiewicz, Joseph; Pelech, Steven; Sutter, Catherine; Lin, Qishan; Qian, Jiang (2021) - A proteomic analysis of heart proteins in FA cardiomyopathy by antibody microarray, Western blots, immunohistochemistry, and double-label laser scanning confocal immunofluorescence microscopy revealed upregulation of desmin and its chaperone protein, αB-crystallin. Western blots: Figure 2 shows a Western blot of desmin and frataxin in pooled FA heart lysates. Keywords: anti; cardiomyopathy; cat; control; crystallin; desmin; discs; figure; frataxin; heart; kda; lysates; protein; usa

• Charcot identifies and illustrates amyotrophic lateral sclerosis by Duyckaerts, Charles; Maisonobe, Thierry; Hauw, Jean-Jacques; Seilhean, Danielle (2021) - Charcot J.-M. (1865) Sclérose des cordons latéraux de la moelle épinière, chez une femme hystérique, atteint de contracture permanente des quatre membres. [The book may be accessed on the internet: https://archive.org/details/lecturesondiseas02char ] Charcot J.-M. (1892) Keywords: album; als; case; charcot; cord; drawings; fig; internet; muscle; paris; spinal
• Hydrophilic polymer embolism identified in brain tumor specimens following Wada testing: A report of 2 cases by Goodwill, Vanessa S.; Brandel, Michael G.; Steinberg, Jeffrey A.; Beaumont, Thomas L.; Hansen, Lawrence A. (2021) - Introduction Intravascular devices, such as catheters, guidewires, and stents are commonly coated with hydrophilic polymer material. The foreign material was granular, blue-gray and non-polarizable, morphologically consistent with hydrophilic polymer material. Keywords: case; complications; hpe; material; polymer; resection; testing; vascular; wada
• Ex vivo MRI facilitates localization of cerebral microbleeds of different ages during neuropathology assessment by Nag, Sukriti; Chen, Er-Yun ; Johnson, Ryan; Tamhane, Ashish; Arfanakis, Konstantinos; Schneider, Julie. A (2021) - In this study, the utility of ex vivo MRI in the neuropathological identification, localization, and frequency of CMBs was investigated. To obtain histological confirmation of the CMBs detected by ex vivo MRI, the 1 cm brain slabs were dissected further and MHs or areas corresponding to the CMBs detected by ex vivo MRI were blocked and serially sectioned at 6 μm intervals. Keywords: acute; amyloid; brain; case; cerebral; chronic; cmbs; hemosiderin; mhs; microbleeds; mri; study; vivo; vivo mri

• Taylor’s focal cortical dysplasia revisited: History, original specimens and impact by Kasper, Burkhard S. (2021) - The lesion is now known as focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) Type II or Taylor’s cortical dysplasia. Disorganization of cortical architecture and these cellular components were defined as pathognomonic features and suggested a new type of malformative CNS lesion, i.e. focal dysplasia, today known as focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) type II or Taylor’s dysplasia [2]. Keywords: authors; corsellis; dysplasia; epilepsy; fcd; j.a.n; material; slides; suppl; taylor

• Association of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) and COVID-19 in a pediatric patient by Chen, Liam (2021) - JAMA Neurol, 2020. 5. Dogra, S., et al., Hemorrhagic stroke and anticoagulation in COVID-19. Salamanna, F., et al., Body Localization of ACE-2: On the Trail of the Keyhole of SARS-CoV-2. Keywords: acute; adem; cov-2; covid-19; sars

• Searching for a cut-off point for p53 immunohistochemistry as evidence of TP53 mutations by Caliskan, Ilay; Lu, Rufei; Ding, Cristine Szu Lyn; Sadala de Souza , Francineide; Perry, Arie; Tihan, Tarik (2024) - To determine a practical value for p53 immunostaining in everyday neuropathology practice and to validate whether a 10 % cut-off can be reliably used to suggest TP53 mutation (as suggested by WHO 2021), we analyzed a group of diffuse gliomas for p53 staining and TP53 mutations. The median p53 immunohistochemistry labeling index for tumors harboring TP53 mutation was 60 % (Range: 0-95 %) with an interquartile range (IQR) of 66.25 %, while the median value for those without TP53 mutations was 10 % with an IQR of 10.5 % (Range: 0-30 %). Keywords: diffuse; gliomas; grade; immunohistochemistry; internet; mar; mutations; tp53

• Applying machine learning to assist in the morphometric assessment of brain arteriolosclerosis through automation by Lou, Jerry J.; Chang, Peter; Nava, Kiana D.; Chantaduly, Chanon; Wang, Hsin-Pei; Yong, William H.; Patel, Viharkumar; Chaudhari, Ajinkya J.; Vasquez, La Rissa; Monuki, Edwin; Head, Elizabeth; Vinters, Harry V.; Magaki, Shino; Harvey, Danielle J.; Chuah, Chen-Nee; DeCarli, Charles S.; Williams, Christopher K.; Keiser, Michael; Dugger, Brittany N. (2025) - And VasMorph is the first algorithm for automated calculation of sclerotic index, vessel wall thickness, and vessel wall to lumen area ratio using blood vessel segmentations. Furthermore, we introduce a wrapper algorithm (ORCA) that centers tiles onto objects of interest; and a custom algorithm (VasMorph) that calculates the sclerotic index, vessel wall thickness, and vessel wall to lumen area ratio from arteriolosclerotic blood vessel segmentations. Keywords: algorithm; arteriolosclerosis; artseg; blood; blood vessel; brain; figure; hold; image; lumen; model; segmentation; set; table; thickness; training; vasmorph; vessel; vessel segmentation; vessel wall; wsis

• Pituitary adenoma classification: Tools to improve the current system by McDonald, William C. (2024) - In concrete terms, when the authors of the WHO endocrine pituitary tumor classification recommend that the complete panel of stains be performed on all pituitary adenomas, they promote a classification system that overfits the data and reduces reproducibility while at the same time generating expensive, wasteful, and distracting false positives and false negatives in laboratories worldwide. While WHO committees do not endorse particular tests, marker co-expression is a fundamental feature of pituitary adenoma classification that needs to be addressed. Keywords: adenomas; classification; doi; figure; hormone; ihc; pit1; pituitary; test; tumors; variables

• Optimizing filter trap assay for the detection of aggregated alpha-synuclein in brain samples by Oullier, Thibauld; Prigent, Alice; Chapelet, Guillaume; Neunlist, Michel; Letournel, Franck; Derkinderen, Pascal (2020) - Brain samples were lysed with the “Precellys 24™” tissue homogenizer (Bertin technologies, Cat# P000669-PR240-A, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France) followed by a brief sonication (one minute, 5 seconds on, 5 seconds off, amplitude 70%; VCX130 ultrasonic processor with a 6 mm probe, Sonics and Materials, Newton, CT, USA) either in (i) radioimmunoprecipitation assay (RIPA) buffer (Merck Millipore, Cat# 20-188, Molsheim, France) containing 2 mM orthovanadate (Sigma, Cat# S6505, Saint Quentin Fallavier, France), 1% (v/v) phosphatase inhibitor cocktail III (Sigma, Cat# P0044) and a protease inhibitors cocktail (Roche, Cat# 14424700, Meylan, France) at 4°C; (ii) ‘Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) buffer’ containing 1% (w/v) SDS, 2 mM orthovanadate (Sigma, Cat# S6505) and 1% (v/v) phosphatase inhibitor cocktail III (Sigma, Cat# P0044); (iii) ‘Urea buffer’ containing 7 M urea (Sigma, Cat# T7875), 2 M thiourea (Sigma, Cat# L3771), 4% (v/v) CHAPS (Sigma, Cat# C3023), 2 mM orthovanadate (Sigma, Cat# S6505), 1% (v/v) phosphatase inhibitor cocktail III (Sigma, Cat# P0044) and a protease inhibitors cocktail (Roche, Cat# 14424700). Lysates were centrifuged at 10,000 x g for 5 minutes; supernatants were recovered and protein concentration determined using the Pierce BCA Protein Assay Kit (ThermoFisher Scientific, Cat# 23227, Saint Herblain, France) along with the Varioskan™ multimode microplate reader (ThermoFisher Scientific, Cat# VL0L00D0); samples lysed in urea buffer were diluted 5 times for compatibility with the BCA assay (https://assets.thermofisher.com/TFS-Assets/LSG/Application-Notes/TR0068-Protein-assay-compatibility.pdf). Keywords: alpha; assay; cat; filter; sigma; synuclein

• Considering the myelin-centric hypothesis: insights from Budka's historical adrenomyeloneuropathy case report by Salsano, Ettore; Benzoni, Chiara (2023) - Our letter aims to underscore a critical aspect that we believe Dr. Budka himself may have overlooked when revisiting his work after nearly fifty years: the likely myelin-centric nature of AMN in its early stages. The original study by Dr. Budka et al. Keywords: amn; budka; myelin

Epilogue

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Created: 2025-12-23