Frontiers in Business, Economics and Management 
ISSN: 2766-824X | Vol. 14, No. 3, 2024 

 

183 

Study	on	the	Synergistic	Development	of	"Smart	+	
Green"	Logistics	Industry	in	Chongqing	
Lin Sima1, Xiaoyan Gu2, * 

1 School of Economics and Management, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, China 
2 Modern Postal School, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, China 
* Corresponding author: Gu Xiaoyan (Email: 2756939834@qq.com) 

 

Abstract: Under the background of "digital economy" and "double carbon", logistics industry, as a typical industry with high 
input, high energy consumption and high emission, is imperative for its intelligent and green transformation. Chongqing, located 
in the southwest, is an important logistics hub, and the synergistic development of its logistics industry "smart + green" is of 
great significance to the economic growth and high-quality development of the industry. This paper constructs the index system 
for the synergistic development of smart logistics and green logistics, and analyzes the development level of smart logistics and 
green logistics as well as the level of coupling coordination in Chongqing from 2010 to 2022 by using entropy value method and 
coupling coordination degree model, with the aim of providing a reference for the government to improve the logistics policy as 
well as the active development of the logistics industry. The study shows that the overall development level of smart logistics 
and green logistics in Chongqing is on the rise, and the gap between the two is gradually narrowing, and the development level 
is gradually changing from green logistics development to synergistic development. The development trend of the coupling 
coordination degree of smart logistics and green logistics is good, and the coupling coordination degree gradually develops into 
high-quality coordination, and the trend of the coupling coordination degree is consistent with the trend of the development level 
of smart logistics, and smart logistics has a stronger role in promoting the synergistic development of the two. Among the 
subsystems, the scale of development, transportation capacity and digitization level in smart logistics and the level of resource 
utilization and energy use efficiency in green logistics are the short boards restricting the coordinated development of smart and 
green logistics, and the coordinating role between the subsystems needs to be strengthened. 

Keywords: Smart logistics, Green logistics, Entropy method, Coupled coordination. 
 

1. Introduction 
With the deepening development of the digital society, a 

series of cutting-edge technologies such as big data, cloud 
computing, Internet of Things and so on are being applied 
more and more widely, and intelligent equipment has become 
a solid bridge for modernization. Under the background of 
digitization, logistics activities, as an important force to 
promote economic development, are experiencing 
unprecedented changes, and new modes and new forms of 
logistics continue to emerge, injecting new vitality into the 
sustainable development of the logistics industry. The 
proposal of "dual-carbon" goal indicates that consumers are 
paying more and more attention to ecological and 
environmental protection, which puts forward higher 
requirements for the timeliness of product circulation and the 
greening of the logistics industry. China's economic 
development has gradually changed from focusing on the 
speed of development to focusing on the quality of 
development, and the synergistic development of "smart + 
green" has become an important path for the high-quality 
development of the logistics industry. In the process of 
modernization and development of the logistics industry, 
smart logistics can analyze and predict the data, reduce energy 
consumption and environmental pollution by optimizing 
routes and reducing the idling rate, so as to promote the 
development of green logistics; the environmental protection 
measures of green logistics can also provide more data 
support for the smart logistics, and force the innovation of 
digital technology. The synergistic development of smart 
logistics and green logistics plays a key role in enhancing 

logistics efficiency, reducing operating costs, optimizing 
resource allocation, reducing environmental pollution and 
promoting industrial development. If we only pay attention to 
smart logistics and ignore green logistics, it will increase 
resource consumption and environmental burden while high 
efficiency, which will hinder sustainable development in the 
long run; if we only pay attention to green logistics and ignore 
smart logistics, it may lead to inefficient transportation, rising 
cost, and it is difficult to meet the market demand, which will 
affect the competitiveness of the logistics industry and the 
ability of sustainable development. 

In 2019, "Promoting the high-quality development of 
logistics and facilitating the formation of a strong domestic 
market" pointed out that it is necessary to further consolidate 
the achievements of cost reduction and efficiency increase in 
logistics, establish a public information platform for logistics, 
enhance the level of supply chain intelligence, accelerate the 
development of green logistics, and improve the logistics 
standards and norms system. 2022 "Fourteenth Five-Year 
Plan" Modern Logistics Development Plan pointed out that 
China's logistics industry exists in a large scale, the release of 
economies of scale is insufficient, the allocation of logistics 
resources is unreasonable, the factors are not fully utilized and 
other issues, logistics needs to be further deepened to reduce 
costs and increase efficiency. At the same time, environmental 
protection to the national strategic level, the modernization of 
the logistics industry to digital, networked, intelligent as a 
traction, logistics facilities construction and technology and 
equipment upgrades, green concepts throughout the 
development of logistics links, and enhance the logistics 
industry's ability to sustainable development. Chongqing is an 



 

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important transportation hub connecting the southwest region 
and the eastern seaboard, with a number of large-scale 
railroad freight stations and highway transportation hubs, 
which is of great significance to the development of the 
logistics industry. At this stage, the logistics industry in 
Chongqing is increasing energy consumption, carbon 
emissions increase year by year, the environmental pressure 
is increasing day by day; and the use of digital equipment will 
inevitably lead to energy consumption, especially for the large 
demand for electricity, smart logistics and green logistics part 
of the link there are still contradictions and conflicts. Promote 
the smart green development of the logistics industry, can 
effectively circumvent the disadvantages of its independent 
development, improve the efficiency of logistics operations, 
reduce the degree of environmental pollution, increase the 
competitiveness of logistics enterprises, resulting in the 
overall benefits of 1+1>2. Based on this, this paper takes 
Chongqing as the research object for empirical analysis, to 
explore the level of synergistic development of logistics 
industry "smart + green" in Chongqing, aiming to provide 
suggestions for the high-quality development of logistics 
industry in Chongqing. 

2. Research Basis 

2.1. Literature Review 
The synergistic development of logistics industry "smart + 

green" is an important direction for the high-quality 
development of the logistics industry, there is coordination 
and unity, there are also contradictions and conflicts, the 
academic community is rich in research on smart logistics, 
green logistics and synergistic development of the logistics 
industry.  

Green logistics involves logistics management, ecological 
environment, economy and other fields, as early as in the 
1990s there are scholars on green logistics research, related 
research focuses on the connotation of the definition[1],the 
development of the problems faced[2], green logistics 
development level measurement[3], the development of 
countermeasures[4] and other aspects. Green logistics is a 
bridge connecting logistics supply and consumer demand, 
breaking the limitations of time and space, which can reduce 
the impact of logistics activities on the environment and 
provide safe, efficient and green logistics services[5]. Zhang 
Jun[6] constructs an index system  from five aspects of input, 
output, resource consumption, environmental pollution and 
environmental protection to explore the impact of green 
transformation of the logistics industry on the high-quality 
development of the circulation industry. Zhang Pei[7] pointed 
out that the green logistics development process exists in the 
green awareness is weak, infrastructure is not perfect, the 
standard system is not sound, the lack of professionals and 
other issues. Xie Sixin[8] proposed that the development of 
green logistics must start from the current situation to carry 
out green transformation, improve the environmental 
awareness of consumers and enterprises, optimize the 
allocation of resources, and pay attention to the development 
of reverse logistics. Lian Jie[9] proposed that the concept of 
green development should be carried through the supply chain 
management, accelerate green technological innovation, 
optimize the logistics organization model. 

Domestic scholars began to study smart logistics in 2009, 
and gradually moved towards practical application from the 
theoretical level, mainly focusing on the definition of 

concept[10], smart logistics model[11], smart logistics 
technology[12], smart logistics development level 
measurement[13], influencing factors of smart logistics 
development[14], and smart logistics talent training[15]. The 
term "smart logistics" is derived from "smart supply chain", 
which uses digital technology to sense the external 
environment, monitor the logistics process in real time, and 
has the ability of independent judgment, system analysis, 
scientific decision-making and automatic execution, so as to 
realize efficient operation of the logistics process[16]. Pei Pei[17] 
constructed the smart logistics evaluation index system from 
four dimensions: infrastructure construction, information 
system construction, security construction and talent 
construction. Ma Mingqing[18] studied the development level 
of smart logistics in 31 provinces in China and concluded that 
the development level of smart logistics in Chongqing is 
average and there is a large space for development. She also 
put forward suggestions on integrating digital technology into 
infrastructure construction, building smart logistics system 
and promoting multimodal transport. Lin Nan[19] pointed out 
that the high logistics cost is a factor restricting the progress 
of the logistics industry. Internet technology should be used 
to integrate idle labor and promote the intelligent and 
integrated development of crowdsourcing logistics mode. 

Scholars have carried out a series of discussions on the 
study of the collaborative development of logistics industry. 
Jing Linbo[20] studied the collaboration between logistics 
industry and manufacturing industry, and built a coupling 
coordination model to evaluate the level of collaborative 
development. Rong Changling[21] analyzed the relationship 
between smart logistics and shared logistics from multiple 
perspectives, and studied the coupling mechanism and 
realization path of smart logistics and shared logistics. Cui 
Liang[22] calculated the coupling coordination degree of 
digital logistics, ecological environment governance and 
regional economic growth based on spatial dimension. He 
Liming[23] proposed that the development of smart logistics in 
China plays an important role in integrating social resources, 
concentrating and dispersing markets, meeting individual 
needs and creating green ecology. Zhang Xiaoyan[24] pointed 
out that the digital transformation of logistics can promote 
low-carbon development, and the green development of 
logistics can reduce the energy consumption of logistics 
enterprises, so that enterprises can obtain economic benefits. 
Hao Shuchi[25] pointed out that smart logistics not only 
promotes the high-quality development of the logistics 
industry, but also brings environmental pollution, and the 
logistics industry should take the path of smart and green 
development in the future. Xu Chun[26] made an empirical 
analysis of the element structure of the innovation and 
development of smart logistics, and proposed an element 
optimization combination strategy with "environment 
promotion" as its connotation and "science and technology 
support" as its driving force. 

In summary, the essence of smart logistics is to use new 
generation information technology to promote the intelligent 
development of logistics system, improve logistics efficiency 
and reduce logistics costs. Green logistics is to reduce the 
impact on the environment in the logistics process, solve the 
problem of negative externalities, and pursue the coordinated 
development of economy and ecology. Therefore, the 
logistics industry "smart + green" synergy is defined as: the 
full integration of smart logistics intelligence and green 
logistics environmental protection, the combination of digital 



 

185 

technology and intelligent machinery and equipment, 
breaking down the information barriers, and promote the 
logistics industry links to collaborate with each other to 
reduce the impact of logistics activities on the ecological 
environment, and the pursuit of the three benefits of the 
economy, society and the environment. Maximization of 
economic, social and environmental benefits. At present, 
academic research on smart logistics and green logistics has 
achieved certain results, but there are still some limitations. 
Scholars mostly from the smart of logistics or green logistics 
one-sided research, on the synergistic development of the 
logistics industry, most of the existing research is mainly 
qualitative analysis, empirical research is less, and more 
synergistic theories applied in the logistics and economic 
synergy, the logistics industry and the manufacturing industry 
synergies, smart logistics and shared logistics synergies, the 
lack of the logistics industry, "smart + Green "There is a lack 
of systematic research on the synergistic development of the 
logistics industry. For this reason, further in-depth research is 
needed on how to strengthen the level of synergy between 
smart logistics and green logistics, improve the efficiency of 
logistics enterprises and reduce environmental pollution. 

2.2. Collaborative Elements of Smart Logistics 
and Green Logistics 

(1) Environmental synergy 
Environmental synergy plays an important role in the 

synergistic development of "smart + green" logistics industry. 
The environment mainly includes national policy, 
information technology, logistics market environment, social 
demand, infrastructure construction and other aspects. The 
development of smart logistics and green logistics is an 
important direction for the development of the logistics 
industry. The government provides tax incentives or subsidies 
for enterprises adopting smart technologies, and penalizes 
logistics enterprises with high carbon emissions, which helps 
to promote the intelligent transformation of enterprises, 
improve efficiency, reduce pollution and take the road of 
sustainable development. 

(2) Subject synergy 
In the field of logistics, the synergistic development of 

smart logistics and green logistics requires the joint 
participation of subjects upstream and downstream of the 
supply chain. Suppliers, manufacturers, distributors and final 
consumers are not and or lack of role in the supply chain, to 
complete the whole process from raw material procurement 
to product sales. Only through the cooperation of the main 
bodies can we realize resource sharing, cost reduction and 
efficiency, complement each other's strengths, better meet 
customer demand, and promote the healthy development of 
the whole supply chain. 

(3) Content synergy 
The synergy between smart logistics and green logistics 

mainly includes three aspects: information synergy, business 
process synergy and benefit synergy. Firstly, information 
sharing between various links of logistics activities helps to 
break the information gap, improve market response speed, 
and realize a higher level of service quality and customer 
satisfaction. Second, the flow of goods involves the whole 
process of the supply chain, and the seamless synergistic 
operation and joint development strategy among all links can 
help optimize the process and resource allocation, improve 
the efficiency of logistics and reduce costs. Third, the 
development of smart logistics and green logistics requires a 

large amount of capital investment, and in terms of benefit 
distribution, it should follow the principles of science, 
fairness and reasonableness, and establish a capital 
distribution mechanism to ensure the synergy of interests of 
all parties. 

2.3. Synergistic Development Motivation of 
Smart Logistics and Green Logistics 

With the development of the times, the scale of China's 
logistics is growing, the development of the logistics industry 
from the rough to lean transformation, and gradually formed 
a perfect modern logistics system, the guidance of national 
policy, the development of science and technology, 
innovation, consumer demand for diversification, green 
ecological environmental constraints, and many other factors 
to promote the logistics industry to take the "smart + green 
"synergistic development road. 

(1) National policy is to lead the logistics industry "smart 
+ green" synergistic development of the wind vane. In order 
to improve the quality of economic development, promote the 
quality and efficiency of logistics enterprises, and reduce the 
impact of logistics activities on the ecological environment, 
China's government departments have actively formulated 
and implemented relevant policies to guide the logistics 
industry in the direction of intelligence and greening.The 
document "Promoting the high-quality development of 
logistics and facilitating the formation of a strong domestic 
market" in 2019 emphasizes the importance of solving the 
problem of imbalance and insufficiency in the development 
of logistics, pointing out that it is necessary to further 
consolidate the achievements of logistics cost reduction and 
efficiency, establish a logistics public information platform, 
realize resource sharing, and develop a green supply chain. 

(2) Information technology innovation promotes the 
formation of a "smart + green" synergistic development mode 
in the logistics industry. Big data, artificial intelligence, 
Internet of Things and other technologies continue to progress, 
providing support for the synergistic development of smart 
logistics and green logistics; unmanned vehicle distribution, 
logistics robots, automatic sorting systems and other 
equipment are widely used in the logistics industry, 
promoting the transformation and upgrading of the logistics 
industry, enhancing the value chain, improving the efficiency 
of resource utilization and reducing environmental pollution. 

(3) Diversified consumer demands have driven the logistics 
industry to "smart + green" synergistic transformation. Better 
consumer experience is the key to maintain customer loyalty 
of logistics enterprises, diversified needs to promote the 
transformation of the logistics industry driving force, the 
logistics industry continues to market segmentation, began to 
refine management, expand the depth and breadth of services, 
in order to meet consumer demand. 

(4) Ecological constraints drive the logistics industry to 
take the "smart + green" sustainable development path. In 
order to realize the "double carbon" goal, logistics companies 
need to follow the trend of the times, adjust the development 
strategy, from the traditional high emissions, high pollution to 
low energy consumption, high energy efficiency, and the 
construction of intelligent green logistics system. Energy is 
an important medium for the development of the logistics 
industry, only the close combination of intelligent technology 
and green energy, deep development, in order to promote the 
optimization and upgrading of industrial structure, the 
formation of environmentally friendly development. 



 

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2.4. Synergistic Effect of Smart Logistics and 
Green Logistics 

(1) Economic effect 
The synergistic development of "smart + green" logistics 

industry helps to maximize economic benefits. The 
development of smart logistics ensures the visualization and 
transparency of logistics activities, promotes the collection 
and analysis of basic information in the flow of goods, 
facilitates the formulation of reasonable plans, realizes the 
precise scheduling of products, and improves the efficiency 
of logistics operations and capital turnover; the development 
of reverse logistics realizes the recycling of resources, and 
effectively increases the income of logistics. In addition, for 
problematic links, digital technology can be used to achieve 
tracking and tracing, repair loopholes, minimize economic 
losses, logistics industry "smart + green" synergistic 
development can improve logistics efficiency and reduce 
logistics costs, improve the profitability of the entire supply 
chain. 

(2) Social effect 
The synergistic development of smart logistics and green 

logistics can improve urban traffic congestion, reduce the 
incidence of traffic accidents and improve the quality of life 
of residents. When smart logistics is applied to smart 
transportation route planning, the use of intelligent algorithms 
in the logistics scheduling center to coordinate the planning 
of logistics resources, arrange the optimal transportation 
routes, and use new energy vehicles to transport goods can 
improve transportation efficiency, reduce the idling rate, and 
reduce carbon emissions. Smart logistics and green logistics 
synergy combines intelligent technology with the concept of 
green environmental protection, realizing the efficient, safe, 
environmentally friendly and sustainable development of 
logistics operations, which is conducive to improving the 
social image of enterprises and enhancing their market 
competitiveness. 

(3) Environmental effect 
The synergistic development of smart logistics and green 

logistics can reduce the waste of resources, improve the 
quality of the ecological environment, enhance the 
environmental awareness of enterprises and the public, and 
play an important role in promoting green production, green 
consumption and green circulation, and promoting the 
development of green economy. The use of intelligent 
technology to carry out comprehensive and accurate 
monitoring and management of the logistics process can 
identify and solve environmental problems in a timely manner 
and reduce the adverse impact on the environment. 

3. Indicator System and Synergistic 
Development Model Construction 

3.1. Evaluation Index System for Synergistic 
Development of Smart Logistics and 
Green Logistics 

When constructing the evaluation index system of "smart 

+ green" synergistic development of the logistics industry, 
after combing through the relevant literature of scholars at 
home and abroad, we selected the indexes that are used more 
frequently, and then according to the availability of the index 
data and the characteristics of the development of smart 
logistics and green logistics, we added a new sub-system of 
smart technology in the smart logistics, and added a new sub-
system of pollution emission level in the green logistics. 
Based on the availability of indicator data and the 
characteristics of the development of smart logistics and 
green logistics, a new smart technology subsystem is added 
to smart logistics, and a new pollution emission level 
subsystem is added to green logistics. For the comprehensive 
evaluation of smart logistics, 20 secondary indicators are 
selected from the seven dimensions of infrastructure, 
development scale, business activities, transportation capacity, 
digitization level, smart technology and logistics talents. The 
comprehensive evaluation of green logistics unfolds from the 
five dimensions of resource utilization level, energy use 
efficiency, pollution emission level, green support efforts, 
ecological and environmental benefits, and 19 secondary 
indicators are selected, and the specific indicator information 
is shown in Table 1. The data of the indicators for 2010-2022 
are mainly from National Statistical Yearbook, Chongqing 
Statistical Yearbook, Logistics Yearbook, China Energy 
Statistical Yearbook, Chongqing Municipal Commission of 
Economy and Information, Ministry of Industry and 
Information Technology, People's Daily, and Prospect 
Industry Research Institute, and the mean value method is 
used to fill in individual missing data. 

3.2. Evaluation Method 
(1) Data standardization 
The data of forward indicators and reverse indicators were 

processed by the method of standardization of polar deviation. 
Forward indicators: 
 

E                  (1) 

 

Reverse indicators: 
 

E                  (2) 

 

(2) Determination of indicator weights 
The entropy weight method is used to calculate the index 

weights, because the entropy value method in the operation of 
the information is necessary to select the natural logarithm, so 
the first need to standardized values after the translation 
processing. 

Second, calculate the proportion of indicators: 
 

P
∑

                      (3) 

 

 

 

 



 

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Table 1. Smart logistics and green logistics evaluation indicator system 

System Primary index Secondary index Index type Indicators Weight 

Smart 
logistics A 

Infrastructure A1 
Miles of road routes (kilometers) Positive indicator A11 0.054 

Railroad mileage in operation (kilometers) Positive indicator A12 0.049 

Scale of 
development A2 

Number of trucks in operation (vehicles) Positive indicator A21 0.017 
Civilian ship ownership (ships) Positive indicator A21 0.052 

Number of smart logistics enterprises (units) Positive indicator A23 0.058 

Operating activities 
A3 

Investment in fixed assets in the logistics industry 
(billions of dollars) 

Positive indicator A31 0.037 

Number of logistics express (million) Positive indicator A32 0.066 
E-commerce sales of logistics companies (billion 

yuan) 
Positive indicator A33 0.075 

Value added of the logistics industry (billions of 
dollars) 

Positive indicator A34 0.030 

Transportation 
capacity A4 

Intensity of logistics transport (tons of 
kilometers/billion dollars) 

Positive indicator A41 0.050 

Freight capacity (tons) Positive indicator A42 0.037 
Hub capacity (tons) Positive indicator A43 0.028 

Digitization level 
A5 

Internet penetration (%) Positive indicator A51 0.028 
Revenue from software operations (billions of 

dollars) 
Positive indicator A52 0.040 

Smart technology 
A6 

Intelligent courier locker market size (10,000 
sets) 

Positive indicator A61 0.146 

Industrial robotics market size (Units) Positive indicator A62 0.032 
Number of China-European trains (columns) Positive indicator A63 0.087 

Logistics talent A7 

Number of people with tertiary education or 
above in the logistics industry (persons) 

Positive indicator A71 0.031 

Number of logistics employees (10,000) Positive indicator A72 0.023 
Number of logistics patents granted (pieces) Positive indicator A73 0.059 

Green 
logistics B 

Level of resource 
utilization B1 

Land for logistics and warehousing as a 
percentage of urban construction land area (%) 

Positive indicator B11 0.034 

Container utilization rate (%) Positive indicator B12 0.045 
Proportion of sea-rail transportation (%) Positive indicator B13 0.077 

Energy efficiency 
B2 

Energy intensity of the logistics industry (tons of 
standard coal/billion dollars) 

Inverse indicator B21 0.096 

Electricity consumption per unit of GDP in the 
logistics sector (billion kilowatt hours/billion 

dollars) 
Inverse indicator B22 0.055 

Pollution emission 
level B3 

Carbon emission intensity of the logistics 
industry (tons/billion yuan) 

Inverse indicator B31 0.102 

Carbon emissions per unit of transport vehicle 
(tons/vehicle) 

Inverse indicator B32 0.056 

Carbon emissions per unit transport route length 
(tons/km) 

Inverse indicator B33 0.044 

SO2 emissions (tons) Inverse indicator B34 0.039 

Green support 
strength B4 

Investment in environmental protection (billions 
of dollars) 

Positive indicator B41 0.104 

Investment in environmental pollution control as 
a share of GDP (%) 

Positive indicator B42 0.045 

Level of green technological innovation in the 
logistics industry (RMB 10,000/million tons of 

standard coal) 
Positive indicator B43 0.040 

Ecological 
environmental 

benefits B5 

Wastewater discharge (tons) Positive indicator B51 0.046 
Integrated solid waste utilization rate (%) Positive indicator B52 0.034 

Harmless treatment rate of domestic waste (%) Positive indicator B53 0.017 
Centralized treatment rate of sewage treatment 

plants (%) 
Positive indicator B54 0.034 

Urban road traffic noise level (dB) Positive indicator B55 0.062 
Greening coverage (%) Positive indicator B56 0.049 

Proportion of good ambient air quality in the city 
(%) 

Positive indicator B57 0.020 

 
Then, the entropy value of each indicator is calculated: 
 

Q
 

∑ P ln P              (4) 

 

Finally, calculate the index weight: 
 

W
∑

                 (5) 

 



 

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(3) Calculate the combined score for each system 

 

F ∑ W E e                 (6) 

 

∑ W 1                   (7) 

 

3.3. Coupled Coordination Degree Model 
(1) Measurement of coupling degree 
Coupling refers to the development phenomenon that two 

or more systems influence each other, reflecting the dynamic 
relationship between systems that are interrelated and 
coordinated, constructing the coupling degree model of smart 
logistics and green logistics as follows. 

 

C ∗                    (8) 

 

Where C indicates the degree of coupling development 
between smart logistics and green logistics, and the range of 
C is [0,1]. the larger the value of C, the closer the relationship 
between the two, the higher the degree of synergistic 
development; on the contrary, the lower the degree of 
synergism, indicating that the system is in a disordered state 
of development. The coupling degree level judging criteria 
are shown in Table 2. 

 
Table 2. smart logistics and green logistics coupling degree 

classification criteria 

Cooperation 
degree 

Types and stages of 
synergies 

Development 
characteristics 

C=0 
No synergy, nascent 

stage 

Disorganized 
development of 
systems with no 

obvious synergies 

0<C≤0.3 
Low synergy, growth 

stage 

Low level of 
development of 

systems with fewer 
synergies 

0.3<C≤0.7 
Medium synergy, 

early stage of 
development 

The systems are 
meshing with each 

other and are 
beginning to develop 

healthy synergies 

0.7<C<1 
Highly synergistic, 

mid to late 
development stage 

Symbiosis and high 
level of synergy 
among systems 

C=1 
Benign resonance, 
the ideal state of 

development 

Subsystems, system-
wide healthy and 

orderly development 
 
(2) Measurement of coupling coordination 
The coupling degree of smart logistics and green logistics 

system can only represent the degree of mutual influence in 
the development of the two, and it is difficult to reflect the 
synergistic effect of their linkage. When the comprehensive 
development level of the two systems are in a low level state, 
it will produce the pseudo result of false high coupling degree, 
so the coupling coordination degree is used to further judge 
the coordinated development level of the elements within the 

subsystem. The coupling coordination model is as follows: 
 

D √C ∗ T                  (9) 

 

T αFA βFB              (10) 

 

Among them, the coupling coordination degree D indicates 
the coordinated development level of smart logistics and 
green logistics at a certain moment, and the range of D is [0,1], 
the closer the value of D is to 1, the higher the degree of 
synergistic development of smart logistics system and green 
logistics is. t indicates the comprehensive development index 
of smart logistics and green logistics; α and β are coefficients 
to be determined, which indicate the importance of the smart 
logistics system and the green logistics system respectively, 
and this paper considers that the smart logistics system and 
green logistics have the same level of importance. logistics 
system and green logistics have the same degree of 
importance, from which the values of α and β are set to be 0.5. 
The coupling coordination degree evaluation criteria are 
divided into standards as shown in Table 3[27]. 

 

Table 3. Smart logistics and green logistics coupling and 
coordination degree classification criteria 

Coordination 
degree of 

coordinated 
development 

categorization 
Level of 

coordination 
Degree of 

coordination 

0≤D<0.1 

Dysfunctional 
recessionary 

1 
extreme 
disorder 

0.1≤D<0.2 2 severe disorder 

0.2≤D<0.3 3 
moderate 
disorder 

0.3≤D<0.4 4 mild disorder 

0.4≤D<0.5 
Harmonized 
Transitional 

5 
on the verge of 

becoming 
dysfunctional 

0.5≤D<0.6 6 
sue for 

harmonization 

0.6≤D<0.7 

Harmonized 
developmental 

7 
Primary 

coordination 

0.7≤D<0.8 8 
Intermediate 

level 
coordination 

0.8≤D<0.9 9 
good 

coordination 

0.9≤D<1 10 
Quality 

coordination 

4. Empirical Analysis of "Smart + 
Green" Synergistic Development of 
Logistics Industry in Chongqing 

4.1. Comprehensive Development Level of 
Smart Logistics and Green Logistics in 
Chongqing 

According to the evaluation method described, the 
comprehensive development level of smart logistics and 
green logistics and their sub-systems in Chongqing is 
calculated, as shown in Table 4, and the trend chart of the 
comprehensive development level of smart logistics and 
green logistics systems is drawn (Figure 1). Overall, from 
2010 to 2022, the development levels of smart logistics and 
green logistics and their sub-systems in Chongqing have 



 

189 

shown a steady upward trend, and the development trend is 
good. With the passage of time, the gap between the 
development level of the smart logistics system and the green 
logistics system has gradually narrowed, and the development 
of green logistics has gradually changed from being ahead of 
its time to a synergistic development of the two. Staged view, 
during 2010-2015, the development level of green logistics is 
higher than the development level of green logistics, and the 
gap between the two is larger, mainly due to the earlier 
development of green logistics, while the smart logistics has 

just started and is in the early stage of development. 2016-
2019, the development level of smart logistics is higher than 
the development level of green logistics, depending on the 
Internet of Things, big data, artificial intelligence and other 
logistics technology gradually maturity, as well as a series of 
policies and measures introduced by the state, after a period 
of development and implementation, the development of 
smart logistics has achieved significant results. 2020-2022, 
the development level of smart logistics and green logistics is 
gradually equalized, and the gap is small. 

 
Table 4. Comprehensive development level of smart logistics and green logistics and its subsystems in Chongqing 

Particular year 
Smart logistics Green logistics 

A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 
2010 0.000 0.062 0.000 0.030 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.022 0.060 0.093 0.045 0.084 
2011 0.001 0.047 0.006 0.060 0.005 0.003 0.008 0.008 0.083 0.095 0.045 0.093 
2012 0.005 0.048 0.014 0.062 0.012 0.011 0.014 0.028 0.053 0.057 0.037 0.129 
2013 0.007 0.045 0.027 0.010 0.017 0.018 0.025 0.023 0.044 0.038 0.046 0.109 
2014 0.022 0.047 0.038 0.032 0.021 0.022 0.038 0.051 0.065 0.102 0.040 0.117 
2015 0.037 0.053 0.052 0.034 0.026 0.019 0.047 0.055 0.040 0.036 0.056 0.110 
2016 0.050 0.057 0.069 0.045 0.032 0.023 0.059 0.073 0.039 0.028 0.043 0.107 
2017 0.058 0.052 0.077 0.069 0.037 0.037 0.076 0.090 0.024 0.037 0.068 0.128 
2018 0.066 0.049 0.095 0.076 0.041 0.074 0.084 0.064 0.048 0.119 0.055 0.111 
2019 0.080 0.051 0.105 0.052 0.048 0.102 0.095 0.080 0.055 0.129 0.103 0.144 
2020 0.085 0.053 0.128 0.057 0.054 0.108 0.100 0.053 0.063 0.166 0.116 0.219 
2021 0.088 0.060 0.155 0.065 0.063 0.183 0.107 0.072 0.084 0.190 0.123 0.219 
2022 0.103 0.069 0.208 0.062 0.069 0.265 0.111 0.146 0.096 0.195 0.154 0.236 

 
Figure 1. Comprehensive development level of smart logistics and green logistics system in Chongqing 

 

4.2. Degree of Coupling and Coordination 
between Smart Logistics and Green 
Logistics in Chongqing 

(1) Overall analysis 
The coupling degree and coupling coordination degree of 

smart logistics and green logistics in Chongqing are 
calculated according to the coupling coordination degree 
model, as shown in Table 5. Overall, the value of the coupling 
degree of smart logistics and green logistics in Chongqing 
from 2010 to 2022 is greater than 0.8, and the two systems are 
closely connected and in a state of efficient synergy. The 
coupling and coordination degree of the two systems rises 
year by year, maintaining an average annual growth rate of 
7%, and the synergistic development trend is good, from on 

the verge of dysfunction through mutual friction to reach the 
state of high-quality coordination. In terms of phases, the 
coupling coordination degree of smart logistics and green 
logistics in Chongqing was on the verge of dysfunction in 
2010-2013, barely coordinated in 2014-2016, and 
experienced the primary coordination stage, intermediate 
coordination stage, and good coordination stage successively 
in 2017-2021, and the two synergistic development goals 
were gradually strengthened, and reached the state of high-
quality coordination in 2022. The coordinating roles of the 
smart logistics system and the green logistics system have 
been continuously strengthened, and despite the fact that the 
coordination level of the two is at the level of high-quality 
coordination, it is still necessary for all parties to continue 
their efforts in order to realize the high-quality development 

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Comprehensive development level of smart logistics

Comprehensive development level of green logistics



 

190 

of the logistics industry. 
 

 

Table 5. The state of smart logistics and green logistics coupling and coordination in Chongqing 

Particular year Coupling C 
Composite 

development 
index T 

Degree of 
coupling 

coordination D 

Level of 
coordination 

Degree of coordination 

2010 0.845 0.199 0.410 5 on the verge of becoming dysfunctional 
2011 0.904 0.227 0.453 5 on the verge of becoming dysfunctional 
2012 0.956 0.235 0.474 5 on the verge of becoming dysfunctional 
2013 0.962 0.204 0.443 5 on the verge of becoming dysfunctional 
2014 0.965 0.297 0.536 6 sue for harmonization 
2015 0.999 0.282 0.531 6 sue for harmonization 
2016 0.997 0.312 0.557 6 sue for harmonization 
2017 0.997 0.377 0.613 7 Primary coordination 
2018 0.995 0.441 0.662 7 Primary coordination 
2019 1.000 0.522 0.723 8 Intermediate level coordination 
2020 1.000 0.600 0.775 8 Intermediate level coordination 
2021 1.000 0.706 0.840 9 good coordination 
2022 0.999 0.856 0.925 10 Quality coordination 

 
(2) Subsystem cross analysis 
According to formula (8), calculate the coupling degree of 

the comprehensive development level of each subsystem of 
smart logistics and green logistics (Figure 2), and the coupling 
degree of the comprehensive development level of each 
subsystem of green logistics and smart logistics (Figure 3). 
Since the change rule of the coupling degree of smart logistics 
and green logistics tends to be stable in 2018-2022, and the 
time is closer to the current stage, which has a greater 
reference value, only the data of the last five years are shown. 
Figure 2 shows that the coupling degree of smart logistics and 
green logistics subsystems is between 0.5 and 0.9. Among 
them, the mean values of smart logistics and pollution 
emission level, green support strength and ecological and 
environmental benefits are 0.80, 0.70 and 0.83 respectively, 
and the whole is in the range of 0.7-0.9. These three sub-
systems are highly synergistic with smart logistics, and they 
can drive the efficient development of smart logistics along 
with self-development. The average value of the coupling 
degree between smart logistics and resource utilization level 
subsystem and energy efficiency subsystem is 0.63, 0.59, the 
whole is in the range of 0.5-0.7, in the early stage of 
synergistic mutual friction between the elements, resource 

utilization level and energy efficiency have not yet played a 
full role in promoting the development of smart logistics 
development. Figure 3 shows that the coupling degree of 
green logistics with business activities and smart technology 
is greater than 0.7, showing an upward trend, promoting each 
other, and the synergistic development is in a good state. 
Green logistics and infrastructure and logistics talent coupling 
degree between 0.6-0.8, the overall downward trend, but the 
average value of 0.66 and 0.69. Currently in the early stage of 
synergistic, but green logistics and infrastructure, logistics 
talent, the promotion of the two weaker, if the continued 
decline will constrain the development of green logistics, 
should be further strengthened the greening of the logistics 
infrastructure, to improve the people's attention to green 
environmental protection. should further strengthen the 
greening of logistics infrastructure and increase people's 
attention to green environmental protection. The coupling 
degree between green logistics and the scale of development, 
transportation capacity and digitization level is mostly located 
around 0.55, which is in a relatively stable state, and the 
synergy between green logistics and this subsystem needs to 
be further strengthened. 

 

 
Figure 2. Trend of coupling degree between smart logistics and green logistics subsystems 

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

A-B1 A-B2 A-B3 A-B4 A-B5



 

191 

 
Figure 3. Trend of coupling degree between green logistics and smart logistics subsystems 

 

According to the coupling coordination degree formula 
(9)(10), the coupling coordination degree of cross-matching 
between smart logistics and green logistics and each other's 
sub-systems is calculated respectively, and the calculation 
results are shown in Table 6.The coupling coordination degree 
of cross-matching between smart logistics and green logistics 
and each other's sub-systems shows an upward trend in the 
period of 2010-2022, which exhibits a benign synergistic 
development trend. Observing the coupling coordination 
degree in the past 13 years, it is found that the coupling 
coordination degree between the subsystems reaches the 
highest in 2022, and most of the indicators are in the stage of 
primary coupling coordination, and there is a large space for 
progress in the mutual coordination role of smart logistics and 
green logistics with each other's subsystems. Among them, 
the coupling coordination degree of smart logistics and 
resource utilization level, pollution emission level, green 
support strength and ecological and environmental benefits 

are all in the coupling coordination degree between 0.6-0.7, 
belonging to the primary coupling coordination stage. The 
coupling coordination degree of green logistics and smart 
technology reaches up to 0.684, and smart logistics and 
energy use efficiency are in the barely coordinated stage. The 
coupling and coordination degree of smart logistics 
subsystems and green logistics varies greatly, and the 
coupling and coordination degree of green logistics and 
business activities and smart technology are in the primary 
coupling and coordination stage, and these two smart logistics 
subsystems have a good promotion effect on the development 
of green logistics; while green logistics and infrastructure and 
logistics talents are only in the barely coordinated stage, and 
green logistics and the scale of development, transportation 
capacity, and the level of digitization are at the stage of near-
disorder, and the coordination effect on the comprehensive 
development level of green logistics is weak. 

 
Table 6. Degree of coupling coordination of smart logistics and green logistics with each other's subsystem cross-matching in Chongqing 

Particular year 
Smart logistics A Green logistics B 

AB1 AB2 AB3 AB4 AB5 BA1 BA2 BA3 BA4 BA5 BA6 BA7 
2010 0.212 0.273 0.305 0.254 0.297 0.101 0.371 0.000 0.310 0.000 0.000 0.000 
2011 0.182 0.322 0.333 0.276 0.332 0.142 0.351 0.206 0.374 0.202 0.181 0.224 
2012 0.260 0.307 0.313 0.281 0.382 0.200 0.348 0.257 0.371 0.244 0.240 0.254 
2013 0.243 0.284 0.274 0.287 0.357 0.206 0.330 0.290 0.224 0.257 0.261 0.284 
2014 0.325 0.346 0.387 0.306 0.401 0.300 0.364 0.345 0.332 0.298 0.300 0.346 
2015 0.349 0.321 0.313 0.350 0.415 0.324 0.355 0.352 0.317 0.296 0.273 0.344 
2016 0.395 0.337 0.310 0.346 0.434 0.346 0.358 0.375 0.338 0.310 0.285 0.361 
2017 0.437 0.314 0.350 0.407 0.478 0.377 0.367 0.404 0.393 0.336 0.337 0.403 
2018 0.420 0.390 0.490 0.404 0.481 0.402 0.374 0.440 0.417 0.358 0.413 0.428 
2019 0.454 0.414 0.512 0.484 0.526 0.450 0.401 0.482 0.403 0.396 0.478 0.470 
2020 0.419 0.437 0.558 0.510 0.598 0.478 0.426 0.529 0.433 0.428 0.508 0.498 
2021 0.478 0.497 0.609 0.546 0.631 0.496 0.451 0.572 0.460 0.457 0.596 0.522 
2022 0.600 0.540 0.644 0.608 0.676 0.540 0.489 0.644 0.476 0.488 0.684 0.550 

 

5. Conclusions of the Study and 
Recommendations for 
Countermeasures  

5.1. Conclusions of the Study 
Based on the theory of composite system, this paper 

constructs the evaluation index system of "smart + green" 

synergistic development of logistics industry, analyzes the 
development level of smart logistics and green logistics and 
the level of coupling coordination of Chongqing through 
entropy weight method and coupling coordination model, and 
draws the following conclusions: 

(1) Driven by multiple factors. The development level of 
the subsystems of smart logistics and green logistics in 

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

B-A1 B-A2 B-A3 B-A4
B-A5 B-A6 B-A7



 

192 

Chongqing is not the same, but the development level is on 
an upward trend, and the comprehensive development level 
of the two has been gradually improved, and has experienced 
the stage of leading development of green logistics, equal 
level of development of the two, leading development of 
smart logistics, and equal level of good level, and has now 
shifted to the period of high-quality development, which has 
fully reflected the promotion of synergistic development of 
the system by various factors in different phases. . The 
indicators such as the market scale of smart express cabinets, 
the number of China-European liner trains, the e-commerce 
sales of logistics enterprises, the number of expresses in the 
logistics industry, the investment in environmental protection, 
the intensity of carbon emissions in the logistics industry, the 
intensity of energy consumption in the logistics industry, and 
the proportion of sea-railway transportation carry a larger 
weight, which indicates that these indicators are the key 
indicators affecting the level of development of the smart 
logistics and green logistics, and that they have a stronger 
promotional effect on the enhancement of the level of 
development of the logistics industry. 

(2) From 2010 to 2022, the coupling and coordination 
degree of smart logistics and green logistics rises year by year, 
with a good development trend, and the elements are 
gradually upgraded from on the verge of being out of tune to 
a state of high-quality coordination after mutual friction. In 
the past thirteen years, the coupling and coordination degree 
between smart logistics and green logistics in Chongqing has 
changed significantly, fully reflecting the increasing 
importance of the state of the digital economy and green 
ecology, the introduction of relevant government policies to 
promote the development of the logistics industry, so that the 
logistics industry from the scale of development of sloppy 
growth to the quality of intensive growth to improve the 
transformation. "smart + green" synergistic development 
mode has become the industry development trend, but there 
are still conflicts between the improvement of efficiency and 
green environmental protection, and the promotion of 
intelligent and green development of the logistics industry 
requires the joint efforts of all parties. 

(3) In 2018-2022, the coupling degree of resource 
utilization level, energy use efficiency and smart logistics is 
between 0.5-0.7, which belongs to medium synergy, slightly 
lower than the coupling degree of other subsystems of green 
logistics and smart logistics, while the coupling and 
coordination degree of various subsystems of green logistics 
and smart logistics is in the reluctant coordination and 
primary coordination, and the promotion effect of resource 
utilization level and energy use efficiency on smart logistics 
is relatively weak, with a relatively weak effect. The 
promotion effect of resource utilization level and energy use 
efficiency on smart logistics is relatively weak, with greater 
development potential. The coupling degree of development 
scale, transportation capacity, digitization level and green 
logistics are all located around 0.55, belonging to the benign 
coordination stage. At the same time, the coupling degree of 
coordination between the three and green logistics is on the 
verge of being out of order, and the whole is lower than the 
coupling and coordination level between other sub-systems of 
smart logistics and green logistics, and the scale of 
development, transportation capacity, and digitization level 
are relatively weak in the promotion of the development of 
green logistics, and there is a large space for improvement. 

5.2. Recommendations for Countermeasures 
(1) Strengthen infrastructure construction and improve the 

logistics network system. The coordinated development of the 
logistics industry not only needs to develop key influencing 
factors, but also pay more attention to the development of 
short boards, and the balanced development of all parties is 
more conducive to the promotion of sustainable development 
of logistics. Chongqing development scale, transportation 
capacity and other aspects of the relatively low level of 
development, restricting the synergistic development of smart 
logistics and green logistics, sound infrastructure and 
improve the logistics network is crucial to the development of 
the logistics industry. First of all, the government should 
appropriately increase the investment in transportation, 
enhance the carrying capacity of trunk highways, rationally 
layout the transportation network, strengthen the links and 
exchanges between places, realize the efficient flow of factors 
of production, promote the effective allocation of resource 
factors, and promote the extension of the industrial chain and 
the formation of industrial clusters. Secondly, a number of 
logistics hubs are built in Chongqing and the surrounding 
areas to realize the seamless connection of land, water, 
railroad and air transport through multimodal transportation, 
forming a complete logistics and transportation network and 
improving the efficiency of logistics and transportation. 
Finally, Chongqing, as an important hub of Yangtze River 
inland ports, should give full play to its geographical 
advantages, increase investment in and construction of inland 
ports, increase the number of berths and throughput capacity, 
and improve the efficiency of port transportation; and 
strengthen cooperation with cities along the river to promote 
the integrated development of ports, and to promote the 
sustained and healthy development of the economy and 
society. 

(2) Increase the support for smart logistics and promote the 
transformation and upgrading of enterprises. The high initial 
investment cost of smart logistics equipment and the 
difficulty of obtaining returns in the short term is the biggest 
obstacle to the smart upgrading and transformation of 
logistics enterprises. In order to promote the high-quality 
development of the economy, the government should 
encourage logistics enterprises to adopt smart logistics 
technology through the development of tax incentives and 
rewards, and the establishment of the smart green 
development fund. Establish smart logistics demonstration 
projects in some key areas or important logistics nodes to help 
enterprises implement smart logistics facilities construction 
and technological transformation, and provide guidance 
services to encourage other enterprises to follow suit. In 
addition, establish a disciplinary mechanism, implement 
green operation programs in practice, and penalize enterprises 
that pollute the environment, so as to guarantee the smart and 
green development of the logistics industry. 

(3) Promote the construction of logistics information 
platforms and strengthen supply chain cooperation. The two 
indicators of e-commerce sales and software business income 
have a greater weight in the evaluation of the development 
level of smart logistics, indicating that information 
construction plays an important role in the development of the 
logistics industry. Logistics enterprises should break the 
inherent ideas of the traditional industry, build logistics 
information platforms, introduce advanced technologies such 
as artificial intelligence, Internet of Things, and big data 
analysis, promote supply chain information sharing and 



 

193 

cooperative operations, improve supply chain visualization 
and management efficiency, respond positively to market 
demand, and reduce supply risks. In addition, logistics 
information standards should be unified among enterprises to 
simplify the data exchange process and reduce the cost and 
risk of information transmission; strengthen inter-industry 
cooperation through the establishment of a mutual trust 
mechanism to form a logistics alliance to realize resource 
sharing, risk sharing and market expansion. Finally, the 
government should improve the policies and regulations in 
the sharing platform, establish a sound network security 
management system, protect the security of the logistics 
information system, prevent data leakage, and safeguard the 
stability of logistics operations. 

(4) Create a favorable policy environment to promote the 
synergistic development of the logistics industry. First, the 
government should improve logistics policies and regulations, 
take environmental protection as the engine of sustainable 
development of the logistics industry, optimize the "dual-
carbon" digital environment of the logistics industry, 
formulate standards and norms for smart logistics and green 
logistics, improve the smart and green collaborative 
mechanism, ensure that the level of technology and 
environmental protection requirements have been effectively 
implemented, strengthen environmental supervision, and 
promote the benign development of the industry. Second, 
enhance the understanding of "smart logistics" and "green 
logistics" digital environment. Secondly, we will enhance the 
publicity of the concept of "smart + sharing" logistics 
development and related policies, invite experts in the field of 
logistics to give lectures, promote the industry to deeply 
understand and grasp the important value and development 
trend of "smart + sharing" logistics, and formulate the 
development plan of smart logistics and green logistics 
according to the characteristics of the development of smart 
logistics and green logistics in Chongqing. According to the 
characteristics of the development of smart logistics and 
green logistics in Chongqing, the government can formulate 
synergistic strategies to improve the level of synergistic 
development of the two. Thirdly, the government can 
organize logistics enterprises, scientific research institutions 
and industry associations to carry out technical research, 
experience exchange and project cooperation on smart 
logistics and green logistics, so as to form a consensus and 
synergy, and strike a balance between economic development, 
environmental protection and social benefits. 

(5) Expand the scale of logistics personnel and improve the 
quality of logistics talents. First of all, universities and 
scientific research institutions cooperate with logistics 
enterprises to promote the synergistic development of 
industry, academia, research and application, and to cultivate 
composite logistics talents. Schools improve the talent 
training mechanism and encourage logistics practitioners to 
cross-field study of information technology, environmental 
science, environmental protection laws and regulations, and 
other knowledge and skills to improve the comprehensive 
quality. Secondly, enterprises should formulate training 
programs for logistics talents, set up practice bases for smart 
logistics and green logistics, provide opportunities for 
logistics personnel to operate in the field, provide guidance 
on the application of smart logistics technology, and allow 
practitioners to accumulate experience in practice, so as to 
narrow the gap between school cultivation and actual demand. 
Finally, to address the problem of fewer logistics talents and 

slower growth, formulate a flexible talent introduction policy, 
and implement differentiated introduction policies for 
outstanding talents at different levels and in different fields, 
so as to push the industry forward. 

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