Frontiers in Business, Economics and Management 
ISSN: 2766-824X | Vol. 16, No. 1, 2024 

 

298 

The Research Progress in the Development of China's 
Health Industry 

Chunjie Fang 1, 2, Mohd Shukri Ab Yajid 1, *, Jacquline Tham 1 

1 Management & Science University (MSU), Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia 

2 Anhui Xinhua University, Hefei, China 

 

Abstract: In recent years, China's health industry has been developing rapidly, and research on it has been gradually enriched. 
In order to explore the current research progress on the development of China's health industry and make a summary of the 

previous research. This paper provides an overview of the existing research in terms of the connotation and extension of the 

health industry, the emergence and development history of China's health industry, the current situation of China's health industry, 

the main factors affecting the development of the health industry, and the development mode and path of the health industry. 

Summaries the existing research results, identify the deficiencies in the research field, and put forward suggestions for fur ther 

research. 

Keywords: Health industry, Development status, Influencing factors, Innovation development. 

 

1. Introduction 

Health is not only a goal pursued by individuals and 

families, but also a basic condition for social and economic 

development, and an important symbol of national prosperity 

and national wealth (Xi, 2019). The health industry is closely 

related to people's health and has become a new growth point 

leading the world's economic development (Li, 2018). In 

developed countries, health industry has long been an integral 

part of modern industry (Fu, 2020). With a huge population 

base, China will become a large market for the global health 

industry (Yan, 2023). In recent years, China's health industry 

has been developing rapidly. According to relevant data, the 

market size of China's health industry was 155.73 billion yuan 

in 2009; the market size reached 813.10 billion yuan in 2019, 

which is more than five times that of 10 years ago, and 

compared with 6,893.5 billion yuan in 2018, it has grown by 

nearly 20 per cent, which is a very impressive growth rate 

(Yan, 2023).It is estimated that the scale of China's health 

industry will reach 14.0 trillion yuan in 2023, and is expected 

to reach 16.0 trillion yuan in 2030, with its pillar role in the 

national economy further emerging (Shenzhen Health 

Industry Development Promotion Association, 2022). But 

overall, there is still a big gap between China's health industry 

and that of developed countries (Yan, 2023). 

In the new period, against the background of the great 

development of digital economy, the further development of 

health industry faces a series of opportunities and challenges. 

How to promote the innovation and development of health 

industry is a new topic facing China's health industry at 

present. The prerequisite for studying this topic is to 

systematically collate existing relevant studies on China's 

health industry. Based on this purpose, this paper tries to make 

an overview of the existing research from the connotation and 

extension of health industry, the rise and development history 

of China's health industry, the current situation of China's 

health industry, the main factors affecting the development of 

health industry, and the development mode and path of the 

health industry, etc. It summarises the existing research 

results, identifies the deficiencies in the field of research, and 

puts forward the suggestions to be further researched. 

2. Review of Research Progress 

2.1. Research on the Connotation and 
Extension of The Health Industry 

The connotation and extension of the health industry has 

been a hot topic of discussion in the academic world, and is 

generally understood in both a narrow sense and a broad sense. 

The health industry in a narrow sense is generally defined 

as the sum of economic sectors that provide products and 

services such as prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation 

directly to patients (Pan, 2021). The ICB (Industry 

Classification Benchmark) introduced by Dow Jones and 

FTSE Group classifies the health industry as a separate Tier 1 

industry, which it defines as comprising five segments: health 

care, medical equipment, medical supplies, biotechnology 

and pharmaceuticals. 

The health industry in a broader sense includes, in addition 

to the content of the health industry in a narrower sense, 

economic activities that provide health care products and 

services to healthy people. For example, Paul Pilzer believes 

that there is a difference between the disease industry and the 

health industry, and that the health industry is inclusive of 

both the traditional disease industry and the health industry. 

In Business Opportunities in the Health Industry, Bernd 

Eberle points out that a market in which the determining 

factor for a customer's purchase of a product is health is a 

health market, and that products and services offered through 

‘active lifestyles’ fall within the scope of the health industry. 

He also suggests that the seven major sectors that represent 

the trend of the health industry are food (natural foods, 

functional foods), nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals, care 

products and cosmetics, sports products, tourism, health 

counselling and other consumer products. According to Wang 

and Zhen (2012), the health industry in a broad sense includes 

all industries related to human physical and mental health in 

general, of which the service industry, manufacturing industry 

and so on belong to the category of health industry 

management. Wang and Guo (2012), on the other hand, 

divided the health industry into pharmaceutical industry and 

health service industry. Xue (2014) argued that the health 



 

299 

industry mainly involves the medical industry, 

pharmaceutical industry, health care products industry and 

health management service industry. While Wei (2014) argues 

that the health and elderly care industry should be added to 

the four major industry groups mentioned above. There are 

also studies that suggest that the health industry involves both 

economic activities of health industry and health business (Ni, 

2016). 

The Health Industry Statistical Classification (2019) 

released by the National Bureau of Statistics of China in 2019 

clearly defines the health industry: the health industry refers 

to a collection of production activities based on medical and 

health care and biotechnology and life sciences, with the aim 

of maintaining, improving and promoting the health of the 

people, and providing the public with products (goods and 

services) that are directly or closely related to health. The 

classification defines the scope of the health industry as 

medical and healthcare services, health affairs and health 

environment management and scientific research and 

technology services, health personnel education and health 

knowledge popularisation, health promotion services, health 

protection and financial services, intelligent health 

technology services, distribution services of pharmaceuticals 

and other health products, other health-related services, 

pharmaceutical manufacturing, manufacturing of medical 

instruments, equipment and devices, manufacturing of 

healthcare equipment and intelligent devices, construction of 

facilities in medical and healthcare institutions, and 

manufacturing of healthcare equipment and intelligent 

devices. manufacturing, medical and healthcare institution 

facilities construction, Chinese herbal medicine planting and 

collecting, and other 13 categories. Including 58 medium 

categories and 92 sub-categories. 

The health industry has special attributes that are different 

from general industries. Zhang (2018) believes that industrial 

activities are the kernel of the health industry, the combination 

of public welfare and industry is the extension of the health 

industry, and industrial activities with semi-public welfare are 

the basic attributes of the health industry. Wang (2019) and 

Zhang (2021) believe that the fundamental purpose of the 

health industry is to maintain the health of the masses, and the 

important purpose is to expand employment and promote 

economic growth, with the dual attributes of industrial 

economic properties and public welfare and social properties. 

Song (2021) believes that the health industry is closely related 

to the life and health of human beings, therefore, it has a wide 

range of coverage, high demand, knowledge-intensive, and 

scarce resources, and also reflects the characteristics of trust 

is the foundation, the public attaches importance to it and does 

not easily pay for it, and the government is strong in control 

and strong in policy. 

2.2. Research on the Emergence and 
Development Process of China's Health 

Industry 

According to Cheng (2020), China's health industry started 

relatively late, with the first health management companies 

appearing around 2000; in October 2005, health manager 

officially became a new profession, and a variety of related 

training began to develop rapidly. Since then, health 

management has officially become a complete and 

independent industry in China's health industry development 

system. The pre-development of China's health industry can 

be roughly summarised in three stages, namely the loose and 

no clear concept stage without integration, the stage with 

gradually clear concepts and the beginning of growth, and the 

stage of rapid development of the health industry and the 

gradual formation of the health industry chain (Gong, 2011). 

Around 2010, China's health management industry entered 

a phase of rapid development, with a large amount of private 

capital entering the industry one after another, and the number 

and scale of related organisations increasing. At the same time, 

the specific connotation and service content of health 

management is also expanding, including health checkups, 

health risk assessment, healthy life management, health care, 

maternity care, early education for infants and young children, 

chronic disease management and a series of other aspects of 

the project, the relatively complete industrial chain of health 

management has been initially formed (Cheng, 2020). 

In 2013, the Chinese government released Several 

Opinions of the State Council on Promoting the Development 

of the Health Service Industry, which for the first time put 

forward the concept of the health service industry and also for 

the first time clearly defined the connotation and extension of 

this concept. The issuance of this document signalled that 

China's health industry had entered a completely new stage of 

development (Cheng, 2020). 

In 2016, the Chinese government promulgated the ‘Healthy 

China’ 2030 Planning Outline, which elevated the health 

industry as one of the key development tasks to a national 

strategy, and the health industry entered into a stage of rapid 

development. In 2019, the National Bureau of Statistics 

issued the ‘Statistical Classification of the Health Industry 

(2019)’, which further clarified the connotation and extension 

of the health industry's connotation and extension, creating 

better conditions for the standardised development of the 

health industry. However, overall, compared with the 

development of health industry in developed countries, 

China's health industry development is still in the primary 

stage (Zhang, 2018; Huang, 2021). 

2.3. Research on the Current Development 
Status of China's Health Industry 

(1) Aspects of industry scale and development factors. Bao 

(2019), Yan (2023), Lu (2023), and Huang (2023) argued that 

China's health industry starts late and grows fast, but the 

overall scale is small, the industry is underdeveloped, there is 

a shortage of developmental factors, and there is a lack of 

research and development (R&D) and technological 

innovation. Under the dual impetus of health demand and 

policy dividends, a large number of resources have begun to 

pour into the health field, more and more health enterprises 

have come into being, health product innovations are 

emerging, and the scale and boundaries of the health industry 

are expanding, which is becoming a thriving sunrise industry 

and a new engine of economic development in the new era 

(Yan, 2023). In terms of total volume, compared with 

developed countries such as the United States and Japan, and 

even many developing countries, China's health industry is 

developing rapidly, but it is still in its infancy. Statistics show 

that as early as before 2013, the health industry in the United 

States accounted for more than 15 per cent of GDP, and the 

health industry in Canada, Japan and other countries 

accounted for more than 10 per cent of GDP (Zhao, 2017). 

And the output value of health industry in China in 2022 only 

accounted for 5.2% of GDP (Yan, 2023). From the aspect of 

industrial development factors. Health industry is a typical 

knowledge- and technology-intensive industry, although 



 

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China currently has a certain amount of talent team support, 

but the effective supply of high-end health care personnel, 

complex management personnel and professional skills 

talents required by the health industry is insufficient, and the 

allocation of health industry data factor resources is obviously 

insufficient (Pan, 2021). Compared with the advanced 

medical and pharmaceutical research and development 

technology of developed countries, there is still a big gap 

between China's health industry in terms of innovation and 

research and development (Yan, 2023). 

(2) Industrial system and industrial structure. Wang (2018) 

and Yang (2022) et al. believe that the industrial system of 

China's health industry is becoming more and more perfect, 

but the industrial structure is unreasonable and the industrial 

chain is short. China's health industry system is becoming 

more and more complete, and has gradually formed a multi-

sectoral synergistic development covering one, two and three 

industries, including medical services, health management 

and promotion services, health insurance, pharmaceutical 

industry, health care, health tourism, smart health, fitness and 

recreational sports, and other segments. The segments show a 

trend of expanding and extending to the upstream and 

downstream industry chain (Wang, 2018). At this stage, 

China's health industry follows a road dominated by imitation, 

which makes the current development of China's health 

industry homogeneous and unfavourable to the construction 

of the industrial and spatial chains (Pan, 2021).The industrial 

structure is not reasonable enough, the traditional medical 

service field occupies the vast majority of high-quality 

resources, the preventive health care field has fewer resources, 

and it is not perfect in health education, risk assessment, 

disease screening, etc., so it can't provide all-around 

systematic health services for the service users (Ding, 2018). 

Relevant data show that ‘medicine is the mainstay and 

pension is supplementary’ is still a prominent feature of 

China's health industry structure (Yan, 2023). Many health 

industrial parks in China blindly pursue the scale and number 

of enterprises, ignoring the correlation and permeability 

between enterprises, the development needs of enterprises, 

and whether the development concept is in line with the key 

planning and development of industrial parks, resulting in a 

large and short industrial chain, and the degree of industrial 

correlation is not high and so on (Yang, 2022). 

(3) Industrial integration and industrial agglomeration. 

Wang (2018) and Pan (2021) et al. argue that the industrial 

integration of China's health industry has begun to emerge, 

and industrial agglomeration has initially developed; however, 

the efficiency of resource agglomeration is not high and 

integration is not strong, and the value chain is not high and 

competitive. With the rapid development of biology, 

information and other technologies, the health and pension, 

tourism, Internet, fitness and leisure, culture and other multi-

industry in-depth integration, emerging medical tourism, 

medical and health care combination, intelligent medical big 

data, Internet hospitals and many other emerging industries, 

showing a good trend of cross-border integration and 

development (Wang, 2018). However, overall, China's health 

industry has the dual contradiction of excess low-end supply 

and insufficient mid- and high-end supply (Pan, 2021).The 

integrated development of health industry is still in the 

primary stage, still staying at the level of ‘health + other 

industries’, and has not yet formed the development 

mechanism of in-depth integration of industries (Yan, 2023), 

the efficiency of resource agglomeration is not high, and the 

spatial state of enterprise agglomeration is generally shown, 

and the Internet-based innovation ecosystem, and the flow 

and sharing of innovation factors are insufficient (Yang, 

2022). 

(4) Industrial policies. Fu (2020) and Peng (2023) argued 

that the macro industrial policy of China's health industry is 

becoming more and more perfect, and the direction of 

development is becoming more and more clear, but the 

normative standards of the segmented areas still need to be 

improved. Since the issuance and implementation of Several 

Opinions of the State Council on Promoting the Development 

of Health Service Industry in 2013, various departments and 

localities have issued policy documents, planning texts, 

norms and standards, guidelines and guides, etc., focusing on 

perfecting industrial planning, relaxing industrial access, 

fostering characteristic industries, enhancing factor support, 

optimising the development environment, expanding external 

exchanges and cooperation, etc., and basically constructing a 

policy system to support the accelerated development of the 

health industry (Fu, 2020). The policy system to support the 

accelerated development of the health industry has basically 

been constructed (Fu, 2020). In 2016, the National Health and 

Wellness Conference proposed that efforts be made to 

cultivate the health industry into an important pillar industry 

of the national economy; in the same year, ‘Healthy China 

2030’ made the development of the health industry one of the 

five tasks for the construction of a healthy China, etc. The 

implementation of these policies has further clarified the 

direction of the development of the health industry. The 

implementation of these policies has further clarified the key 

development direction of health industry and effectively 

boosted the development of health industry. However, 

compared with the health industry in developed countries, 

which has strict and systematic industrial regulations such as 

quality and safety, technology assessment, etc., in China, as 

the health industry is still a new concept and a new thing, it 

has not yet established a perfect system of rules and 

regulations and institutions, the quality of the products and 

services varies, and the industry is not sufficiently regulated 

(Huang, 2020). Especially in the field of health products in 

the health industry, there is disorderly competition and mixed 

fish and dragons; the laws and regulations are not perfect, and 

it is impossible to strictly regulate the development of the 

health industry (Peng, 2023). 

2.4. Research on Factors Affecting the 
Development of The Health Industry 

Guan (2019) argues that the development of the health 

industry is jointly influenced by demand-pulling force, 

supply-driving force and policy-guiding force. Pan (2021) 

also pointed out in the composition model of the large health 

industry chain and the large health industry system that 

technology and innovation are the endogenous driving force 

of the health industry, industrial supply and demand and 

policy support are the exogenous driving force, and policy 

support, financial support, talent support, and data support 

constitute the support system of the health industry. Scholars 

such as Hu (2008) emphasised the importance of demand 

growth and technological development in the development of 

the health industry. Chang (2018) pointed out that policy 

support and scientific and technological innovation have a 

facilitating effect on the development of health industry. 

Pan (2021) and others believe that technological innovation 

is the core driving force for the development of the health 



 

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industry, which promotes the development of the health 

industry in three main ways: firstly, expanding the 

development space through the fusion and integration of 

technology and the spillover effect of knowledge; secondly, 

using new technologies to develop new products and improve 

the efficiency of production; and thirdly, promoting the 

innovation of modes and modes of operation with the help of 

new technologies. At present, a new generation of 

information technology represented by artificial intelligence, 

big data, cloud computing, Internet of Things, etc. is booming, 

providing a source of power for technological innovation as 

well as industrial development of the health industry, and 

promoting the transformation of the production mode of 

health products and services to intelligence, customisation 

and digitalisation. Huang (2021) believes that the application 

of new technologies has created a large number of emerging 

health service modes and new products to meet the new needs 

of health protection, promoting the accelerated development 

of the health industry. The future health industry is 

characterised by high technology, precision, intelligence, 

integration and internationalisation. Guan (2019) also pointed 

out that according to endogenous economic theory, 

technological progress and innovation are the most important 

internal driving force to promote the development of the 

health industry. Technological progress and innovation 

produce a transfer effect, which promotes the overall 

development of the health industry through the correlation 

between industries, the demonstration effect and the 

horizontal transfer of market transactions between health sub-

industries. Innovation achieves the improvement of the 

industrial system and the extension of the industrial chain 

through the integration and utilisation of all kinds of factor 

resources in the existing health industry. Using medical and 

healthcare big data, user health profiles can be realised, 

relevant diagnosis and treatment business and scientific 

research can be carried out, and it can be used to develop 

medicines, medical devices and related products, etc. (Feng, 

2021). Zhu (2023) believes that the activation of data 

elements can bring a lot of opportunities for the recreation 

industry, especially the aging industry. Hu (2020) believes 

that big data improves the speed of drug information 

discovery. 

2.5. Study on the Development Model and Path 
of The Health Industry 

Firstly, research on the development model of health 

industry. Ni(2018) summarised the main models for the 

development of the global health industry and proposed nine 

development models, namely: the biomedical industry cluster 

model represented by Boston-Cambridge in the United States; 

the medical device industry cluster model represented by 

Tuttlingen in Germany; the pharmaceutical industry cluster 

model represented by Toyama Prefecture in Japan; the generic 

drug industry cluster model represented by Bangalore in India; 

the ‘pharmaceutical manufacturing + medical + tourism’ 

model represented by Shizuoka Prefecture in Japan; and the 

‘pharmaceutical manufacturing + medical + tourism’ model 

represented by Shizuoka Prefecture in Japan. The model of 

pharmaceutical industry cluster represented by Toyama 

Prefecture, Japan; the model of generic drug industry cluster 

represented by Bangalore, India; the model of 

‘pharmaceutical manufacturing + medical + tourism’ industry 

cluster represented by Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan; the model 

of healthcare industry cluster represented by Rochester, 

U.S.A.; and the model of ‘medical + tourism’ industry cluster 

represented by Dubai, UAE. + tourism’ industrial cluster 

model; “plastic surgery and beauty + tourism” industrial 

cluster model represented by Seoul, South Korea; “pension + 

real estate” industrial cluster model represented by the 

pension industry in Arizona, the United States. 

The second is the research on the path of health industry 

development. Scholars have carried out more studies on the 

path of health industry development, including from the 

aspects of mechanism guarantee, system construction, new 

model development, element improvement, culture 

cultivation, payment innovation and characteristic excavation 

(Pan, 2021). Yang (2022) believes that according to the 

different mechanisms of industry formation, the development 

path of health industry can be divided into two types: market-

regulated integration development and government-guided 

cluster development. Zhang (2018) believes that the core 

power of industrial development lies in innovation, so the 

development of the health industry needs to build an 

innovation ecosystem and achieve synergistic symbiosis of 

industry innovation. 

Thirdly, it is a study on the innovative development of the 

health industry. Fan (2015) proposed that the development of 

health industry should be viewed in the spirit of innovation. 

China's health industry will usher in the era of digitalisation 

and intelligence (Hou, 2023). Zhang(2020), after analysing 

the current situation of the development of health industry in 

Shenzhen, proposed to strengthen the construction of the 

international standard of medical standards, promote the 

structural adjustment and upgrading of the life and health 

industry, improve the regulations and regulatory system in the 

field of life and health, strengthen the cultivation of composite 

talents in the field of life and health, and strengthen the 

technological innovation and integration in the field of life 

and health. Li and Zhang(2021), drawing on the experience 

of advanced international countries, proposed that we should 

make full use of information technology to promote the 

development of informatisation, digitisation and intelligence 

in the health industry; we should further strengthen our efforts 

to make breakthroughs in key technologies, promote the 

transformation and upgrading of traditional products, 

continuously improve the quality of our products, enrich the 

functions of our products, and create punchy products with 

core competitiveness. Nurbiye. A and Zhao (2022) believe 

that the development of the ‘Internet + Healthcare’ industry 

can fully satisfy the medical needs of the people, and is the 

mainstream development direction of China's healthcare 

industry in the future. Yan (2023) proposed that China's health 

industry should promote the reconstruction of the value chain 

based on the digital economy, promote industrial digital 

innovation, business model innovation and technological 

innovation, investment and financing innovation, and take the 

road of international development. 

In recent years, with the extensive use of big data, cloud 

computing, artificial intelligence, blockchain and other 

emerging technologies in the health field, digital health has 

gained rapid development. Technological innovation has 

brought great efficiency improvement and level enhancement 

to health services, and has become an important driving force 

for the national health strategy (Li, 2020). Under the epidemic, 

new information technologies such as 5G, big data, and 

artificial intelligence have been able to penetrate into all 

aspects of the health industry, objectively providing richer 

possibilities for the digital transformation of health (Li, 2020). 



 

302 

Although China's digital health started late, it has been 

developing rapidly and is already at the forefront of the world 

(Feng and Li, 2021). Building a new digital health 

infrastructure can not only create social value in public health, 

but also inject strong kinetic energy into industrial 

transformation and economic development (Zhang, 2020). 

The digital economy can promote the transformation and 

upgrading of the health industry and the innovative 

development of the health industry (He, 2020; Qin, 2023). 

Song, Qin (2022) empirically analysed the relationship 

between the digital economy, education level and the 

development of health industry; Jin, Shen (2023) used 

empirical analysis to prove that the digital economy greatly 

promotes the development of the health industry, and that 

technological innovation is one of the mechanisms of its 

influence. 

3. Summary 

As can be seen from the above research review, there have 

been studies on the development of China's health industry 

that have achieved positive results, mainly in the following 

three areas: 

Firstly, it clarifies the basic connotation of the health 

industry, outlines the extension of China's health industry, and 

clarifies the statistical scope of China's health industry, laying 

a foundation for the next step of deepening the research on the 

basis of the common concept. 

Secondly, it more accurately summarises the current 

situation of the development of China's health industry, that 

is, China's health industry started late, developed fast and 

made remarkable achievements. However, on the whole, 

China's health industry is still in the starting stage (Zhao, 

2017), with a small overall scale, insufficient industrial 

development, shortage of development factors, and 

insufficient research and development and technological 

innovation (Huang, 2020; Lu, 2023; Huang, 2023); irrational 

industrial structure, and a shorter industrial chain (Yan, 2023; 

Yang, 2022); resource agglomeration ineffectiveness, weak 

integration, low value chain and low competitiveness (Pan, 

2021; Yang, 2022) and other outstanding problems. 

Thirdly, in the light of China's actual situation, it analyses 

the factors influencing the development of China's health 

industry, its development mode and development path, and 

puts forward useful suggestions for promoting the 

development of the health industry. In particular, it puts 

forward some concepts and ideas for promoting the 

innovative development of the health industry in the context 

of the digital economy, which provides useful ideas for 

promoting the further development of the health industry. 

Of course, from the above studies, it is easy to see that there 

are still obvious shortcomings in the existing studies. 

Firstly, there are existing studies on the development of 

China's health industry, and except for a very few that use 

empirical research, the vast majority of these studies are 

preliminary summaries and analyses of the phenomenon and 

practice of the development of China's health industry. 

Although these analyses can also put forward good ideas, they 

lack empirical evidence to support them, and it is difficult to 

reveal a convincing general law of the development of China's 

health industry. 

Secondly, most of the existing studies are macro studies on 

the development of China's health industry, and studies on 

subsectors and some regions are also involved, but in-depth 

and micro empirical studies on a certain subsector or a region 

are seriously insufficient, making it difficult to effectively 

guide the specific actions of market players or the authorities 

in formulating effective macro policies. 

Thirdly, there is insufficient research on the new forms and 

modes of the health industry, especially on the mechanism for 

promoting the development of the health industry through 

new technologies such as digital health and smart health. 

Based on the above analyses, we also need to continue to 

work on the empirical study of the development of China's 

health industry, the study of the development law of health 

industry subsectors, the study of the development mode and 

path of specific regions, and especially the study of the 

innovative development of the health industry in the context 

of the digital economy, with a view to revealing the basic law 

of the development of China's health industry, finding the 

basic path of the industry's development and the appropriate 

mode, and thus promoting China's further development of the 

health industry in China. 

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