Frontiers in Business, Economics and Management 
ISSN: 2766-824X | Vol. 7, No. 3, 2023 

 

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Study	on	the	Life	Satisfaction	of	the	Chinese	Elderly	
Wenting Xiong 

Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China 

 

Abstract: According to the results of my country's seventh census, the national population aged 60 and above is 264 million, 
accounting for 18.7% of the total population, of which the population aged 65 and above is 190 million, accounting for 13.5% 
of the total population. The total elderly population is larger than the population of some countries. Because the life satisfaction 
of the elderly is one of the important components of people's happiness, and the life satisfaction of the elderly is affected by the 
living pattern. However, with the development of the times, the living pattern of the elderly in China has also changed. Based on 
the data of the China General Social Survey in 2017, this paper adopts the OLS and two-stage least squares method to empirically 
analyze the causality of the living pattern on the life satisfaction of the elderly, and uses instrumental variables to test the 
robustness and the elderly's life satisfaction. Differences were analyzed for heterogeneity, and structural equations were used to 
analyze the mechanism of influencing channels. The empirical results show that living with children can improve life satisfaction 
and reduce loneliness in the elderly. Heterogeneity analysis showed that the impact of living patterns on life satisfaction of the 
elderly was inconsistent due to differences in gender, relationship with children and social status of the elderly. Through the 
mechanism analysis, it is concluded that living with children will increase the children's economic support for the elderly and 
have a positive impact on life satisfaction. impact on the relationship. 

Keywords: Lifesatisfaction, Livingpattern, Aging. 
 

1. Introduction 
The elderly group is one of the important groups that 

cannot be ignored. According to the results of the seventh 
census of my country, there are 264 million people aged 60 
and over in the country, accounting for 18.7% of the total 
population, of which 190 million people are aged 65 and over. 
Accounting for 13.5% of the total population, the total 
number of elderly people in China is larger than the total 
population of some countries. It is estimated that the 
population aged 60 and above will exceed 300 million in 2025, 
400 million in 2033, and reach a peak of 487 million in 2053, 
which is larger than the current population of the United 
States. Therefore, issues related to the elderly have received 
attention from all walks of life. Widely concerned, improving 
the life satisfaction of the elderly in our country is an 
important topic of this era. 

Since China began to implement the “one-child” policy in 
1978, the number of newborns in my country has dropped 
sharply and China is now facing the problem of population 
aging. The result of a couple having fewer children is that they 
may only have one child, daughter or son, and slowly The 
local Chinese society has gradually agreed on the 
responsibility of supporting parents, whether it is a daughter 
or a son. China is now facing the era of “silver hair China” 
that "the country is not rich, but the people are old first". 
pressing issues that every family is facing. 

The living intention of the elderly is an important factor in 
determining the living arrangement of the elderly, which can 
directly or indirectly affect the life satisfaction of the elderly. 
Maintaining the family system satisfies the interests of the 
elderly and the government. From the perspective of the 
government, it may be restricted by financial and pension 
mechanisms and other related reasons. However, the 
government has not fully considered the negative aspects of 
this advocacy. Influence. In particular, are older people better 
off living with their children?Existing literature and real-life 
experience have shown that the life satisfaction of the elderly 

is closely related to their living patterns. After retirement, the 
elderly will gradually reduce their social interactions and 
increase their interactions with their children. This paper aims 
to study the impact of the living pattern of the elderly living 
with their children on life satisfaction based on the current 
national conditions of our country, in order to provide a basis 
for the arrangement of the living style of the elderly of 
different ages in my country, the mode of providing for the 
elderly and the children's relationship with the elderly. 
Provide advice and suggestions on practical issues such as 
caring, and comprehensively improve the life satisfaction of 
the elderly in our country. 

2. Variable Identification and 
Descriptive Statistics 

This article uses the statistical analysis method, and the 
data studied come from the survey data of China General 
Social Survey (CGSS) in 2017, with a total of 12,583 samples 
in this year. The questionnaire of the China General Social 
Survey mainly consists of three parts. Part A includes social 
demographic attributes, housing issues, health, migration, 
lifestyle, social attitudes, class identity, political participation 
and behavioral attitudes, personal cognitive ability, labor 
market, Social security, family, part C is the International 
Social Survey Project (ISSP) including social network, 
network society, part D East Asia Comprehensive Social 
Survey (EASS) includes family questionnaire, household 
consumption expenditure, hope/optimism, subjective well-
being. 

At present, 60 years old is regarded as the cut-off point of 
the elderly is recognized by the world, "the elderly are people 
who are 60 years old and above". In our country, the standard 
for defining the age of the elderly is also 60 years old. This 
article selects the elderly who are 60 years old and above as 
samples according to our country's standard. 

The Satisfaction with Life Index (SWL) was developed by 
Adrian White, a social psychologist at the University of 



 

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Leicester. Scholars at home and abroad have a consistent view 
on life satisfaction: life satisfaction is the overall cognitive 
evaluation of one's own living conditions in most of the time 
or a certain period of time according to the standard one 
chooses, and loneliness is a kind of closed psychology. 
Reflection, feelings of loneliness and depression occur when 
a person feels isolated or excluded from the outside world. 
The explained variables of this paper are the life satisfaction 
of the elderly and the loneliness of the life of the elderly. The 
life satisfaction of this paper will be from four dimensions: 
happiness cognition, self-social situation cognition, life joy 
cognition, and pride level The weighted average is used to 
calculate the satisfaction degree of the elderly with life. The 
loneliness in the life of the elderly is mainly measured by the 
elderly's self-perception of their own loneliness problems. 

Living with children (assigned to 1) and living alone or 
with a spouse (or partner) (assigned to 0). Living with 
children includes three-generation families in which the 
elderly live with their children and grandchildren, two-
generation families in which the elderly only live with their 
children but not with their grandchildren, and the elderly only 
live with their grandchildren but not with their children. Live 

in a split-generation family. For the sake of simplicity, the 
above three situations will be collectively referred to as 
"living with children" in the following sections; empty nesters 
are defined as the elderly living alone or only with their 
spouses, that is, "pure old households". 

The living pattern of the elderly may have an impact on the 
life satisfaction of the elderly, but the life satisfaction of the 
elderly may in turn affect the decision of the elderly to choose 
their own living pattern. Logically speaking, the residence 
pattern and the life satisfaction of the elderly are mutually 
causal, so it is necessary to add instrumental variables to solve 
the endogeneity problem. 

According to the World Health Organization's age division 
of the elderly, 60-75 years old are young elderly people. 
According to Chen (2008), the elderly in this part generally 
have strong independent living ability and social 
communication ability, and a high level of health. Its 
subjective evaluation and cognition of the outside world are 
more positive, and it has a clearer ability to express emotions 
and thoughts. The table below reflects the characteristics of 
the sample as a whole in this paper. 

 

Table 1. Objective description table of sample characteristics 
variable mean sd max min number 

age 68.11 6.337 94 60 9315 
Number of children 2.15 1.17 9 1 9315 

marital status 0.812 0.391 1 0 9315 
income 885.97 1561.51 50000 0 9315 
Gender 0.912 0.512 1 0 9315 

Region (urban and rural) 0.77 0.42 1 0 9315 
 

This paper mainly selects 9,315 samples with childbearing 
behavior and whose children are still alive. Table 1 describes 
the objective characteristics of the samples. First of all, from 
the perspective of age groups, the mean age of the sample is 
68.11 years old, and 99.5% (two standard deviations) of the 
samples belong to the range of young and elderly people we 
defined above. The degree and personal subjective sense of 
accomplishment have a certain degree of accuracy, which can 
reduce the possibility of measurement errors. , community 
status, and personal subjective sense of accomplishment have 
a certain degree of accuracy, which can reduce the possibility 
of measurement errors. Secondly, from the perspective of the 
number of children, the average value is 2.15 children. 
Combined with the age of the samples, it can be seen that most 
of the samples have experienced family planning, and more 
than 50% of the samples have more than two children, which 
is consistent with the use of instrumental variables in our 
previous article. conditions of. Furthermore, we analyzed the 
marital status of the samples and found that the mean value 
was 0.812, indicating that 81.2% of the samples were married, 
while 18.8% of the samples were divorced or widowed, 
indicating that controlling the emotional state between 
partners has empirical significance. Thirdly, there is an 
obvious male bias in the gender of the samples in this paper, 
91.2% of the samples are male samples, and gender 
heterogeneity analysis is needed to further analyze the impact 
of the co-living status with children on their own life 
satisfaction. Levels of variability related to the explanatory 
power of loneliness. 

Based on the cohabitation status of different children and 
parents in the CGSS questionnaire, we generated the 

percentage of the number of children cohabiting with their 
parents to the total number of children born to their parents. 
The higher the ratio, the greater the proportion of their 
children cohabiting with their children. The figure below 
shows the frequency distribution of this variable. 

 

 
Figure 1. Histogram of the frequency distribution of the 

elderly living with their children 
 
From Figure 1, it can be found that more than 20% of the 

samples have no children living with them, and more than 10% 
of the samples have all their children living with them. There 
is a strong variance between the core explanatory variables, 
which is conducive to Significant regression results were 
obtained. The following article will compare the frequency 
distribution histograms between groups according to different 



 

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birth numbers, urban-rural differences, and sample gender. 
This paper mainly takes the elderly's satisfaction with life 

and the subjective cognition of loneliness as the explained 
variables, while controlling the elderly's own subjective 
cognition of the relationship between partners, their 

subjective cognition of their social status, The subjective 
cognition of oneself, and the subjective cognition of one's 
own physical health. The following table reflects the 
subjective descriptive statistical characteristics of the main 
sample in this paper. 

 
Table 2. Subjective description table of sample characteristics 

variable Mean sd max min number 
satisfaction with life 4.23 0.94 5 0 9315 

loneliness 0.77 1.12 7 0 9315 
partnership 4.22 1.19 5 0 9315 

healthy 4.58 1.92 7 0 9315 
subjective perception of 
personal achievement 

3.87 1.24 5 0 9315 

Subjective cognition of 
personal social status 

3.35 1.18 5 0 9315 

 
According to Table 2, it can be found that the overall 

sample has a high degree of satisfaction with life, a low 
awareness of loneliness, and a relatively positive subjective 
awareness of the partnership relationship. Self-awareness is 
more positive, while the individual's position in the 
community is relatively conservative relative to other 
subjective measurement variables. This article will focus on 
analyzing the relationship between the living patterns of 
parents and children in the sample on the subjective cognition 
of life satisfaction of the elderly and their subjective cognition 
of their own loneliness. 

3. Empirical Analysis 
The relevant empirical research analysis in this paper will 

mainly focus on four parts: baseline regression, robustness 
test, heterogeneity analysis, and mechanism test. The main 
regression equation based on this paper is: 

 

       (1) 

 

Among them, Y is the explanatory variable focused on in 
this paper, that is, the life satisfaction and subjective 
loneliness indicators of sample individuals; X is the 
explanatory variable that this paper focuses on, that is, the 
variable of the co-living pattern of sample parents and 
children; D is the control variable group included in this paper. 
Objective control variables such as: age, gender, marital 
status, income level, urban and rural dummy variables; E is 
the fixed effect group used in this paper, mainly using the 
fixed effect of provinces. Since the CGSS collected samples 
from 25 provinces in 2017, In order to avoid the problem of 
multicollinearity, fixed utility items of 24 provinces were 
generated. Among them, β0 is the intercept item; αi are 
the coefficients of the pattern that the elderly live with their 
children; αj is the coefficient of the control variable; ψi is 
the coefficient of the fixed effect; σi is the residual item. 

The following table shows the regression results of the 
sample life satisfaction and sample loneliness indicators using 
the OLS least squares method with the addition of the 
provincial fixed effect. 

 
Table 3. Life Satisfaction Benchmark Regression Results 

 (1) (2) (3) (4) 

Residential mode 
0.036* 
(1.91) 

0.042** 
(2.36) 

0.056*** 
(3.16) 

0.055** 
(2.16) 

age Y Y Y Y 
number of children Y Y Y Y 

social insurance Y Y Y Y 
marital status Y Y Y Y 

gender Y Y Y Y 
Income level Y Y Y Y 
marital status Y Y Y Y 
self-esteem  Y Y Y 

perception of self-achievement  Y Y Y 
perception of partnership  Y Y Y 

Province fixed effect   Y Y 
Observations 13287 13287 13264 7111 

Note: Pr(|T| > |t|) =0.0000, this number is the P value. When the P value <0.01, it means that the test is significant at the 1% 
level, marked ***. When 0.01<P value<0.05, it means that the test is significant at the 5% level, marked **. When 0.05<P 

value<0.1, it means that the test is significant at the 10% level, marked with *. 
 

Columns (1) to (3) add objective control variables, 
subjective perception control variables, and provincial fixed 
effect items to all samples in turn, and the regression results 

show that the regression results are all significantly positive. 
Column 4 is regression for rural samples, and its coefficient 
is significantly smaller than that of the full sample, indicating 



 

4 

that the impact of co-living on the life satisfaction of rural samples is less than that of urban residents. 
 

Table 4. Benchmark regression results for loneliness 
 (1) (2) (3) (4) 

Residential mode 
0.001 
(0.05) 

-0.024 
(-1.19) 

-0.049**  (-1.98) 
-0.03 

(-1.03) 
age Y Y Y Y 

number of children Y Y Y Y 
social insurance Y Y Y Y 

marital status Y Y Y Y 
gender Y Y Y Y 

Income level Y Y Y Y 
marital status Y Y Y Y 
self-esteem  Y Y Y 

perception of self-achievement  Y Y Y 
perception of partnership  Y Y Y 

Province fixed effect   Y Y 
Observations 13287 13287 13264 7111 

 
Columns (1) to (3) are the regression results for all samples. 

It is found that after controlling all control variables and 
province fixed effects, the coefficients are significantly 
negative, indicating that living together will reduce the 
loneliness of the elderly. Column (4) performs regression on 
rural samples, and its coefficient is significantly smaller than 
that of the full sample, indicating that co-living has less 
impact on the loneliness of rural samples than urban residents. 

However, from the logic of economics and sociology, there 
are serious self-selection problems in the way of living for 
children and the elderly: for example, as parents grow older, 
children will have a greater chance of forming their own 
family and living apart from their parents ; and the higher the 
income level of parents, the parents will have lower 
motivation to obtain housework and economic support from 
their children, and parents will choose a living pattern 
independent of their children; in addition, if the health of the 
elderly is better, The cost of children taking care of their 
parents will decrease, thereby increasing their willingness to 
live with their parents; finally, compared with rural areas, the 
replacement cost of children living alone away from their 
parents in urban areas is relatively high, which relatively 

reduces the children's independent living costs. There may be 
serious endogeneity problems between willingness and other 
control variables. Therefore, in order to solve the above-
mentioned endogenous problems, this paper will use the 
instrumental variable method for robustness testing. 

The first child was a son and the son has survived to this 
day. For the elderly over 60 years old in the sample, when 
they were in the childbearing age, China had not yet 
implemented the family planning policy, and according to the 
medical development at that time, the sex of the fetus was 
determined by B-ultrasound The technology is not yet mature, 
and there are even fewer people who can use this technology. 
Therefore, we consider the sex of the first-born child to be a 
random event. At the same time, affected by the traditional 
value of the eldest son inheriting the family business and 
taking care of his parents in traditional Chinese culture, if the 
first child is a boy and has survived to this day, the elderly are 
less likely to choose the living mode of living alone. Drawing 
on the existing practice, this paper uses the instrumental 
variable of the sex of the first child of the elderly to solve the 
biased estimation caused by the endogeneity in this paper. 

 
Table 5. Robustness test results 

 (1) (2) (3) (4) 

Residential mode 
0.083** 
(2.05) 

0.102*(1.74) -0.05***  (-2.95) 
0.039 
(0.59) 

age Y Y Y Y 
number of children Y Y Y Y 

social insurance Y Y Y Y 
marital status Y Y Y Y 

gender Y Y Y Y 
Income level Y Y Y Y 
marital status Y Y Y Y 
self-esteem Y Y Y Y 

perception of self-achievement Y Y Y Y 
perception of partnership Y Y Y Y 

Province fixed effect Y Y Y Y 
Observations 13287 7111 13264 7111 

F value 3170.6 1643.7 3170.6 1643.7 
 

The explained variable of columns (1)-(2) is life 
satisfaction, where column (1) is tested for all samples; 
column (2) is tested for rural samples, columns (3)-(4) The 
explained variable is loneliness, column (3) is tested for all 

samples, and column (4) is tested for rural samples. The test 
results are basically consistent with the baseline regression, 
and its F value is greater than the common standard of F=25, 
passing the weak correlation test. 



 

5 

This paper will mainly examine the following three 
mechanisms. First, living together with the elderly will 
improve children’s financial support for their parents, 
enhance children’s support for the elderly in daily housework 
activities, and enhance the emotional relationship between 
children and the elderly. Contact, so as to achieve the 

effectiveness of improving the life satisfaction of the elderly 
and reducing their loneliness, then this article will examine 
these three channels in turn. First, this paper examines the 
impact of residential mode on the above three types of support 
linkages. 

 
Table 6. Test results of residential mode influencing channels 

 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) 

Residential mode 0.92***(185.72) -0.23***(-3.43) 
0.01 

(0.66) 
1.13**(94.5) 

-1.58*** 
(-10.45) 

age Y Y Y Y Y 
number of children Y Y Y Y Y 

social insurance Y Y Y Y Y 
marital status Y Y Y Y Y 

gender Y Y Y Y Y 
Income level Y Y Y Y Y 
marital status Y Y Y Y Y 
self-esteem Y Y Y Y Y 

perception of self-achievement Y Y Y Y Y 
perception of partnership Y Y Y Y Y 

Province fixed effect Y Y Y Y Y 
Observations 13264 13264 8317 13264 13264 

 
Column (1) reports the impact of residence mode on 

economic support, and in column (4) a robustness test is 
performed using instrumental variables, and the results are all 
significantly positive, indicating that children living with 
their parents will increase their economic support for their 
parents. Column (2) reports the impact of living mode on 
housework support, and in column (5) a robustness test is 
performed using instrumental variables. The result is 

significantly negative, indicating that children living with 
their parents will reduce their parents' housework. Column (3) 
reports the effect of residence mode on the parent-child 
relationship, and the results are not statistically significant. 

Secondly, this paper analyzes the impact of two 
mechanisms on the satisfaction and loneliness of the elderly. 
Tables 7 below report the results of the regression. 

 
Table 7. Regression results of channel influence mechanism 

 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) 

financial support 
0.05*** 
(2.88) 

 
0.05*** 
(2.83) 

-0.03* 
(-1.66) 

 
-0.03* 
(-1.71) 

housework support  
0.001 
(0.8) 

0.002 
(0.91) 

 
-0.003 
(-1.12) 

-0.003 
(-1.18) 

age Y Y Y Y Y Y 
number of children Y Y Y Y Y Y 

social insurance Y Y Y Y Y Y 
marital status Y Y Y Y Y Y 

gender Y Y Y Y Y Y 
Income level Y Y Y Y Y Y 
marital status Y Y Y Y Y Y 
self-esteem Y Y Y Y Y Y 

perception of self-achievement Y Y Y Y Y Y 
perception of partnership Y Y Y Y Y Y 

Province fixed effect Y Y Y Y Y Y 
Observations 13277 13277 13277 13277 13277 13277 

 
Columns (1) to (3) report the impact of the two channels on 

satisfaction. It can be found that financial support has a 
positive and significant impact on the satisfaction of the 
elderly, while housework support has no significant impact. 
Columns (4) to (6) report the impact of the two channels on 
loneliness. Financial support has a significant impact, while 
housework support has no significant impact. 

To sum up, the co-living of children and the elderly 
improves the life satisfaction of the elderly and reduces the 
loneliness of the elderly by increasing the financial support of 
the children for the elderly. 

4. Conclusions and Suggestions 
Based on the data from the China General Social Survey in 

2017, this paper analyzes the impact of the living pattern of 
the elderly on life satisfaction. Using the OLS least squares 
method to carry out the regression results shows that under 
the condition of controlling other variables and provincial 
fixed effects, the living pattern of the elderly and their 
children will have a positive effect on the life satisfaction of 
the elderly samples. The loneliness of the elderly and the life 
satisfaction of the elderly are inhibitory, so this paper also 



 

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analyzes that the living patterns of the elderly and their 
children will have a negative impact on the subjective 
loneliness of the elderly samples. In view of this, the 
following suggestions are made: 

1. Suggestions at the national level. Faced with such a large 
group of elderly people, the country needs to build a pension 
system that is more suitable for the elderly in China. With the 
changes of the times, it is even more necessary to 
continuously improve the pension system. 

2. Suggestions on the social level need to promote China's 
"filial piety culture", advocate that everyone care for their 
parents, respect the elderly, and call on children to fulfill their 
due obligations to their parents. The advantages and benefits 
of the living mode of living. 

3. Suggestions at the personal level. In the choice of the 
living mode of home-based care, both parties need to make 
full consideration. Both the elderly and their children need to 
fully consider their parents’ marital status, gender, health, and 
parent-child relationship. Combined with comprehensive 
factors such as parents' own social achievements, combined 
with their own actual situation, they can make a decision on 
the living mode that maximizes the benefits 

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