Frontiers in Education Technology Vol. 5, No.1, 2022 www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/fet ISSN 2576-1846 (Print) ISSN 2576-1854 (Online) 29 Original Paper A Model for Enhancing the Science Workforce Steven B. Oppenheimer1 1 Department of Biology and Center for Cancer and Developmental Biology, California State University, Northridge, Northridge, CA 91325 -8303, USA Received: January 17, 2022 Accepted: February 10, 2022 Online Published: February 19, 2022 doi:10.22158/fet.v5n1p29 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/fet.v5n1p29 Abstract This mini-review will focus on a US Presidential Award/National Science Foundation/ AAAS recognized program that offers research experiences for all interested students. The quality of the research experiences will be documented by citations of student (208 students) co-authored peer reviewed papers and evidence will be presented that students are turned on to research by the method of Oppenheimer mentoring, that will be described. The career outcomes of the students will be detailed and it will be shown that this program is a model for enhancing the science workforce. 1. Introduction Many students want research experiences but can’t get them, resulting in a science workforce deficit. Here 50 years of open door policy for research experiences will be described including quality of the research experiences, student co-authorships, student career outcomes and the effect of research experiences on students. The issue of professor ability to handle many new students is discussed. All students and trainers receive college credit and Steve Oppenheimer receives workload teaching credit for working with so many students. 2. Main Body How can a single professor serve many new undergraduates in research? Here’s the answer edited from Oppenheimer, S., NATURE 519: 158 [90]. Handling so Many Undergraduates/Oppenheimer program All new undergraduates are trained by peer undergraduates or pre-Masters students (not Ph.D. students or postdocs), experienced in the research, helping to insure that the newcomers immediately feel comfortable in the research setting. I, Steve Oppenheimer, regularly check all of the newcomers and liven it up with jokes and encouragement. The burden of heavy course loads is mitigated by an open www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/fet Frontiers in Education Technology Vol. 5, No. 1, 2022 30 Published by SCHOLINK INC. door policy that allows students to pursue their research during off hours and vacation times. This part of the program is very important for its success. Hiring and Promotion. Edited from Oppenheimer, S., NATURE 554: 31 [91] I suggest that skills in mentoring should be made a condition for hiring faculty members and that mentoring success be included as a criterion for tenure and promotion. This is done on our campus and may be a reason why our campus was listed as an up and coming research university by the NATURE INDEX. And that’s with no Ph.D. students [94]. Obviously, many years of academic policy can’t be changed overnight but the White House, NSF and AAAS think that our model is on the right track to change things for the better. A specific example of student mentoring Specific example of motivation putatively causing a specific career outcome. An Hispanic Alum named Celina Barba Simic. The documented career success of many hundreds of students mentored by Steve Oppenheimer played a key role in the U.S. Presidential Award as noted by the NSF Presidential Award peer review panel. The evidence presented is mostly correlation and does not provide any clarity on causal relationships. Serendipity has provided an example that gets more into possible causal relationships. This is about one student, of several, who made a donation to the university of student scholarship(s) in honor of Steve Oppenheimer. But in this case an astute reporter (93) unraveled how motivation by Steve Oppenheimer led to her acceptance to Stanford University Medical School (and is now a co-director of emergency medicine at a large Los Angeles Hospital). Here is some of her story in her own words. Her daughters asked, Mom, how did you become a doctor…In unraveling 20 years worth of layers she remembered Dr. Oppenheimer. She decided to make the gift to the university because she said Dr. Oppenheimer changed the trajectory of her life. It began when she took Oppenheimer’s undergraduate embryology course. After that she worked in Oppenheimer’s research lab. She said being in Dr. O’s lab as an undergraduate was awesome. He encouraged every person that walked into the lab to do everything they wanted to do and helped them find ways to do it. She said Oppenheimer’s encouragement made a profound impact on her life…He gave me the confidence to apply to medical school. He gave me the study skills, research skills and knowledge base to succeed. He said you’re the best and you can become a doctor if you want to be one. He gave me the confidence to apply to medical school He changed the trajectory of my life. It’s hard to assign causality to motivational strategies. But this story comes close. Boundless enthusiasm One item that caught the eye of a NSF panel reviewer on the Presidential Award panel: He (Oppenheimer) calls his students professors and doctors. I’m going to try doing that. It’s a motivational gimmick that is both inspirational and transformative that reflects his boundless enthusiasm (89). I will now summarize some of the research done by undergraduates and pre-Masters students over a 50 year period, listing number of student co-authors on each component of this program. Numbers refer to www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/fet Frontiers in Education Technology Vol. 5, No. 1, 2022 31 Published by SCHOLINK INC. citation on the reference list. If no students are listed next to a citation, no students co-authored it. These listings help document the quality of student co-authored peer-reviewed papers in this program. 3. Sea Urchin Embryo We examined the molecular basis of adhesive interactions in the sea urchin embryo, an NIH model system. 5 (1 student), 6 (3 students), 9 (3 students), 10 (3 students), 11, 12 (2 students), 16 (1 student), 19 (3 students), 20 (1 student), 21 (2 students), 22 (2 students), 25 (2 students), 28, 29, 30, 31 (2 students), 32 (3 students), 35 (1 student), 38 (6 students), 40, 42 (4 students), 43 (7 students), 44 (3 students), 49 (2 students), 50, 51 (5 students), 53 (4 students), 54 (13 students), 55 (7 students), 56 (1 student). 57 (5 students), 58 (3 students), 67, 69, 73 (1 student), 75, 79 (3 students), 81 (2 students), 83 (1 student), 84 (3 students), 85, 86, 87 (1 student). As can be seen (5, 9, 10, 12, 20, 21, 22, 25, 32, 35, 66, 67, 69, 70, 71, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 83, 84, 85, 87) were in NATURE, SCIENCE, ZYGOTE, EXPERIMENTAL CELL RESEARCH, CRYOBIOLOGY, BIOCHEMICA BIOPHYSICA ACTA, journals that are known for high quality papers and usually good impact factors. The student co-authored research helped show that specific carbohydrates were involved in sea urchin embryo cellular interactions, a finding that helped lead to election as Fellow AAAS and a US Presidential Award for mentoring. 4. Cancer and Assays The area of cancer is exciting for students and we made discoveries on cancer clumps vs single cells, cancer cell adhesiveness, cancer cell protease and cancer cell surfaces. 7 (2 students), 8 (1 student), 13 (2 students), 14, 15 (1 student), 17 (2 students), 18 (7 students), 23 (17 students), 24 (13 students), 26 (1 student), 33 (2 students), 34 (1 student), 36 (1 student), 39 (3 students), 41 (2 students), 45 (18 students), 47 (10 students), 52 (3 students), 59 (3 students) 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66 (4 students), 68, 70 (3 students), 71 (4 students), 72 (3 students), 74, m75, 76 (3 students), 77 (1 student), 78, 82, 87 (1 student), 88, 89. 46 (7 students), 48. 5. Who Writes the Student Co-Authored Papers? I do for some of them. The students and I do most of them. The students do for others. Our biggest paper with 10,000 downloads was totally student written (7). The writer, Haike Ghazarian, is now a Ph.D. working in industry. I am reprinting this paper below as it is for non-profit education purposes and it is a masterpiece. This paper is an example of the high level of student co-authorships that reflects their training and why this program is a model for enhancing the science workforce. www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/fet Frontiers in Education Technology Vol. 5, No. 1, 2022 32 Published by SCHOLINK INC. www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/fet Frontiers in Education Technology Vol. 5, No. 1, 2022 33 Published by SCHOLINK INC. www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/fet Frontiers in Education Technology Vol. 5, No. 1, 2022 34 Published by SCHOLINK INC. www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/fet Frontiers in Education Technology Vol. 5, No. 1, 2022 35 Published by SCHOLINK INC. www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/fet Frontiers in Education Technology Vol. 5, No. 1, 2022 36 Published by SCHOLINK INC. www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/fet Frontiers in Education Technology Vol. 5, No. 1, 2022 37 Published by SCHOLINK INC. www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/fet Frontiers in Education Technology Vol. 5, No. 1, 2022 38 Published by SCHOLINK INC. www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/fet Frontiers in Education Technology Vol. 5, No. 1, 2022 39 Published by SCHOLINK INC. www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/fet Frontiers in Education Technology Vol. 5, No. 1, 2022 40 Published by SCHOLINK INC. www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/fet Frontiers in Education Technology Vol. 5, No. 1, 2022 41 Published by SCHOLINK INC. www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/fet Frontiers in Education Technology Vol. 5, No. 1, 2022 42 Published by SCHOLINK INC. www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/fet Frontiers in Education Technology Vol. 5, No. 1, 2022 43 Published by SCHOLINK INC. DATA (93) # student co-authored full length peer-reviewed papers: 60 www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/fet Frontiers in Education Technology Vol. 5, No. 1, 2022 44 Published by SCHOLINK INC. # student co-authors: 208 Average # students on these papers: 3.5 CAREER OUTCOMES OF SOME LAB ALUMNI (who reported their careers to Steve) (93) Ph.D.s: 52 M.D./M.D.-Ph.D.s: 62 Dentists: 33 Pharmacists: 17 Scientists in research and education: 97 Lawyers: 2 ACTUAL DATA ON CAREER OUTCOMES OF SOME LAB ALUMNI UPDATED TO 2021. THIS IS ONLY A FRACTION OF CAREER OUTCOMES AS IT INCLUDES ONLY THOSE WHO REPORTED TO STEVE. This indicates enhanced science workforce in this little sample and correlates with lab mentoring that may or not be causative. The Celina Barba Simic story in this paper suggests causation. * names are some of those who continued to complete a Masters degree with Steve. www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/fet Frontiers in Education Technology Vol. 5, No. 1, 2022 45 Published by SCHOLINK INC. www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/fet Frontiers in Education Technology Vol. 5, No. 1, 2022 46 Published by SCHOLINK INC. www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/fet Frontiers in Education Technology Vol. 5, No. 1, 2022 47 Published by SCHOLINK INC. www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/fet Frontiers in Education Technology Vol. 5, No. 1, 2022 48 Published by SCHOLINK INC. www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/fet Frontiers in Education Technology Vol. 5, No. 1, 2022 49 Published by SCHOLINK INC. www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/fet Frontiers in Education Technology Vol. 5, No. 1, 2022 50 Published by SCHOLINK INC. www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/fet Frontiers in Education Technology Vol. 5, No. 1, 2022 51 Published by SCHOLINK INC. 6. Pre-College As career objectives are often decided before students enter college, we have published a pre-college journal for 25 years that showcases research by hundreds of pre-college students and their teachers [1]. In addition, we have developed a pre-college research poster symposium that gives hundreds of students the opportunity to showcase their research. Advanced college undergraduates review the posters and congratulate the youngsters who receive medals and certificates. All participating students receive medals and certificates for great efforts. This is not like a science fair where only a few kids are “winners.” All poster presenters here are “winners” and this is the pre-college component to help improve the science workforce at an early age [1]. Here is a Commentary I wrote for NSTA Reports October 2019 read by hundreds of thousands of NSTA members that explains our Pre-college program. The Value of Recognizing the Efforts of All Science Students By Steve Oppenheimer. Current education research (2) has shown that precollege science experiences substantially increase the number of students choosing a science major in college. However, science fairs usually select a relatively small number of winners from hundreds of participants, leaving most with little to show for their efforts, which can diminish those students’ future interest. About 35 years ago, I established a research training program for K-12 teachers. After training many teachers in our labs, I developed the Journal of Student Research Abstracts (JSRA) to showcase and reward participating students with published abstracts in a free online journal. All students, not just the high achievers, should be encouraged to do precollege science research, as by the time they reach college, they often have decided on careers. The United States needs more research scientists, so we should encourage many more students, not just high achievers, to fall in love with science. Teachers across Los Angeles and across the U.S.A. submit abstracts on behalf of their middle and high school students to JSRA. Journal editors and teachers rigorously review abstracts, and students have the opportunity to correct any problems. Although this research is conducted by students, scientific rigor is expected. Abstracts document the use of appropriate controls, sufficient replications, and adequate numbers of samples. Accepted abstracts are published in the journal, and student authors receive a print copy of the journal containing their published research. (JSRA is available online at http://bit.ly/2kkE0Et.) One teacher said their students dance with joy upon seeing their work in print. Center for Cancer and Developmental Biology Pre-College Research Poster Symposium, which also recognizes hundreds of middle and high school student scientists each year. The posters often are based on the reviewed project abstracts submitted to JSRA, and a cadre of advanced senior level university students trained in research science evaluate them. Students conduct their research at their schools and homes, and present their reviewed research in poster form at the symposium, held at California State University, Northridge (CSUN), where they receive medals and certificates recognizing their efforts. This really inspires them to continue in science. Former students who contributed to the journal and participated in the symposium have reported that their siblings “fight” to become involved. Students have been admitted to a spectrum of higher learning institutions, including the California State University system, University of California system, Drexel University, Oxford, Pepperdine, Stanford, Harvard, www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/fet Frontiers in Education Technology Vol. 5, No. 1, 2022 52 Published by SCHOLINK INC. Penn State, and the University of Tokyo. Thousands of good precollege science experiences exist that can motivate students to choose science careers. Just having a great science teacher can spark students’ interest. Our journal and poster symposium recognize thousands of kids for their research work. A reward like a published abstract or a medal and certificate may be the first and often only recognition from a university many of these students receive. Following the most recent symposium, CSUN Vice Provost Matt Cahn noted, “This is one of those transformative opportunities that we hope all students have.” How often do hundreds of students receive university and parental recognition for science research work? The pride that families take in their children’s science work provides an extra push for them to choose a science career. These programs are replicable by teachers, schools, and school districts if they wish to encourage many more students to contemplate future science careers. I also suggest that science educators consider urging their middle and high school students to submit research abstracts to JSRA. (Author’s note I would like to thank Andrew Weiss, Elizabeth Altman, Mindy Berman, Alvalyn Lundgren, and Helen Chun for their work on JSRA. I have been fortunate to have support from CSUN leadership and staff in launching and running the symposium and the journal). Steve Oppenheimer, professor emeritus, CSUN, has received several awards, including the Presidential Award for Excellence in Science, Mathematics, and Engineering Mentoring and a CSU System Trustees Outstanding Professor award. He is an American Association for the Advancement of Science Fellow and serves as director of CSUN’s Center for Cancer and Developmental Biology. He was editor of Elsevier’s international journal Acta Histochemica, affiliated with the International Federation of Societies for Histochemistry and Cytochemistry. He has taught, conducted research, and worked with middle and high school students and teachers at CSUN for 48 years . 7. Conclusions This Mini-Review documents student co-authors and career outcomes and suggests that this open research program is a model for enhancing the science workforce. The White House and NSF honored Steve Oppenheimer with a US Presidential Award for this work, as did the AAAS in electing Steve as a Fellow. The AAAS Fellow designation is a valued research honor that suggests that the student co-authored papers are of high quality. Steve’s mentoring program uses advanced undergraduates to help train the newcomers so the job of offering research experiences to large numbers of students is feasible and easy to accomplish as long as motivation and enthusiasm abound. The example of a student, mentored by Steve, who is a Stanford M.D. and co-director of a major hospital’s emergency department, provides evidence that this mentoring program can indeed serve as a model for enhancing the science workforce. www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/fet Frontiers in Education Technology Vol. 5, No. 1, 2022 53 Published by SCHOLINK INC. Acknowlegements Thank you to Carolyn Oppenheimer for expert insertion of data into this manuscript. The Dean, Chair, Provost and President provided 50 years of great support for these programs. References [1] Oppenheimer, Berman, S. M., Chun, H., Lundgren, A., Tanaka, S., Antoniou, A., Miller, T., & Zem, G. (2020). Applied Science Research for All Part 1 Pre-College Level. American Journal of Applied Scientific Research, 6, 72-75. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajasr.20200604.11 [2] Dou, R., Hazari, Z., Dabney, K., Sonnert, G., & Sadler, P. (2019). Early Informal STEM Experiences Identity: The Importance of Talking Science. Sci. Edu. https://doi.org/10.1002/sce.21499 [3] Oppenheimer, S. (2020). Covid-19 Pandemic, Glycobiology, Glycan Shields, Vaccine Strategies, Heparin Sulfate: A Mini Review. American Journal of Applied Scientific Research, 6(2), 46-48. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajasr.20200602.14 [4] Oppenheimer, S. (2020). Cell Clusters in Cancer Metastasis: A Mini Review. American Journal of Applied Scientific Research, 6(2), 43-45. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajasr.20200602.13 [5] Smith, T., & Oppenheimer, S. B. (2013). Involvement of L-rhamnose in Sea Urchin Gastrulation: A Live Embryo Assay. Zygote. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0967199413000452 [6] Singh, S., Karabidian, E., Kandel, A., Metzenberg, S., Carroll, Jr. E., & Oppenheimer, S. B. (2013). A Role for Polyglucans in a Model Sea Urchin Embryo Cellular Interaction. Zygote. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0967199413000038 [7] Ghazarian, H., Idoni, B., & Oppenheimer, S. (2011). A Glycobiology Review: Carbohydrates, Lectins, and Implications in Cancer Therapeutics. Acta Histochemica, 113, 236-247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acthis.2010.02.004 [8] Dreyfuss, J., & Oppenheimer, S. (2010). Cyclodextrins and cellular interactions. In E. Bilensoy (Ed.), Cyclodextrins in Pharmaceutics, Cosmetics, and Biomedicine, Current and Future Industrial Applications (Chapter 15, pp. 287-295). John Wiley and Sons, Hoboken, N.J.. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470926819.ch15 [9] Idoni, B., Ghazarian, H., Metzenberg, S., Hutchins-Carroll, V., Oppenheimer, S., & Carroll Jr., E. (2010). Use of Specific Glycosidases to Probe Cellular Interactions in the Sea Urchin Embryo. Experimental Cell Research, 316, 2204-2211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yexcr.2010.04.026 [10] Alvarez, M., Nnoli, J., Carroll, E. J., Jr., Hutchins-Carroll, V., Razinia, Z., & Oppenheimer, S. B. (2008). Exogenous Hyalin and Sea Urchin Gastrulation, Part II: Hyalin, An Interspecies Cell Adhesion Molecule. Zygote, 16, 73-78. PMCID PMC2557437. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0967199407004546 https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajasr.20200604.11 https://doi.org/10.1002/sce.21499 https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajasr.20200602.14 https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajasr.20200602.13 https://doi.org/10.1017/S0967199413000452 https://doi.org/10.1017/S0967199413000038 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acthis.2010.02.004 https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470926819.ch15 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yexcr.2010.04.026 https://doi.org/10.1017/S0967199407004546 www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/fet Frontiers in Education Technology Vol. 5, No. 1, 2022 54 Published by SCHOLINK INC. [11] Carroll, E. J., Jr., Hutchins-Carroll, V., Coyle-Thompson, C., & Oppenheimer, S. B. (2008). Hyalin is a Cell Adhesion Molecule Involved in Mediating Archenteron-Blastocoel Roof Attachment. Acta Histochemica, 110, 265-275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acthis.2007.11.004 [12] Contreras, A., Vitale, J., Hutchins-Carroll, V., Carroll, E. J., & Oppenheimer, S. B. (2008). Exogenous Hyalin and Sea Urchin Gastrulation. Part III: Biological Activity of Hyalin Isolated from Lytechinus pictus embryos. Zygote, 16, 355-361. https://doi.org/10.1017/S096719940800484X [13] Oppenheimer, S. B., Alvarez, M., & Nnoli, J. (2008). Carbohydrate-Based Experimental Therapeutics for Cancer, HIV/AIDS and Other Diseases. Acta Histochemica, 110, 6-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acthis.2007.08.003 [14] Oppenheimer, S. B. (2007). Cellular Basis of Cancer Metastasis: A Review of Fundamentals and New Advances. Acta Histochemica, 108, 327-334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acthis.2006.03.008 [15] Petrossian, K., Banner, L., & Oppenheimer, S. B. (2007). Lectin Binding and Lectin Effects on Human Cancer and Non-Cancer Cell Lines: Examination of Issues of Interest in Drug Design Strategies. Acta Histochemica, 109, 491-500. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acthis.2007.05.004 [16] Razinia, Z., Carroll, Jr., E. J., & Oppenheimer, S. B. (2007). Microplate Assay for Quantifying Developmental Morphologies: Effects of Exogenous Hyalin on Sea Urchin Gastrulation. Zygote, 15, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0967199407004145 [17] Sajadi, S., Rojas, P., Oppenheimer, S. B., & Cyclodextrin, A. (2007). Probe for Studying Adhesive Interactions. Acta Histochemica, 109, 338-342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acthis.2007.02.004 [18] Zem, G. C., Badali, O., Gaytan, M., Hekmatjou, H., Alvarez, M., Nnoli, J., … Oppenheimer, S. B. (2006). Microbead Analysis of Cell Binding to Immobilized Lectin: An Alternative to Microarrays in the Development of Carbohydrate Drugs and Diagnostic Tests. Acta Histochemica, 108, 311-317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acthis.2006.03.019 [19] Ghazarian, H., Coyle-Thompson, C., Dalrymple, W., Hutchins-Carroll, V., Metzenberg, S., Razinia, Z., … Oppenheimer, S. B. (2010). Exogenous Hyalin and Sea Urchin Gastrulation, Part IV: A Direct Adhesion Assay-Progress in Identifying Hyalin’s Active Sites. Zygote, 18, 17-26. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0967199409005498 [20] Oppenheimer, S., & Meyer, J. (1982). Carbohydrate specificity of sea urchin blastula adhesion component. Experimental Cell Research, 139, 451-456. https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-4827(82)90278-6 [21] Idoni, B., Ghazarian, H., Metzenberg, S., Hutchins-Carroll, V, Carroll, Jr., E., & Oppenheimer, S. (2010). Use of specific glycosidases to probe cellular interactions in the sea urchin embryo. Experimental Cell Research, 316, 2204-2211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yexcr.2010.04.026 [22] Liang, J., Aleksanyan, H., Metzenberg, S., & Oppenheimer, S. (2016). Involvement of L-rhamnose in sea urchin gastrulation. Part II: alpha rhamnosidase. Zygote, 24, 37-377. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0967199415000283 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acthis.2007.11.004 https://doi.org/10.1017/S096719940800484X https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acthis.2007.08.003 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acthis.2006.03.008 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acthis.2007.05.004 https://doi.org/10.1017/S0967199407004145 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acthis.2007.02.004 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acthis.2006.03.019 https://doi.org/10.1017/S0967199409005498 https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-4827(82)90278-6 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yexcr.2010.04.026 https://doi.org/10.1017/S0967199415000283 www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/fet Frontiers in Education Technology Vol. 5, No. 1, 2022 55 Published by SCHOLINK INC. [23] Crocker, K., Deleon, J., Telliyan, L., Aprelian, K., Rosenberg, A., Pouri, N., Oppenheimer, S. (2020). A Kinetic Assay for Drug Discovery: Part 2, Sodium Sulfate. American Journal of Applied Scientific Research, 6(2), 39-42. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajasr.20200602.12 [24] Nahapetyan, V., Delos Santos, S., Crocker, K., Tobar, D., Nazarian, D., Chirishyan, H., … Oppenheimer, S. (2019). A manual kinetic assay in a fixed yeast model for drug discovery. American Journal of Applied Scientific Research, 5, 28-35. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajasr.20190501.15 [25] Aleksanyan, H., Liang, J., Metzenberg, S., & Oppenheimer, S. B. (2016). Terminal alpha-D-mannosides are critical during sea urchin gastrulation. Zygote. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0967199416000113 [26] Ghazarian, A., & Oppenheimer, S. (2014). Microbead analysis of cell binding to immobilized lectin. Part II: Quantitative kinetic profile assay for possible identification of anti-infectivity and anti-cancer reagents. Acta Histochemica, 116, 1514-1518. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acthis.2014.07.015 [27] Karabidian, S. E., Kandel, A., Metzenberg, S., Carroll, Jr. E., & Oppenheimer, S. (2013). A role for polyglucans in a model sea urchin embryo cellular interaction. Zygote (Cambridge University Press). [28] Ghazarian, H., Coyle-Thompson, C., Dalrymple, Hutchins-Carroll, V., Metzenberg, S., Razinia, Z., … Oppenheimer, S. (2010). Exogenous Hyalin and Sea Urchin Gastrulation, Part IV: A Direct Adhesion Assay—Progress in Identifying Hyalin’s Active Sites. Zygote, 18, 17-26. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0967199409005498 [29] Contreras, A., Vitale, V. H.-C., Carroll, Jr., E., & Oppenheimer, S. (2008). Exogenous Hyalin and Sea Urchin Gastrulation, Part III: Biological Activity of Hyalin Extracted from Lytechinus pictus embryos. Zygote, 16, 355-361. https://doi.org/10.1017/S096719940800484X [30] Carroll, Jr., E., Hutchins-Carroll, V., Coyle Thompson, C., & Oppenheimer, S. (2008). Hyalin is a Cell Adhesion Molecule Involved in Mediating Archenteron Blastocoel Roof Attachment. Acta Histochemica, 110, 265-275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acthis.2007.11.004 [31] Alvarez, M., Nnoli, J., Carroll, Jr. E., Hutchins-Carroll, V., Razinia, Z., & Oppenheimer, S. (2008). Exogenous Hyalin and Sea Urchin Gastrulation, Part II: Hyalin, An Interspecies Cell Adhesion Molecule. Zygote, 16, 73-78. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0967199407004546 [32] Alvarez, M., Nnoli, J., & Oppenheimer, S. (2008). Carbohydrate-Based Experimental Therapeutics for Cancer, HIV/AIDS and Other Diseases. Acta Histochemica, 110, 6-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acthis.2007.08.003 [33] Petrossian, K., Banner, L., & Oppenheimer, S. (2007). Lectin Binding and Effects in Culture on Human Cancer and Non-Cancer Cell Lines: Examination of Issues of Interest in Drug Design Strategies. Acta Histochemica, 109, 491-500. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acthis.2007.05.004 https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajasr.20200602.12 https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajasr.20190501.15 https://doi.org/10.1017/S0967199416000113 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acthis.2014.07.015 https://doi.org/10.1017/S0967199409005498 https://doi.org/10.1017/S096719940800484X https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acthis.2007.11.004 https://doi.org/10.1017/S0967199407004546 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acthis.2007.08.003 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acthis.2007.05.004 www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/fet Frontiers in Education Technology Vol. 5, No. 1, 2022 56 Published by SCHOLINK INC. [34] Razinia, Z., Carroll, Jr. E., Oppenheimer, S. (2007). Microplate Assay for Quantifying Developmental Morphologies: Effects of Exogenous Hyalin on Sea Urchin Gastrulation. Zygote, 15, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0967199407004145 [35] Rojas, S. S., & Oppenheimer, S. (2007). Cyclodextrin, A Probe for Studying Adhesive Interactions. Acta Histochemica, 109, 338-342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acthis.2007.02.004 [36] Oppenheimer, S. (2006). Cellular Basis of Cancer Metastasis: A Review of Fundamentals and New Advances Acta Histochemica, 108, 327-334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acthis.2006.03.008 [37] Zem, G., Badali, O., Hekmatjou, G., Alvarez, M., Katus, J. N., Oppenheimer, S. (2006). Microbead Analysis of Cell Binding to Immobilized Lectin: An Alternative to Microarrays in the Development of Carbohydrate Drugs and Diagnostic Tests. Acta Histochemica, 108, 311-317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acthis.2006.03.019 [38] Welty, L., Heinrich, E., Garcia, C., Banner, L., Summers, M., Baresi, L., … Oppenheimer, S. (2006). Analysis of Unconventional Approaches for the Rapid Detection of Surface Lectin Binding Ligands on Human Cell Lines. Acta Histochemica, 107, 411-420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acthis.2005.10.005 [39] Coyle-Thompson, C., & Oppenheimer, S. (2005). A Novel Approach to Study Adhesion Mechanisms by Isolation of the Interacting System. Acta Histochemica, 107, 243-251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acthis.2005.06.009 [40] Heinrich, E., Welty, L., Banner, L., & Oppenheimer, S. (2005). Direct Targeting of Cancer Cells: A Multiparameter Approach. Acta Histochemica, 107, 335-344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acthis.2005.06.013 [41] Khurrum, M., Hernandez, E., Badali, O., Coyle-Thompson, C., & Oppenheimer, S. (2005). Carbohydrate Involvement in Sea Urchin Gastrula Cellular Interactions. Acta Histochemica, 106, 97-106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acthis.2004.01.001 [42] Maldonado, M., Weerasinghe, G., Ambroise, F., Yamoah, M. L., Grigorian, J. P., & Oppenheimer, S. (2004). The Charged Milieu: A Major Player in Fertilization Reactions. Acta Histochemica, 106, 3-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acthis.2003.10.004 [43] Ngo, L., Barajas, M., Weerasinghe, G., Zem, G., & Oppenheimer, S. (2003). A New Histochemical Approach for Studying Sperm Cell Surfaces. Acta Histochemica, 105, 21-28. https://doi.org/10.1078/0065-1281-00689 [44] Khurrum, M., Weerasinghe, G., Soriano, E., Riman, R., Badali, O., Gipson, S., …, Oppenheimer, S. (2002). Analysis of Surface Properties of Human Cancer Cells Using Derivatized Beads. Acta Histochemica, 104, 217-223. https://doi.org/10.1078/0065-1281-00656 [45] Navarro, V., Walker, S., Badali, O., Abundis, L. Ngo, Weerasinghe, G., … Oppenheimer, S. (2002). Analysis of Surface Properties of Fixed and Live Cells Using Derivatized Agarose Beads. 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Acta histochemica, 101, 271-279. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-1281(99)80028-2 [47] Latham, V., & Oppenheimer, S. (1999). A Simple Image Analysis Method for Evaluating Cell Binding to Derivatized Beads. Acta histochemica, 101, 263-270. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-1281(99)80027-0 [48] Latham, V., Tully, M., & Oppenheimer, S. (1999). A Putative Role for Carbohydrates in Sea Urchin Gastrulation. Acta histochemica, 101, 293-303. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-1281(99)80030-0 [49] Latham, V., Latham, L., & Oppenheimer, S. (1996). Desktop Computer-Based Image Analysis of Cell Surface Fluorescence Patterning from a Photographic Source. Acta histochemica, 98, 295-300. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-1281(96)80022-5 [50] Philip, J., Rodriguez, Bada, R., Ambroise, F., Hernandez, & Oppenheimer, S. (1997). Charge Interactions in Sperm-Egg Recognition. Acta histochemica, 99, 401-410. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-1281(97)80033-5 [51] Ghoneum, Vojdani, Banionis, A., Lagos, Gill, & Oppenheimer S. 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Cryobiology, 32, 168-174. https://doi.org/10.1006/cryo.1995.1015 [56] Latham, V., Ducut, J., Rostamiani, K., Chun, H., Lopez, Herrera, S., & Oppenheimer, S. (1995). A Rapid Lectin Receptor Binding Assay: Comparative Evaluation of Sea Urchin Embryo Cell Surface Lectin Receptors. Acta histochemica, 97, 89-97. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-1281(11)80209-6 [57] Latham, V., Herrera, S., Rostamiani, K., Chun, H., & Oppenheimer, S. (1995). Rapid Identification of Lectin Receptors and Their Possible Function in Sea Urchin Cell Systems. 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Relationship of Adhesiveness of Cells in Culture with Specific Enzyme Activity. Exp. Cell Res., 122, 149-157. https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-4827(79)90569-X [72] Asao, M., & Oppenheimer, S. (1979). Inhibitor of Cell Aggregation by Specific Carbohydrates. Exp. Cell. Res., 120, 149-157. https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-4827(79)90541-X [73] Oppenheimer, S. (1979). Introduction to the Symposium and Studies on the Surfaces of Separated and Synchronized Tumor and Embryonic Cell Populations. American Zoologist, 19, 801-808. https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/19.3.801 [74] Oppenheimer, S. (1978). Cell Surface Carbohydrates in Adhesion and Migration. 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On Cell Membrane Lipid Fluidity and Plant Lectin Agglutinability: A Spin Label Study of Mouse Ascites Tumor Cells. Biochemica et Biophysica Acta, 465, 400-407. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-2736(77)90089-X [77] Meyer, J., & Oppenheimer, S. (1976). The Multicomponent Nature of Teratoma Cell Adhesion Factor. Exp. Cell Res., 102, 359-364. https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-4827(76)90051-3 [78] Neri, A., Roberson, M., Connolly, D., & Oppenheimer, S. (1975). Quantitative Evaluation of Concanavalin A Receptor Site Distributions on the Surfaces of Specific Populations of Embryonic Cells. Nature, 258, 342-344. https://doi.org/10.1038/258342a0 [79] Connolly, D., & Oppenheimer, S. (1975). Cell Density-Dependent Stimulation of Glutamine Synthetase Activity in Cultured Mouse Teratoma Cells. Exp. Cell Res., 94, 459-464. https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-4827(75)90518-2 [80] Roberson, M., Neri, A., & Oppenheimer, S. (1975). 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Res., 77, 175-182. https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-4827(73)90566-1 [85] Potter, R., Barber, M., & Oppenheimer, S. (n.d.). Alteration of Sea Urchin Embryo Cell Surface Properties by Mycostatin, a Sterol Binding Antibiotic. Developmental Biology, 33, 218-223. https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-1606(73)90177-2 [86] Oppenheimer, S., & Odencrantz, J. (1972). A Quantitative Assay for Measuring Cell Agglutination: Agglutination of Sea Urchin Embryo and Mouse Teratoma Cells by Concanavalin A. Exp. Cell Res., 73, 475-480. https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-4827(72)90074-2 [87] Oppenheimer, S., & Humphreys, T. (1971). Isolation of Specific Macromolecules Required for Adhesion of Mouse Tumor Cells. Nature, 232, 125-127. https://doi.org/10.1038/232125a0 https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-4827(77)90128-8 https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-2736(77)90089-X https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-4827(76)90051-3 https://doi.org/10.1038/258342a0 https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-4827(75)90518-2 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1162345 https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-4827(75)90644-8 https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-4827(75)90103-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-4827(74)90396-6 https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-4827(73)90566-1 https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-1606(73)90177-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-4827(72)90074-2 https://doi.org/10.1038/232125a0 www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/fet Frontiers in Education Technology Vol. 5, No. 1, 2022 60 Published by SCHOLINK INC. [88] Oppenheimer, S., Edidin, M., Orr, C., & Roseman, S. (1969). An L-Glutamine Requirement for Intercellular Adhesion. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 63, 1395-1402. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.63.4.1395 [89] Oppenheimer, S. (2019). Motivating College Students: Evidence from 20 years of Anonymous Student Evaluations, Higher Education Reseach. Please Note: Most of the co-authors on these papers are students. These are only the full length peer-reviewed papers from the Oppenheimer lab. Published abstracts and national presentations are not included. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.her.20190402.14 [90] Oppenheimer, S. (2015). Lab Training: Undergraduate Research in Action. Nature, 519, 158. https://doi.org/10.1038/519158c [91] Oppenheimer, S. (2018). Include Mentoring Skills in Hiring and Promotion Criteria. Nature, 554, 31. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-018-01311-y [92] Camacho, N. L. (May 30, 2018). ER Doctor’s Gift Honors Biology Professor for Changing the Trajectory of Her Life. CSUN Magazine. [93] Oppenheimer, S. et al., (2020). Applied Science Research for All Part 2 College Level. American Journal of Applied Scientific Research, 7(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajasr.20210701.11 [94] Oppenheimer, S. (2016). University on the Rise without Ph.D. Students. Nature, 538, 171. https://doi.org/10.1038/538171b https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.63.4.1395 https://doi.org/10.11648/j.her.20190402.14 https://doi.org/10.1038/519158c https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-018-01311-y https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajasr.20210701.11 https://doi.org/10.1038/538171b