







































M. Niknejad et al. /Future Sustainability                                                                      November 2023| Volume 01 | Issue 01 | Pages 39-
45 

39 

 

 

 

Article 

Effect of  Norozak (Salvia lerrifolia) biodiesel fuel 

on diesel engine  performance 
Morteza Niknejad, Ahmad Hajinezhad*, Seyed Farhan Moosavian 

Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran 

               A R T I C L E   I N F O 
 

Article history: 
Received 06 September 2023  
Received in revised form 
05 October 2023 
Accepted 17 October 2023 
 
Keywords:  
Biodiesel from Salvia lerrifolia, 
Transesterification, Special Fuel Consumption, 
Exhaust Gas Temperature 
 
*Corresponding author 
Email address: 
hajinezhad@ut.ac.ir 
 
 
DOI: 10.55670/fpll.fusus.1.1.5 
 

A B S T R A C T 
 

Most energy is produced from fossil fuels, and the use of these fuels has 
increased over the past years. Fossil fuels are the main cause of global pollution 
and global warming. Using vegetable oils as alternative fuels for diesel engines 
is one of the ways to reduce pollutant emissions. Biodiesel from Norozak (Salvia 
lerrifolia) oil has been produced using a transesterification process. Biodiesel is 
mixed with diesel oil in different proportions B05, B10, B15, and B20. 
Biodiesel's physical and chemical properties are measured according to ASTM 
standards. A single-cylinder diesel engine is employed as the test engine in the 
present work. The torque, power, Special Fuel Consumption (SFC), and Exhaust 
Gas Temperature (EGT) are measured and compared with diesel oil. Torque, 
power, and EGT are larger, and SFC is lower for biodiesel mixture B05 than 
diesel fuel. 

 

1. Introduction 

The use of biodiesel in compression ignition engines has 
increased in recent years to reduce the pollution of fossil fuels 
[1]. In order to use biodiesel instead of fossil fuels, it is 
necessary to perform engine-related tests to investigate the 
replacement of diesel fuel in compression ignition engines [2]. 
In this paper, the use of biodiesel fuel obtained from Norozak 
oil (see Table 1 data) in a combustion engine was used, and 
the parameters of power, EGT, SFC, and biodiesel fuel output 
torque were investigated in comparison to diesel fuel [3]. 
These are the parameters that affect the performance of 
compression ignition engines [4]. Increasing the biodiesel fuel 
percentage increases the density of the fuel mixture and 
reduces its thermal energy due to its higher density and lower 
thermal value than diesel. Increasing the fuel mixture's 
density increases the fuel mixture's mass consumption, and 
the fuel's thermal expansion increases the released energy 
and thus generates more power [5]. At full load, the SFC for 
biodiesel of 5%, 20%, 50%, 75%, and 100% methyl ester 
cotton seed at a rotational speed of 2000 rpm is more than 
diesel fuel [6]. The EGT of pure sunflower oil is higher for a 
mixture of B20 due to incomplete combustion, higher ignition 
delay, high viscosity, high surface tension, and high boiling 
point [7]. The EGT for diesel fuels and cotton methyl ester 
increases by 9.9% and 6.2-7.8%, respectively, due to the heat 
problem caused by the gas inside the combustion chamber 
[8]. The EGT increases with increasing biodiesel 

concentration. This is due to more oxygen in the vegetable oil 
methyl ester, which improves combustion performance [9]. 
The SFC for a 20% Pongamia biodiesel at a full load is higher 
than a small amount compared to diesel fuel because the 
biodiesel thermal value is lower than diesel fuel [10]. 

Table 1. Specifications of oil recycled from Norozak [1] 

 

Most studies show that with increasing biodiesel blending, 
the amount of SFC increases in all operating conditions [11-
13]. The number of cetanes is greatly important in diesel fuel 
and improves the combustion properties. The number of 

Parameter Unit Norozak 

Dynamic viscosity in 𝟒𝟎°∁ Mp.s 28.435 

Kinematic viscosity in 𝟒𝟎°∁ 
𝑚𝑚2

𝑠
 31.433 

Density in 𝟒𝟎°∁ 
𝑔𝑟

𝑐𝑚3
 0.9046 

The molecular weight of oil 
𝑔𝑟

𝑚𝑜𝑙
 930 

Free fatty acids % 0.71 

Future Sustainability 

Open Access Journal 

https://doi.org/10.55670/fpll.fusus.1.1.5 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

November 2023| Volume 01 | Issue 01 | Pages 39-45 

Journal homepage: https://fupubco.com/fusus 

 
ISSN 2995-0473 

mailto:hajinezhad@ut.ac.ir
https://doi.org/10.55670/fpll.fusus.1.1.5
https://fupubco.com/fusus


M. Niknejad et al. /Future Sustainability                                                                      November 2023| Volume 01 | Issue 01 | Pages 39-45 

40 

 

cetane affects the engine's performance parameters such as 
combustion, stability, driving ability, thickened soot, disorder 
and engine disturbances, carbon monoxide particles, and 
unburnt hydrocarbons. The more biodiesel cetane number 
compared to diesel fuel results in greater combustion and 
combustion efficiency [14, 15]. The temperature of biodiesel 
blends is higher than diesel fuel. Biodiesel has a higher 
viscosity that opens the needle valves more quickly, resulting 
in a faster start of combustion and higher combustion 
temperatures [16]. In a mixture of 30% biodiesel Jatrofa, 
there is a higher thermal effect in all cases. Increasing the 
percentage of mixtures reduces the thermoset's thermal 
efficiency because of the high viscosity and incomplete 
combustion [17]. Using biodiesel sources such as Jatropha, 
palm, algae, and waste cooking oil, biodiesel blends B10 and 
B20 with A single-cylinder diesel engine were run [18]. For 
the first time, the Norozak oil biodiesel fuel was used to obtain 
the torque, power, SFC, and EGT engine’s parameters in a 
single-cylinder compression ignition engine to use as a 
substitute for conventional diesel fuel without changing the 
structural characteristics of the engine. 

2. Materials and methods 

The biodiesel was tested using an ASTM standard 
Transesterification method, and a mixture of biodiesel and 
diesel fuel after preparation was shown in Table 2. Biodiesel 
compounds are often indicated as BX. B represents fuel 
biodiesel fuel, and X represents the percentage of biodiesel in 
the mixture [19, 20]. 

Table 2. The contents of the fuel mixture used 

Fuel type B00 B05 B10 B15 B20 
Diesel Percentage 0 05 10 15 20 
Biodiesel 
percentage 

100 95 90 85 80 

 

The engine used in this research has a cylinder made in Italy. 
The characteristics of the engine are given in Table 3. It has a 
direct spray type with a displacement of 510 cm3, a 
compression ratio of     18:1, and a maximum torque of 32.8 
Nm at an operating speed of 1800 rpm. The maximum 
recommended rotation speed is 3000 rpm and at least 1500 
rpm, with rotational speeds of 1800 and 2500 rpm; using fuel 
mixtures of 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20, the percentage of biodiesel 
obtained from the Norozak plant oil was evaluated at 0, 50 
and 100% load at three loads. 

Table 3. Diesel engine technical specifications of single-cylinder air-

cooled Lumbardini 

Description Specifications 

Engine type 
Lobardini_diesel 
3LDS510 

Engine displacement volume (cubic 
centimeter) 

510 

Induction type No Super Charging 
Number of cylinders 1 
Piston Course (mm) 90 
Inner cylinder diameter (mm) 85 
Maximum torque (Nm per minute) 32.8/1800 
Volumetric density ratio 18:1 
Maximum Rotational Speed (RPM) 3000 

 

Each of the combinations of B00 (petroleum gas), B05 (5% 

biodiesel with 95% diesel oil), B10 (10% biodiesel with 90% 

diesel oil), B15 (15% biodiesel with 75% diesel oil), and B20 

(20 % Biodiesel with petroleum diesel) was placed in two 

bottles of 1-liter containers, which was used to test any 

mixture of 2 liters of this mixture. For testing the mixture, 

fuels were poured into a fuel tank with a capacity of 0.75 

liters, and fuel was poured into the reservoir again using fuel 

combinations and emptying the fuel tank, and then the engine 

was turned on to burn fuel for 10 minutes with fuel and adapt 

to the new combustion. Also, it is important to burn fuel in the 

engine completely, and better fuel-polluting analyzes can be 

obtained to achieve the oil temperature to the optimum level 

for the engine start test. The engine was set at 1800 rpm and 

2500 rpm for each test and was considered 0%, 50%, and 

100% loads for each engine load, and carrying out the test in 

each load was considered each 6-point fuel mixture (see   

Table 4) by the operator. For each fuel composition, 100% 

load was tested first. At this time, the operator control system 

automatically and continuously performed the test in rounds 

that were manually given to the control system so that when 

the test was completed at a rotational speed of 1800 rpm, that 

was considered to be the minimum after taking the data from 

the engine and the analyzer device, the engine was raised by 

a control system of rotational speed 2500 rpm that was 

considered to be the maximum and the experiment was 

carried out with a new engine load at 100% load and as well 

as the data in time intervals were taken at 0.5 seconds. 

Table 4. Matrix of experiments 

 

 

They set the engine speed from 1800 to 2500 rpm at a load of 100% 

for each fuel composition and obtained the engine torque at each 

rotational speed. The test can be carried out at 50% load for the same 

combination at two rotational speeds of 1800 rpm and 2500 rpm, 

which will be explained below. Average torque was obtained at 100% 

load for each compound at a rotational speed of 1800 rpm and 2500 

rpm. The average torque of each speed was divided into two so that 

the tested torque was obtained at a rotational speed of 50% to come 

and then, by placing the torque obtained for 50% load in the desired 

range separately in the control system and starting the test, the 

pollutant analysis should be performed by pressing the button to 

conduct the pollutant test. As a result, the time needed to reach the 

torque of the dynamometer should be calculated by the torque to be 

calculated, and the system monitor has no disturbances in the 

dynamometer between the torque being calculated and shown in the 

system. The values of these two torque are close together. At 0% load, 

no torque is entered on the dynamometer. In this test, the torque, 

power, Special fuel consumption (SFC), and Exhaust Gas Temperature 

(EGT) were calculated after the engine arrived at stable conditions. 

Fuel 
Engine speed 

rpm 
Engine load 

% 

B05 
1800 
2500 

0 
50 

100 

B05 
1800 
2500 

0 
50 

100 

B10 
1800 
2500 

0 
50 

100 

B15 
1800 
2500 

0 
50 

100 

B20 
1800 
2500 

0 
50 

100 



M. Niknejad et al. /Future Sustainability                                                                      November 2023| Volume 01 | Issue 01 | Pages 39-45 

41 

 

3. Results and discussions  
Table 5 shows the experimental data in the test. A comparison 

of the measured characteristics for diesel fuel and the biodiesel 

obtained from the Norozak oil shows that biodiesel and its mixtures 

have the required fuel characteristics for compression ignition 

engines [21-23]. Theoretical topics can easily be considered a 

substitute fuel for a compression ignition engine. 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Biodiesel has fewer pollutants than conventional diesel fuel in Iran 

and can be used to reduce pollution, especially in metropolitan cities, 

in combination with conventional diesel [24]. The higher the amount 

of oxygen in the biodiesel fuel and the higher the cetane number of 

this fuel than conventional diesel fuel in Iran can reduce air pollution 

and clean air, but fuel consumption in the engine increases with 

biodiesel consumption [25]. 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Table 5. Data from the research matrix 

Power 
(kW) 

Exhaust gas 
temperature  

(ʗ)°  

Torque 
(Nm) 

Special fuel 
consumption  

(gr/kwh) 

Rotational 
speed  

(rpm) 

Load 
engine 

)٪( 

Attributes 
The 

combination 

Row 

3.612381 526.4286 17.38571 433.5233 1800 

 

2500 

100 

 

B00 1 

4.547273 680.1136 15.83591 470.3503 

2.150433 362.3152 10.35522 375.3718 1800 

 
2500 

 
50 

2.685636 474.3273 9.408909 453.6003 

0.00964 178.2857 0.018929 10000 1800 

 
2500 

 

0 
0.024167 293.125 0.084167 10000 

3.662 548.1 17.64 431.095 1800 

 

2500 

100 

 

 

B05 2 

4.1772 666.12 14.558 515.725 

1.95333 358.1522 9.4137 516.45 1800 

 
2500 

50 

 
1.84 451.5 6.45 697.3683 

0.001964 178.2857 0.018727 10000 1800 

 
2500 

0 
0.024167 293.125 0.084167 10000 

3.536087 526.8261 16.96304 441.5786 1800 

 

2500 

100 

 

 

B10 3 

4.272727 661.7727 14.89864 498.1051 

1.751373 335.5588 8.4347 390.8837 1800 

 
2500 

50 

 
2.552615 472.476 8.934 488.0289 

0.01 181.7143 0.051143 10000 1800 

 
2500 

0 
0.101604 305.6745 0.353019 7111.119 

3.609545 530.8636 17.28136 437.258 1800 

 

2500 

100 

 

 

B15 4 

4.33625 667.125 15.06958 509.7204 

1.937143 349.4643 9.318571 419.6284 1800 

 
2500 

50 

 
2.728219 497.3425 9.546712 483.5139 

0.020106 183.6223 0.095957 10000 1800 

 
2500 

0 
0.045714 297.7143 0.160952 10000 

3.589545 535.6364 17.26727 437.8279 1800 

 

2500 

100 

 

 

B20 5 

4.269048 665.1429 14.92333 502.9433 

2.093649 365.6554 10.08716 379.6148 1800 

 
2500 

50 

 
2.39201 467.9112 8.392012 481.2963 

0.001646 174.9304 0.016709 10000 1800 

 
2500 

0 
0.046591 301.4318 0.162727 9667.337 

 



M. Niknejad et al. /Future Sustainability                                                                      November 2023| Volume 01 | Issue 01 | Pages 39-45 

42 

 

3.1 The torque changes from the dynamometer relative 

to the engine speed 

The torque variations are presented in terms of the 

rotational speeds of the engine tested in 0%, 50%, and 100% 

engine loads. The experiment begins with recording the 

desired data so that the turbulence with the torque at the 

tested speed is as low as possible and has a stable process 

with the least disturbance. At the beginning of the test, the 

torque changes fluctuate relative to the speed of the test, and 

in order to increase the accuracy of the test, it should take a 

while before these changes become stable, and then data is 

taken from the test with high precision. Figures 1 to 2 show 

torque variations relative to rotational speeds of 1800 and 

2500 rpm at loads of 0%, 50%, and 100 %. Figure 1 shows the 

torque changes from the dynamometer relative to the engine 

speed for the biodiesel blend at three engine loads of 0%, 

50%, and 100% at an engine speed of 1800 rpm. As can be 

seen, there is no oscillation in engine torque at a rotational 

speed of 1800 rpm in engine 0% load since the torque at this 

load is 0 Nm. At full load, the engine had the highest torque 

for combining B00 at rotational speeds of 1800 rpm. The 

torque at 50% load was less than the engine load of 100%. 

The torque fluctuations were reduced by both 50% and 100% 

loads at the speed of 1800 rpm over time until the amount of 

these oscillations reached acceptable stability. The engine 

variation at different loads at 2500 rpm is similar to changes 

at the engine speed of 1800 rpm. At this rotational speed, it is 

also observed that the torque is greater than the engine loads 

of 50% and 0% at full load, and as well as the fluctuations in 

the engine have become stable in less time. It indicates that 

less time is needed to achieve a steady state at a high engine 

speed so that the engine fluctuations become uniform to start 

the delivery of exhaust gases (see Figure 2). In Figures 1 to 2, 

the torque fluctuations of the engine for combining B10 and 

B15 in the full engine load have reached a monotonous state 

in very little time, and it is well illustrated to improve the 

engine's return to monotonicity using biodiesel 

combinations.  Figure 2 shows that in the combination of B15 

at rotational speeds of 2500 rpm for a full load of the engine, 

torque variations became very uniform in very little time, but 

a different trend was observed for the engine load of 50% and 

more time was spent to smooth the torque fluctuations. 

3.2 Torque changes relative to biodiesel percentage and 

rotational speed 

Figure 3 shows the effect of increasing the biodiesel 

percentage to diesel fuel on engine torque production at 

rotational speeds of 1800 rpm and 2500 rpm. Each of these 

speeds is tested at 50% and 100% loads. Table 4 shows the 

value of the measured data, and Figures 3 to 10 are based on 

the data in Table 4. The torque produced at a rotational speed 

of 1800 and 2500 rpm and a load of 100% is greater than the 

torque at 50% load at both rotational speeds. According to 

Figure 3, the highest torque was observed in the combination 

of B05 at 100% load and a rotational speed of 1800 rpm with 

a value of 17.64 Nm, and this value for the torque of 

conventional diesel fuel of 14.558 Nm shows that it increases 

21.17% torque for B05 than B00 and also the lowest of these 

values in B05 but at rotational speeds of 2500 rpm and the 

engine load of 50% with a value of 6.45 Nm. The torque 

increases with increasing engine load for all rotational speeds 

and decreases torque at each engine load with increasing 

rotational speed. It was observed that with increasing engine 

speed from 1800 to 2500 rpm at 100% load, the amount of 

torque was reduced, and similarly, for the load of 50%, this 

same decrease in torque was observed with the increasing 

speed of rotation, which shows this trend process for both the 

50% and 100% engine load. 

 
Figure 1. The torque changes from the dynamometer relative to the 

engine speed 

 

 

 

Figure 2. The torque changes from the dynamometer relative to the 

engine speed for the biodiesel blend 

 

 
 

Figure 3. The Effect of adding biodiesel to diesel fuel on generating 

the engine's torque under test 

 

At 100% load, with increasing biodiesel from B00 to B20 at a 

rotational speed of 1800 rpm, the first increase in torque was 

observed from B00 to B05, and then the B10 decreased, 

followed by a slight increase in the graph of Figure 3, A steady 

trend was observed. At a speed of 1800 rpm for the engine 

load of 50%, the torque was reduced from B00 to B10, and an 

increasing trend was shown from B10 to B20. The process 

torque was reduced from B00 to B05, but the trend of 



M. Niknejad et al. /Future Sustainability                                                                      November 2023| Volume 01 | Issue 01 | Pages 39-45 

43 

 

increased torque was observed from B05 to B20. In both the 

50% and 100% engine load charts for rotational speeds of 

2500 rpm, the highest torque was found in B00. The thermal 

value of biodiesel fuel is lower than diesel fuel. By increasing 

the biodiesel fuel content in combination with diesel fuel, the 

thermal value of the mixture is also lower, affecting the 

amount of torque produced by the mixture. At 50 % engine 

load for both rotational speeds and 100% engine load for a 

rotational speed of 2500 rpm in the B05 mixture, the torque 

was reduced compared to conventional diesel fuel, but at 

100% engine load and engine speed of 1800 rpm, this value 

increased slightly compared to conventional diesel. As 

described above in Figure 3, for all combinations of biodiesel, 

the amount of torque produced is reduced with increasing 

engine speed from 1800 to 2500 rpm. It can be seen that the 

engine behavior in Figures 3 and 4 for biodiesel fuel blends is 

similar to engine behavior for diesel fuel charts, and the 

difference in torque produced by the engine at rotational 

speed and different loads using biodiesel fuel mixtures are 

also visible in these charts as compared to the time when 

conventional diesel fuel is used. 

 

Figure 4. Effect of rotational speed on engine torque production 

under different biodiesel and diesel combinations  

 

3.3 Specific fuel consumption changes based on 

biodiesel percentage and rotational speed 

In Figure 5, B05 at 50% engine load and for both 

rotational speeds of 1800 rpm and 2500 rpm and as well as 

the engine load of 100% at a rotational speed of 2500 rpm, 

the highest SFC is for three graphs and trends were almost 

identical in their diagrams, but this value was initially slightly 

lowered in B05 at 100% engine load at the rotational speeds 

of 1800 rpm and then slightly increased in B10 to B15. 

 

 

Figure 5. The effect of increasing the percentage of biodiesel 

composition in diesel fuel on fuel-specific consumption 

 

 

3.4 Power variations relative to biodiesel percentage 

and rotational speed 

Figure 6 shows the effect of the biodiesel increase on the 

fuel mixture. As shown in Figure 6, engine power is increased 

by increasing engine load and speed. The maximum 

production power between 50% and 100% engine loads and 

rotational speeds of 1800 rpm and 2500 rpm is at 100% load 

and rotational speed of 2500 rpm. The maximum production 

power is B00, B15, B10, B20, and B05, with values of 

4.547273, 4.33625, 4.272727, 4.269048, and 4.1772 kW. The 

lowest power is also available for the B10 at 50% load and 

1800 rpm at the value of 1.751373 kW.  

 
Figure 6. The Effect of biodiesel increases on the fuel blend on the 

brake power of the tested engine 

 

With an increase in engine speed from 1800 to 2500 rpm, 

the engine power increases for both loads of 50% and 100%, 

and only in the combination of B05 at 50% engine load 

reduced very little in power was observed (see Figure 7). At 

rotational speeds of 1800 rpm and 100% engine load, the 

highest production power is observed for the B05 

composition. In Figure 6, it is seen that at 100% load for both 

rotational speeds, the values obtained for the biodiesel and 

diesel fuel mixture are not significantly different from 

conventional diesel fuel; however, diesel fuel will be 

combustible faster than the biodiesel-diesel mixture. At a 

rotational speed of 1800 rpm and 100% engine load for the 

B05 blend, the power increased by 13.73%, while B10, B15, 

and B20 decreased by 2.1%, 0.079%, and 0.632%, 

respectively, and at the engine load of 100% and rotational 

speed of 2500 rpm for the mixes B05, B10, B15 and B20 

showed 8.13%, 6.04%, 4.64% and 6.126% decrease in the 

amount of power compared to conventional diesel fuel, 

respectively. 

 
Figure 7. Effect of engine speed on the engine power 

 



M. Niknejad et al. /Future Sustainability                                                                      November 2023| Volume 01 | Issue 01 | Pages 39-45 

44 

 

3.5 The EGT 

Tables 5 and 6 give the values of the percentage of 

oxygen volumes and production power in the combination of 

biodiesel and diesel. In the combination of B05 at a rotational 

speed of 1800 rpm and a 100% engine load, the highest 

percentage of the oxygen volume and the maximum amount 

of generated power were observed with values of 16.14205 

%vol and 3.662 kW, respectively. In the combination of B05 

with the higher oxygen content in the exhaust gas, it is better 

to burn the engine in the presence of sufficient oxygen. Also, 

the maximum production power was observed in the B05 

composition with increasing rotational speed and engine 

load. Table 6 shows oxygen data at the engine load of 100% 

and the rotational speed of 1800 rpm and 2500 rpm for 

different combinations of biodiesel and conventional diesel in 

Iran (see Figures 8 and Figure 9). 

 
Table 6. Available oxygen data for different combinations of 

biodiesel and conventional diesel at full engine load and rotational 

speeds of 1800 rpm and 2500 rpm 

 

 
Figure 8. The rate of changes in the percentage of oxygen and power 

in the engine load 

 

Figure 9. The rate of change in the percentage of oxygen and power 

in the engine load 

 

The highest volumes of oxygen in the exhaust gases were 

observed for B10 and B05 compounds with values of 

14.52409% and 14.47319 % vol, respectively. The highest 

production power at the rotational speed of 2500 rpm was 

recorded for a conventional diesel engine of 4.55 kW. With 

tests on fuel combinations at full load, it can be seen that the 

best combination of biodiesel and diesel at full load was 

introduced B05 at rotational speeds of 1800 rpm. Table 7 

shows the percentage of variations in SFC, Torque, EGT, and 

power relative to conventional diesel. 

Table 7. The percentage of changes in SFC, Torque, EGT, and power 

relative to conventional diesel 

 

4. Conclusion 

Increasing the engine load from 0% to 100% increases 
the torque produced from the biodiesel and diesel fuel 
mixture. The torque was reduced in all tested fuel 
combinations by increasing engine speed. For biodiesel fuel 
produced from Norouzk oil in a mixture with Iranian 
conventional diesel, the torque was reported at a speed of 
1800 rpm more than the torque at 2500 rpm. The result is 
that all fuel blends achieved the best results at full engine load 
and at rotational speed of 1800 rpm. The SFC is increased 
with an increase in engine speed from 1800 rpm to 2500 rpm 
and increasing engine load from 0% to 100%. In the engine 
load of 50% among all fuel combinations, the highest SFC was 
observed for B05. Increasing the engine speed for all 
combinations of biodiesel produced from Norouzk oil in 
combination with conventional Iranian diesel increases 
engine power. At a rotational speed of 2500 rpm, the 
maximum power of the fuel mixture is achieved, and the 
engine load increases the power output. Resulting in the use 
of a fuel mixture, more power was generated by increasing 
the engine load from 50% to 100%. With experiments on the 
Norozak oil biodiesel fuel, it has been found that this fuel can 
be used as a substitute for diesel fuel in compression ignition 
engines. It can also be combined with B05 fuel of Norozak oil 
at the rotational speed of 1800 rpm and 100% engine load 
introduced as an optimal combination. Considering the 
favorable results obtained from experiments on biodiesel, it 
can be combined with B05 to reduce the environmental 
pollution caused by diesel engines. 

Ethical issue 
The authors are aware of and comply with best practices in 
publication ethics, specifically with regard to authorship 
(avoidance of guest authorship), dual submission, 
manipulation of figures, competing interests, and compliance 
with policies on research ethics. The authors adhere to 
publication requirements that the submitted work is original 
and has not been published elsewhere. 

Data availability statement 
Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no datasets 

were generated or analyzed during the current study. 

Conflict of interest 

The authors declare no potential conflict of interest. 

O2 [%vol] Data 
amount 

    

 
B00         B05        B10           B15      B20 

1800[rpm] 15.741 16.14205 15.75432 15.21342 15.01895 

2500[rpm] 14.012 14.47319 14.52409 13.97684 13.84895 

     
Performance       

 
Speed 
rpm 

Blend 
B05 

 
B10 

 
B15 

 
B20 

Torque 1800 1.47% -2.4% -0.6% -0.68% 
2500 -8.1% -5.91% -4.84% -5.76% 

EGT 1800 4.12% 0.076% 0.84% 1.75% 
2500 -2.1% -2.7% -1.91% -2.2% 

Power 1800 1.37% -2.1% -0.08% -0.63% 
2500 -8.13% -6.04% -4.64% -6.12% 

SFC 1800 -0.56% 1.86% 0.86% 0.99% 

2500 9.65% 5.9% 8.37% 6.93% 



M. Niknejad et al. /Future Sustainability                                                                      November 2023| Volume 01 | Issue 01 | Pages 39-45 

45 

 

References 

[1] M. Asvad, A. Hajinezhad, A. Jafari, and S. F. Moosavian, 

"Multiscale kinetic modeling for biohydrogen 

production: A study on membrane bioreactors," 

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2023. 

[2] A. Majnoon, A. Hajinezhad, and S. F. Moosavian, 

"Simulation model of carbon capture with MEA and the 

effect of temperature and duty on efficiency," Future 

Energy, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 37-47, 2024. 

[3] M. Canakci, A. N. Ozsezen, E. Arcaklioglu, and A. Erdil, 

"Prediction of performance and exhaust emissions of a 

diesel engine fueled with biodiesel produced from 

waste frying palm oil," Expert systems with 

Applications, vol. 36, no. 5, pp. 9268-9280, 2009. 

[4] S. F. Moosavian, A. Hajinezhad, R. Fattahi, and A. 

Shahee, "Evaluating the effect of using nanofluids on 

the parabolic trough collector's performance," Energy 

Science & Engineering, 2023. 

[5] S. Sundarapandian and G. Devaradjane, "Performance 

and emission analysis of bio diesel operated CI 

engine," Journal of Engineering, computing and 

Architecture, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 1-22, 2007. 

[6] H. Aydin and H. Bayindir, "Performance and emission 

analysis of cottonseed oil methyl ester in a diesel 

engine," Renewable energy, vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 588-592, 

2010. 

[7] M. Shehata and S. A. Razek, "Experimental 

investigation of diesel engine performance and 

emission characteristics using jojoba/diesel blend and 

sunflower oil," Fuel, vol. 90, no. 2, pp. 886-897, 2011. 

[8] H. Hazar, "Cotton methyl ester usage in a diesel engine 

equipped with insulated combustion chamber," 

Applied Energy, vol. 87, no. 1, pp. 134-140, 2010. 

[9] N. Panwar, H. Y. Shrirame, N. Rathore, S. Jindal, and A. 

Kurchania, "Performance evaluation of a diesel engine 

fueled with methyl ester of castor seed oil," Applied 

Thermal Engineering, vol. 30, no. 2-3, pp. 245-249, 

2010. 

[10] S. Jaichandar and K. Annamalai, "Effects of open 

combustion chamber geometries on the performance 

of pongamia biodiesel in a DI diesel engine," Fuel, vol. 

98, pp. 272-279, 2012. 

[11] S. Gill, A. Tsolakis, J. M. Herreros, and A. York, "Diesel 

emissions improvements through the use of biodiesel 

or oxygenated blending components," Fuel, vol. 95, pp. 

578-586, 2012. 

[12] J.-H. Tsai et al., "Emission reduction of NOx, PM, PM-

carbon, and PAHs from a generator fuelled by 

biodieselhols," Journal of hazardous materials, vol. 

274, pp. 349-359, 2014. 

[13] Y.-C. Lin et al., "Approach for energy saving and 

pollution reducing by fueling diesel engines with 

emulsified biosolution/biodiesel/diesel blends," 

Environmental science & technology, vol. 42, no. 10, 

pp. 3849-3855, 2008. 

[14] A. Atabani et al., "A comparative evaluation of physical 

and chemical properties of biodiesel synthesized from 

edible and non-edible oils and study on the effect of 

biodiesel blending," Energy, vol. 58, pp. 296-304, 2013. 

[15] M. Mittelbach, "Diesel fuel derived from vegetable oils, 

VI: Specifications and quality control of biodiesel," 

Bioresource technology, vol. 56, no. 1, pp. 7-11, 1996. 

[16] S. Saravanan, G. Nagarajan, G. L. N. Rao, and S. 

Sampath, "Combustion characteristics of a stationary 

diesel engine fuelled with a blend of crude rice bran oil 

methyl ester and diesel," Energy, vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 94-

100, 2010. 

[17] R. Misra and M. Murthy, "Jatropa—the future fuel of 

India," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 

vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 1350-1359, 2011. 

[18] K. Abed, M. Gad, A. El Morsi, M. Sayed, and S. A. 

Elyazeed, "Effect of biodiesel fuels on diesel engine 

emissions," Egyptian journal of petroleum, vol. 28, no. 

2, pp. 183-188, 2019. 

[19] A. Hajinezhad and S. S. Hosseini, "Ultrasound assisted 

biodiesel production from Eruca Sativa as an 

indigenous species in Iran," International Journal of 

Renewable Energy Research (IJRER), vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 

556-564, 2017. 

[20] A. Hajinezhad, S. S. Ahmadi, and H. Alimoradiyan, 

"Feasibility analysis of using novel Sepanta biodiesel 

fuel as an additive to gas micro‐turbine fuels: An 

experimental study," Energy Science & Engineering, 

vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 1120-1131, 2022. 

[21] A. Ghahremani, M. Jafari, M. Ahari, M. Saidi, A. 

Hajinezhad, and A. Mozaffari, "Spray characteristics 

and atomization behavior of bio-diesel (Norouzak) and 

diesel fuel blends," Particulate Science and 

Technology, vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 270-281, 2018. 

[22] A. Gholami, F. Pourfayaz, A. Hajinezhad, and M. 

Mohadesi, "Biodiesel production from Norouzak 

(Salvia leriifolia) oil using choline hydroxide catalyst in 

a microchannel reactor," Renewable energy, vol. 136, 

pp. 993-1001, 2019. 

[23] A. Hajinezhad, S. Abedi, B. Ghobadian, and Y. 

Noorollahi, "Biodiesel production from Norouzak 

(Salvia lerifolia) seeds as an indigenous source of bio 

fuel in Iran using ultrasound," Energy Conversion and 

Management, vol. 99, pp. 132-140, 2015. 

[24] Y. Aliabadi, A. Hajinezhad, R. Fattahi, and S. F. 

Moosavian, "Analysis of energy generation from MSW 

with auxiliary feed in the north of Iran," Results in 

Engineering, vol. 18, p. 101185, 2023. 

[25] M. Shoaei, A. Hajinezhad, and S. F. Moosavian, "Design, 

energy, exergy, economy, and environment (4E) 

analysis, and multi-objective optimization of a novel 

integrated energy system based on solar and 

geothermal resources," Energy, p. 128162, 2023. 

 

 This article is an open-access article 

distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative 

Commons Attribution (CC BY) license 

(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). 

 

https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

