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23-31 

23 

 

 

 

Article 

Study of temperature cycling of commercial 

rechargeable lithium-ion batteries 
Aoyon Paul, Md. Arafat Rahman*, Nirjhor Barua 

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chittagong University of Engineering and Technology, Chittagong-4349, 
Bangladesh 

               A R T I C L E   I N F O 
 

Article history: 
Received 02 September 2023  
Received in revised form 
03 October 2023 
Accepted 09 October 2023 
 
Keywords:  
Battery cycling, Capacity fade,  
Temperature effects, Lithium-ion battery 
 
*Corresponding author 
Email address: 
arafat@cuet.ac.bd 
 
 
DOI: 10.55670/fpll.fusus.1.1.3 
 

A B S T R A C T 
 

Lithium-ion batteries, a popular electric energy storage device, have high 
energy density and impressive working performance. However, the 
temperature affects its life cycle, capacity, and performance. Different effects 
are generated inside the battery for the different temperature conditions. It is 
necessary to study their thermal and electric characteristics in various thermal 
conditions since electric energy storage devices are used in various applications 
at low or high temperatures. In this study, the experimental analysis was 
performed to observe how a battery cell behaves above room temperature for 
a different 18650 cylindrical battery cell with a capacity of 5200 mAh. The 
testing temperature for this experiment was at 28˚C, 50˚C, 60˚C, 70˚C, and 100˚C. 
It is noted that the capacity of the battery cell fades drastically at high 
temperatures compared to low temperatures due to internal short circuits 
occurring at high temperatures. 

 

1. Introduction 

A battery, an energy storage device, is one of the most 
important parts of electrical gadgets, where electrochemical 
reactions occur and produce electricity [1, 2]. The battery 
business went through an evolution when Sony Corporation 
unveiled the first commercial LIB in 1991 [3]. An anode made 
of carbon, a cathode based on lithium compounds, an 
electrolyte, and a separator make up a typical LIB. The 
majority of studies into LIBs have focused on identifying the 
optimum electrode material in terms of specific energy, cycle 
life, capacity, and power, with little emphasis devoted to 
temperature control [4]. At high temperatures, LIBs 
performance degrades due to thermal runaway, aging, etc. 
Feng et al. [5] observed in their experiment that at high 
temperatures, the rates of deterioration of all LIB components 
increase. However, on the other hand, at low temperatures 
due to low kinematics, the battery performance is found 
limited [6]. Hence, it is very important to study the 
temperature effect on a lithium-ion battery and find an 
optimum safe operating temperature range. Complex 
electrochemical changes take place during the charging and 
discharging of a LIB with a significant amount of heat release. 
The performance, longevity, as well as safety of a Lithium-Ion 
battery, are affected by the operating or ambient temperature 
[7, 8]. In addition, temperature affects the ionic conductivities 
of electrodes and electrolytes [9]. The properties of 
electrolytes are affected when the battery is exposed to cold 

temperatures. At low temperatures, the internal resistance of 
the electrolyte rises due to its viscosity. As a result, the 
Lithium-ion diffusivity and the electrolyte's ionic 
conductivity, power, and capacity of the cell decrease [10–
12]. The charge transfer resistance (Rct) is one of the most 
significant factors that also increases at low temperatures [6]. 
Zhang et al. interpreted in their experiment that it is more 
difficult to charge a drained Li-ion battery than it is to 
discharge a charged battery at a low temperature [6]. Petzl et 
al. [13] demonstrated that at low temperatures, lithium 
plating occurs. Lithium plating can penetrate separators and 
reduce capacity. These lithium dendrites, which are located 
on the surface of the negative electrode of LIBs, cause an 
internal short circuit [14]. However, high temperatures 
impair the performance of Lithium-ion batteries more than 
low temperatures. At room or standard operating 
temperature, electrochemical reactions and charge transfer 
produce heat inside the battery [15]. Irreversible processes 
such as heating due to mixing, polarization, enthalpy change, 
etc. are also responsible for generating heat. Xiao and Choe 
proposed a completely new heat generation formulation, 
which incorporates enthalpy heating and heat of mixing [15]. 
The Thermal Runway is another destructive phenomenon for 
a lithium-ion battery. It occurs when the heat formed inside a 
battery surpasses the quantity of heat released to its 
surroundings [16]. In Figure 1 thermal runaway process of a 
LIBs cell is illustrated. At high temperatures, exothermic 

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A. Paul et al. /Future Sustainability                                                                                     November 2023| Volume 01 | Issue 01 | Pages 23-31 

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reactions occur in the battery, and uncontrollable heat is 
produced. In addition to that, internal pressure is increased 
due to the production of some gaseous elements. As a result, 
exploration would occur [17]. Feng et al. [18] observed that 
during thermal runaway, the internal temperature was 
increased above 870˚C, and the temperature difference was 
approximately 520˚C inside the tested battery. Depending on 
the battery cells' chemistry, charge level, and the exothermic 
processes that cause thermal runaway have different onset 
temperatures. Typically, the lower the initiation temperature 
for thermal runaway, the greater the cell voltage or state of 
charge [19]. 

 
Figure 1. Lithium-ion battery cell's thermal runaway process (Here 
numbers represent: 1-heating begins, 2-protecting layer 
disintegrates, 3-flammable gas is formed when electrolytes break, 4-
Separator melts may result in short circuits, 5-cathode disintegrates 
and produces Oxygen) 

 

 

At high temperatures, LIB's lifespan, as well as performance, 
are reduced due to aging. Leng et al. found by their 
investigation that when a Sony Prismatic lithium-ion battery 
was aged from 25˚C to 55˚C, its capacity decreased due to the 
temperature effects [20]. The measuring techniques of a 
battery's internal temperatures are more convoluted 
compared to the surface temperature due to its multilayered 
structures. However, using thermocouples and thermal 
imaging systems, the surface temperature of LIBs can be 
easily measured [21]. To detect the temperature by contact 
measurement, temperature sensors such as Fiber Bragg 
Grating (FBG) sensors or thermocouples are placed within 
LIBs. However, the structural integrity of LIBs can be 
damaged by the insertion of heat sensors [22]. That’s why 
electrochemical impedance-based and modeling simulation 
techniques are developed to eliminate the damage to the 
internal structure of the LIBs.  The thermal model and the 
thermal-electric model are the two numerical models that 
were developed by the researchers for determining the 
internal temperature of LIBs. In the thermal model, only 
thermal and in the thermal-electric model, thermal as well as 
electric characteristics inside batteries can be predicted [23, 
24]. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) is 
another technique for determining the electrochemical 
impedance of an electrochemical system using a frequency-
varying sinusoidal current. The internal temperature and SOC 
of LIBs can be monitored using EIS simulation software [25]. 
It is noted that a lithium-ion battery's life cycle, performance, 
power, capacity, and other properties are all influenced by 
temperature.  

 

 

 

 
Figure 2. Schematic diagram of the experimental setup (here number represents: 1-Desktop Computer, 2-LAND Battery testing system, 3-

Magnetic stirrer with a hot plate, 4-Glass box, 5-18650 cylindrical Li-Ion Battery, 6-Thermometer, and 7-Stand) 



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There is a chance to develop new technologies that would 
reduce the impact of temperature on LIBs, and the 
performance of the LIBs can be enhanced by using different 
nanomaterials and porous materials as the anode of LIBs 
[2,26–32]. Additionally, studying how temperature affects 
LIBs is essential for security concerns. In this study, the 
cycling behaviors of a ‘18650 Lithium-Ion Battery’ cell under 
different temperature conditions are explored 
experimentally. In the battery industry, performing 
experiments at a high temperature is a challenging task and 
highly sought-after. The battery has been tested at 28˚C, 50˚C, 
60˚C, 70˚C, and 100˚C. The properties of the battery obtained 
at higher temperatures are compared with the properties 
obtained at room temperature.  

2. Experimental setup 

The investigation was carried out to study the cyclic 
performance of 18650 cylindrical Li-ion battery cells 
according to a systematic process, which is illustrated in 
Figure 2. The maximum capacity of the cell was 5200mAh. 
During the experiment, the battery cell was connected to the 
“LAND” battery testing system. Initially, the data were 
collected at room temperature. Then, the heater was turned 
on to create an environment above the room temperature to 
collect data at 50˚C, 60˚C, 70˚C, and 100˚C. The heater was 
enclosed with a glass box to maintain a constant temperature. 
To measure the temperature, a thermometer and a 
thermocouple were set near the battery. Batteries charging 
and discharging were controlled by the LAND Battery testing 
system. 

3. Results and discussion 

Figure 3 illustrates the typical V-t and I-t curves of 
twenty cycles for a Li-ion battery in the charge-discharge test 
at room temperature (28°C), where the red color line 
indicates the voltage change and the blue color line indicates 
the current change during the cycling. From the beginning to 
the end of the charging-discharging operations, there were 
four sudden voltage (V) fluctuations occurred in each cycle, 
which is illustrated in Figure 4.  

 
Figure 3. Voltage and current vs. test time at room temperature 
(28°C) 

 
At the very beginning, when a new charge-discharge 

cycle starts, the cell is first charged at a constant voltage for 
10 minutes. Then a sudden voltage peak arises during a 
constant current charging condition. A micro-level internal 
short circuit may have occurred at this moment. After the 
charging process was complete, the constant current 
discharge process began. Voltage dropped gradually at this 

stage. During the rest period of the cell of 2 minutes, the 
voltage was increased from 1.7V to 2.5V.  

 
Figure 4. Voltage changes over time for one cycle 

 
Figures 5 to 7 illustrate the discharging voltage versus 

capacity change of the battery cell at 28˚C, 50˚C, 60˚C, 70˚C, 
and 100˚C, respectively.  For each case, the voltage range was 
between 1.7V to 3.7V; however, the capacity change was 
different. Figure 5 depicts the discharging data of a fully 
discharged cell that was kept at room temperature and 50˚C. 
From cycle 1 to 20, capacity was fading slowly when the cell 
was at room temperature, which is shown in Figure 5(a). After 
analyzing Figure 5 (b), it can be said that, during the first cycle 
of discharging, the capacity of the cell was around 75mAh. 
But, from the first cycle to the second cycle, capacity fades 
almost 25%. Analyzing the curves of the discharging voltage 
from Figures 6 to 7, it can be said that above the room 
temperature, the battery's capacity decreased by almost 
66.67%, 75%, and 77% from the first cycle to the second cycle 
when the cell temperature was 60˚C, 70˚C and 100˚C, 
respectively. The capacity-reducing phenomena may have 
occurred due to the Solid Electrolyte Interphase (SEI) layer 
formation in the anode [31–33], or maybe the Li-ion did not 
get enough time to move from one electrode to the other 
during the cycling operation. When the cell was discharged at 
100˚C, the internal short circuit occurred at the 16th cycle, as 
shown in Figure 7. A large capacity drop was observed 
between cycle 15 to cycle 17. The cell slightly recovered its 
lost capacity after the internal short circuit in cycle 17. 

Figure 8 depicts the discharging voltage over capacity at 
cycles 1,10, and 20. It also demonstrates that there is a large 
capacity gap between the first and the last cycle. However, the 
capacity difference gap decreases when the temperature gets 
higher and higher between cycle 10 and cycle 20. Figures 9 to 
10 depict the charging and discharging capacity and efficiency 
vs. cycle number at room temperature (28˚C), 50˚C, 60˚C, 
70˚C, and 100˚C, respectively. The efficiency discussed here is 
the Coulombic efficiency, also known as Faradaic efficiency. It 
is defined as the total charge extracted from the battery to the 
total charge put into the battery over a full cycle. For each 
case, the Coulombic Efficiency (CE) was escalated above 
100%.  Figure 9(a) depicts that the charging and the 
discharging capacity fade gradually when the cell is at room 
temperature, although the efficiency increases slightly. From 
Figure 9(b), it can be concluded that the cell behaves 
anomalously when it is at 50˚C. At cycles 8 and 16, the 
Coulombic Efficiency suddenly increased. Figures 9(c) and 
9(d) exhibit the cyclic performance at 60˚C and 70˚C, 
respectively.  



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Figure 5. Voltage and Capacity change during discharging at (a) room temperature and (b) 50˚C 

Figure 7. Voltage and Capacity change during discharging at 100˚C 

Figure 6. Voltage and Capacity change during discharging at (a) 60˚C and (b) 70˚C 



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Figure 8. Discharging Voltage vs Capacity of cycles 1, 10, and 20 at (a) Room temperature (b) 50˚C (c) 60˚C (d) 70˚C (e) 100˚C 



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Figure 9. Cyclic performance at (a) room temperature, (b) 50˚C, (c) 60˚C, (d) 70˚C 

Figure 10. Cyclic performance at 100˚C 



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Figure 11. CVC, CCD for cycles 1,2 and 20 at (a) Room temperature (b) 50˚C (c) 60˚C (d) 70˚C (e) 100 ˚C 



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A sudden pick was observed during the 16th cycle when 
the cell was at 60˚C. But a sudden drop was observed during 
the 19th cycle for 70˚C. The discharging capacity, as well as 
the charging capacity, changed in this case. These may have 
occurred due to the internal short circuit that occurred inside 
the battery cell. At high temperatures, the electrolyte may be 
decomposed by the exothermic reaction; as a result, an 
internal short circuit of a battery occurs when the two 
electrode materials are internally and electronically 
interconnected, resulting in high local current densities. 
These Internal short circuits in lithium-ion batteries can 
happen as a result of lithium dendrite formation or a 
compressive shock [31]. The battery cell also behaves 
anomalously when it is cycling at 100˚C, as shown in Figure 
10. A sudden increase and decrease in Coulombic efficiency 
were observed. Some major abnormality was seen in cycles 4, 
8, and 16. This phenomenon may have happened due to an 
internal short circuit inside the battery cell [31]. The battery's 
internal exothermic reaction, as well as the environmental 
high temperature, were responsible for the internal short 
circuit. The cell capacity may be decreased due to the internal 
short circuit or other phenomena inside the battery cell, such 
as severe volume changes during lithiation and delithiation, 
resulting in inadequate cyclability and ultimate electrode 
failure [29]. This phenomenon also affects the performance as 
well as the cycle life of the battery cell. From Figure 11, it can 
be concluded that the battery discharged rapidly at the 20th 
cycle compared to the 1st cycle. 

4. Conclusion 

The charging and discharging characteristics of a Li-ion 
battery for 20 cycles at different temperatures have been 
analyzed. Observing how a battery cell behaves above room 
temperature was the main purpose of this study. The findings 
of this study can be concluded as follows:  
• From the temperature of 50˚C to 100 ˚C, there was a sudden 
capacity drop observed between the first and the second 
cycle.  
• During charging at a constant current, a sudden voltage peak 
was detected. This phenomenon occurs due to the micro-level 
internal short circuit.  
• Discharging Capacity faded above the room temperature. 
The range of the capacity decreased from the first to the last 
cycle as the cell was exposed to a higher temperature. 
• Internal Short Circuit occurred above 70˚C. These may occur 
due to the decomposition of the electrolyte for an exothermic 
reaction. 
 • The lifetime of the cell decreased at higher temperatures. 

Acknowledgment 
This work is financially co-supported by Chittagong 
University of Engineering & Technology (CUET) and the 
University Grants Commission of Bangladesh-grant no. 37.01. 
0000.73.06.065.22.1607. The corresponding author is 
responsible for ensuring that the descriptions are accurate 
and agreed upon by all authors. 

Ethical issue 
The authors are aware of and comply with best practices in 
publication ethics, specifically with regard to authorship 
(avoidance of guest authorship), dual submission, 
manipulation of figures, competing interests, and compliance 
with policies on research ethics. The authors adhere to 
publication requirements that the submitted work is original 
and has not been published elsewhere. 

 

Data availability statement 
Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no datasets 

were generated or analyzed during the current study. 

Conflict of interest 

The authors declare no potential conflict of interest. 

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