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10-21 

10 
 

 

 

Article 

Comparative analysis on mechanical and physical 
properties of jute-banana fiber reinforced epoxy-
based hybrid composites: impact of fiber 
orientation 
Sabbir Ahmed1, Rupak Saha1*, Md Mehdi Masud Talukder2, Md. Bayazid Ahmed1 
1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chittagong University of Engineering and Technology, Chattogram-4349,  
Bangladesh 
2School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC-3000, Australia 

               A R T I C L E   I N F O 
 

Article history: 
Received 18 July 2025  
Received in revised form 
21 August 2025 
Accepted 07 September 2025 
 
Keywords:  
Composite, Fiber, Matrix, Bidirectional, 
Unidirectional, Hybrid 
 
*Corresponding author 
Email address: 
rupaksahacuet16@gmail.com 
 
 
DOI: 10.55670/fpll.fusus.4.1.2 
 

A B S T R A C T 
 

Natural fibers are eco-friendly and an alternative to synthetic fibers. In this 
study, a hybrid epoxy-based composite reinforced with jute and banana fibers 
with their different orientation [ J(Uni)-B(Uni), J(Uni)- B(Bi), J(Bi)-B(Uni), J(Bi)-
B(Bi)] matrix was evaluated. This research experimentally investigated the 
physical and mechanical properties, such as theoretical and experimental 
density, void content, water absorption, tensile strength, impact resistance, and 
hardness, by varying fiber orientation in the matrix. Key findings demonstrate 
that fiber orientation significantly influences the mechanical properties and 
microstructure of the composite. Specifically, orientation has a notably 
enhanced effect on tensile strength, hardness, and impact resistance, while 
conversely exhibiting a reduced influence on void formation within the matrix. 
Among the tested configurations, sample S4, featuring unidirectionally oriented 
Jute and Banana fibers, delivered the highest tensile strength (53.72 MPa) and 
hardness (58 HRM), coupled with the lowest observed void content (2.44%). 
Furthermore, sample S3, combining unidirectional Jute with bidirectional 
Banana fibers, achieved superior impact resistance (30.86 KJ/m²) compared to 
other orientations, while also maintaining the lowest level of hydrophilicity 
(0.79%). These composites have the potential to be an option for material 
choice that can be used in a high-strength and impact scenario. 

1. Introduction 
Research and engineering have shifted their attention in 
recent decades from conventional materials to composite 
materials. Although glass and carbon fiber reinforcement are 
the most popular, natural fiber has been the subject of study 
by various academics due to its numerous advantages, 
including its acceptable specific strength, low density, 
affordable price, CO2 neutrality, and biodegradability, among 
others. Thus, the scientific community and numerous 
industries highly regard natural fiber composites due to their 
exceptional strength, high durability, and environmental 
sustainability. Sustainability is one of the primary motivating 
forces for all of the studies. In several non-load-bearing 
applications, non-sustainable materials must be replaced 
with sustainable ones. The concern for the environment is 
growing daily. The demand for a developed and sophisticated 

future is constant. The field of materials will undergo a 
significant transformation as a result of this goal, and new 
materials with improved properties should be introduced. 
The powerful ability of composite materials to provide the 
desired physical, chemical, or mechanical qualities has 
already been demonstrated. Natural fiber is a fantastic 
innovation in this field for meeting global demand, and it 
would be a new level if it could successfully be hybridized 
with natural fiber to obtain the desired properties [1]. A 
mixture of natural fibers enclosed in a polymer matrix is 
referred to as a natural fiber composite. Two components 
make up a composite. The matrix is one, while the 
reinforcement is another. Fibers are applied in composites as 
potential reinforcement in the matrix material. In the past, 
only synthetic fibers, including glass fiber and carbon fiber-
reinforced composites, were used due to their low cost and 

Future Sustainability 

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February 2026| Volume 04 | Issue 01 | Pages 10-21 

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S. Ahmed et al. /Future Sustainability                                                                                   February 2026| Volume 04 | Issue 01 | Pages 10-21 

11 
 

superior mechanical properties. Although the scientific 
community is continually working to enhance the mechanical 
properties of natural fiber composites, they are now being 
used more frequently. A composite fiber system is introduced 
into the matrix, which is a homogeneous, monolithic material. 
The composite component's net form, the distribution of 
loads among the fibers, the binding of the fiber reinforcement, 
and the surface quality are all controlled by the matrix. 
Ceramic matrix, metal matrix, and polymer matrix are the 
three primary categories of matrix materials. The three 
primary categories of polymers are thermosets, 
thermoplastics, and elastomers. In thermoplastics, there are 
secondary linkages between the molecular chains. 
Thermoplastic materials include polystyrene, Teflon, Acrylic, 
Nylon, and others. In thermosetting polymers, primary bonds 
hold molecular chains together, which are then held together 
by robust cross-links. Thermosetting polymers have a high 
melting point and tensile strength. Thermoplastic plastic has 
a lower molecular weight than thermosetting plastic. Vinyl 
ester resin, epoxy resin, and polyurethane are a few examples 
of thermosetting polymers. Epoxy resin is a pre-polymer that 
is frequently applied in a variety of industries, as coating, 
high-performance composites, and adhesives [2]. There has 
been a remarkable rise in research into bio-based polymers 
in recent years as a result of expanding environmental and 
economic worries, as well as the unpredictability that comes 
with limited petrochemical assets. Epoxy is a biodegradable 
and environmentally friendly, bio-based resin. Both terms 
allude to non-toxic, renewable plant-based resins.  

The main purpose of reinforcement in composite 
materials is to boost the mechanical properties of the plain 
resin system. Every other fiber used in composites has unique 
features that affect the composite properties in various ways. 
Different kinds of fibers are used as reinforcement in the 
natural fiber reinforced composite. Natural fibers are fibers 
that are good for the environment because they come from 
plants and forests. They are renewable, biodegradable, and 
can be used without harming the environment. The origin of 
natural fibers, whether they come from plants, animals, or 
minerals, is used to categorize them. There are six different 
kinds of natural fibers. They include bast (jute), leaf (banana), 
grass, and reed (rice, wheat), seed (cotton), core (hemp), and 
all other sorts of fibers (wood and roots) [3]. Due to their 
lightweight qualities, high strength, and high rigidity, 
composite materials are used. The lightweight quality is 
crucial for lower fuel use and lowers fuel costs. In certain 
circumstances, the raw materials are readily available, which 
will lower the cost of raw resources. The mechanical qualities 
are excellent. Composite materials allow for design freedom 
throughout the production process, enabling the creation of 
numerous intricate and sophisticated products. The primary 
benefit of natural fiber composites is their accessibility to 
natural fiber. Natural fiber composites are fire-resistant and 
do not release any hazardous fumes. Natural fibers are 
recyclable and biodegradable. We can alter the characteristics 
of natural fiber chemically. Natural fiber clothing is especially 
pleasant in the summer since it absorbs moisture and 
perspiration. It is being utilized in the papermaking sector. 
Products made from synthetic natural fibers also have the 
benefit of withstanding large weights without breaking. Two 
types of plants produce natural fiber. Primary plants like jute, 

sisal, and hemp are grown only for their fiber content. 
Secondary plants like pineapple and coir are grown for their 
fiber content as a byproduct. Natural fibers frequently have a 
distinctive set of qualities, such as mechanical and thermal 
characteristics. The primary chemical components of plant 
fibers include wax, cellulose, lignin, hemicellulose, and pectin. 
The geographical area where the plants are grown affects the 
fiber content. The amount of cellulose and lignin a fiber 
contains determines its physical properties. Fibers with a 
high cellulose content and a low lignin content will have the 
right mechanical characteristics. Properties of different fibers 
are listed in Table 1 and Table 2. 

Table 1. Physical properties of natural fibers [4] 

 

Table 2. Chemical components of natural fibers [5] 

 

B. Shivamurthy et al. [5] found the physical 
characteristics of epoxy composites reinforced with jute 
fibers. Using alkali-treated fibers and cashew nut shell liquid 
blended epoxy resins, including feasibility testing utilizing 
tensile and flexural strength. The results show that by 
utilizing the alkaline-treated jute fibers and a redesigned 
matrix, it is feasible to create superior composites with 
mechanical characteristics that exceed jute fiber-
strengthened epoxy composition manufactured using 
unprocessed jute fibers and ordinary epoxy resin. The 
greatest feature, which turned out to be the best jute fiber 
composite, had alkali-treated fiber with an estimated tensile 

Fiber Density 
(g/cc) 

Elongation 
(%) 

Tensile 
Strength 

(MPa) 

Young's 
Modulus 

(GPa) 

Jute 1.3-1.5 1.5-1.8 393-773 26.5 

Banana 1.3-1.35 6.54 529-914 27-32 

Hemp - 1.6 690 - 

Sisal 1.5 2-2.5 611-635 9.4-22 

Coir 1.2 30 175 4-6 

Flax - 2.7-3.2 345-1035 27.6 

PPLSF 1-1.2 2-4.5 97-196 2.5-5.4 

Cotton 1.5-1.6 7-8 287-597 5.5-12.6 

Fiber Cellulose 
(%) 

Hemi-
cellulose (%) Lignin (%) Wax (%) 

Jute 61-71.5 17.9-22.4 18.8-13 0.5 

Banana 83 6-19 5 0.58-1.41 

Hemp 70.2-74.4 17.9-22.4 3.7-5.7 0.8 

Sisal 78 10 8 2 

Coir 37 - 42 - 

Flax 64.1-71.9 18.6-20.6 2.2 1.5 

PPLSF 58.58 22.8 13.48 0.35 



S. Ahmed et al. /Future Sustainability                                                                                   February 2026| Volume 04 | Issue 01 | Pages 10-21 

12 
 

strength of 679 MPa and flexural strength of 88.83 MPa. D. 
Shanmugam et al. [6] investigated the mechanical 
characteristics, both static and dynamic, of alkaline-treated 
uninterrupted Palmyra Leaf Stalk Fiber (PPLSF) and jute 
fibers in an unfilled polyester matrix. Compared to P100 
composites, tensile strength and tensile modulus improved 
by 46% and 65%, respectively, while flexural strength and 
flexural modulus improved by 56% and 19%, respectively. N. 
Venkateshwaran et al. [7] studied the composite 
architectures, mechanics, and physical characteristics. The 
research demonstrates that composites reinforced with 
banana fibers have low density, high tensile strength, high 
tensile modulus, and low elongation at break. The 
construction, automotive, and industrial industries will find 
the features indicated to be quite suited. Research conducted 
by V.S. Srinivasan et al. [8] on the thermal characteristics of 
natural fiber composites based on banana and flax 
demonstrated that hybrid composites are superior to mono-
fiber-reinforced composites in terms of characteristics. 
Comparing hybrid composites to single fiber composites, the 
former can support higher impact and flexural loads. The 
research for this publication also demonstrates that hybrid 
composites are stronger than single-fiber composites.  

Research by M. Jannah et al. [9] showed that chemically 
treated banana fiber composites exhibited lower water 
absorption compared to untreated banana fiber composites. 
Compared to untreated banana fiber, treated banana fiber has 
greater flexural and impact strength. To improve physical 
properties, M. Boopalan et al. [10] evaluated the physical and 
thermal properties of epoxy hybrid compounds enhanced 
with jute fiber and banana fiber. The weight-proportioned 
50/50 jute and banana fiber reinforced epoxy hybrid 
composites exhibited improved thermal properties and a 
lower propensity to absorb water. The tensile strength, 
flexural strength, and impact strength of composites that 
contain banana fiber are all increased by 17%, 4%, and 35.5%, 
respectively. S. Parbin et al. [11] examined the physical 
features of composites made using natural reinforcing fibers 
as well as the numerous variables affecting these attributes. 
The use of natural fibers as a viable alternative to synthetic 
fibers in a wide range of applications was also emphasized. 
They claimed that the mechanical properties of these 
composites make them suitable for low-load 
implementations such as window panels, decorative items, 
shock-absorbing pads, fishing equipment, internal airplane 
sections, lampshades, food trays, as well as internal paneling, 
among others. According to X. Chen et al. [12], benzylation is 
a productive way to turn plant fibers into thermal elastic 
polymers that may be treated according to accepted plastics 
industry practices. Plant fibers may become more evenly 
processable by altering the modification, mechanical 
properties, and biodegradability circumstances. A.K. Bledzki 
et al. [13] studied the characteristics of fiber-reinforced bio-
epoxy composites with different bio-contents from 0% to 
100%. Thermal and physical testing findings on organic 
epoxies and hybrids using jute fiber demonstrate the effect of 
scale of bio-contents on their specified qualities, as well as the 
potential for replacing standard epoxy technologies with 
materials generated from renewable resources. In 2014, jute 
fiber treated with 5% NaOH solution showed improved 
mechanical properties compared to treatment with 10% 

NaOH solution, as studied by Gopinath et al. They conducted 
a comparative analysis between jute-epoxy and jute-
polyester and found that jute-epoxy had a tensile strength of 
12.46MPa, exceeding that of jute-polyester (9.24MPa). 
However, jute-polyester showed better impact strength and 
hardness than jute-epoxy composite [14]. Rahman et al. [15] 
discovered that oxidizing jute fiber with sodium periodate 
and following with urotropine would increase its mechanical 
qualities, but that doing so would reduce its tensile strength 
(20, 25, 30, and 35 percent of jute). The poor interfacial area 
between the fiber matrices increased as the load increased. 
Due to the use of a new compatibilizer, the final result is a 
drop in tensile strength with a range of 23.56 to 29.49 MPa, 
less than the prior research (23 to 55 MPa). With rising 
loadings up to 30%, impact strength first increased and then 
declined. With increasing loading, both hardness and water 
absorption percentage rose, although post-treated 
composites had lower absorption percentages than raw and 
oxidized ones, which was preferable. Idicula et al. [16] 
conducted a thermo-physical investigation of composite 
materials reinforced with natural fiber (in this case, pineapple 
leaf fiber), and they conducted experiments showing that the 
ability of natural fiber to transmit heat was improved as a 
result of hybridization with glass fiber. The use of sodium 
hydroxide as a treatment resulted in a 43% increase in 
thermal conductivity (NaOH). For the treatment with 
polyester resin, the characteristics of composite materials 
were improved.  

The research of Harak et al. revealed that the mechanical 
properties of hybrid composites, particularly flexural, tensile, 
and impact characteristics, were considerably enhanced with 
a composition of 76% Abaca fiber, 20% Areca fiber, and 4% 
nano-SiO₂, suggesting that the hybridization of these fibers 
improves performance and mitigates environmental impacts 
[17]. Sekhar et al. [18] conducted research with the banana 
fiber and roselle fiber composite, which had 68% higher 
tensile strength than pure epoxy resin. The mechanical 
characteristics of composites were improved by adding these 
natural fibers. In water absorption tests, the composites 
showed outstanding resistance and a far lower weight gain 
than pure epoxy resin. Higher weight percentages of roselle 
fiber in the composite increased water absorption, showing 
hydrophilic characteristics. According to the findings from 
the investigation of Venkatesh et al. [19], the mechanical 
properties of the intralaminar Jute/Sisal/E-Glass fiber-
bonded epoxy hybrid Composite were significantly improved. 
The study found that the hybrid composite had an 
enhancement of 28.65% in tensile strength, 47% in flexural 
strength, and 37.41% in impact strength when compared 
with the composite with zero orientation. These findings 
indicate that the intralaminar configuration is effective in 
improving the overall performance of the material. Bio-filler 
was incorporated by Ganasan et al. [20], particularly NaOH-
treated banana fiber and calcined eggshell particulate (CEP), 
substantially enhanced the thermal insulation properties of 
the epoxy composites. This investigation also revealed that 
the addition of CEP significantly improved mechanical 
properties, with 20 wt% of CEP providing a flexural strength 
of 36.57 MPa and a modulus of 300.12 MPa at 12 wt% of CEP. 
Additionally, water absorption decreased to 5.31% at 4 wt% 
of CEP, indicating enhanced structural characteristics of the 



S. Ahmed et al. /Future Sustainability                                                                                   February 2026| Volume 04 | Issue 01 | Pages 10-21 

13 
 

bio-composites. This article also includes a comparison of the 
physical and mechanical properties of jute and banana hybrid 
fiber composites. The development of banana and jute fiber-
reinforced composite material is increasing day by day. Jute 
and banana are two common types of natural fiber, and are 
also abundant in Bangladesh. Much work has been done on 
jute and banana fiber because of their attractive mechanical 
properties. Epoxy is a biodegradable matrix. So, the 
researcher is very much interested in replacing fossil fuel-
based thermosetting resins with biodegradable epoxy. In the 
domain of natural fiber composites, numerous researchers 
have investigated methods to enhance mechanical properties 
and performance. That's why we selected banana and jute 
fiber as reinforcement material and epoxy as matrix in this 
study. The previously mentioned literature review confirms 
that substantial research has been conducted on the physical 
and mechanical properties of jute banana hybrid fiber 
reinforced polymer composites. However, the assessment of 
the physical and mechanical properties of bidirectional and 
unidirectional jute banana hybrid fiber reinforced epoxy 
composites has been inadequately reported. This study 
implemented both unidirectional and bidirectional banana 
and jute fibers to create a hybrid composite material, 
facilitating the clear demonstration of the different 
orientations of hybrid fiber effects. The physical and 
mechanical parameters, including theoretical and 
experimental density, void content, water absorption, tensile 
strength, impact resistance, and hardness of different 
orientation hybrid fiber composite materials, were examined. 

2. Materials and methods 
2.1 Materials 

In Bangladesh, jute is known as the "golden fiber," and 
the Indian subcontinent is where it is most well-known. Jute 
fiber is a type of natural fiber that is abundantly produced on 
the Indian subcontinent. In addition to producing the 
delectable fruit, the banana or plantain plant also yields 
textile fabric known as banana fiber. Natural fiber is found in 
bananas. It is made of plants. The banana plant is a large 
perennial herb with pseudo-stem-like leaf sheaths. In this 
investigation, banana and jute fibers as reinforcement 
materials for the composite were procured from the local 
supplier of Chattogram, Bangladesh (Figure 1). The epoxy 
resin, the corresponding hardener HY951, and NaOH were 
supplied by Taj Scientific Limited, Chattogram, Bangladesh.  

    a) Jute Fiber                       a) Banana Fiber 

Figure 1. Natural fibers for reinforcement 

 

 

 

2.2 Fabrication of composite 
Fiber extraction, fiber chemical treatment, fiber 

orientation into the matrix, and composite fabrication 
method all have an impact on a composite's mechanical and 
thermal properties (Figure 2). In this experiment, hybrid 
banana fiber reinforcement composite (BFRC) and jute fiber 
reinforcement composite (JFRC) were created using the hand 
layup process.  

 
Figure 2. Composite fabrication flowchart 

The hydrophilic characteristics of natural fibers and the 
hydrophobic properties of the polymer matrix are the main 
fundamental problems with using natural materials as a 
reinforcing agent for polymer composites. These problems 
affect the mechanical properties of natural fiber composites. 
Natural fibers can have their hydrophilic tendencies 
diminished by applying a chemical treatment (Figure 3). 
Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), potassium permanganate 
(KMnO4), silane (SiH4), and acetic acid (CH3COOH) are the 
most commonly used chemical treatments to reduce the 
hydrophilic properties of natural materials [21]. The surface 
of the material can be altered while enhancing its strength by 
chemically treating the fiber to promote bonding between the 
fiber's surface and the matrix material. The mechanical 
characteristics of composites are improved while their water 
absorption is minimized. In this investigation, fiber was 
chemically treated using NaOH. The fibers were kept 
submerged for 30 minutes in 5% NaOH at room temperature. 
Before being immersed in extremely mild HCl to remove the 
NaOH adhering to the surface of the fibers, the fibers had been 
washed and rinsed numerous times with deionized water. 
The fibers underwent several rinses in deionized water and 
were dried at 80°C for 3 hours.  

 



S. Ahmed et al. /Future Sustainability                                                                                   February 2026| Volume 04 | Issue 01 | Pages 10-21 

14 
 

(a) (b) 

Figure 3. Chemical treatment of jute and banana fiber: (a) Jute Fiber 
in NaOH solution, (b) Banana Fiber in NaOH solution 

Fiber alignment affects the geometry of the mold cavity 
as the injected material flows through the mold, which 
directly affects mechanical properties. Fiber orientation in a 
composite refers to how individual fibers are placed in a fiber-
reinforced polymer composite to allow for the best structural 
arrangement [22]. In composite materials, a part's strength is 
significantly impacted by fiber orientation. Four common 
fiber-reinforced composite orientations are unidirectional, 
random, bidirectional, and multidirectional (Figure 4). The 
mechanical and chemical properties of an injection-molded 
object may be considerably enhanced by fiber orientation, 
regardless of the direction of the fibers within the material. 
For each fiber orientation, composite materials exhibit 
diverse physical properties. Bidirectional and unidirectional 
fiber orientations were used in this project to create 
composites. Reviewing the literature, we selected 30 wt% 
total fiber content for every sample to get optimal results in 
properties [23]. Table 3 illustrates the orientation and loading 
of the fiber in every sample. 

Table 3. Orientation and percentage of fiber in composites 

 
 a) J(Bi)-B(Bi)                                       b) J(Bi)-B(Uni) 

 
c) J(Uni)-B(Bi)                                              d) J(Uni)-B(Uni) 

Figure 4. Schematic drawing of different fiber orientations (Orange 
color line – Jute fiber, Blue color line – Banana fiber) 

By traditional hand lay-up light compression molding 
technique, different orientations of epoxy-based hybrid fiber 
composites with 30 wt% of banana and jute fiber, maintaining 
a 1:1 ratio of jute and banana fibers, were produced. Two 
different types of fiber orientation, such as unidirectional and 
bidirectional, were implemented for this study. The 
composition and designation of various composites 
fabricated using epoxy are shown in Table 3. At first, the 
epoxy was mixed with hardener HY951 in a ratio of 10:1 using 
a magnetic stirrer. Then, the fiber was placed in a mold, and 
the epoxy resin with hardener was continually poured until 
all of the filaments were thoroughly saturated. After allowing 
the mold to be applied at a pressure of 0.1MPa from the top to 
perfectly harden at room temperature for 24 hours, the 
specimens were gently removed from the mold. After taking 
the samples S1, S2, S3, and S4 from the mold, all samples were 
cut precisely using a cutting disk to make the specimen as per 
ASTM standards for physical and mechanical tests (Figures 5-
7). 

2.3 Tensile test 
Using an Instron tensile tester, the tensile characteristics 

of bidirectional and unidirectional hybrid composites were 
determined. The test was carried out by ASTM D638. Four 
specimens were tested, and the results were reported. A 
Universal Testing Machine (UTM) is displayed in Figure 8. 
Specimens before and after a tensile test are shown in Figure 
9 and Figure 10, respectively. 

2.4 Hardness test 
Rockwell is a scale for determining the hardness of a 

material based on the indentation hardness. A penetration of 
an indenter under a major load is compared to the 
penetration under a minor load to measure this test. Different 
scales are used for different materials to measure this test. 
ASTM E18 was the standard that was used for the test.  

Sample 
ID Orientation 

Jute 
Fiber 

Content 
(wt%) 

Banana 
Fiber 

Content 
(wt%) 

Epoxy 
resin 

Content 
(wt%) 

S1 

Jute 
(Bidirectional) 
and Banana 
(Bidirectional) - 
(J(Bi)-B(Bi)) 

15 
 

15 70 

S2 

Jute 
(Bidirectional) 
and Banana 
(Unidirectional) 
- (J(Bi)-B(Uni)) 

15 15 70 

S3 

Jute 
(Unidirectional) 
and Banana 
(Bidirectional) - 
(J(Uni)-B(Bi)) 

15 15 70 

S4 

Jute 
(Unidirectional) 
and Banana 
(Unidirectional) 
- (J(Uni)-B(Uni)) 

15 15 70 



S. Ahmed et al. /Future Sustainability                                                                                   February 2026| Volume 04 | Issue 01 | Pages 10-21 

15 
 

 

 

 
Figure 5. Hybrid composite laminate 

 

 
Figure 6. 2D drawing of tensile test specimen 

 
  Figure 7. 3D design of tensile test specimen 

 
Figure 8. Universal testing machine 

 

 

 

 

 
Figure 9. Specimens before the tensile test 

 

 
Figure 10. Specimens after the tensile test 

The Rockwell hardness can be calculated using the 
following formula: 

Hardness = (N-hd)                                       (1) 

Where, d = depth in mm, h and N are the scale factors which 
depend on the scale on which the test is carried out.   

a) J(Bi)-B(Bi)                                                 b) J(Bi)-B(Uni)                                        c) J(Uni)-B(Bi)                                                      d) J(Bi)-B(Bi) 



S. Ahmed et al. /Future Sustainability                                                                                   February 2026| Volume 04 | Issue 01 | Pages 10-21 

16 
 

In this study, scale M was used, with an indenter diameter of 
6.35mm, and the major load was 100kg (Figure 11).  

 
Figure 11. Hardness testing machine 

2.5 Impact test 
The impact test is a technique used to evaluate material 

toughness, impact strength, and notch sensitivity. The impact 
test determines the amount of impact a material can 
withstand. Impact testing often falls into one of two 
categories. The Charpy impact test and the Izod test are two 
types of impact tests. In this study, we used the Charpy impact 
test method to measure the impact strength. The distinction 
between the Charpy test and the Izod test is that the sample 
is kept horizontally in the Charpy test, but in the Izod test, the 
sample is kept vertically. The test was carried out in 
accordance with ASTM E23. The impact strength test can be 
calculated from the following formula: 

Impact strength = �𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚(cos𝛽𝛽−cos𝛼𝛼)
𝐴𝐴

�                                           (2) 
Where 
m = Mass of the pendulum (kg) 
R= Radius of pendulum 
g = Gravitational acceleration (ms-2) 
α= Rise angle (degree) 
β= Fall angle(degree) 
A = cross-sectional area of the specimen (m2) 
Figure 12 and Figure 13 illustrate the 2D and 3D drawings of 
the impact test specimen, respectively. Additionally, the 
Charpy impact testing machine and the specimens before and 
after the impact tests are shown in Figures 14-16. 

 
Figure 12. 2D drawing of impact test specimen 

 
Figure 13. 3D design of impact test specimen 

 
Figure 14. Charpy impact testing machine 

 

 
Figure 15. Specimens before the impact test 

 
Figure 16. Specimens after the impact test 



S. Ahmed et al. /Future Sustainability                                                                                   February 2026| Volume 04 | Issue 01 | Pages 10-21 

17 
 

A water retention test was carried out following ASTM D570 
by placing samples in a beaker of water at ambient 
temperature for a predetermined amount of time. Each 
specimen's moisture content is computed as follows: 

Water absorption % = �𝑊𝑊𝑤𝑤−𝑊𝑊𝑑𝑑
𝑊𝑊𝑑𝑑

� 𝑥𝑥 100%                          (2) 

where, Wd = dry weight of the specimen in grams, Ww = wet 
weight of the specimen in grams. 
Figure 17 demonstrates immersed specimens in distilled 
water. 

 
Figure 17. Immersed specimens in distilled water 
 
2.6 Density 

The water immersion method was used to calculate the 
experimental density (𝜌𝜌𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒) of every composite sample. The 
following equation was used to measure the theoretical 
density (𝜌𝜌𝑡𝑡ℎ) [24]. 

𝜌𝜌𝑡𝑡ℎ = 1
𝑊𝑊𝑓𝑓1
𝜌𝜌𝑓𝑓1

+
𝑊𝑊𝑓𝑓2
𝜌𝜌𝑓𝑓2

+𝑊𝑊𝑒𝑒
𝜌𝜌𝑒𝑒

                                               (3) 

where, 
𝑊𝑊𝑓𝑓1 = mass of jute fiber  
𝑊𝑊𝑓𝑓2 = mass of banana fiber 
𝑊𝑊𝑒𝑒  =  mass of epoxy resin 
𝜌𝜌𝑓𝑓1 = density of jute fiber 
𝜌𝜌𝑓𝑓2 = density of banana fiber 

The percentage of void content (Vc) was calculated from 
theoretical density and experimental density using the 
following formula [24]. 

𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐 = 𝜌𝜌𝑡𝑡ℎ−𝜌𝜌𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝜌𝜌𝑡𝑡ℎ
                                                        (4) 

3. Result and discussion 
3.1 Tensile test 

The influence of fiber orientation on the tensile strength 
of the fiber composites is shown in Figure 18. The maximum 
tensile strength, 53.7211 MPa, was found in sample 4, which 
is the combination of jute and banana fiber with both 
unidirectional orientation and 30% fiber loading. This is due 
to the parallel direction between the fiber and the tensile 

force loading. The unidirectional orientation of both jute and 
banana fiber in the composite allows the fibers to effectively 
carry the tensile load along their length. This combination of 
alignment provides efficient load transfer from the matrix to 
fibers, which reduces stress concentration points compared 
to bidirectional arrangements. Prashanth B H et al. also 
reported a finding that was identical to this one [24]. Table 4 
indicates the tensile strength of the fiber composites used in 
this experiment. 

 
Figure 18.  Effect of fiber orientation on tensile strength and modulus 
of elasticity of fiber composites 
 
Table 4. Tensile strength of fabricated fiber composites 

 
 
3.2 Impact Test 

Figure 19 demonstrates the effect of fiber orientation on 
the impact strength of fiber composites.  The maximal impact 
strength of 30.86 kJ/m² was observed in sample 3, which 
comprises unidirectional jute fiber and bidirectional banana 
fiber. This results from the sample 3 hybrid configuration 
(unidirectional jute combined with bidirectional banana), 
which offers an optimal equilibrium between stiffness and 
ductility. The unidirectional jute layer provided significant 
stiffness and directional strength, enabling the composite to 
withstand initial deformation. The bidirectional banana layer, 
exhibiting enhanced flexibility and ductility, absorbed and 
diffused impact energy from various directions, therefore 
mitigating fracture development. This combination mitigated 
premature brittle failure and facilitated increased overall 
energy absorption. Similar trends have been documented by 
Bhati et al. [25]. Table 5 demonstrates the impact strength of 
the fiber composites utilized in this experiment. 

Sample Fiber Orientation Tensile Strength (MPa) 

S1 J(Bi)-B(Bi) 45.2488 

S2 J(Bi)-B(Uni) 43.1278 

S3 J(Uni)-B(Bi) 47.3699 

S4 J(Uni)-B(Uni) 53.7211 



S. Ahmed et al. /Future Sustainability                                                                                   February 2026| Volume 04 | Issue 01 | Pages 10-21 

18 
 

 
Figure 19.  Effect on the impact strength of fabricated fiber 
composites 
 
Table 5. Impact strength of fabricated fiber composites 

 
 
3.3 Hardness test 

Figure 20 reveals how fiber orientation affects the 
hardness of hybrid jute banana fiber composites. The highest 
hardness recorded was 58 in sample 4, which consists of a 
mixture of jute and banana fiber, featuring both 
unidirectional orientations. Hardness quantifies the ability to 
withstand surface deformation. The unidirectional 
configuration of fibers in sample 4 presumably produces a 
more homogeneous and dense fiber distribution. This 
architecture also facilitates an increased fiber volume 
fraction, which contributes to decreased void volume and 
porosity, restricting the surface's capacity to flex under stress. 
A parallel pattern of increasing hardness values with 40 wt%, 
both unidirectional fiber orientations, has also been observed 
by Devireddy et al. [23]. Table 6 demonstrates the hardness 
of the fiber composites tested in this experiment. 

Table 6. Hardness of fabricated fiber composites 

 
 

 
Figure 20.  Effect on hardness of fabricated fiber composites 

3.4 Water absorption 
Figure 21 depicts the impact of fiber orientation on the 

water absorption of fiber composites.  The optimum 
combination of jute and banana fiber, with jute oriented 
unidirectionally and banana oriented bidirectionally, resulted 
in the lowest water absorption of 0.79% in sample 3. As the 
jute fibers exhibit a unidirectional orientation, resulting in a 
reduced number of fiber ends being exposed on both the 
surface and the cut edges. The fibers are aligned in a single 
direction, resulting in only their ends being directly exposed 
to water.  The resin coating on the sides of the fibers impedes 
the absorption of water. On the opposite side, the 
bidirectional banana fibers may have functioned as a woven 
shield, exhibiting slightly lower hydrophilicity than jute due 
to an increased lignin and wax content, thereby diminishing 
direct moisture penetration through the surface. Previous 
studies have also seen a tendency that is almost identical to 
this one [26]. Table 7 presents the water absorption of the 
fiber composites tested in this experiment. 

 
Figure 21.  Effect of fiber orientation water on absorption of 
fabricated fiber composites 
 
 

Sample ID Fiber Orientation Impact Strength 
(KJ/m2) 

S1 J(Bi)-B(Bi) 9.74 

S2 J(Bi)-B(Uni) 12.97 

S3 J(Uni)-B(Bi) 30.86 

S4 J(Uni)-B(Uni) 21.87 

Sample 
ID Fiber Orientation Rockwell Hardness 

Number (HRM) 

S1 J(Bi)-B(Bi) 55 

S2 J(Bi)-B(Uni) 49 

S3 J(Uni)-B(Bi) 53 

S4 J(Uni)-B(Uni) 58 



S. Ahmed et al. /Future Sustainability                                                                                   February 2026| Volume 04 | Issue 01 | Pages 10-21 

19 
 

Table 7. Water absorption of fabricated fiber composites 

 

3.5 Density 
Figure 22 presents the impact of fiber orientation on the 

water absorption of fiber composites. The maximum 
experimental density and minimum void content were found 
in sample 4, which are 1.232 g/cm3 and 2.438% respectively. 
The increased density and reduced void content in Sample 4 
can be attributed to the structural configuration of the fibers 
and the consequent resin infiltration properties. In sample 4, 
jute and banana fibers are oriented unidirectionally, 
facilitating a more homogeneous and compact configuration 
devoid of interlacing points. This configuration creates linear, 
uninterrupted fiber pathways that may be more efficiently 
saturated by the resin during hand lay-up, hence diminishing 
air entrapment and minimizing void occurrence. Voids are 
air-filled cavities that reduce composite density and degrade 
mechanical characteristics. The minimum void fraction in the 
sample indicates a more compact composite structure. The 
integration of optimal fiber packing and minimum air 
infiltration elucidates why sample 4 attains both the greatest 
density and the least void content. Table 8 represents the 
density and void content of fiber composites. 

 
Figure 22.  Effect of fiber orientation on experimental density and 
void content of fabricated fiber composites 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Table 8. Hardness of fabricated fiber composites 

 

4. Conclusion 
This study evaluated the effects of fiber orientation, 

including unidirectional and bidirectional, on the physical and 
mechanical properties of jute/banana fiber reinforced epoxy 
composites. It addresses theoretical and experimental 
density, void content, water absorption, tensile strength, 
impact resistance, and hardness as the physical and 
mechanical properties by varying fiber orientation in the 
matrix. Key findings indicated that fiber orientation has 
increased effects on tensile strength, hardness, and impact 
resistance; however, it has a decreased effect on void 
formation in the composite matrix. Among all the tested 
samples, having both Jute and Banana fiber in unidirectional 
orientation (S4) exhibits higher tensile strength (53.72 MPa), 
and hardness (58 HRM) while having lower void contents 
(2.44%) in the composite matrix. Additionally, the sample 
having Jute fiber in unidirectional and Banana fiber in 
Bidirectional orientation (S3) shows higher impact resistance 
(30.86 KJ/m2) than other orientations while maintaining 
minimum hydrophilicity (0.79%). Applying these composites, 
sample 4 (S4) composites can be used in a scenario where the 
strength and hardness of materials are desired, such as a 
motorcycle helmet, a car, and an airplane body. Similarly, 
sample 3 (S3) can be used in high-impact applications, such 
as helmet production. Sample 3 exhibits minimal water 
absorption; therefore, it can be used as a skimmer surface 
material for oil/water separation. This research 
acknowledges limitations, including the formation of defects 
on the composite-matrix surface due to the unequal pressure 
distribution during fabrication by the hand layup method. 
Future research should focus on using a nanofiller that can 
reduce the void in the composite matrix. Additionally, the 
chemical treatment of fibers and the orientation of fibers 
should not be limited to horizontal and vertical directions. 

Ethical issue 
The authors are aware of and comply with best practices in 
publication ethics, specifically with regard to authorship 
(avoidance of guest authorship), dual submission, 
manipulation of figures, competing interests, and compliance 
with policies on research ethics. The authors adhere to 
publication requirements that the submitted work is original 
and has not been published elsewhere. 

Data availability statement 
The manuscript contains all the data. However, more data will 
be available upon request from the authors. 

Conflict of interest 
The authors declare no potential conflict of interest. 

Sample 
ID Fiber Orientation Water Absorption (%) 

S1 J(Bi)-B(Bi) 0.87 

S2 J(Bi)-B(Uni) 1.38 

S3 J(Uni)-B(Bi) 0.79 

S4 J(Uni)-B(Uni) 1.17 

Sample 
ID 

Fiber 
Orientation 

Theoretical 
Density 
(g/cc) 

Experimental 
Density (g/cc) 

Void 
Conte

nt (%) 

S1 J(Bi)-B(Bi) 1.263 1.218 3.595 

S2 J(Bi)-B(Uni) 1.227 2.819 

S3 J(Uni)-B(Bi) 1.225 3.006 

S4 J(Uni)-
B(Uni) 

1.232 2.438 



S. Ahmed et al. /Future Sustainability                                                                                   February 2026| Volume 04 | Issue 01 | Pages 10-21 

20 
 

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doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2010.12.051. 

[2] J. Stanzione and J. La Scala, “Sustainable polymers and 
polymer science: Dedicated to the life and work of 
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[3] L. Kerni, S. Singh, A. Patnaik, and N. Kumar, “A review 
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[4] T. Sathishkumar, P. Navaneethakrishnan, S. Shankar, 
R. Rajasekar, and N. Rajini, “Characterization of 
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Plast. Compos., vol. 32, no. 19, pp. 1457–1476, Oct. 
2013, doi: 10.1177/0731684413495322. 

[5] B. Shivamurthy, N. Naik, B. H. S. Thimappa, and R. 
Bhat, “Mechanical property evaluation of alkali-
treated jute fiber reinforced bio-epoxy composite 
materials,” Mater. Today Proc., vol. 28, pp. 2116–
2120, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2020.04.016. 

[6] D. Shanmugam and M. Thiruchitrambalam, “Static 
and dynamic mechanical properties of alkali treated 
unidirectional continuous Palmyra Palm Leaf Stalk 
Fiber/jute fiber reinforced hybrid polyester 
composites,” Mater. Des., vol. 50, pp. 533–542, Sep. 
2013, doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2013.03.048. 

[7] N. Venkateshwaran and A. Elayaperumal, “Banana 
Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites - A Review,” J. 
Reinf. Plast. Compos., vol. 29, no. 15, pp. 2387–2396, 
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[8] V. S. Srinivasan, S. Rajendra Boopathy, D. Sangeetha, 
and B. Vijaya Ramnath, “Evaluation of mechanical and 
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2014, doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2014.03.014. 

[9] M. Jannah, M. Mariatti, A. Abu Bakar, and H. P. S. 
Abdul Khalil, “Effect of Chemical Surface 
Modifications on the Properties of Woven Banana-
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[10] M. Boopalan, M. Niranjanaa, and M. J. Umapathy, 
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10.1016/j.compositesb.2013.02.033. 

[11] S. Parbin, N. K. Waghmare, S. K. Singh, and S. Khan, 
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[12] X. Chen, S. Chen, Z. Xu, J. Zhang, M. Miao, and D. Zhang, 
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S. Ahmed et al. /Future Sustainability                                                                                   February 2026| Volume 04 | Issue 01 | Pages 10-21 

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[24] M. Prashanth B H, P. S. S. Gouda, T. S. Manjunatha, N. 
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	1. Introduction
	Research and engineering have shifted their attention in recent decades from conventional materials to composite materials. Although glass and carbon fiber reinforcement are the most popular, natural fiber has been the subject of study by various acad...
	The main purpose of reinforcement in composite materials is to boost the mechanical properties of the plain resin system. Every other fiber used in composites has unique features that affect the composite properties in various ways. Different kinds of...
	Table 1. Physical properties of natural fibers [4]
	Table 2. Chemical components of natural fibers [5]
	B. Shivamurthy et al. [5] found the physical characteristics of epoxy composites reinforced with jute fibers. Using alkali-treated fibers and cashew nut shell liquid blended epoxy resins, including feasibility testing utilizing tensile and flexural st...
	Research by M. Jannah et al. [9] showed that chemically treated banana fiber composites exhibited lower water absorption compared to untreated banana fiber composites. Compared to untreated banana fiber, treated banana fiber has greater flexural and i...
	The research of Harak et al. revealed that the mechanical properties of hybrid composites, particularly flexural, tensile, and impact characteristics, were considerably enhanced with a composition of 76% Abaca fiber, 20% Areca fiber, and 4% nano-SiO₂,...
	2. Materials and methods
	2.1 Materials
	In Bangladesh, jute is known as the "golden fiber," and the Indian subcontinent is where it is most well-known. Jute fiber is a type of natural fiber that is abundantly produced on the Indian subcontinent. In addition to producing the delectable fruit...
	a) Jute Fiber                       a) Banana Fiber
	Figure 1. Natural fibers for reinforcement
	2.2 Fabrication of composite
	Fiber extraction, fiber chemical treatment, fiber orientation into the matrix, and composite fabrication method all have an impact on a composite's mechanical and thermal properties (Figure 2). In this experiment, hybrid banana fiber reinforcement com...
	Figure 2. Composite fabrication flowchart
	The hydrophilic characteristics of natural fibers and the hydrophobic properties of the polymer matrix are the main fundamental problems with using natural materials as a reinforcing agent for polymer composites. These problems affect the mechanical p...
	(a) (b)
	Figure 3. Chemical treatment of jute and banana fiber: (a) Jute Fiber in NaOH solution, (b) Banana Fiber in NaOH solution
	Fiber alignment affects the geometry of the mold cavity as the injected material flows through the mold, which directly affects mechanical properties. Fiber orientation in a composite refers to how individual fibers are placed in a fiber-reinforced po...
	Table 3. Orientation and percentage of fiber in composites
	a) J(Bi)-B(Bi)                                       b) J(Bi)-B(Uni)
	c) J(Uni)-B(Bi)                                              d) J(Uni)-B(Uni)
	Figure 4. Schematic drawing of different fiber orientations (Orange color line – Jute fiber, Blue color line – Banana fiber)
	By traditional hand lay-up light compression molding technique, different orientations of epoxy-based hybrid fiber composites with 30 wt% of banana and jute fiber, maintaining a 1:1 ratio of jute and banana fibers, were produced. Two different types o...
	2.3 Tensile test
	Using an Instron tensile tester, the tensile characteristics of bidirectional and unidirectional hybrid composites were determined. The test was carried out by ASTM D638. Four specimens were tested, and the results were reported. A Universal Testing M...
	2.4 Hardness test
	Rockwell is a scale for determining the hardness of a material based on the indentation hardness. A penetration of an indenter under a major load is compared to the penetration under a minor load to measure this test. Different scales are used for dif...
	Figure 5. Hybrid composite laminate
	Figure 6. 2D drawing of tensile test specimen
	Figure 7. 3D design of tensile test specimen
	Figure 8. Universal testing machine
	Figure 9. Specimens before the tensile test
	Figure 10. Specimens after the tensile test
	The Rockwell hardness can be calculated using the following formula:
	Hardness = (N-hd)                                       (1)
	Where, d = depth in mm, h and N are the scale factors which depend on the scale on which the test is carried out.
	In this study, scale M was used, with an indenter diameter of 6.35mm, and the major load was 100kg (Figure 11).
	Figure 11. Hardness testing machine
	2.5 Impact test
	The impact test is a technique used to evaluate material toughness, impact strength, and notch sensitivity. The impact test determines the amount of impact a material can withstand. Impact testing often falls into one of two categories. The Charpy imp...
	Impact strength = ,,𝑚𝑔𝑅,,cos-𝛽−,cos-𝛼...-𝐴..                                            (2)
	Where
	m = Mass of the pendulum (kg)
	R= Radius of pendulum
	g = Gravitational acceleration (ms-2)
	α= Rise angle (degree)
	β= Fall angle(degree)
	A = cross-sectional area of the specimen (m2)
	Figure 12 and Figure 13 illustrate the 2D and 3D drawings of the impact test specimen, respectively. Additionally, the Charpy impact testing machine and the specimens before and after the impact tests are shown in Figures 14-16.
	Figure 12. 2D drawing of impact test specimen
	Figure 13. 3D design of impact test specimen
	Figure 14. Charpy impact testing machine
	Figure 15. Specimens before the impact test
	Figure 16. Specimens after the impact test
	2.6 Density
	The water immersion method was used to calculate the experimental density ,,𝜌-𝑒𝑥.. of every composite sample. The following equation was used to measure the theoretical density ,,𝜌-𝑡ℎ.. [24].
	3. Result and discussion
	3.1 Tensile test
	The influence of fiber orientation on the tensile strength of the fiber composites is shown in Figure 18. The maximum tensile strength, 53.7211 MPa, was found in sample 4, which is the combination of jute and banana fiber with both unidirectional orie...
	3.2 Impact Test
	Figure 19 demonstrates the effect of fiber orientation on the impact strength of fiber composites.  The maximal impact strength of 30.86 kJ/m² was observed in sample 3, which comprises unidirectional jute fiber and bidirectional banana fiber. This res...
	3.3 Hardness test
	Figure 20 reveals how fiber orientation affects the hardness of hybrid jute banana fiber composites. The highest hardness recorded was 58 in sample 4, which consists of a mixture of jute and banana fiber, featuring both unidirectional orientations. Ha...
	3.4 Water absorption
	Figure 21 depicts the impact of fiber orientation on the water absorption of fiber composites.  The optimum combination of jute and banana fiber, with jute oriented unidirectionally and banana oriented bidirectionally, resulted in the lowest water abs...
	3.5 Density
	Figure 22 presents the impact of fiber orientation on the water absorption of fiber composites. The maximum experimental density and minimum void content were found in sample 4, which are 1.232 g/cm3 and 2.438% respectively. The increased density and ...
	4. Conclusion
	This study evaluated the effects of fiber orientation, including unidirectional and bidirectional, on the physical and mechanical properties of jute/banana fiber reinforced epoxy composites. It addresses theoretical and experimental density, void cont...
	Ethical issue
	The manuscript contains all the data. However, more data will be available upon request from the authors.
	Conflict of interest
	The authors declare no potential conflict of interest.
	References
	[1]  K. Mylsamy and I. Rajendran, “The mechanical properties, deformation and thermomechanical properties of alkali treated and untreated Agave continuous fibre reinforced epoxy composites,” Mater. Des., vol. 32, no. 5, pp. 3076–3084, May 2011, doi: 1...
	[2] J. Stanzione and J. La Scala, “Sustainable polymers and polymer science: Dedicated to the life and work of Richard P. Wool,” J. Appl. Polym. Sci., vol. 133, no. 45, Dec. 2016, doi: 10.1002/app.44212.
	[3] L. Kerni, S. Singh, A. Patnaik, and N. Kumar, “A review on natural fiber reinforced composites,” Mater. Today Proc., vol. 28, pp. 1616–1621, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2020.04.851.
	[4] T. Sathishkumar, P. Navaneethakrishnan, S. Shankar, R. Rajasekar, and N. Rajini, “Characterization of natural fiber and composites – A review,” J. Reinf. Plast. Compos., vol. 32, no. 19, pp. 1457–1476, Oct. 2013, doi: 10.1177/0731684413495322.
	[5] B. Shivamurthy, N. Naik, B. H. S. Thimappa, and R. Bhat, “Mechanical property evaluation of alkali-treated jute fiber reinforced bio-epoxy composite materials,” Mater. Today Proc., vol. 28, pp. 2116–2120, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2020.04.016.
	[6] D. Shanmugam and M. Thiruchitrambalam, “Static and dynamic mechanical properties of alkali treated unidirectional continuous Palmyra Palm Leaf Stalk Fiber/jute fiber reinforced hybrid polyester composites,” Mater. Des., vol. 50, pp. 533–542, Sep. ...
	[7] N. Venkateshwaran and A. Elayaperumal, “Banana Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites - A Review,” J. Reinf. Plast. Compos., vol. 29, no. 15, pp. 2387–2396, Aug. 2010, doi: 10.1177/0731684409360578.
	[8] V. S. Srinivasan, S. Rajendra Boopathy, D. Sangeetha, and B. Vijaya Ramnath, “Evaluation of mechanical and thermal properties of banana–flax based natural fibre composite,” Mater. Des., vol. 60, pp. 620–627, Aug. 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2014.0...
	[9] M. Jannah, M. Mariatti, A. Abu Bakar, and H. P. S. Abdul Khalil, “Effect of Chemical Surface Modifications on the Properties of Woven Banana-Reinforced Unsaturated Polyester Composites,” J. Reinf. Plast. Compos., vol. 28, no. 12, pp. 1519–1532, Ju...
	[10] M. Boopalan, M. Niranjanaa, and M. J. Umapathy, “Study on the mechanical properties and thermal properties of jute and banana fiber reinforced epoxy hybrid composites,” Compos. Part B Eng., vol. 51, pp. 54–57, Aug. 2013, doi: 10.1016/j.composites...
	[11] S. Parbin, N. K. Waghmare, S. K. Singh, and S. Khan, “Mechanical properties of natural fiber reinforced epoxy composites: A review,” Procedia Comput. Sci., vol. 152, pp. 375–379, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.procs.2019.05.003.
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