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14-25 

14 

 

 

 

Article 

Wastewater treatment plant and enhancing 

renewable energy production towards achieving 

environmental sustainability 
Hüseyin Gökçekuş1,3,4 , Youssef Kassem 1,2,3,4,  Abigail ZK Fahnbulleh*5, Robert Fallah 

Saah5 

1Department of Civil Engineering, Civil and Environmental Engineering Faculty, Near East University, 99138 
Nicosia (via Mersin 10, Turkey), Cyprus 
2Department of Mechanical Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Near East University, 99138 Nicosia (via Mersin 10, 
Turkey), Cyprus 
3Energy, Environment, and Water Research Center, Near East University, 99138 Nicosia (via Mersin 10, Turkey), 
Cyprus 
4Engineering Faculty, Kyrenia University, 99138 Kyrenia (via Mersin 10, Turkey), Cyprus 
5Department of Environmental Education & Management, Department of Educational Sciences, Near East 
University, 99138 Nicosia (via Mersin 10, Turkey), Cyprus 

A R T I C L E   I N F O 
 

Article history: 
Received 01 August 2022  
Received in revised form 
03 September 2022 
Accepted 05 September 2022 
 
 
Keywords:  
Wastewater treatment plant,  
Renewable energy,  
Environment sustainability  
 
 
*Corresponding author 
Email address:  
afahn2010@gmail.com 
 
 
 
DOI: 10.55670/fpll.futech.1.3.4 

A B S T R A C T 
 

Carbon emissions from non-renewable energy consumption account for 38 
percent to 50 percent of conservatory smoke production in the world, and 
wastewater treatment plants happen to be one of the most significant drivers 
of orangery vapor discharges universally. So, to meet the target of achieving a 
significant reduction of carbon pollution in 2030, we must focus on energy 
savings and Waste Water Treatment Plant consumption reduction. The 
demand for future urban wastewater Treatment Plant construction and 
technical enhancements remains high. The energy ingestion of treatment 
plants is related development of influent plants, effluent standards, and so on. 
This study is meant to offer directions for emerging new strategies to facilitate 
the reduction of water scarcity now and in the future as a powerful and 
reliable form of treating wastewater technology in particular.  This current 
study keeps its focus on the stimulus of guiding principle on treatment plant 
structure using scenario-based investigation. This article focuses on 
approaches used for water purification and the level of energy used. This 
research analyses the viability of energy self-sufficiency by examining existing 
energy consumption efficiency. It also investigates the water-energy link in 
plants and the sustainable approach to solving water scarcity problems, 
thereby providing the academic source for improving energy management 
systems and the formulation of energy policy and infrastructures. The 
research finds out that renewable energy is eco-friendly and is not 
regenerated by human efforts, nor does it emit any harmful gases into the 
atmosphere that could contribute to global warming, and it also notes that it is 
one of the major solutions to water scarcity problems now and later. 

 

1. Introduction 

Irrigation connections have long been disregarded but 
have recently been reported as a rising topic that could lead 
to a deeper grasp of the hydrosphere and the development 
of new standards for preservation. Despite generations of 
procrastination, new calculated and high-tech approaches to 
resolving global water issues have been offered. Water 

systems, particularly wastewater treatment facilities, are key 
municipal power users around the world. It is predicted that 
these amenities only could enthral one to three percent of a 
country's total electrical energy output and more than 20% 
of public utilities' electrical energy. Global water producers 
and consumers have increased since the 1950s, while the 
availability of freshwater access has been dropping [1] 

 

 

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H. Gökçekuş et al. /Future Technology                                                                               November 2022| Volume 01 | Issue 03 | Pages 14-25 

15 

 

countries with water-scarce and stress are about half a 
billion people, and that number is expected to rise to about 3 
billion by 2025 due to population growth. One of the 
creation's biggest challenges has been the scarcity of water, 
besides water cannot be fully discussed without considering 
agriculture, the economy, and the earth as a whole; the 
existence of life is entirely dependent on the availability of 
freshwater supplies. In terms of agriculture, currently, the 
world is dependent on 1.5 billion hectares of cultivated land 
for food production, which accounts for twelve out of a 
hundred of the entire land capacity [2]. Approximately 1.1 
billion hectares are rain-fed with no water supply systems. 
Accordingly, rain-fed cultivation is being used in over 80% of 
the globe's present cultivated zone and produces 
approximately sixty percent of the earth's major diet [3]. 
Watered farming accounts for a million, in 279 hectares or 
for land for the crop is 19% according to [4] (we have had an 
increase in hectares as four million when various 
crops/cropping intensity are taken into account), but it 
accounts for the output of agriculture is 40%. It is expected 
that the global population might reach 9 billion by 2050 at 
the same time due to water quality degradation and over-
exploitation, the limited readily available freshwater 
supplies in lakes, shallow groundwater aquifers, and rivers 
are deteriorating [5]. The resource and plea for water 
statistics are astounding: About 29 countries with a 
population of around 450 million people experience acute 
shortage [6]; approximately by 2025, about twenty percent 
of water will be required to nurse the increase of additional 
3 billion individuals. Since water scarcity could affect 2/3 of 
the inhabitants by 2025; water tables, which provide water 
for one-third of the world's population, are depleting very 
faster than natural surroundings can regenerate them [7]; 
while fifty percent of the lakes and rivers are contaminated; 
and some vital rivers, like the Yellow, Colorado, and the 
Ganges, do not drift to the sea frequently during the year [8]. 
Some of the Earth's utmost heavily inhabited regions, like 
the Middle East, India, Pakistan, China, and the 
Mediterranean, are anticipated to face severe water scarcity 
in the next decades [9]. Water scarcity threatens regions of 
Australia and the United States (including the Midwest and 
parts of the southwest). In Australia, for example, rainfall 
and runoff have decreased significantly in recent decades, 
resulting in limited water distributions for crops [10]. 
According to [11], total worldwide extractions of water for 
the purposes of agricultural, home, and industrial 
consumption will grow by 23% from 1995 to 2025 under 
their standard picture. One of the fundamental trials 
disturbing countless international difficulties, including 
ecosystem degradation, poverty, desertification, hunger, 
climate change, security, and even global peace, is the 
readiness of appropriate water supplies. Water shortage is 
expected to become an added significant predictor of food 
insufficiency than land scarcity [12]. So, to ensure surplus 
and safe water for all people and regions, Governments 
should make it their responsibility to invest more in sewage 
plant technology since it is environmentally friendly. 

2. Water and wastewater as alternative solutions  

The pressing concern in this current period is the 
insufficiency of fresh water. Water is essential for survival, 
so innovative technologies to help offer a fresh water supply 
are required. As a result, desalination and wastewater 
separation or treatment should be recognized as important, 
sustainable, and effective technological solutions to the 
problem of freshwater scarcity. Because as the world's 

population has risen to more than 7 billion people, so has the 
demand for fresh water. With significance, extraordinary 
competence separation approaches that incorporate water 
reuse, management, and wastewater treatment are required 
for sustainability. So, Chemical engineering can help in 
developing the equipment needed for treatment to high 
production values. Various known industrial procedures are 
presently used to remove particles from wastewater. 
Chemical techniques such as coagulation-photo-degradation 
[13], ion exchange [14], and adsorption [15], have 
extraordinary abstraction efficacy but need huge sums of 
inorganic substances and produce slush after cure [16]. 
Organic approaches, such as activated sludge [17], 
anaerobic-aerobic [18], and algae-based [19], are 
unsuccessful and require a big capacity [20]. Casing 
technologies are a substitute for a conservative treatment 
plan for meeting upcoming environmental development 
principles [21]. To handle the present environmental trials 
in the wastewater treatment business, operational water 
recovery machineries are appropriate [22]. By recovering 
reclaimed water, membrane processes introduce the concept 
of zero water emission [23]. The significant energy depletion 
is found in compression-driven sheath course tools that can 
use by little temperature bases are in high demand. So, the 
energy ingestion of DCMD for wastewater treatment can be 
compressed by using replenishing energy or minimum 
rating waste heat, cultivating hydrodynamic situations, 
building the component with the least separation 
belongings, and including a heat exchanger for retrieval 
should be considered [24]. 

3. Treatment method  

In municipal WWTPs, for example, the most commonly 
used treatment technologies include oxidation ditch, 
anaerobic-anoxic-oxic process, outdated triggered sludge, 
and sequencing batch reactor. Given the possibility of 
eventual water reuse, sophisticated membrane biological 
technologies have seen increased usage in the current age. 
Regional features and wastewater quality analysis BOD and 
COD concentrations and ratios of biodegradability of 
wastewater are important in practice because it helps to 
improve wastewater treatment systems for best subtraction 
proficiency. These absorptions are commonly recycled to 
assess the inorganic aspect of wastewater [25]. Regions with 
rich rapid economic development and water resources, 
which raise ingestion heights and water intake for every 
capita amount, may experience diluted pollutant 
concentrations as an effect of increasing wastewater 
discharge. Ground and surface water may potentially 
permeate into wastewater collection and discharge systems 
in water-rich areas, resulting in lower pollutant levels in 
wastewater influent. Furthermore, the Biological Oxygen 
Demand or Chemical oxygen demand ratio is commonly used 
to assess the biodegradability of wastewater. A high ratio of 
(0.4 and 0.6) suggests that wastewater is biodegradable, 
whereas a low ratio (between 0.2 and 0.4) indicates that 
wastewater contains poorly biodegradable chemicals. 
Unfavourable these ratios may result in inadequate 
denitrification, excessive Chemicals in municipal plants 
output, and worsening of biological phosphorus removal 
[26]. Both ratios (less than 0.1), in particular, indicate that 
the wastewater is inappropriate for biological treatment 
[27]. The content and proportion of Total phosphurs (TP) 
and total nitrogen (TN), the well-adjusted bond between 
carbons, phosphorus, and nitrogen in municipal WWTP 
influent wastewater, is critical to the efficacy of organic 



H. Gökçekuş et al. /Future Technology                                                                               November 2022| Volume 01 | Issue 03 | Pages 14-25 

16 

 

procedures. The result could be recycled to protect the 
scheme, in the same way, the setup of the treatment system 
process to achieve optimal nutrient removal efficiency. It is 
regularly assumed that for efficient treatment, the BOD: NPK 
fraction should be within the range of 100:10:1 and 100:5:1 
for aerobic handling and 250:5:1 for anaerobic cure [27]. 
High quantities of particular chemicals and adverse 
nutritional ratios can impair microbial decomposition 
proficiency [26]. The majority of the treatment plants 
influent restricted significant concentrations of substance, 
primarily phosphorus and nitrogen. The concentrations of 
TN and TP in influent wastewater fluctuate from 19 to 51 
mg/L and 1.8 to 5.9 mg/L, separately. In the case of a high 
fraction of industrial sources, influent nutrient 
concentrations might change dramatically throughout the 
day and during stormwater occurrences. Thus; water 
treatment should be handled with more care, using 
renewable energy as her major energy source for 
environmental health.  

4. Background of the study 

The population of the Slovak Republic (Figure 1) is 
around 5.44 million people (2011). The country has a total of 
2,891 settlements. Only 400 settlements have more than 
2,000 people. The overall sum of individuals belonging to 
these municipalities has its population greater than 2,000 is 
3.78 million. This constitutes almost 70% of the population. 
The surviving population is dispersed across the remaining 
Slovakian region in small communities. Above and beyond 
the aforementioned geographical facts, the high proportions 
of rural populations create complicated conditions for 
connecting populations to central water supply systems and 
wastewater treatment systems, as well as in accordance with 
Slovak Republic documents submitted to the EU in 2004. 

 
Figure 1. Slovak Republic 

The EU's study of a centralized water distribution 
system and wastewater treatment system (Figure 2) with 
Slovak Republic member requirements is motivated mostly 
by widely separated populations. In 2010, the number of 
people receiving drinking water from the public supply 
reached 4.72 million, accounting for 86.9 percent of the 
entire population. Household-specific water usage fell 
drastically from 195 L/cap. d in 1990 to 79.8 L/cap. d in 
2011. Public sewage system development lags behind the 
systems. In comparison to developed Western European 
countries, the Slovak Republic has a low percentage of 
connected people. This era hind to long-term abandoned 
enlargement of frame erection projects during the 
communist era for all CEE countries. The number of people 

living in households with public sewage systems reached 
3.35 million inhabitants, which is 61.6% of the Slovak 
population. The total length of sewage system pipelines was 
11,211 km. It symbolizes a detailed length of the pipeline on 
connected inhabitant 3.35 m. The average water price in 
Slovakia was 2.31 €/m3 for both water supply and 
treatment. Hence in this situation, it is necessary for the 
community to invest more into reuse water treatment to 
reduce scarcity issues. 

 

 
Figure 2. Wastewater treatment systems in the Slovak 

Republic 

5. Aim of the study  

We aimed to offer directions for emerging new 
strategies to facilitate the reduction of water scarcity now 
and in the future as an energy-effective and efficient 
technology for treating soiled water generally. Having said 
this, we are going to point freshness of this study in 
comparing wastewaters from different stages of the process. 
To review the characteristic of wastewater treatment plants 
and enhance renewable energy in production towards 
achieving an environmentally friendly environment. To 
identify a suitable and affordable renewable energy source 
for discarded handling plants that will enhance 
environmental sustainability or a friendly environment. 
After identifying the problems, make the necessary 
recommendations to those responsible for an action. Justify 
that wastewater treatment plants consume more energy in 
any country. And to as well identify possible difficulties in 
the selection and use of the vitality recovery process and 
suggest practically feasible energy for positive wastewater 
treatment process configurations. This study focused on 
producing environmentally friendly and energy-efficient 
wastewater treatment and energy generation technology. 



H. Gökçekuş et al. /Future Technology                                                                               November 2022| Volume 01 | Issue 03 | Pages 14-25 

17 

 

6. Previous studies related to Wastewater treatment 

worldwide  

The purpose of this inquiry is to lower the capacity of 
energy needed for auto thermal thermophilic aerobic 
digestion (ATAD). To accomplish this purpose, a vibrant 
ATAD ideal is provided and evaluated. The worldwide 
understanding inquiry was conceded to ascertain working 
circumstances with maximum sensitivity. The largest impact 
on energy demand and selecting the utmost gifted feature 
for optimization of the reaction time, aeration flowrate, and 
temperature, alongside sludge flowrate, were discovered to 
be the latter. To formulate the optimization delinquent, the 
sequential sequence was adopted [28]. As individuals and 
water consumption grows, so as the impulse for alternate 
water sources such as desalination systems and water reuse, 
which are environmentally friendly. Water recycling and 
desalination's carbon footprint: an appraisal of greenhouse 
gas discharges and assessment tools need to be upgraded 
[29]. As the number of births and water consumption grow, 
so does the urge for alternate water sources, such as water 
reprocess and purification schemes, which are 
environmentally friendly. Assessment of the 
environmentally keeping microalgae channel tarn handling 
aquaculture wastewater: From upgrading to organization 
incorporation [30]. Dried for consumption in shrimp forage 
[31], increased temperature is generated from biogas while 
power is generated by a CHP. Heat is recycled to dry MaB-
flocs, while electricity is fed into the grid. Checking and 
identification of verve usage in treatment plants, including a 
state-of-the-art assessment along with recommendations for 
upgrading [32]. Rigorous standards for water effluent 
cleanliness are set, demanding enhanced pollutant removal 
technologies. It is also an audit of drive consumption to 
expand the energy productivity of treatment facilities by 
performing some procedures such as changing treatment 
schemes or optimizing existing functioning units at the same 
time, wastewater treatment energy recovery, and 
sustainability [33]. As the number of births and water 
consumption increases, so makes the demand for alternative 
water sources such as environmentally friendly water 
reprocessing and filtration programs. From upgrade to 
organization incorporation, environmental sustainability of 
a microalgae channel tarn managing aquaculture wastewater 
[34]. Wastewater treatment facilities (WWTPs) consume 
more electricity, which is attributed to the grid on a 
consistent source. Many ongoing efforts have been made at 
the current time to research potential solutions for both 
reducing and increasing energy usage through the creation 
of renewable energy in plants. This evaluation covers every 
area possible. This could help WWTPs migrate to energy 
neutrality. The verve foundations in altered gages display 
drive norms that were introduced along with wastewater 
[5]. In the presence of distilled water and synthetic color 
solutions at 60oC, however, one distilled water and synthetic 
dye solution are required for genuine textile wastewater [18, 
35]. The effect and sewage superiority of public wastewater 
treatment plants are essential factors in selecting the right 
cure skills and impacting the ecosystem of getting water 
bodies. Information from influent wastewater and processed 
effluent can likewise be recycled to determine the value of 
recovered water to be reused. To vividly comprehend the 
paraphernalia of influent and run-off, comprehensive studies 
were performed on the foundation of statistical information 
acquired from the Chinese municipal treatment plants from 
3340 [27]. A summary of the previous studies related to 

using renewable energy as a power source worldwide is 
given in Table 1 (Appendix).  

7. Important physiognomies of formed water 

The product is not only water; but a varied, simple, and 
complex structure and is a combination of liquefied and 
particulate organic and inorganic substances. The chemical 
structure of produced water varies greatly depending on 
several factors, including the field’s geographic location; era 
and complexity of the environmental realization; formation 
geochemistry; hydrocarbon-bearing, extraction method; its 
chemical opus, and type of produced hydrocarbon in the 
artificial lake [36]. 

8. Total dissolved solids (TDS), salinity, and 

conductivity 

The conductivity of produced water can vary greatly, 
and then produced water from regular gas was shown to 
range from 4200 to 180,000 S/cm. Another study exposed 
the conductivity ranged from 136,000 to 586,000 S/cm. 
Produced water also got salinity ranging from an insufficient 
fragment for each thousand that is from zero to three 
hundred (drenched brine), which is considerably greater 
than seawater's briny content, making produced water 
mostly impenetrable than salt water. Complex salinity arises 
from the existence of dissolved chloride and sodium, mostly 
because magnesium, potassium, and calcium concentrations 
are typically lowered the series of TDS is 370-1940 mg/l 
because of the elevated salt and bicarbonate concentrations. 
TDS concentration in generated water was recently studied 
over time. So, with all of the components produce, water is 
as good as freshwater [37].  

9.  Inorganic Ions 

The most plentiful salt ions are sodium and chloride, 
which are found in generated water, and the last 
concentration is phosphate. Sodium is the most plentiful 
cation in both conventional and unconventional well-
produced water, accounting for 81 percent in conventional 
wells and above ninety percent in exceptional wells. 
Nevertheless, the configuration in standard and eccentric 
wells differs in anions, while the conventional wells are 
almost chloride anions, accounting for ninety-seven percent 
of total anions, whereas the unconventional wells contain 
chloride anions and bicarbonate in proportions of 32 and 66 
percent, respectively. Furthermore, salt, magnesium, 
chloride, bromide, sulfate, iodide, bicarbonate, and 
potassium are prevalent in high salinity-generated water. 
The existence of sulfide and sulfate ions in generated water 
might result in high amounts of insoluble sulfate and sulfide. 
Furthermore, Bacteria presence in the anoxic generated 
water causes sulfate reduction, and it also drives the 
existence of sulfides (poly and hydrogen) in fashioned water. 

10.  Metals  

Water produced may contain metals like Zn, Fe, Ni, Cr, 
Ba, and others. The characteristics and environmental 
period, inserted chemical composition, and water capacity 
and all influence the chemical content, its type, and 
concentration. Iron, zinc, barium, mercury, and manganese 
are commonly found in advanced concentrations in 
generated water than in seawater. Hibernia-produced water, 
for example, has higher quantities of barium, manganese, 
and iron than saltwater. Besides, it has been established that 
salt, barium, magnesium, iron, strontium, and potassium are 
present in higher proportions in twisted water from natural 
gas manufacturing arenas. But with technology, water with 



H. Gökçekuş et al. /Future Technology                                                                               November 2022| Volume 01 | Issue 03 | Pages 14-25 

18 

 

these qualities can still be handled and converted into fresh 
water. 

11. Total suspended solids (TSS) organic carbon (TOC), 

and total nitrogen (TN)  

Total suspended solids (TSS) from generated water 
might comprise floating or drifting items like sediment, silt, 
sand, plankton, and algae. TSS concentrations in generated 
water have been measured to be between 14 and 800 mg/l 
and between 8 and 5484 m. Furthermore, Tibbettes 
discovered that the TSS attention in oilfield-generated water 
ranged from 1.2 to 1000 mg/l. 

12. Designing wastewater plant Wastewater reuse for 

domestic purposes 

12.1 Previous studies related to wastewater reuse   
worldwide  

The demand for water in the Mexico Valley Basin, which 
has over 21 million inhabitants and accounts for almost a 
fourth of the Mexican economy, is now met through removal 
from damaged aquifers and inter-basin transfers of surface 
water from surrounding nations. Leaving a smaller amount 
of than about 10% of the region's wastewater is treated and 
recycles. The main fragment of wastewater manufactured is 
discarded unprocessed into nearby basins. Mexico Valley 
Basin's economy reliance on water cradles is symbolized by 
an 80-sector involvement and production table formerly 
created for water analysis, separating operations for 
circulation, cure, and portraying its pecuniary undertakings 
as of 2008. China has been labeled as the world's second-
largest economy, a densely populated Asian country that has 
long been regarded as a rising market country with bleak 
water-use prospects [38]. But notwithstanding, her water 
capacity is not spread evenly across the country throughout 
the year. The southern regions have 82.9 percent of the 
country's total renewable water resources, whereas the 
northern regions have only 17.1 percent [27]. Besides, the 
southern parts enjoy abundant rainfall that can last up to 7 
months, whilst northern regions have a drier climate. So, 9 of 
China's 31 provinces have severe water shortages, with 
water availability of a little lower than 500 m3/per capita 
per year [39]. So, for China to curtail said issue, she has 
invested in wastewater treatment plants using renewable 
energy. 

13. Conclusion and Recommendations 

The use of replenished energy in discarded water 
treatment plants has the potential to reduce the sum of 
carbon emissions released into the air that could be caused 
by power from non-renewable sources, while wastewater 
treatment is also the solution to the earth's present and 
future water scarcity problems. Besides, carbon emissions 
have the potential to cause major climate change effects in 
the near future, such as drought, increased precipitation, and 
global warming. So, investing in the general use of renewable 
energy for treatment plants might lead to eco-friendly earth 
and lasting water problems. 
• Since wastewater treatment consumes more electricity 

in any country, we believe government should invest 
more into the use of renewable energy because it is eco-
friendly and is not regenerated by human efforts, nor 
does it emit any harmful gases into the atmosphere that 
could contribute to global warming. 

• Wastewater treatment plants should be designed 
entirely using renewable energy sources because they 

replenish themselves without posing any environmental 
risks. 
• It is also a major solution to solving water scarcity 

problems, most especially in countries that have serious 
water issues, so government should build more or bigger 
plants as a means of solving the said issue. 

Ethical issue 
The authors are aware of and comply with best practices 

in publication ethics, specifically with regard to authorship 
(avoidance of guest authorship), dual submission, and 
manipulation of figures, competing interests, and compliance 
with policies on research ethics. The authors adhere to 
publication requirements that the submitted work is original 
and has not been published elsewhere. 

Data availability statement 
Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no 

datasets were generated or analysed during the current 
study. 

Conflict of interest 

The authors declare no potential conflict of interest. 

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H. Gökçekuş et al. /Future Technology                                                                               November 2022| Volume 01 | Issue 03 | Pages 14-25 

21 

 

Appendix 

Table 1. Previous studies related to Utilizing renewable energy as a power source worldwide 

Reference Year Aimed  Method  Data  Main findings  

[40]  2013 The study examines 

sustainable wastewater 

treatment systems in the 

context of developing-world 

urban locations while also 

providing insight into the 

proper water treatment 

technology. 

 

 

 

To increase the 

conservation of water and 

nutrient resources, classic 

linear treatment systems 

were changed into cyclical 

treatment systems. Organic 

waste nutrient cycles are 

being used from "point of 

generation" to "point of 

production." 

Data Review For sustainability goals, 

developers should base 

their technology selection 

on specific site 

characteristics and 

individual community 

financial means. 

 

[41]  2015 To measure the ecological 

viability on existing 

wastewater usage systems 

with integrated resource 

technologies recovery being 

developed. 

 

This quantitative tool 

calculates a system's 

environmental effect 

during its whole life cycle, 

including raw substantial 

abstraction, construction, 

operation, reuse, and 

disposal. 

The significant 

distinction was drawn 

from between the hybrid, 

the conventional and the 

amount of LCA and 

specialized tools. 

 

This emphasizes the 

importance of contextual 

differences, (maintenance, 

operation, treatment 

technology, location 

resource recovery 

measures, etc.), other 

demographics) result in 

trade -offs between the 

United States' and Bolivia's 

systems. 

[42]  2020 As either a result of the actions 
taken to implement low-
energy or passive WWTPs, 
operational costs are reduced, 
wastewater treatment 
processes are improved in 
terms of stability and 
dependability, and the impact 
of WWTPs on the water 
habitats is mitigated. 

The information from a 

technical scale in Ilawa 

WWTP was used to 

conduct a sludge and 

biogas-energy 

management analysis. 

 

The WWTP in Iława 

involves mechanical and 

biological treatments. 

 

Systematic growth in the 

creation of current was the 

use of co-digestion process. 

Energies 2020, 13, 6056 16 

of 21 including thermal 

energy, the co-substrates 

resulted in an upturn in 

verve construction by fifty 

percent. 

[43]  2019 This study examines the most 
promising current state-of-
the-art approaches for energy 
recovery from both 
wastewater and residual 
byproducts, as well as the 
major causes of energy 
consumption in the 
wastewater treatment cycle. 

In 232 homes, dust is 
collected using a vacuum 
system while the organic 
waste and toilet water 
were discovered 

Data was collected Energy recovery from 

wastewater treatment 

residuals could help 

WWTPs improve their 

energy balance 

considerably." 

[44]  2020 Is to propose specific cross 

sectoral perspectives on the 

connected topic as a whole, 

which will serve as the 

foundation for their execution. 

 

 
The articles were based on 
research and analysis. 

Energy retrieval from 
wastewater treatment 
residuals could help 
WWTPs improve their 
energy balance 
considerably 

This study examines the 
most promising current 
state-of-the-art approaches 
for energy recovery from 
both wastewater and 
residual byproducts, as well 
as the major causes of 
energy consumption in the 
wastewater treatment cycle. 



H. Gökçekuş et al. /Future Technology                                                                               November 2022| Volume 01 | Issue 03 | Pages 14-25 

22 

 

[33]  2017 We computed power usage in 
a WWTP in eastern China for 
this study, and through 
scenario analysis, the viability 
of being energy self-sufficient 
was examined. 

Through developmental 
analysis, the study looked 
into the feasibility of being 
energy self-sufficient. 

Data was collected This research is important 

for the transformation of 

the current and future 

plants. 

 

[28]  2012 The reason for this inquiry is 
to reduce the amount of 
energy required for auto 
thermal thermophilic aerobic 
digestion all the way to the 
finish line while still meeting 
treatment goals such as sludge 
stabilization and 
pasteurization. 

Results from the case study 

from the two-reactor-in-

series design (0.3-0.5 

kWh/kg) and the single 

reactor design (2 kWh/kg)  

 

Data was gathered from 
two case studies, one for 
a distinct device and the 
other for double reactors 
in series. 

For the single reactor 

system, elevated outcomes 

reveal drop in energy 

obligation of up to fifty-

seven percent. 

 

[45]  2020 By 2030, the goal is to 
significantly boost water-use 
proficiency across divisions, 
assure sustainable freshwater 
extraction and supply, and 
significantly lessen the sum of 
people affected by water 
scarcity. 

USING two (2) Water 
Stress Indicators  

A study was conducted 
using data from past 
information generated. 

Installing and operating 
treatment plants and 
desalination in Chile's 
central and northern 
regions to address water 
scarcity issues. 

[5]  2021 To develop a framework for 

evaluating the potential of 

hydropower in (WWTPs) in 

terms of sustainability. 

Data from case studies 
were acquired from 
theoretical examination, 
and publicly available 
document of enactment 
was done to authenticate 
expectations made in the 
earlier techniques. 

Data was gathered and 
evaluated using a variety 
of methods. 

Other than economic 
feasibility, the proposed 
new approach involves 
adopting approaches for 
prospective assessment at a 
lesser pest, taking into 
consideration other driving 
variables. It is self-evident 
that numerous natural 
energy expertise ought to be 
established toward the 
simple and cost-effective 
source of energy, at the very 
least improving energy 
efficiency at a small scale. 

[46]  2021 To find out how individual 
metal biovail abilities differed 
and to what amount, the 
potential for heavy metal 
contamination in biosolids, the 
movement and speciation of 
dense metals in built-in bio 
solids, were all evaluated. 

This technique is often 

castoff to separate metals 

into five fractions: 

exchangeable, carbonates, 

Fe Mn oxides, organic, and 

sulfide/residual. (Tessier 

and colleagues) technique 

 

Data was collected. The current study looks on 

metal migration and plant 

absorption. Future research 

into total metal 

concentrations in plants 

over long time periods will 

aid in determining their 

relative uptake. 

 

[47]  2003 To established a novel 
microalga bacteria granular 
sludge technique for municipal 
treatment system. 
  

In this investigation, 
wastewater synthetic 
approach with the 
following composition was 
used: NaAc$3H2O, 552.8 
mg/L 

It was shown that this 
procedure could remove 
ninety-two percent, 
ninety-six point eight-six 
percent, and eighty-seven 
percent of influent nature 
phosphorus and 
ammonia, respectively, in 
just 6 hours without 
aeration. 

This study established a 
new microalgal-bacterial 
granular sludge technology 
with the goal of boosting 
energy efficiency and 
minimizing greenhouse gas 
emissions in municipal 
waste water treatment." 



H. Gökçekuş et al. /Future Technology                                                                               November 2022| Volume 01 | Issue 03 | Pages 14-25 

23 

 

[48]  2016 To enhance water quality in 
order to safeguard human 
health and the environment 
(e.g biodegradable & pathogen 
removal,)," according to the 
Environmental Protection 
Agency.  

The LCA followed ISO 
14040 guidelines, which 
included defining the drive 
and possibility, collecting a 
lifespan record, conducting 
a life phase impact 
assessment, and 
interpreting the results.  

Septic systems process 
wastewater in an 
estimated 26.1 million 
residences (20%) 
accounting for a 
significant share of 
discarded water cure in 
the US.  

Proven treatment expertise 
for non- filtered water 
reprocess claims were 
studied at households, cities 
and neighborhoods, the 
amount of WWTPs being 
used in the US has a 
capacity of less than 18,925 
m3 per day (m3 /day) or 5 
million gallons per day 
(mgd). 

[49]  2020 Is to examine the effects of 
various units on two WWTPs 
during construction. 

The two WWTPs were 
inventoried in detail using 
civil structure resources 
and transportation. EPD 
2018 and the ReCiPe life 
series impact calculation 
methodologies were 
utilized to evaluate all of 
the effect categories. 

 In brief, thorough data 
registers were required 
when analyzing the 
WWTP's entire 
environmental 
consequences. 

Tangible and strengthening 
steel played similar 
significant roles in the 
majority of EPD 2018 
incidents. 

[50] 2015 Assist with energy ingestion 
and production analysis, wwtp 
energy productivity, and 
mapping biogas and energy 
production and use in 
municipal WWTPs." 

All operators of big 
WWTPs were sent a 
questionnaire with 
technological and energy 
parameters 

The dynamism intensity 
of WWTPs was calculated 
using statistical data from 
19 municipal treatment 
plants. 

The energy and long-term 
viability of a sludge 
management plant was 
proposed. 

[51] 2004 To extant the numerous ways 

for achieving neutral energy 

settings in WWTPs, optimize 

the link and increase energy 

equilibrium between effluent 

quality and energy in an 

organized manner. 

 

On a public–industrialized 
wastewater treatment 
system, an ASM1 model 
regulation technique was 
evaluated. 

Model calibration and 
data collecting 

It was demonstrated how 
diverse modeling 
techniques can complement 
and enhance the process 
knowledge integrated in 
white-box stimulated sludge 
models, for example, where 
the white-box models are 
not valid or do not provide 
correct forecasts. 

[52] 
 

2019 To regulate the amount of 

sludge formed in the WWTP, 

the manner in which it is 

finalized, and whether or not it 

ought to be handling as a 

foundation of plant food for 

repossession than waste. 

A summary of statistics on 
public sewage sludge at 11 
treatment plants was 
included in the study. 

Records from municipal 
sewage sludge and 
transport were used. 
 

Treatment plants were 
small, and it was suggested 
that they be modernized. 
This is it organic marketing 
decisions are also indicative, 
fertilizer is made from the 
sludge that is created, and it 
is used on replenished land 
and for agriculture purpose. 



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24 

 

[53] 2018 To control the applicability of 

the  examined technological 

limits as gears for operators to 

regulate potentials of shifting 

the installation's functional 

circumstances or developing 

an optimization strategy to 

reduce energy demand. 

The assessment indicators 
were organic and dry mass 
content. 
 

Data drawn from mass 
content. 

The findings are required to 
identify the decline in 
biological matter content in 
dry mass to assess the 
study's efficacy. 
 

[54] 2021 Decreasing power Reliance in 

Atlantic Area Water Networks 

seeks to foster a positive 

social, technological and 

institutional environment that 

will improve water network 

resource efficiency. 

Progressive literature 
reviews were used to build 
a conceptual framework 
for system deployment. 

Statistics from survey 
was grouped and used. 

The findings highlight the, 
drawbacks of MHP systems 
adoption; examine the 
benefits and the push–pull 
variables 
 

[55] 2008 The goal of this article was to 

start a conversation about 

how to address a more 

comprehensive assessment of 

wastewater treatment's 

overall sustainability 

technologies. 

For the plant capacity of 
zero point five million 
gallons or 103 gallons 
daily, a conventional of 
parameters that combine 
societal, econimic and 
environmental 
sustainability stayed 
created and recycled to 
examine the sustainability 
of several technologies. 

Data for each indicator 
was then gathered from a 
variety of sources, 
including the 
government, professional 
organizations, and 
academic textbooks. 

The study's overall findings 
reveal that there are 
different levels of each 
treatment's long-term 
viability technology 

[56] 2012 The usefulness of water 

hyacinth was investigated in 

this study. 

Water hyacinth plants 
were obtained from one of 
Lagos' canals, cleaned, and 
transported to a huge bowl 
filled with tap water (45cm 
upper, 31cm lower 
diameter, and 29cm 
depth). 

The average clearance of 
contaminants was 
determined to be 53.03 
percent, 64.41 percent, 
65.4 percent, 47.22 
percent, 94.67 percent, 
and 30.30 percent after a 
5-week basic experiment 
in which water hyacinths 
were planted in 
wastewater samples 
acquired from three 
different companies. 

 
Hence, it can be definite that 
water is beneficial; 
Hyacinths are ineffective at 
removing copper and iron 
from industrial 
wastewaters. 

[57] 2015 To determine the energy 

depletion of (WWTPs), use a 

calculated ideal to determine 

their carbon trail, and propose 

energy-saving strategies that 

could be implemented in 

Greece to reduce the 

greenhouse gas (GHG) 

discharges and energy used. 

An incident study is 
presented to highlight 
potential energy-saving 
and GHG-emission-
reduction techniques. 

A study was conducted 
and analyzed 

Based on the findings, it is 
hypothesized that lowering 
solidified oxygen set points 
along sludge preservation 
time can save energy and 
reduce GHG emissions. 



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25 

 

[58] 2010 This article discusses 

measures in Turkey to address 

rising energy and electricity 

demand in order to achieve 

long-term energy growth 

A review was done to 
evaluate Hydropower. 

Data from articles. In this work, it is proven 
that Hydropower is a well-
established and well-
understood technology with 
over a century of 
experience. Its projects are 
the most cost-effective and 
have the longest plant 
lifespans. Hydropower 
facilities are also the most 
efficient energy converters; 
modern plants can convert 
more than 95 percent of the 
energy in moving water into 
electricity, whereas the 
most efficient fossil-fuel 
power plants are only 
approximately 60% 
efficient. 

[59]  2015 These findings aimed at 

retrofitting of current facilities 

or the development of new 

biogas production and usage 

systems. 

Case studies of biosolids 
and organic waste co-
digestion at the field size 
reveal that co-digestion 
can help solve a number of 
problems, including 
increased methane yield, 
better digester volume use, 
and lower biosolids 
generation. 

Information was 
generated from case 
studies. 

The use of anaerobic 
digester technology in the 
United States WWTPs was 
investigated in this 
assessment paper. While 
biogas production at 
WWTPs receives less 
attention than other 
renewable fuels such as 
solar or wind, it offers 
WWTPs with stable and 
sustainable low-cost energy 
while also lowering GHG 
emissions 

[60] 2015 The energy footprints of water 

supply and wastewater 

treatment systems, as well as 

the water footprints of various 

power plants, were discussed 

in detail. 

 

 

Findings were drawn from 
articles.  

Data was collected. To aid in the construction of 
sustainable water-energy 
infrastructure, strategies for 
individual or integrated 
system self-sufficiency were 
improved. 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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