







































AH. Aghdam et al. /Future Technology                                                                               November 2023| Volume 02 | Issue 04 | Pages 
17-23 

17 

 

 

 

Article 

Design, fabrication, and performance assessment of 

a novel solar air heater based on recycled materials 
Abolfazl Hajizadeh Aghdam*, Parisa Rezaei, Mohammad Baraheni 

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Arak University of Technology, Arak, Iran 

A R T I C L E   I N F O 
 

Article history: 
Received 20 January 2022  
Received in revised form 
21 February 2023 
Accepted 26 February 2023 
 
Keywords:  
Soda cans , Solar air heater, 
Thermal efficiency, Irreversibility,  
Exergetic efficiency 
 
*Corresponding author 
Email address: 
abolfazl_hajizade@yahoo.com  
 
 
DOI: 10.55670/fpll.futech.2.4.2 
 

A B S T R A C T 
 

In this paper, a solar air heater (SAH) is designed using recyclable materials, 
and its performance is analyzed. The device is composed of an absorbing plate 
made up of 36 cans of soda and an equal number of tins with bodies covered 
with black color and has resistivity against high temperatures. The laboratory 
research revealed that the collector's efficiency is enhanced considerably by 
increased airflow speed and the heat transfer coefficient between the absorbing 
plane and air. In addition, the effects of the radiation intensity and mass flow 
rate on parameters such as the absorbed heat, temperature difference, and 
thermal efficiency are investigated. The derived results for mass flow rates of 
0.0104 (kgs-1) and 0.0078 (kgs-1) indicate that all mentioned parameters 
increase the radiation intensity. Furthermore, the thermal efficiency and the 
absorbed heat are increased by increasing the mass flow rate, while a reduced 
mass flow rate increases the temperature difference parameter. Moreover, 
studying the charts demonstrates that the tins absorb a larger portion of the 
sun's radiation and, consequently, enhance thermal transfer compared with the 
soda cans. Irreversibility increased with increasing radiation intensity. At 300 
radiation intensity, the highest thermal and exergetic efficiencies occurred. 
 

 

1. Introduction 

Renewable energy is one of the alternative resources for 
non-renewable ones, which can be economical in fossil fuels 
prices. Solar energy is also called green energy, so they are 
clean energy resources, and their technological effects on the 
environment are much lower than conventional energy 
technology. Nowadays, the utilization of solar energy 
conversion for generating heat and electricity has publicized 
the development of thermal conversion energy results from a 
large number of requests for energy. Researchers concentrate 
on thermal collector studies to improve thermal efficiency 
cause they have an ordinary structure and are widely used in 
life from space heating to agricultural drying [1]. Solar Air 
Heaters (SAH) are usually used as heat exchangers in solar 
cell applications [2]. Air heating is one of the primary 
applications of solar heating, which is utilized for heating the 
environment and the processes in heating systems such as 
laundry, desalination, drying products, and other drying 
processes. The common use of energy in procedures leads to 
raised costs and also environmental contaminations. Utilizing 
solar energy to heat the air reduces the system’s operation 
cost and regular energy consumption [3]. Tyagi et al. [4] 
classified solar air heaters according to their tracing, energy 
storage, wide surface, and number of coverages. The SAHs are 
divided into three groups: active, passive, and hybrid, based 

on the mode. The warm air is generated in diverse sections in 
passive solar air heaters and transferred for final use. On the 
other hand, passive SAHs are commonly used during the day 
[5]. The SAH can be categorized into one-pass and two-pass 
with or without heat storage based on the number of airflow 
passes [6]. The primary drawback of the SAHs is the low heat 
transfer coefficient among the absorbing plate and airflow, 
leading to reduced thermal efficiency. Nevertheless, 
numerous corrections can be applied to improve the heat 
transfer coefficient between the absorbing plate and air. In 
this regard, the influential parameters are the collector 
length, type of absorbing plate, glass covering sheet, wind 
speed, etc. Increasing the absorption surface culminates in 
increased heat transfer to the flowing air. On the other hand, 
it increases the pressure drop in the collector, leading to 
raised electricity power consumption for air suction into the 
collector [7]. one of the solutions for this improvement is the 
absorbing surface shape. This parameter plays an important 
role in the designing of solar air heaters. Till now, various 
kinds of SAHs have been developed and investigated 
experimentally. It's obvious that material and construction 
have many effects on the collector's efficiency [8]. Metwally et 
al. [9] stated the results of experimental investigations on 
advanced corrugated duct solar collectors. The constituent 
structure of the collector was a corrugated surface exactly 

 

 

Future Technology 

Open Access Journal 

https://doi.org/10.55670/fpll.futech.2.4.2 

 

 

 

 

 

 

November 2023| Volume 02 | Issue 04 | Pages 17-23 

Journal homepage: https://fupubco.com/futech 

 

ISSN 2832-0379 

mailto:abolfazl_hajizade@yahoo.com
https://doi.org/10.55670/fpll.futech.2.4.2
https://fupubco.com/futech
https://fupubco.com/


AH. Aghdam et al. /Future Technology                                                                               November 2023| Volume 02 | Issue 04 | Pages 17-23 

18 

 

identical with those used for heat exchangers, in which 
corrugations got the airflow normally. Öztürk and Demirel 
[10] showed an investigation experimentally from the 
thermal efficiency of a SAH that its flow channel is covered 
with raschig rings. They conducted that by increasing the 
outlet temperature of heat transfer fluid, the energy and 
exergy efficiencies of this channel increase too. Benli [8] 
conducted an investigation based on energy and exergy 
analysis of five types of solar air absorbers (corrugated, 
reverse corrugated, trapeze, reverse trapeze, and flat plate). 
The results showed that the shape of the absorbers’ surface 
has a linear relation with the pressure drop and thermal 
coefficient. Four obstacle shapes and three various 
configurations in SAHs were numerically tested by Kulkarni 
and Kim [11]; the highest efficiency goes to a pentagonal 
obstacle that shows the effect of the shape and arrangement 
of an obstacle on Nu number. Karsli [12] studies were about 
the first and second laws of efficiencies of four kinds of flat 
plate SAHs. The experimental results can be derived that solar 
radiation and construction are the effective parameters on 
the performance of SAHs. Özgen et al. [7] studied three types 
of double-flow SAHs with aluminum cans experimentally and 
presented that obstacles or cans create a good airflow and 
turbulence on the absorber plate and diminish the dead zone 
in the heater. By Concentrating on PVT modules, the total 
efficiency of a device can be improved if researchers start to 
use tracking devices, concentrate reflectors, or even use 
electric and thermal powers in PVT concurrently. 
Concentrating PVT (CPVT) modules can be used only on 
greater scales, so the components that constitute the system 
have significant dimensions. Usually, solar towers, parabolic 
trough concentrators (PTCs), compound parabolic 
concentrators (CPCs), and parabolic dish concentrators 
(PDCs) can be in this category [13]. 

There are many ways to operate energy for buildings in 
the middle east region. The most beneficial one is using 
BIPVT-DSF. Double skin façade (DSF) can be a good solution. 
The usage of building-integrated photovoltaic thermal 
(BIPVT) is such an interesting offer for saving measures 
because it considers both energy efficiency and renewable 
energy. To endorse this system, some advantages can be 
explained: a) the photovoltaic module efficiency boosts due to 
the natural or mechanical ventilation, and b) it has substantial 
effects on the potential for thermal and/or cooling for the 
entire system [14]. Thus, the best system for rejecting, 
absorbing, and reutilizing solar heat is Solar façades. The 
main heat sources in BIPV are PV panels. Usually, these 
systems are designed with the consideration of supplying 
ventilation through the solar chimney principle integrated 
with a DSF design concept [15]. According to previous studies, 
the use of recycled materials in solar systems is limited. In the 
case of solar air heaters, the use of soda cans has been 
reviewed in a limited number of articles. However, in this 
paper, the performance of a solar air heater with two types of 
soda cans and tins was studied and compared. Therefore, the 
innovation of this experiment is that the experimental 
analysis of solar air heaters has been done with two types of 
recycled materials, and the performance of SAH has been 
compared using these two. In addition, exergy and energy 
analysis has been performed for these two materials. The 
novelty of this experiment is the comparison of soda cans and 
tins in one system. The results for tins were better than soda 
cans. The objective of the fabrication of this device is to 
compare the output of warm air from two tins and soda can 
sections. The schematic and figure of the system are 
represented in Figures 1 and Figure 2, respectively. As shown 

in the figures below, the SAH has made from a wooden box in 
some tins, and soda cans (in equal numbers ) are arranged in 
and separated by a wooden partition, in which each part has 
its own fan. The box has covered by plexiglass, and two 
projectors were used as sun simulators. The system is laid out 
in the degree of 45 for having the best performance.  

 
Figure 1. A schematic of the device 

 
Figure 2. Solar air heater 

2. Experimental setup 

A solar air heater includes the following components: 
• Main body: the main body of the device is made of wood 

with dimensions of 120×66 and a thickness of 0.5cm. 
Wooden material is selected due to its low price and 
thermal insulation property. A wooden board is also 
installed as a partition wall between tins and soda cans. 

• Absorbing plate: this plate is the essential element in a 
solar heater that gathers the solar energy together locally 
in a thermal form and delivers it to the air. In this case, 
the rise of the heat transfer is achieved by forced 
convection and turbulence of the airflow. This surface is 
made of black-colored aluminium with a thickness of 
3mm and connected to the main body. 

• Input and output duct: these ducts are used to receive 
cold air and take out warm air. The ducts with similar 
diameters are implemented to have equal input flow 
rates. The output ducts are insulated to prevent thermal 
loss. 

• Transparent glass cover: this cover is made of Plexiglass 
with a thickness of 4mm. The solar energy passes 
through this glass cover and is absorbed by the absorbing 
plate. The generated heat is then transferred into the 
collector. 



AH. Aghdam et al. /Future Technology                                                                               November 2023| Volume 02 | Issue 04 | Pages 17-23 

19 

 

• Tins and soda cans: 36 soda cans and equally 36 tins are 
used as fins that are stuck to the absorbing plate in 4 
columns and 9 rows. The top and bottom of the 
aluminium cans are opened, and their internal and 
external surfaces are decontaminated. Moreover, they 
are covered with black color to have a higher absorption 
coefficient. The soda cans are made of aluminium, and 
the tins are tinned-plated. 

• Fan: two 220 V, 15W fans are utilized on the other side of 
the cans for airflow suction (Wfan=15 W). 

• Projector: The existing projector with the power of 
1000W in the workshop acted as the sun in a way its 
radiation intensity was adjustable using an implemented 
dimmer on it.  

The equipment used to measure the radiation intensity and 
the ambient and output temperatures are described in what 
follows: 

Radiometer: this equipment (Figure 3) used to measure 
the radiation intensity is TES 132 solar power meter (data 
logging) with the accuracy of, whichever is greater in sunlight. 
As represented in the figure, the attached sensor to the 
equipment is placed over the glass cover. The radiation 
intensity is measured twice, once at the bottom of the plate 
for the bottom projector and once at the upper part of the 
plate for the upper projector. 

 
Figure 3. Radiation intensity measurement by model 
radiometer TES 

Thermometer: this equipment (as shown in Figure 4) is 
lotron HT-3007SD with accuracy 0.8 C  and 1.5 F   for 

measuring temperature. By using this thermometer, the 
ambient and output temperatures are measured from hose 
ducts in a way that the thermometer is placed in the middle of 
the hose ducts for 10 seconds, and the final temperature is 
recorded. If the test is to be performed in 6 minutes, the 
temperature should be recorded every 2 minutes, and the 
thermometer must be placed in the environment to reach its 
periphery temperature and then start the new test. 

3. Energy Analysis 

The law of conservation of heat energy is defined as 
follows:  

𝛼0𝐼𝐴𝑐 = 𝑀𝑃𝐶𝑃,𝐶 [
𝑑𝑇𝑝,𝑎𝑣𝑒

𝑑𝑡
] + 𝑚

.

𝑎𝐶𝑝,𝑎(𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑇𝑖𝑛) +

𝑈𝐶𝐴𝐶(𝑇𝑝.𝑎𝑣𝑒 − 𝑇𝑒)            (1) 

Where α denotes the proportion of solar radiation absorbed 
by the absorber plate and represents the optical yield. Heat 
losses from the heater are represented by UC, which is the 

overall heat transfer coefficient between the environment 
and the heater.  

 
Figure 4. Measure the outlet temperature of the device with 
a thermometer 

Also, the first and second phrases of equation (1) are defined 
as useful heat absorbed (Qs) and the value of energy increased 
(∆U), respectively. The heaters' thermal efficiency is defined 
as follows [16]: 

𝜂 =
�̇�𝑎𝐶𝑎𝑖𝑟(𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡−𝑇𝑖𝑛)−�̇�𝑓𝑎𝑛

𝐼𝐴𝑐
                                                                    (2)  

The total amount of heat transmitted to the fluid is described 
as: 

𝑄
•

𝑢 = 𝑚
•

𝑎𝐶𝑝,𝑎(𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑇𝑖𝑛)            (3) 

Heat is transported from the absorber plate to the air via 
convection and is calculated as: 

𝛼 =
𝑄𝑢
•

𝐴𝐶(𝑇𝑝,𝑎𝑣𝑒−𝑇𝑎,𝑎𝑣𝑒)
                                                                                (4) 

The mass flow rate of air is computed as follows: 

𝑚
•
= 𝜌𝐴ℎ𝑉                                                                                                        (5) 

                                                                                                   
Thermophysical properties of air are determined according 
to the average air temperature between entrances and exits 
of the heater. The velocity of air flowing through the duct is 
calculated from the knowledge of the mass flow rate and 
cross-sectional area of the duct. The mean air velocity V is 
calculated as Vmax for the flat surface heater with the following 
equation: 

𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝑚
•

𝜌𝐴𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑥

                                                                                                          (6) 

                                                                                            
Vmax indicates the maximum velocity, and Aper is the area 
perpendicular to the flow direction between the two 
obstacles. As a result, the Reynolds number of the flat 
absorber plate heaters is computed. The air duct is 150 mm 
high (H) by 900 mm wide (W). The blockage ratio (BR) is the 
ratio of the area of the conical components to the cross-
sectional area of the air channel [16]. 

3.1 Uncertainty analysis 
Test equipment selection, accuracy, specification, 

observation, reading, and ambient circumstances may all 
contribute to test uncertainty. Surface-fluid temperatures, 
pressure loss, air velocity, and global solar radiation were all 
measured in the heaters using appropriate instruments. The 



AH. Aghdam et al. /Future Technology                                                                               November 2023| Volume 02 | Issue 04 | Pages 17-23 

20 

 

following equation (Holman equation) was used to estimate 
relative uncertainty. The thermal efficiency and air flow rate 
uncertainties are 1.05% and 2.4%, respectively [16]. 

𝑊 = [(𝑋1)
2 + (𝑋2)

2+. . . (𝑋𝑛)
2]

1

2                                                         (7) 

                                                        
4. Results and discussion 

Some charts are derived using the achieved results of the 

tests, and the comparisons of the mentioned parameters with 

some of these charts are illustrated . 

4.1 Investigation of the effect of radiation intensity on 
the temperature difference 
As is evident (Figure 5), the temperature is raised by 

increased radiation intensity and also through time. In 
addition, more temperature increase occurs in the tins. By 
comparison of two Figures 5 and Figure 6, it can define that 
the lower mass flow rate cause more temperature differences; 
in fact, the lower mass flow rate causes more time to heat the 
fluid. 

 
Figure 5. temperature difference – time in terms of radiation 
intensity for  =0.0104kgs-1 with 100% dimmer a) Soda cans 
b) tins 

 
4.2 Investigation of the effect of radiation intensity on 

the useful heat absorbed 
As it is demonstrated in Figure 7, the absorbed heat is 

increased by increasing the radiation intensity and through 
time. The maximum value of heat absorption occurs at the 
radiation intensity of 300. The absorbed heat in the tins is 
greater compared to the soda cans. It can be due to the 
difference in material and metal thickness of tins and sodas. 
As shown in Figure 8, the efficiency is improved by increasing 
the irradiance intensity and peaks at 300 radiation intensity. 
Furthermore, the thermal efficiency of the tins is more than 
soda cans. 

 

Figure 6. temperature-time difference in terms of radiation 

intensity for 𝑚
.

=0.0078kgs-1 with 80% dimmer a) Soda cans 

b) tins 

 

 
Figure 7. Absorbed heat-time diagram in terms of radiation 
intensity for  𝑚

.
=0.0078kgs-1 with 80% dimer a) soda cans b) 

tins 

 



AH. Aghdam et al. /Future Technology                                                                               November 2023| Volume 02 | Issue 04 | Pages 17-23 

21 

 

 

 
Figure 8. Efficiency-time in terms of radiation intensity for  
𝑚
.

=0.0104kgs-1 with 100% dimmer a) soda cans b) tins 

4.3 Investigation of the effect of radiation intensity on 
thermal efficiency 
Figures 9 (a and b) show the effect of radiation intensity 

on the thermal efficiency of the SAH made by soda cans and 
tins. It indicated that the thermal efficiency increases with an 
increase in radiation intensity while SAH made by tins has 
better performance than the one made by soda cans. 

4.4 Investigation of the effect of radiation intensity on 
given heat 
Figure 10 shows the effect of radiation intensity on the 

given heat of the SAH made by soda cans and tins. It indicated 
that tins have better performance than soda cans. The given 
heat is increased by raising the radiation intensity with equal 
heat transfer cross sections. This value is equal for both tins 
and soda cans. 

4.5 Investigation of the effect of mass flow on thermal 
efficiency with increasing radiation intensity 
Figure 11 shows the effect of mass flow rate on the 

thermal efficiency of the SAH made by soda cans and tins. It 
can be seen that by increasing the mass flow rate, the thermal 
efficiency is increased. 

4.6 Investigation of a thermography camera 
The following images are captured using the model 

Testo672 thermography camera, which represents the 
radiated heat from the heater by radiation intensities 
mentioned above. Hot surfaces are recognized by red, orange, 
and yellow color spectrums, and cold surfaces are 
represented by violet, blue, and green colors. Figures 12 and 
Figure 13 show temperature profiles on SAH with two 
different radiation intensities. The pictures are recorded in 6-
minute intervals like the previous results, and the units are 
set in the SI system. As time passes, during photography, the 
thermography camera shows the temperature contour, which 

demonstrates the surface temperature of tins and soda cans 
that match with ∆T results. 

 

Figure 9. Efficiency-time in terms of radiation intensity for 

𝑚
.

=0.0078kgs-1 with 80% dimmer a) soda cans b) tins 

Figure 10. Given Heat-intensity variation, blue) soda cans, 
red) tins 

 



AH. Aghdam et al. /Future Technology                                                                               November 2023| Volume 02 | Issue 04 | Pages 17-23 

22 

 

 

Figure 11. Thermal efficiency-time diagram for two different 
flow rates a) soda cans b) tins 

 
Figure 12. Thermal images of radiation intensity 100(w/m2) 

 
Figure 13. Thermal images of radiation intensity 500(w/m2) 

 
5. Conclusion 

By analyzing the derived results, the following could be 

realized: 

• The absorption heat is improved by increased irradiance 

intensity from 100 to 500 w/m2 through the specific time 

(6 minutes); its maximum occurs at the irradiance 

intensity of 300. The absorbed heat in tins is about 0.01 

Kw greater compared with soda cans. 

• Since the sucked air has a low velocity as a consequence 

of reduced fan velocity, it has more opportunity to get 

warmer, and more heat is absorbed by the soda cans and 

tins. However, this absorbed heat still has a larger value in 

the case of tins, about 5%. 

• With equal heat transfer cross-sections, the delivered 

heat increases by raising the radiation intensity and is 

similar for both cans and tins cases. 

• By reducing the mass flow rate from 0.0104 to 0.0078 

kg/s over time, the temperature difference increased 

about 4%.  This increase also depends on the rise in 

radiation intensity. 

• The thermal efficiency is enhanced by raising the mass 

flow rate and radiation intensity.  this enhancement for 

100 w/m2 and 0.0104 kgs-1 for soda cans is about 20% and 

for 500 w/m2 and 0.0104 kgs-1 is about 15%. the greater 

enhancement could be observed for tins at 100 w/m2 and 

0.0104 kgs-1 about 40% . Also, at 500 w/m2 and 0.0104 

kgs-1 the increment of 25% is recognizable. 

Ethical issue 
The authors are aware of and comply with best practices in 
publication ethics, specifically with regard to authorship 
(avoidance of guest authorship), dual submission, 
manipulation of figures, competing interests, and compliance 
with policies on research ethics. The authors adhere to 
publication requirements that the submitted work is original 
and has not been published elsewhere. 

Data availability statement 
Datasets analyzed during the current study are available and 

can be given following a reasonable request from the 

corresponding author. 

Conflict of interest 

The authors declare no potential conflict of interest. 

References 

[1] Mauthner F, Weiss W, Spörk-Dür M)  2016( Solar heat 

worldwide: markets and contribution to the energy 

supply 2014. IEA Sol Heat Cool Program .doi: 

10.18777/ieashc-shw-2016-0001 

[2] Hussain A, Arif SM, Aslam M ) 2017( Emerging 

renewable and sustainable energy technologies: State 

of the art. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 

71:12-28.doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2016.12.033 

[3] Rajaseenivasan T, Srinivasan S, Srithar K) 2015( 

Comprehensive study on solar air heater with circular 

and V-type turbulators attached on absorber plate. 

Energy, 88:863-873.doi: 

10.1016/j.energy.2015.07.020 

[4] Tyagi V, Panwar N, Rahim N, Kothari R) 2012(  Review 

on solar air heating system with and without thermal 

energy storage system. Renewable and Sustainable 

Energy Reviews, 16:2289-2303. doi: 

10.1016/j.rser.2011.12.005 

[5] Alkilani MM, Sopian K, Alghoul M ) 2011( Sohif M, 

Ruslan M: Review of solar air collectors with thermal 

storage units. Renewable and Sustainable Energy 

Reviews, 15:1476-1490. doi: 

10.1016/j.rser.2010.10.019 

[6] Chamoli S, Chauhan R, Thakur N, Saini J ) 2012( A 

review of the performance of double pass solar air 

heater. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 

16:481-492. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2011.08.012 



AH. Aghdam et al. /Future Technology                                                                               November 2023| Volume 02 | Issue 04 | Pages 17-23 

23 

 

[7] Ozgen F, Esen M, Esen H ) 2009( Experimental 

investigation of thermal performance of a double-flow 

solar air heater having aluminium cans. Renewable 

Energy, 34:2391-239. doi: 

10.1016/j.renene.2009.03.029 

[8] Benli H ) 2013( Experimentally derived efficiency and 

exergy analysis of a new solar air heater having 

different surface shapes. Renewable Energy, 50:58-67. 

doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2012.06.022 

[9] Metwally M, Abou-Ziyan H, El-Leathy A ) 1997( 

Performance of advanced corrugated-duct solar air 

collector compared with five conventional designs. 

Renewable Energy, 10:519-537 .doi: 10.1016/S0960-

1481(96)00043-2 

[10] Öztürk HH, Demirel Y ) 2004( Exergy‐based 

performance analysis of packed‐bed solar air heaters. 

International journal of energy research, 28:423-

432.doi: 10.1002/er.974 

[11] Kulkarni K, Kim K-Y ) 2016( Comparative study of 

solar air heater performance with various shapes and 

configurations of obstacles. Heat and Mass Transfer, 

52:2795-2811 .doi: 10.1007/s00231-016-1788-3 

[12] Karsli S ) 2007( Performance analysis of new-design 

solar air collectors for drying applications. Renewable 

Energy, 32:1645-1660.doi:   

10.1016/j.renene.2006.08.005 

[13] Shakouri, Mahdi, Hossein Ebadi, and Shiva 

Gorjian ) 2020( "Solar photovoltaic thermal (PVT) 

module technologies." Photovoltaic Solar Energy 

Conversion. Academic Press,. 79-116. doi: 

https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-819610-6.00004-

1 

[14] Shakouri, M, Hossein G, and Alireza N. (2020)"Quasi-

dynamic energy performance analysis of building 

integrated photovoltaic thermal double skin façade for 

middle eastern climate case." Applied Thermal 

Engineering 179: 115724.doi: 

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2020.1157

24 

[15] Shakouri, M, Alireza N, and Hossein G. 

(2020)"Quantification of Thermal Energy Performance 

Improvement for Building Integrated Photovoltaic 

Double-Skin Façade Using Analytical Method." Journal 

of Renewable Energy and Environment 7.3: 56-66. doi: 

10.30501/JREE.2020.228559.1105 

[16] Abuşka, M. (2018)"Energy and exergy analysis of solar 

air heater having new design absorber plate with 

conical surface." Applied Thermal Engineering 131: 

115-124. doi: 

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2017.11.12

9 

 This article is an open-access article 

distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative 

Commons Attribution (CC BY) license 

(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). 


