S Khayami /Future Technology May 2023| Volume 02 | Issue 02 | Pages 11-24 11 Article Skin porosity geometry from the energy efficiency point of view; case study: an office building in Mashhad, Iran Sima Khayami*, Khosro Daneshjoo, Mohammadjavad Mahdavinejad Department of Architecture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran A R T I C L E I N F O Article history: Received 10 September 2022 Received in revised form 17 October 2022 Accepted 23 October 2022 Keywords: Energy Consumption Optimization, Daylight Entry Control, Double Skin Façade, Dynamic Shading Skin, Shading Skin *Corresponding author Email address: simakhayami@modares.ac.ir DOI: 10.55670/fpll.futech.2.2.2 A B S T R A C T The construction sector accounts for a large portion of the world's energy consumption; in Iran, it’s more than 40% of energy consumption. Office buildings have a relatively unfavorable energy consumption pattern due to impersonal ownership and lack of supervision and needs improvement. The aim of this research is to achieve the most optimal skin porosity geometry in terms of energy for a dynamic double-skin façade. Since this idea is intended to be used in Mashhad, which is one of the religious centers of Iran, so to create this feeling in users, the geometry used for its dynamic second skin porosity is inspired by Islamic patterns of tiles and decorations of the holy shrine of Imam Reza (AS). By analyzing the energy performance of 5 selected geometries with Ladybug and Honeybee plugins, the most optimal one will be determined. Daylight is one of the most influential parameters in the design of energy- efficient buildings. To make the most of this parameter, it is necessary to create facades with maximum transparency. But these facades face challenges such as overheating. Therefore, it’s important to control the amount of daylight entering. In this research, an optimal geometry for a dynamic double skin façade porosity intended to be used for office buildings in Mashhad is presented, although the energy analysis results of all 5 geometries are very close to each other. This means that the porosity geometry does not have much effect on the optimization of energy consumption. 1. Introduction The price of oil and fossil fuels is increasing, and this issue has turned the amount of energy consumption and its production method, into one of the main challenges in developing countries. In recent decades, the energy demand of our society, especially in the building sector, has been steadily increasing [1]. The energy consumption of buildings constitutes about 40% of the total energy consumption in developed and developing countries [2]. In the last decade, the proportion of energy consumption in Iran has been about five times its global consumption. The continuously increasing demand for energy-efficient buildings has drawn widespread attention to the role of various building elements [3]. Skin, as the main building element, plays a vital role in protecting internal environments and controlling interactions between internal and external spaces [4]. Building skins are usually considered to consist of penetrable and impenetrable surfaces [5]. Conventional facades can lead to poor natural ventilation, low levels of daylight, the absence of thermal comfort, and an increased amount of energy consumption. These disadvantages are often aggravated in modern facades that have significant amounts of glass. As a result of high solar heat absorption or a significant amount of heat loss at night or in cold climates, wide glass facades lead to high energy consumption [4]. Solar heat absorption through glass leads to 50% of the building's cooling load and therefore has significant effects on thermal loads. Considering the fact that 22% of heat absorption and loss takes place through the building skin, the necessity of using passive technologies in building skins in order to reduce the energy consumption of the building becomes clear [5]. "Passive building" is a building in which the internal environment is controlled by the structure and architectural design of the building and its components instead of using mechanical cooling and heating systems. Among passive approaches, double skin facade (DSF) has recently become a popular technology. The desire to combine the transparent facade of modern buildings with energy efficiency has led to the use of Future Technology Open Access Journal https://doi.org/10.55670/fpll.futech.2.2.2 May 2023| Volume 02 | Issue 02 | Pages 11-24 Journal homepage: https://fupubco.com/futech ISSN 2832-0379 mailto:simakhayami@modares.ac.ir https://fupubco.com/fuen https://doi.org/10.55670/fpll.futech.2.2.2 https://fupubco.com/ S Khayami /Future Technology May 2023| Volume 02 | Issue 02 | Pages 11-24 12 DSFs [6, 7]. The issue of natural lighting is effective in the self- efficiency of buildings; because lighting accounts for 15% of the energy consumption of buildings around the world [8, 9] This issue requires more attention, especially in the case of office buildings; Because the energy consumption for the lighting of this sector alone includes between 20% and 40% of the total energy consumption [10]. In Iran, artificial lighting accounts for 25% of electricity consumption in office buildings. Studies and evaluations show that about 4800 million kWh of electrical energy (equivalent to 2.5% of the country's total energy consumption) is used to meet the needs of governmental offices. The amount of this consumption varies from 100 to 1000 kWh per person per square meter depending on the location of the office, its dimensions, and the number and type of equipment used in it [11]. Daylight is an important source of renewable energy that is simply available and unlikely to run out in the future [12]. Despite the fact that Iran possesses a lot of daylight during working hours (Mashhad has an average of 8 hours of sunshine per day), this level of electricity consumption remains relatively high. Along with the global awareness of the importance of more sustainable and efficient building performance, it is necessary to provide methods to minimize electricity consumption for lighting. An efficient method is to use natural daylight effectively in interior spaces [13]. The utilization of daylight plays a fundamental role in lighting the building, and its efficient use can reduce the overall energy consumption of the building. In addition, bringing daylight into the interior has a significant impact on the health and comfort of residents [14- 16]. To provide light properly, three factors must always be considered: the quantity and quality of light and the way it is distributed. The light varies from moment to moment in terms of intensity and quality, and the desirable or tolerable degree of this change depends on the specific use of space [17]. In the past years, researchers have tried to reduce dependence on non-renewable energy sources by using natural daylight as the main source of energy for the building. Most of these studies have focused on the optimization of daylight inside buildings. However, in their methods, due to the limitations of their research methods, the highest possible efficiency was impossible. In certain approaches, although the daylight optimization strategies have achieved the best angle of the shading elements, the system cannot move in three dimensions; thus, the optimal and available amount of light during the day reduces [8]. In optimal designs, minimizing energy consumption is the main goal. Based on this issue, openings are considered for sunlight entrance into the space, and in this way, energy consumption is decreased by reducing electric lighting [18]. Various types of shading devices have been designed on the basis of the orientation, location, and glazing types of buildings to increase thermal and lighting performance [19]. Studies in recent years have shown a shift in approach from simple and static shader systems to complex ones [20]. In this research, an optimal geometry for the porosity of a dynamic double-skin facade that could optimize the amount of interior space illumination through daylight has been investigated. 2. Methodology In this project, with the aim of using daylight as much as possible, a wide glass facade is used in the sunlight-exposed face, and in order to control the amount of incoming daylight in different seasons, a dynamic second skin is applied on it. Since this idea is intended to be used in Mashhad, which is one of the religious centers of Iran, so to create this feeling in users, the geometry used for its skin porosity is inspired by Islamic patterns of tiles and decorations of the holy shrine of Imam Reza (AS). By analyzing the energy performance of 5 selected geometries with Ladybug and Honeybee plugins in Rhino software, the most optimal one will be determined. These results show the energy consumption per kWh per year so that a better comparison of the results can be made. Between the two facade layers, there are foldable shader surfaces that open and close with the movement of skin and change the porosity percentage of skin in different seasons. 2.1 Skin primitive design idea The primitive design idea consists of a dynamic skin with foldable shader surfaces placed in the space between the two facade layers, which open and close with the movement of skin and control the amount of daylight entering. The study of previous research in the field of double-skin facades shows that in order to have proper natural ventilation in the space between the two layers and also to prevent it from overheating, their distance should be 20 to 60 cm. Therefore, in this design, the movement of skin is considered in such a way that the distance between the two layers varies between 20 and 60 cm when opening and closing. Figure 1 illustrates the primitive design idea and its distance changes. Figure 1. The primitive design idea 2.2 Skin porosity pattern Considering the fact that this idea is intended to be used in the holy city of Mashhad, which is one of the religious centers of the country, so with the aim of creating this feeling in users, the second skin porosity geometry is inspired by Islamic patterns of tiles and decorations of the holy shrine of Imam Reza (AS), and then 5 geometries were selected and analyzed by the energy analysis software. Figures 2-6 illustrate the inspiration sources of those 5 geometries. 3. Case Studies The main concern of this research is to provide a solution to reduce the level of fossil fuel consumption, to use sunlight as a renewable energy source as much as possible, and to use a passive method in the design of a dynamic skin in order to improve the building energy consumption. For this purpose, the background of the projects carried out in this field has been reviewed, and their goals and solutions have been analyzed in Table 1 (Appendix I). The study of case studies showed that a large part of efforts had been made in order to optimally control the entry of daylight, provide the comfort of the indoor environment and reduce the level of energy consumption. This approach provides the possibility of using the facade in two ways, completely transparent and S Khayami /Future Technology May 2023| Volume 02 | Issue 02 | Pages 11-24 13 completely rigid, and besides creating a suitable view, it causes the potential to optimize energy consumption. In addition, the mobility of facade elements gives it dynamism and allows users to make changes based on their needs and, at the same time, create a different appearance in the facade. 3.1 First Geometry Figure 2. The first geometry, which is inspired by the courtyard and ceiling of the holy shrine of Imam Reza (AS) 3.2 Second Geometry Figure 3. The second geometry, which is inspired by the porch of Goharshad mosque 3.3 Third Geometry Figure 4. The third geometry, which is inspired by the ceiling and decorations of the holy shrine of Imam Reza (AS) 3.4 Forth Geometry Figure 5. The fourth geometry, which is inspired by the door of Dar al-Siadeh porch (Goharshad courtyard) 3.5 Fifth Geometry Figure 6. The fifth geometry, which is inspired by Dar al- Siadeh porch (Goharshad courtyard). 4. Results and discussion By specifying the porosity geometries, a porous skin by these geometries is modeled with the same porosity percentage (50%), and each of them is analyzed by Ladybug and Honeybee plugins in terms of energy efficiency. Finally, the most optimal geometry will be determined. Figure 7 (Appendix I) illustrates the algorithm used for skin energy analysis with each geometry. The results support the related literature [21-40] strongly, which shows the validity and reliability of the research. 4.1 Energy Analysis of 5 Skin Porosity Geometries 4.1.1 Skin Energy Analysis with First Geometry (50% porosity) Figure 8 illustrates the skin with the first geometry, and the graph of its energy loads in each section is shown in Figure 9. Figure 10 also shows the skin energy loads diagram individually with the first geometry. The result of energy loads for each month and the total energy loads of the first skin have been presented in Table 2. 4.1.2 Skin Energy Analysis with Second Geometry (50% porosity) Figure 11 illustrates the skin with second geometry and the graph of its energy loads in each section is shown in Figure 12. Figure 13 also shows the skin energy loads diagram individually with the second geometry. The result of energy loads for each month and the total energy loads of the second skin have been presented in Table 3. 4.1.3 Skin Energy Analysis with Third Geometry (50% porosity) Figure 14 illustrates the skin with the third geometry, and the graph of its energy loads in each section is shown in Figure 15. Figure 16 also shows the skin energy loads diagram individually with third geometry. The result of energy loads for each month and the total energy loads of the third skin have been presented in Table 4. 4.1.4 Skin Energy Analysis with Forth Geometry (50% porosity) Figure 17 illustrates the skin with the fourth geometry, and the graph of its energy loads in each section is shown in Figure 18. Figure 19 also shows the skin energy loads diagram individually with the fourth geometry. The result of energy loads for each month and the total energy loads of the fourth skin have been presented in Table 5. S Khayami /Future Technology May 2023| Volume 02 | Issue 02 | Pages 11-24 14 Figure 8. Skin with the first geometry Figure 9. First skin energy loads graph Figure 10. First skin energy analysis diagram Solar Gain (kWh) Total Energy Load (kWh) Electric Light (kWh) Total Thermal Load (kWh) Heating (kWh) Cooling (kWh) 948.609272 602.346764 112.660928 489.685836 74.783893 414.901943 October 704.617394 265.141225 112.077593 153.063632 146.280437 6.783195 November 698.922888 492.502641 109.208945 383.293696 383.017287 0.276409 December 718.08324 601.118993 116.8296 484.289393 483.858704 0.430689 January 721.251032 309.665609 102.573579 207.09203 206.694061 0.397969 February 819.457508 221.530483 113.377617 108.152866 80.882152 27.270714 March 4610.941334 2492.305715 666.728262 1825.577453 1375.516535 450.060918 Solar Gain (kWh) Total Energy Load (kWh) Electric Light (kWh) Total Thermal Load (kWh) Heating (kWh) Cooling (kWh) 958.790672 604.617958 112.660928 491.95703 74.581807 417.375223 October 713.053085 264.181626 112.077593 152.104033 145.313598 6.790435 November 707.578703 489.66521 109.208945 380.456265 380.177939 0.278326 December 726.680824 598.069054 116.8296 481.239454 480.805871 0.433583 January 729.655292 308.039838 102.573579 205.466259 205.063776 0.402483 February 826.388818 221.319009 113.377617 107.941392 80.616207 27.325185 March 4662.147394 2485.892695 666.728262 1819.164433 1366.559198 452.605235 Table 2. Skin energy analysis results with the first geometry Table 3. Skin energy analysis results with the second geometry S Khayami /Future Technology May 2023| Volume 02 | Issue 02 | Pages 11-24 15 Figure 11. Skin with the second geometry Second skin energy analysis graph. Figure 13. Second skin energy analysis diagram Figure 14. Skin with third geometry Third skin energy analysis graph. Figure 16. Third skin energy analysis diagram Figure 12. Second skin energy analysis graph Figure 15. Third skin energy analysis graph S Khayami /Future Technology May 2023| Volume 02 | Issue 02 | Pages 11-24 16 Solar Gain (kWh) Total Energy Load (kWh) Electric Light (kWh) Total Thermal Load (kWh) Heating (kWh) Cooling (kWh) 959.248034 604.670907 112.660928 492.009979 74.55712 417.452859 October 713.410499 264.170121 112.077593 152.092528 145.290961 6.801567 November 707.958743 489.716099 109.208945 380.507154 380.226824 0.28033 December 727.000047 598.090547 116.8296 481.260947 480.825401 0.435546 January 730.067929 308.003759 102.573579 205.43018 205.026208 0.403972 February 827.062075 221.261315 113.377617 107.883698 80.532076 27.351622 March 4664.747329 2485.912748 666.728262 1819.184486 1366.458589 452.725896 Figure 17. Skin with fourth geometry. Figure 18. Forth skin energy analysis graph Figure 19. Forth skin energy analysis diagram. Solar Gain (kWh) Total Energy Load (kWh) Electric Light (kWh) Total Thermal Load (kWh) Heating (kWh) Cooling (kWh) 958.478707 604.492946 112.660928 491.832018 74.576421 417.255597 October 712.314561 264.303063 112.077593 152.22547 145.430956 6.794514 November 707.380436 489.930075 109.208945 380.72113 380.441084 0.280046 December 726.285243 598.40339 116.8296 481.57379 481.137816 0.435974 January 728.974232 308.255055 102.573579 205.681476 205.278993 0.402483 February 826.468719 221.304399 113.377617 107.926782 80.567563 27.359219 March 4659.901898 2486.688928 666.728262 1819.960666 1367.432834 452.527834 Table 4. Skin energy analysis results with the third geometry Table 5. Skin energy analysis results with the fourth geometry S Khayami /Future Technology May 2023| Volume 02 | Issue 02 | Pages 11-24 17 4.1.5 Skin Energy Analysis with Fifth Geometry (50% porosity) Figure 20 illustrates the skin with the fifth geometry, and the graph of its energy loads in each section is shown in Figure 21. Figure 22 also shows the skin energy loads diagram individually with the fifth geometry. The result of energy loads for each month and the total energy loads of the fifth skin have been presented in Table 6. As seen in Figure 23, the energy analysis results of different geometries are very close to each other. It means that "the porosity geometry does not have much effect on energy consumption optimization". Therefore, all 5 geometries can be used for skin porosity. Nevertheless, the most optimal geometry (the third one), which has the less energy load and the most solar gain, has been specified. Figure 24 illustrates the final skin with optimal geometry. Figure 20. Skin with fifth geometry Figure 21. Fifth skin energy analysis graph. Figure 22. Fifth skin energy analysis diagram. Solar Gain (kWh) Total Energy Load (kWh) Electric Light (kWh) Total Thermal Load (kWh) Heating (kWh) Cooling (kWh) 955.439129 603.76423 112.660928 491.103302 74.674068 416.429234 October 709.683818 264.552667 112.077593 152.475074 145.699443 6.775631 November 704.223527 490.702503 109.208945 381.493558 381.214038 0.27952 December 723.330107 599.209857 116.8296 482.380257 481.947764 0.432493 January 726.589907 308.602532 102.573579 206.028953 205.627039 0.401914 February 823.658242 221.424003 113.377617 108.046386 80.759023 27.287363 March 4642.924731 2488.255792 666.728262 1821.52753 1369.921374 451.606156 Table 6. Skin energy analysis results with the fifth geometry S Khayami /Future Technology May 2023| Volume 02 | Issue 02 | Pages 11-24 18 Figure 24. Final skin with optimal geometry Figure 23. Skin energy analysis diagram with different geometries S Khayami /Future Technology May 2023| Volume 02 | Issue 02 | Pages 11-24 19 5. Conclusion The increasing growing of population and urbanization around the world has turned the optimal use of energy resources and sustainable design into a global concern. In Iran, the construction sector accounts for 40% of this energy consumption. Meanwhile, office buildings have an unfavorable energy consumption pattern due to a lack of supervision and impersonal ownership and require special attention. In order to optimize the energy performance of buildings, there are many passive solutions, one of them being the use of renewable energy sources to meet energy needs. One of the most available sources of renewable energy, especially in Iran, is solar energy. The skin, as a boundary between the inside and outside of the building, is the component that has the most contact with the external environment and the sun; therefore, it can have a significant impact on the energy performance of the building. Today, various technologies are used to design skins, and one of the most effective methods is the use of double-skin facades and shading skins. Studies showed that in order to create optimal ventilation, the distance between two shells needs to be at least 20 and at most 60 cm. Basically, daylight is one of the most influential parameters in the design of energy-efficient buildings. To make the most of this parameter, it is necessary to create facades with maximum transparency. But these facades face challenges such as overheating in hot seasons. In order to solve this problem, it is necessary to control the amount of daylight entering in hot seasons. In this project, with the aim of using daylight as much as possible, a wide glass facade is used in the sunlight-exposed face, and in order to control the amount of incoming daylight in different seasons, a dynamic second skin is applied on it. Since this idea is intended to be used in Mashhad, which is one of the religious centers of Iran, so to create this feeling in users, the geometry used for its skin porosity is inspired by Islamic patterns of tiles and decorations of the holy shrine of Imam Reza (AS). By analyzing the energy performance of 5 selected geometries with Ladybug and Honeybee plugins in Rhino software, the most optimal one is determined; although the energy analysis results of all 5 geometries are very close to each other. This means that the porosity geometry does not have much effect on the optimization of energy consumption. Ethical issue The authors are aware of and comply with best practices in publication ethics, specifically with regard to authorship (avoidance of guest authorship), dual submission, manipulation of figures, competing interests, and compliance with policies on research ethics. The authors adhere to publication requirements that the submitted work is original and has not been published elsewhere. Data availability statement Datasets analyzed during the current study are available and can be given following a reasonable request from the corresponding author. Conflict of interest The authors declare no potential conflict of interest. References [1] Ji R, Zheng Y, Zou Z, Wei S, Qu S. Climate Applicability Study of Building Envelopes Containing Phase Change Materials. International Journal of Energy Research. 2019 July 4; 43(13): 7397-7408. https://doi.org/10.1002/er.4772 [2] Wang Y, Wei C. 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Building and Environment. 2019 Mar 1;150:164-180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2018.12.053 [40] Shaeri J, Mahdavinejad M, Pourghasemian MH. A new design to create natural ventilation in buildings: Wind chimney. Journal of Building Engineering. 2022 Aug 22:105041. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2022.105041 This article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). S Khayami /Future Technology May 2023| Volume 02 | Issue 02 | Pages 11-24 22 Appendix I Table 1. Examples of case studies carried out in this field and their goals and solutions Case Study Goal Solution Al-Bahar Towers [19] [20] Compatibility with Abu Dhabi weather (intense sunshine, temperature above 100 degrees Fahrenheit with 0% chance of rain). Mashrabiya shading system with actuated panels [20] A responsive facade to sunlight and changes in radiation angles during different days of the year. Reducing glare 50% reduction in solar heat absorption. Reducing the building's need for energy for air conditioning. Light filtering Better view Less need for artificial light Façade transparency at night [20] Kiefer Technic Showroom [20-22] Changing based on outdoor environmental conditions A dynamic facade which adapts to changes of outdoor environment [20] [23] [24] Providing interior environment comfort Changing personal spaces to the taste of users Presenting different views throughout the day as a dynamic sculpture Ability to control by optimization programs [20] SDU Campus Kolding Responding to changes in daylight intensity Dynamic solar shading system [20] Adaptation to specific weather conditions S Khayami /Future Technology May 2023| Volume 02 | Issue 02 | Pages 11-24 23 Case Study Goal Solution [25] Compatibility with user needs [25] Providing optimal daylight Providing internal comfort conditions Facade dynamism during the day [20] S Khayami /Future Technology May 2023| Volume 02 | Issue 02 | Pages 11-24 24 F ig u re 7 . S k in e n er gy a n al y si s al go ri th m w it h d if fe re n t ge o m et ri es