Supplemental data for:

Protonotariou, S. V., Thanopoulos, R., Katsileros, A., Bebeli, P. J., Mandala, I. (2023). Evaluating 
agromorphological traits of Greek wheat landraces and exploring their potential for bread and 
pasta making based on seed physical properties. Genetic Resources 4 (8), 37–53. doi: 10.46265/
genresj.HFWZ5263.

Contents 

Supplemental Figure 1: The frequency percentage for the four qualitative morphological traits 
observed in the 15 wheat accessions studied. 

Supplemental Figure 2: Simple linear regression model to describe the relationship between seed 
firmness (SF) and thousand kernel weight (TKW) of wheat seeds. 

Supplemental Table 1: Summary table of Friedman test results and medians of qualitative 
variables; plant growth habit; color of ear; ear shape in profile and awn color, for 15 Triticum spp 
accessions. 

Supplemental Table 2: Analysis of Variance for quantitative agromorphological traits (ANOVA tables). 

Supplemental Table 3: Spearman rank correlations between each pair of variables (qualitative: 
plant growth habit, color of ear, ear shape in profile and awn color versus all the variables).  

Supplemental Table 4: Mean values of Image Analysis-Shape factor measurements of 15 Greek 
wheat accessions. 

Supplemental Table 5: Pearson correlation test between quantitative parameters. 

https://doi.org/10.46265/genresj.HFWZ5263


Supplemental Figure 1            

The frequency percentage for the four qualitative morphological traits observed in the 15 wheat accessions studied.   



Supplemental Figure 2 

R-squared = 70.58 percent

R-squared (adjusted for d.f.) = 68.35 percent

Standard Error of Est. = 0.7451

Mean absolute error = 0.5401
The equation of the fitted model is
TKW (g) = 2.0574 + 0.0326*SF (N)
Since the P-value in the ANOVA table is less than 0.05, there is a statistically significant
relationship between TKW (g) and SF (N) at the 95.0% confidence level. 

y = 0.0326x + 2.0574
R² = 0.7058

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

0 50 100 150 200 250

S
F

 (
N

)

TKW (g)



Supplemental Table 1         
Summary table of Friedman test results and Medians of qualitative variables; 
plant growth habit; colour of ear; ear shape in profile and awn colour, for 15 
Triticum spp accessions. 
  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Accession code Plant growth habit Colour of ear Ear shape in profile Awn color

W1 3,0 2,0 5,0 1,0

W2 1,0 2,0 5,0 2,0

W3 2,0 2,0 1,4 1,0

W4 1,0 1,0 3,0 1,0

W5 8,0 1,0 5,0 1,0

W6 3,0 1,0 5,0 1,0

W7 2,0 1,2 5,0 4,0

W8 7,0 1,0 5,0 1,0

W9 2,0 1,0 5,0 4,0

W10 2,0 1,8 5,0 1,8

W11 3,0 1,0 4,3 1,0

W12 6,0 1,9 3,3 3,3

W13 3,0 1,0 5,0 4,0

W14 4,0 1,4 5,0 1,5

W15 5,0 1,0 5,0 1,0

Friedman

χ² 27,6 36,2 34 39,5

P 0,016 < .001 0,002 < .001

Where W1=Yekora-T. aestivum, cultivar; W2= Elisavet-T. aestivum, cultivar; W3= Elpida-T. durum, cultivar; W4=

Mexicali 81-T. durum, cultivar; W5= Zoulitsa-T. aestivum, landrace; W6= Ntopio-T. aestivum, landrace; W7=

Mavragani-T. durum, unknown status from Skyros; W8= Grilos-T. aestivum, landrace; W9= Leventis-T. polonicum,

landrace; W10= Kopaida-T. dicoccum Schrank, landrace; W11=Asprositi-T. aestivum, landrace from Kalavrita; W12=

Asprositi-T. durum, landrace from Kozani; W13= Mavragani-T. durum, unknown status from Lemnos; W14= Aspratheri-

T. durum landrace and W15= Kokkinositaro-T. aestivum, landrace.



Supplemental Table  2 

Analysis of Variance for quantitative agromorphological traits (ANOVA 
tables).  
All F-ratios are based on the residual mean square error. Since P-value is 
less than 0.05, the factor has a statistically significant effect on the variable 
at the 95.0% confidence level (bold). 

Source Sum of Squares Df

 A:variety 3963 14

 B:block 14,68 2

Residual 101 28

Total (corrected) 4079 44

Source Sum of Squares Df

 A:variety 136,9 14

 B:block 1,758 2

Residual 35,75 28

Total (corrected) 174,4 44

Source Sum of Squares Df

 A:variety 30870 14

 B:block 254,9 2

Residual 2580 28

Total (corrected) 33710 44

Source Sum of Squares Df

 A:variety 185,6 14

 B:block 1,707 2

Residual 19,12 28

Total (corrected) 206,4 44

0,683

0,854 1,25 0,302

13,26 19,4 0,000

Main effects

Mean Square F-Ratio P-Value

Ear length excluding awns 

92,13

127,5 1,38 0,267

2205 23,9 0,000

Main effects

Mean Square F-Ratio P-Value

1,277

Plant length

0,879 0,69 0,511

9,781 7,66 0,000

Main effects

Mean Square F-Ratio P-Value

Total number of tillers 

3,607

7,339 2,03 0,150

283,1 78,50 0,000

Main effects

Time of ear emergence 

Mean Square F-Ratio P-Value

Plant weight 

Sum of Squares

10420

91,66

1894

12400

Number of spikelet (first tiller) 

Sum of Squares

177,9

4,485

35,98

218,4

Sum of Squares

26040

181,3

1111

27330

Ear length including awns

Sum of Squares

663,4

18,29

231,2

913Total (corrected) 44

Residual 28 8,26

 B:block 2 9,15 1,11 0,344

 A:variety 14 47,4 5,74 0,000

Mean Square F-Ratio P-Value

Main effects

Source Df

Total (corrected) 44

90,6 2,28 0,121

Residual 28 39,7

 B:block 2

 A:variety 14 1860 46,9 0,000

Main effects

Source Df Mean Square F-Ratio P-Value

Total (corrected) 44

Residual 28 1,29

Stem length (base to ear base) 

 B:block 2 2,24 1,74 0,193

 A:variety 14 12,7 9,89 0,000

Main effects

Source Df Mean Square F-Ratio P-Value

Total (corrected) 44

Residual 28 67,7

11 0,000

 B:block 2 45,8 0,68 0,516

Df Mean Square

 A:variety 14 744

F-Ratio P-Value

Main effects

Source



Supplemental Table 3       
Spearman rank correlations between each pair of variables (qualitative: 
plant growth habit, colour of ear, ear shape in profile and awn colour 
versus all the variables).  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Variables Plant growth habit Εar color Shape in profile Awn color

Area -0,161 -0,423 -0,278 0,313

Aspect -0,255 0,350 -0,059 0,442

Den./Inten. (mean) 0,244 0,007 0,008 -0,279

Diameter (max) -0,355 -0,080 -0,057 0,498

Diameter (min) -0,063 -0,482 -0,113 0,358

Diameter (mean) -0,138 -0,392 -0,137 0,385

Perimeter -0,289 -0,132 -0,262 0,531

Roundness 0,040 0,153 -0,230 0,292

Size (length) -0,323 -0,122 -0,036 0,509

Size (width) 0,018 -0,513 -0,121 0,403

Firmness -0,161 -0,093 -0,282 0,367

Weight -0,143 -0,200 -0,371 0,367

Volume -0,170 -0,261 -0,318 0,364

Tap volume -0,174 -0,261 -0,331 0,364

Bulk density -0,048 0,102 -0,236 -0,124

Tap density -0,154 0,267 -0,175 0,113

CI -0,253 -0,045 0,113 0,324

Time of ear emergence 0,453 -0,434 0,486 0,066

Weight/Plant 0,525 -0,337 0,000 0,094

Total number of tillers 0,623 -0,004 0,113 -0,139

Number of spikelet in the First 0,126 0,230 0,435 0,407

Plant length 0,538 -0,528 0,153 -0,074

Ear length excluding awns -0,247 0,078 -0,367 -0,701

Ear length including awns 0,412 -0,380 0,375 0,269

Stem length (base to ear base) 0,529 -0,536 0,177 -0,119

L* 0,040 0,334 -0,572 -0,143

a* 0,321 -0,100 0,283 -0,144

b* 0,027 0,196 -0,393 0,045

WI 0,148 0,202 -0,596 -0,237

Plant growth habit -0,278 0,088 -0,309

Ear colour -0,042 0,191

Ear shape in profile 0,168

CI: Car Index, L* indicates lightness, a* indicates hue on a green (−) to red (+) axis, b* indicates hue on a blue (−) 

to yellow (+) axis, and WI: White Index. Values in bold denote significance level at P<0.05.



Supplemental Table 4 
Mean values of Image Analysis-Shape factor measurements of 15 Greek wheat accessions. For each trait, different letters following 
the means indicate significant differences at 95 % level, using Tukey's honestly significant difference (HSD) method 

W1, Yekora 17,24
abc

2,10
cd

142,68
g

6,77
b

3,11
bc

4,55
bc

17,56
b

1,44
a

6,81
b

3,30
bc

W2, Elisavet 13,85
a

1,89
a

136,19
def

5,91
a

2,97
b

4,17
a

15,71
a

1,43
a

5,96
a

3,13
ab

W3, Elpida 18,24
d

2,47
cd

127,41
cdef

7,94
ef

3,11
gh

4,73
cd

20,58
ghi

1,92
de

8,01
f

3,33
bc

W4, Mexicali 19,91
abc

2,07
cd

133,56
cde

7,70
e

3,56
fgh

5,06
def

20,11
fgh

1,63
abc

7,73
e

3,79
def

W5, Zoulitsa 16,21
abc

2,09
cd

129,45
bc

6,75
b

3,04
b

4,50
abc

18,27
bcd

1,67
abc

6,82
b

3,34
bc

W6, Ntopio 17,48
ab

1,98
b

134,35
cdef

6,81
b

3,25
cd

4,61
bc

18,16
bc

1,51
abc

6,85
b

3,41
bcd

W7, Mavragani Skyros 21,44
bcd

2,27
e

129,69
bc

8,15
fg

3,47
efg

5,17
ef

21,00
hi

1,67
abc

8,20
fg

3,73
cdef

W8, Grilos 18,39
abc

2,08
cd

130,69
bc

7,26
cd

3,34
de

4,77
cd

19,30
def

1,63
abc

7,30
cd

3,62
cdef

W9, Leventis 26,08
cd

2,37
f

127,74
ab

9,26
h

3,67
h

5,66
g

23,62
j

1,72
bcd

9,30
h

3,85
ef

W10, Kopaida 14,90
e

2,92
g

123,95
a

7,94
ef

2,53
a

4,25
ab

19,64
efg

2,10
e

8,04
f

2,72
a

W11,Asprositi Kalavrita 17,34
a

1,86
a

137,28
ef

6,55
b

3,33
de

4,59
bc

17,92
bc

1,48
ab

6,60
b

3,49
bcde

W12, Asprositi Kozani 17,73
abc

2,10
cd

138,92
fg

7,16
c

3,28
cd

4,61
bc

19,34
def

1,73
bcd

7,18
c

3,50
bcde

W13, Mavragani Lemnos 23,35
abc

2,14
d

130,73
bc

8,31
g

3,72
h

5,41
fg

21,49
i

1,60
abc

8,35
g

3,94
f

W14, Aspratheri 16,79
abc

2,07
cd

131,70
bcd

7,28
cd

3,46
efg

4,83
cde

18,90
cde

1,74
cd

7,32
cd

3,65
cdef

W15, Kokkinositaro 19,17
ab

2,04
bc

138,77
fg

7,43
d

3,39
def

4,81
cde

19,25
def

1,55
abc

7,47
de

3,58
cdef

Perimeter 

(length of the 

seed outline)

Roundness 

Size length (feret 

diameter along 

major axis)

Size width (feret 

diameter along 

minor axis)

Area of seed

Aspect (ratio 

between major 

and minor axis)

Density/ Intensity. 

Mean (average 

optical density)

Diameter max 

(length of longest 

line joining two 

points of outline )

Diameter min 

(length of shortest 

line joining two 

points)

Diameter mean 

(average length 

of diameters )

W1 and W2 T. aestivum, cultivar; W3 and W4 T. durum, cultivar; W5, W6, W8, W11 and W15 = T. aestivum, landrace; W7 and W13= T. durum, unknown status; W9= T. polonicum, landrace; W10= T. dicoccum Schrank, landrace; W12 and

W14= T. durum, landrace



Supplemental Table 5           
Pearson correlation test between quantitative parameters.  Values in red denote P-values below 0.05 indicating statistically 
significant non-zero correlations at the 95.0% confidence level.  

 

Variables Area Aspect Den./Inten. 

(mean)

Diameter 

(max)

Diameter 

(min)

Diameter 

(mean)

Perimeter Roundness Size 

(length)

Size 

(width)

SF TKW Volume Volume tap Bulk density Tap 

density

CI Time of ear 

emergence

Plant 

weight

Total 

number 

of tillers

Number of 

spikelet in 

first tiller

Plant 

length

Ear ength 

excluding 

awns

Ear 

length 

including 

Stem length L* a*

Aspect 0,086

0,761

Den./Inten. (mean) -0,217 -0,716

0,437 0,003

Diameter (max) 0,822 0,611 -0,598

0,000 0,016 0,019

Diameter (min) 0,799 -0,437 0,129 0,431

0,000 0,103 0,647 0,109

Diameter (mean) 0,976 0,037 -0,247 0,807 0,864

0,000 0,895 0,376 0,000 0,000

Perimeter 0,878 0,496 -0,555 0,980 0,536 0,863

0,000 0,060 0,032 0,000 0,040 0,000

Roundness -0,010 0,894 -0,762 0,538 -0,370 -0,001 0,469

0,972 0,000 0,001 0,039 0,175 0,998 0,078

Size (length) 0,812 0,627 -0,612 1,000 0,413 0,796 0,978 0,551

0,000 0,013 0,015 0,000 0,126 0,000 0,000 0,033

Size (width) 0,801 -0,415 0,083 0,445 0,991 0,868 0,557 -0,334 0,427

0,000 0,124 0,768 0,097 0,000 0,000 0,031 0,225 0,113

SF 0,711 0,075 -0,073 0,626 0,593 0,711 0,687 0,127 0,615 0,569

0,003 0,791 0,796 0,013 0,020 0,003 0,005 0,651 0,015 0,027

TKW 0,871 -0,051 -0,120 0,690 0,828 0,887 0,786 0,031 0,677 0,829 0,840

0,000 0,856 0,671 0,005 0,000 0,000 0,001 0,913 0,006 0,000 0,000

Volume 0,938 0,096 -0,265 0,811 0,785 0,939 0,886 0,119 0,801 0,791 0,791 0,978

0,000 0,733 0,340 0,000 0,001 0,000 0,000 0,673 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000

Volume tap 0,936 0,086 -0,244 0,801 0,777 0,931 0,878 0,104 0,790 0,781 0,806 0,982 0,998

0,000 0,761 0,381 0,000 0,001 0,000 0,000 0,711 0,001 0,001 0,000 0,000 0,000

Bulk density 0,097 -0,720 0,585 -0,275 0,524 0,160 -0,151 -0,508 -0,293 0,496 0,462 0,473 0,283 0,311

0,731 0,003 0,022 0,321 0,045 0,570 0,592 0,053 0,290 0,060 0,083 0,075 0,308 0,259

Tap density 0,219 -0,641 0,458 -0,128 0,608 0,291 -0,009 -0,431 -0,146 0,579 0,500 0,574 0,401 0,418 0,969

0,433 0,010 0,086 0,649 0,016 0,293 0,974 0,109 0,604 0,024 0,058 0,025 0,138 0,121 0,000

CI 0,507 0,457 -0,629 0,676 0,277 0,537 0,634 0,418 0,677 0,277 0,223 0,446 0,546 0,496 -0,271 -0,053

0,054 0,087 0,012 0,006 0,317 0,039 0,011 0,121 0,006 0,319 0,425 0,096 0,035 0,060 0,328 0,851

Time of ear emergence -0,184 0,225 -0,369 -0,009 -0,334 -0,201 -0,018 0,299 0,001 -0,317 -0,067 -0,266 -0,183 -0,154 -0,408 -0,435 -0,064

0,512 0,420 0,177 0,976 0,224 0,473 0,949 0,278 0,997 0,249 0,813 0,337 0,514 0,584 0,132 0,105 0,822

Plant weight 0,140 -0,012 -0,013 0,159 0,169 0,143 0,237 0,222 0,151 0,163 0,626 0,390 0,311 0,340 0,408 0,418 -0,001 0,404

0,618 0,967 0,963 0,571 0,546 0,612 0,396 0,426 0,590 0,563 0,013 0,150 0,260 0,215 0,132 0,121 0,998 0,135

Total number of tillers -0,451 0,240 -0,090 -0,181 -0,476 -0,458 -0,189 0,406 -0,175 -0,447 -0,099 -0,320 -0,341 -0,314 -0,133 -0,208 -0,296 0,584 0,570

0,092 0,389 0,751 0,519 0,073 0,086 0,500 0,133 0,534 0,095 0,725 0,244 0,214 0,255 0,637 0,456 0,284 0,022 0,026

Number of spikelet in the first -0,235 -0,012 0,244 -0,158 -0,179 -0,238 -0,197 0,052 -0,162 -0,240 0,314 -0,077 -0,151 -0,122 0,256 0,229 -0,134 0,256 0,644 0,392

0,399 0,965 0,382 0,575 0,524 0,392 0,483 0,854 0,564 0,389 0,254 0,785 0,590 0,664 0,357 0,412 0,634 0,358 0,010 0,148

Plant length 0,033 -0,082 -0,055 0,055 0,117 0,059 0,112 0,142 0,052 0,102 0,353 0,212 0,169 0,197 0,231 0,232 -0,034 0,674 0,796 0,608 0,375

0,907 0,771 0,845 0,846 0,678 0,835 0,692 0,613 0,854 0,716 0,197 0,448 0,548 0,481 0,407 0,406 0,904 0,006 0,000 0,016 0,168

Ear Length excluding awns -0,219 -0,059 0,199 -0,216 -0,164 -0,211 -0,251 -0,120 -0,214 -0,181 -0,129 -0,092 -0,145 -0,141 0,198 0,153 -0,227 0,409 0,242 0,344 0,207 0,456

0,433 0,836 0,477 0,440 0,560 0,451 0,367 0,671 0,444 0,519 0,648 0,744 0,605 0,616 0,478 0,587 0,415 0,131 0,385 0,209 0,459 0,088

Ear Length including awns 0,354 0,098 -0,005 0,404 0,300 0,357 0,399 0,160 0,397 0,293 0,422 0,430 0,432 0,437 0,113 0,176 0,260 0,267 0,526 0,267 0,325 0,643 0,042

0,195 0,729 0,987 0,135 0,277 0,192 0,141 0,568 0,143 0,289 0,117 0,109 0,108 0,103 0,690 0,531 0,349 0,337 0,044 0,337 0,238 0,010 0,883

Stem length (base to ear base) 0,018 -0,092 -0,102 0,030 0,106 0,045 0,094 0,134 0,028 0,093 0,288 0,153 0,123 0,150 0,161 0,157 -0,043 0,710 0,759 0,611 0,330 0,988 0,499 0,523

0,949 0,745 0,717 0,915 0,708 0,875 0,740 0,634 0,920 0,741 0,297 0,587 0,662 0,594 0,568 0,577 0,880 0,003 0,001 0,016 0,230 0,000 0,058 0,045

L* 0,053 -0,404 0,514 -0,172 0,328 0,073 -0,071 -0,248 -0,183 0,329 0,170 0,337 0,214 0,233 0,649 0,651 -0,215 -0,630 -0,005 -0,285 -0,099 -0,243 0,290 -0,202 -0,266

0,850 0,136 0,050 0,539 0,233 0,795 0,803 0,373 0,514 0,231 0,545 0,220 0,444 0,403 0,000 0,009 0,442 0,012 0,985 0,303 0,726 0,383 0,294 0,471 0,338

a* -0,550 -0,344 0,005 -0,564 -0,236 -0,439 -0,593 -0,215 -0,563 -0,247 -0,317 -0,456 -0,516 -0,498 0,100 0,076 -0,174 0,376 0,085 0,211 0,411 0,191 -0,098 -0,108 0,218 -0,353

0,034 0,209 0,985 0,028 0,397 0,102 0,020 0,441 0,029 0,374 0,249 0,088 0,049 0,059 0,724 0,787 0,535 0,168 0,763 0,450 0,128 0,495 0,728 0,703 0,434 0,198

WI 0,082 -0,301 0,479 -0,114 0,257 0,063 -0,012 -0,180 -0,123 0,266 0,160 0,343 0,240 0,260 0,565 0,565 -0,202 -0,600 -0,009 -0,240 -0,169 -0,233 0,300 -0,159 -0,265 0,974 -0,501

0,771 0,275 0,071 0,687 0,355 0,822 0,968 0,522 0,663 0,338 0,569 0,210 0,389 0,349 0,028 0,028 0,472 0,018 0,974 0,389 0,548 0,403 0,278 0,571 0,340 0,000 0,057

 SF: Seed Firmness, TKW: Thousand Kernel Weight, CI: Car Index,  L* indicates lightness, a* indicates hue on a green (−) to red (+) axis, and WI: White Index. Values in bold denote significance level at P<0.05.