GENEBANK REPORT Genetic Resources (2025), (S2), 41–48 DOI: 10.46265/genresj.HOUU8356 https://www.genresj.org ISSN: 2708-3764 The INRAE Biological Resource Center ‘BrACySol’: a French centre of valuable Brassica, Allium and Solanum genetic resources for breeding Florence Esnault *,a, Marie-Pierre Cann a, Jean-Eric Chauvin a, Anne-Marie Chèvre b, Marie-Ange Dantec a, Stéphane Doré a, Pascal Glory b, Marie-Claire Kerlan a, Dominique Kermarrec c, Anne Laperche b, Lise-Anna Le Ven a, Maria Manzanares-Dauleux b, Roland Pellé a, Jocelyne Porhel a, Julien Quéran c, Vincent Richer a, Catherine Souchet a, Sylvain Théréné a, Mathieu Tiret b and Nathalie Nési a a IGEPP, INRAE, Institut Agro, Univ Rennes, Ploudaniel, France b IGEPP, INRAE, Institut Agro, Univ Rennes, Le Rheu, France c RGCO, INRAE, Ploudaniel, France Abstract: The INRAE Biological Resource Center ‘BrACySol’ belongs to BRC4Plants, the plant network of the French Research Infrastructure of Agronomic Biological Resource Centers (AgroBRC-RARe). It preserves more than 15,000 accessions belonging to different cultivated genera: Brassica (cabbage, turnip, rape and mustard), Allium (shallot and garlic) and Solanum (potato and crop wild relatives). The Brassica genetic resources are conserved as seeds in freezers or liquid nitrogen. The Allium resources are maintained by vegetative propagation in fields or greenhouses and the Solanum resources are maintained by vegetative propagation in fields, greenhouses, in vitro or in liquid nitrogen. These collections include old landraces, widespread cultivars, crop wild relatives and original scientific material. The accessions are described with passport, morphological or agronomic descriptors or traits. They have been included in various research programmes, at the national or international level, aiming at characterizing the diversity of these collections, studying the genetics of agronomic traits, developing molecular tools and creating pre-breeding lines helpful for breeding programmes. Keywords: Vegetative propagation, seeds, conservation, diversity, characterization, breeding, genebank Citation: Esnault, F., Cann, M., Chauvin, J., Chèvre, A., Dantec, M., Doré, S., Glory, P., Kerlan, M., Kermarrec, D., Laperche, A., Le Ven, L., Manzanares-Dauleux, M., Pellé, R., Porhel, J., Quéran, J., Richer, V., Souchet, C., Théréné, S., Tiret, M., Nési, N. (2025). The INRAE Biological Resource Center ‘BrACySol’: a French centre of valuable Brassica, Allium and Solanum genetic resources for breeding. Genetic Resources (S2), 41–48. doi: 10.46265/genresj.HOUU8356. © Copyright 2025 the Authors. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Introduction The French National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment (INRAE) manages the Biological Resource Center (BRC) ‘BrACySol’ which was set up in 2012 with the aim of establishing a collective management system of the different genetic resources collections maintained by INRAE in Ploudaniel (Brittany, Western part of France). The BRC BrACySol is managed ∗Corresponding author: Florence Esnault (florence.esnault@inrae.fr) by two INRAE units: the Joint Research Unit Institute of Genetics, Environment and Plant Protection (IGEPP, FRA010) and the Experimental Unit Genetic Resources in Oceanic Conditions (RGCO, FRA179). Currently, 18 permanent staff members are involved in the activities of the BRC, representing about nine full-time equivalents. Its operations are financed mainly by national or European research projects or by partnerships with private companies. It belongs to BRC4Plants (Bergheaud et al, 2025), the plant network of the National Research Infrastructure of Agronomic Biological Resource Centres Received: 25.10.2024 Accepted: 18.12.2024 Published online: 27.01.2025 https://www.genresj.org https://www.doi.org/10.46265/genresj.HOUU8356 https://www.genresj.org https://www.doi.org/10.46265/genresj.HOUU8356 mailto:florence.esnault@inrae.fr 42 Esnault et al Genetic Resources (2025), (S2), 41–48 (BRCs) named RARe, for Agronomic Resources for Research (AgroBRC-RARe). Description of the collections The BRC BrACySol maintains collections of genetic resources of different genera: Brassica (cabbage, turnip, oilseed rape and mustard), Allium (shallot and garlic) and Solanum (potato and related species). These collections were set up by researchers over the course of their research programmes. Brassica collection The Brassica collection is composed of: • 1,094 accessions of vegetable crucifers, including mainly landraces that were cultivated before the development of hybrid varieties. They were collected in France on farms in the 1980s (Table 1). This material is not present in any other genebank. • 1,749 accessions of oilseed crucifers including lineage varieties representing the world variability (Table 1). It also includes original scientific material like pre- breeding lines presenting traits of agronomic importance such as resistance to different pests (Leptosphaeria mac- ulans (Desmazières) Cesati & de Notaris or Plasmodi- ophora brassicae (Voronin)) or seed quality, but also mapping populations, core collections, doubled haploid plants or Rlm (Resistance to Leptosphaeria maculans) genes differential set (Balesdent et al, 2005). The accessions of this collection are long-term stored as seed samples in freezers (-18◦C). For each accession, three seed lots are formed according to an internal protocol: the first one is used for distribution or germination tests, the second one is a reserve lot which is used to make new distribution batches when the first seed lot is empty, and the third one is a safety lot which is conserved in another place than the first two seed lots. For the accessions that are landraces collected on farms, a fourth seed lot was formed and is conserved in a cryotank (-196◦C). The seed lots conserved in the freezers are regenerated every 10 to 15 years, depending on their germination performance which is tested the year of their obtention, after 4 and 8 years of conservation, and then every 2 years, using a germination method in Petri dishes developed in house (100 seeds are placed in a Petri dish on a paper soaked with 2ml of sterile water; the number of germinated seeds is counted after incubation at 20◦C for 7 days). Until now, the seed lots that are in liquid nitrogen have never been regenerated. The regeneration protocol depends on the biological status of the accessions. Below is a summary of the regeneration protocols for landraces and lines. Landraces: The regeneration protocol for the lan- draces was determined to avoid genetic drift during suc- cessive multiplications (Divaret, 1999). For each acces- sion, 120 individuals are planted in insect-proof cages (Figure 1). Pollination is carried out by bumblebees and the seed lot is accepted if at least 75 plants have flow- ered and produced seeds. Nevertheless, if morphologi- cal observations reveal genetic drift after several gener- ations, a new cycle of multiplications can be performed, starting from the cryopreserved seeds which constitute a safety long-term conservation stock. Lines: The seeds are produced by bagging a few inflorescences of each line and pollination is performed using flies. A final validation of the new seed lot is performed by observing the plants in the field obtained from this new seed lot and plants obtained from the previous seed lot. The collection is maintained in facilities including 3,000m2 of greenhouses, 1,500m2 of field space, a seed drying chamber, 16 freezers for a total capacity of 3,700L and a 170L cryotank. Solanum collection The Solanum collection includes about 11,000 acces- sions of potato and its wild relatives. The collection has been formed from research programmes since 1949. It is composed of: • 737 genotypes belonging to 29 wild potato species collected in South and Central America (Table 1). These accessions were introduced into the BRC in the form of seeds provided mainly by the US Potato Genebank (Sturgeon Bay, USA). They are maintained by vegetative propagation as clones (Figure 2). This way of maintaining these potato wild species constitutes a specificity of our BRC. Each clone was evaluated for resistance to different pathogens (mainly Phytophthora infestans (Montagne) de Bary and cyst nematodes). These characterization data are therefore available for INRAE researchers and project partners. • About 1,400 varieties representing world variabil- ity, including old varieties not maintained in any other European genebank (Table 1). • Original scientific material like interspecific hybrids, mapping populations, a core collection or dihaploid plants. This collection is maintained by vegetative propagation in the form of tubers (produced each year in the fields or in greenhouses for the wild species), in vitro plantlets (subcultured every 12 to 15 months) or cryopreserved shoot tips. The cryopreservation of the shoot tips is performed using a droplet vitrification method (Kim et al, 2006). The in vitro collection is a safety duplicate of part of the field and greenhouse collections. Some accessions are present only in vitro. So far, a small number of accessions is cryopreserved (123 clones). This long-term conservation method is used for the most valuable genetic resources (core collection, wild relatives clones, national collection). The facilities used to maintain this collection consist of 1,500m2 of greenhouses, 2ha of field space, in vitro Genetic Resources (2025), (S2), 41–48 43 culture facilities, cold storage rooms (950m3) and a 170L cryotank. Allium collection The Allium collection includes 108 garlic accessions and 246 shallot accessions (Table 1). The collection has grown through research programmes since the 1970s. It is composed of landraces collected in France before the creation of the National catalogue in 1991, old and new French varieties and original scientific material for the selection of agronomic characteristics such as disease resistance (resistance to Botrytis squamosa (Walker) or Peronospora destructor (Berkeley) Caspary) or dry matter content of bulbs. The accessions are maintained by vegetative multipli- cation in the form of bulbs produced every year in the field (for shallot) or in a greenhouse (for garlic). The facilities used to maintain this collection consist of 250m2 of greenhouses, 500m2 of field space and cold storage rooms (20m2). Associated data The accessions of these collections are described with passport data using the Multi-Crop Passport Descrip- tors (MCPD) (Alercia et al, 2015), with morphologi- cal descriptors defined by international experts accord- ing to the Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV) guidelines and/or International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI) format (IBPGR, 1990; IPGRI, ECPGR, AVRDC, 2001; Bioversity Inter- national, International Potato Center (CIP), 2009) and with agronomic traits evaluated according to specific protocols of the research projects. The characterization data are recorded in MS Excel files and stored on a local server. We are currently working on the development of a local database in which all these data will be gathered, facilitating the management of the available information and its subsequent transfer to the French portal Florilège (htt p://florilege.arcad-project.org). The BRC BrACySol contributes to the French national collection of genetic resources (Duval et al, 2023) that is made available as part of France’s international commitments in contributing to the implementation of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (ITPGRFA) (FAO, 2001). So far, 132 potato varieties and 60 rapeseed lines are included in this national collection. Part of these collections can be viewed on the French portal Florilège (the garlic collection, the traditional cultivars and landraces of the shallot collection, the cabbage landraces of the Brassica collection and the potato national collection). We are currently working on formatting the data for other parts of the collections in order to increase the number of accessions that can be viewed on this portal (starting with the potato variety collection and the rapeseed national collection). Similarly, data on part of these collections can be viewed in the EURISCO database (http://eurisco.ecp gr.org). We are currently working with the French national coordination for conservation of plant genetic resources (Duval et al, 2023) to update these data and upload further data in EURISCO. The Management System of the BRC BrACySol has been certified under the ISO 9001-2015 quality standard (ISO, 2015) since 2021. Distribution service The accessions maintained within the BRC BrACySol can be ordered via the French portal Florilège. The distribution is performed according to the access conditions mentioned on the portal. The Brassica genetic resources are distributed as seeds, the potato genetic resources as tubers or in vitro plantlets and the Allium genetic resources as bulbs. The signature of a Material Transfer Agreement is required (SMTA for the accessions included in the ITPGRFA or INRAE MTA for the others). From 2019 to 2023, the BRC BrACySol distributed more than 6,000 accessions to users: 36% to INRAE teams, 6% to French public institutes other than INRAE, 13% to international public institutes, 28% to French private companies, 6% to international private companies and 11% to farmers, associations or private individuals. These distributions are performed by the BRC BrA- CySol in compliance with international regulations con- cerning sanitary issues (Regulation (EU) 2016/2031, EU (2016)). In order to ensure the healthy status of the collections, various measures are taken and health diagnostics carried out. Regarding the potato and Allium collections, detection tests are carried out each year by an external service provider for the follow- ing pathogens: Ralstonia solanacearum (Smith), Clav- ibacter michiganensis spp. Sepedonicus (Spieckermann & Kotthoff), Globodera pallida (Stone) and G. ros- tochiensis (Wollenweber), Melöıdogyne fallax (Karssen) and M. chitwoodi (Golden, O’Bannon, Santo & Finley) (for potato); Ditylenchus dipsaci (Kuehn) (for Allium accessions). Furthermore, Enzyme-linked Immunosor- bent Assays (ELISA) (Gan and Patel, 2013) are also regu- larly performed to detect the main viruses that can infect these crops (Potato Virus Y, Potato Virus X, Potato Virus A, Potato Virus S, Potato Virus M and Potato Leafroll Virus for potato accessions, Onion Yellow Dwarf Virus and Leek Yellow Stripe Virus for Allium accessions). If one of these viruses is detected in one plant, this plant is eliminated or isolated. Recently, we showed that virus elimination in potato can be obtained with the routine cryopreservation method (Souchet et al, 2024). However, for now, we have not implemented a clean- ing programme for virus-infected accessions. Finally, all the accessions imported from non-EU countries are sub- jected to quarantine. The distributions are also performed in compliance with international regulations concerning access and benefit sharing. We are supported for these legal issues by lawyers from INRAE and use a dedicated decision support system developed in a project managed by AgroBRC-RARe (http://golo.cirad.fr/ABS4BRC WEB). BrACySol: The French Centre for Brassica, Allium & Solanum genetic resources http://golo.cirad.fr/ABS4BRC_WEB 44 Esnault et al Genetic Resources (2025), (S2), 41–48 Table 1. Composition of the collections.a, Solanum taxonomy according to Hawkes (1990) Genera Species No. of accessions Biological status (%) Wild Traditional cultivar/ Landrace Breeding/ research material Advanced/ Improved cultivar Brassica Brassica carinata A. Braun 2 100 Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. 111 100 Brassica napus L. 1,706 5 76 19 Brassica oleracea L. 972 4 92 1 3 Brassica rapa L. 50 95 5 Total 2,841 Solanuma Solanum tuberosum L. 10,000 1 84 15 Solanum tuberosum subsp andigena 123 100 Solanum andreanum Baker 2 100 Solanum albicans Ochoa 1 100 Solanum alandiae Card. 4 100 Solanum berthaultii Hawkes 13 100 Solanum bulbocastanum Dun. 6 100 Solanum brevidens Phil. 46 100 Solanum brachistotrichum (Bitt.) Rydb. 6 100 Solanum chacoense Bitt. 89 100 Solanum commersonii Dun. 2 100 Solanum cardiophyllum Lindl. 3 100 Solanum demissum Lindl. 115 100 Solanum etuberosum Lindl. 10 100 Solanum fendleri Asa Gray 3 100 Solanum gourlayi Hawkes 21 100 Solanum hougasii Corr. 5 100 Solanum kurtzianum Bitt. et Wittm. 2 100 Solanum oplocense Hawkes 4 100 Solanum phureja Juz. Et Buk. 42 100 Solanum polyadenium Greenm. 6 100 Solanum polytrichon Rydb. 14 100 Solanum schenckii Bitt. 33 100 Solanum spegazzinii Bitt. 40 100 Solanum sparsipilum (Bitt.) Juz. et Buk. 14 100 Solanum stenotomum Juz. et Buk. 25 100 Solanum stoloniferum Schlechtd. et Bché. 37 100 Solanum tarijense Hawkes 17 100 Solanum trifidum Corr. 8 100 Solanum vernei Bitt. et Wittm. 46 100 Total 10,737 Allium Allium cepa var. aggregatum G. Don 246 9 81 10 Allium sativum L. 108 28 64 8 Allium oschaninii B. Fedtsch 4 100 Allium roylei Stearn 1 100 Total 420 Genetic Resources (2025), (S2), 41–48 45 Figure 1. Regeneration of Brassica landraces under insect-proof cages Figure 2. Culture of potato-related wild species in the greenhouse Partnership activities The BRC BrACySol is involved in various EU-funded projects related to the conservation and sustainable use of plant genetic resources: H2020 G2P-Sol (ht tp://www.g2p-sol.eu); Prima BrasExplor (https://bra sexplor.hub.inrae.fr); Horizon Europe NemEmerge ( https://nem-emerge.eu) and ProWild (https://www.p ro-wild.eu/). It takes part also in various projects financed by national funds or private partners (including Promosol, GIE Colza, Association des Créateurs de Variétés Nouvelles de Pomme de Terre (ACVNPT), Fédération Nationale des Producteurs de Plants de Pomme de Terre (FN3PT/Inov3PT)). The objectives of these projects are 1) to explore, describe and analyze the genetic diversity of the collections (Esnault et al, 2014; Missinou et al, 2022; Spanoghe et al, 2022), 2) to develop core collections (Esnault et al, 2016), 3) to carry out genetic association analyses to identify the regions of the genome involved in resistance traits to different pests or abiotic stresses (Kumar et al, 2018), 4) to introduce this diversity into pre-breeding material by exploiting recombination (Boideau et al, 2021), 5) to develop markers that can be used in marker-assisted selection. Recent results showed that the genetic resources maintained in the BRC BrACySol proved to be of great value to identifying sources of stable late blight resistance in potatoes and to introduce efficiently new variability in oilseed rape using its diploid progenitors (Esnault et al, 2023). The most noteworthy current research activities are: - Exploitation of a genomic dataset (Leuenberger et al, 2024b) developed on a panel of potato pre-breeding BrACySol: The French Centre for Brassica, Allium & Solanum genetic resources 46 Esnault et al Genetic Resources (2025), (S2), 41–48 clones maintained in the BRC BrACySol in genome- wide association studies to identify genes involved in resistance to cyst nematodes (Leuenberger et al, 2024a) or to late blight disease (PhD work of Leuenberger J.). - In the framework of the European project BrasEx- plor, collect, genotyping and phenotyping of Brassica oleracea and B. rapa wild populations and cultivated landraces extending from the North Atlantic coast to the southern Algerian desert. The taxonomy of these collected accessions was checked by combining cytoge- netic and molecular methods (Falentin et al, 2024). This plant material is used to investigate the genomic regions involved in adaptation to climate change (Wagner et al, 2023). As mentioned, BRC BrACySol has established long- standing collaborations with private partners, contribut- ing in particular to breeding programmes. One of these collaborations consists of a convention signed in 1995 between INRAE and the four French potato breeders gathered within ACVNPT. ACVNPT provides financial support to INRAE for the conservation and characterization of the potato genetic resources maintained within the BRC BrACySol and in return gets free access, with a 5-year exclusivity period, to the pre-breeding material generated by INRAE within the framework of its research activities using these genetic resources (Kerlan et al, 2017). Since 1995, INRAE has selected 994 pre-breeding clones, improved mainly for resistance to different pathogens (including Phytophthora infestans, Globodera pallida, Pectobacterium sp., Melöıdogyne incognita (Kofold & White) or Potato Virus Y). So far, 41 potato varieties have been registered by the French breeders who used these pre-breeding clones, maintained by the BRC, in their crossing programmes. Promosol is another important partner, who funded several projects including ProBiodiv. In this project, it was demonstrated that it is possible to introduce efficiently new variability in oilseed rape using its diploid progenitors conserved in the BRC BrACySol. Pre-breeding oilseed rape populations were created and seeds of 1,600 introgressed lines were provided to the breeders belonging to Promosol (Esnault et al, 2023). Network and Working Group participation The BRC BrACySol coordinates two national networks for the conservation of plant genetic resources: the ‘oilseed crucifers’ network and the ‘potato’ network. These networks involve private and public partners and have defined the lists of accessions to be included in the national collection. In addition, the BRC BrACySol is part of the European Cooperative Programme for Plant Genetic Resources (ECPGR) and is a member of the Brassica, Allium and Potato Working Groups. It takes part in the following ECPGR activities that are currently being funded: ‘Garli- CCS’ (Genotyping-by-sequencing of the European garlic collection to develop a sustainable ex situ conservation strategy) and ‘Euro-Potatoes’ (Collaboration action for updating the virtual European potato collection). Conclusion The Brassica, Allium and Solanum genetic resources maintained in the BRC BrACySol proved to be of great value in tackling agronomic issues currently faced by these crops. The BRC aims at conserving the diversity and the good quality of these genetic resources and distributing them to researchers and breeders to further contribute to the development of more agroecological agriculture in a context of climate change. To achieve these goals, the BRC BrACySol works cur- rently to improve the management of the characteriza- tion data associated with the accessions and enhance the visibility of these genetic resources. Acknowledgements We acknowledge the Experimental Unit RGCO for providing the fields needed for the maintenance of the genetic resources. Author contributions FE managed and contributed to the overall writing of the manuscript. MPC, MAD, LALV, RP, JP, JQ and CS contributed to the writing of the Solanum collection description, its associated data and distribution service. SD, PG, VR, and ST contributed to the writing of the Brassica collection description, its associated data and distribution service. DK and JQ contributed to the writing of the Allium collection description, its associated data and distribution service. FE, JEC, AMC, MCK, AL, MMD, MT and NN contributed to the writing of partnership activities and network participation. Conflict of interest statement The authors have no conflicts of interest to report. References Alercia, A., Diulgheroff, S., and Mackay, M. (2015). FAO/Bioversity Multi-Crop Passport Descriptors V.2.1 [MCPD V.2.1] - December 2015 (Bioversity Interna- tional). url: https://hdl.handle.net/10568/69166. Balesdent, M. H., Barbetti, M. J., Li, H., Sivasitham- param, K., Gout, L., and Rouxel, T. (2005). Analysis of Leptosphaeria maculans race structure in a worldwide collection of isolates. Phytopathology 95, 1061–1071. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-95-1061 Bergheaud, V., Audergon, J. M., Bellec, A., Delaunay, A., Duminil, J., Dussert, S., Esnault, F., Geoffriau, E., Gouesnard, B., Jenny, C., Label, A., Lashermes, P., Maghnaoui, N., Nuissier, F., Priet, A., Rieucau, V., Térès, P., Paulo-De-La-Réberdiere, N., Vincent, M., and Adam-Blondon, A. F. (2025). Organization of plant Biological Resource Centers for research in France: History, evolution and current status. Genetic https://hdl.handle.net/10568/69166 http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-95-1061 Genetic Resources (2025), (S2), 41–48 BrACySol: The French Centre for Brassica, Allium & Solanum genetic resources 47 Resources (S2). In press. doi: https://doi.org/10. 46265/genresj.ASZO2413 Bioversity International, International Potato Cen- ter (CIP) (2009). Key access and utiliza- tion descriptors for cultivated potato genetic resources (International Potato Center). url: https: //www.ecpgr.org/fileadmin/bioversity/More pubs/ 1334 Key access and utilization descriptors for cultivated potato genetic resources rev.pdf. Boideau, F., Pelé, A., Tanguy, C., Trotoux, G., Eber, F., Maillet, L., Gilet, M., Lodé-Taburel, M., Huteau, V., Morice, J., Coriton, O., Falentin, C., Delourme, R., Rousseau-Gueutin, M., and Chèvre, A. M. (2021). A Modified Meiotic Recombination in Brassica napus Largely Improves Its Breeding Efficiency. Biol- ogy 10, 771–771. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/ biology10080771 Divaret, I. (1999). Elaboration des bases de la gestion des ressources génétiques d’une collection de choux cultivés (Brassica oleracea L.). Ph.D. thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure Agronomique de Rennes, Rennes. Duval, C. H., Didier, A., Delêtre, M., Omrani, M., Van Issum-Groyer, B., Bertoux, V., and Masson, F. (2023). French national coordination for conservation of plant genetic resources and their wild relatives: focus on horticultural species. Acta Hortic 1384, 199–206. doi: https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2023.1384.26 Esnault, F., Pellé, R., Dantec, J. P., Bérard, A., Paslier, M. C. L., and Chauvin, J. E. (2016). Development of a potato cultivar (Solanum tuberosum L.) core collection, a valuable tool to prospect genetic variation for novel traits. Potato Research 59, 329–343. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11540-016-9332-x Esnault, F., Richer, V., Bousseau, M., Cann, M. P., Chauvin, J. E., Dantec, M. A., Delourme, R., Doré, S., Glory, P., Kerlan, M. C., Kermarrec, M. P., Laperche, A., Ven, L. A. L., Lodé-Taburel, M., Manzanares- Dauleux, M. J., Paillard, S., Pellé, R., Porhel, J., Rousseau-Gueutin, M., Souchet, C., Théréné, S., and Chèvre, A. M. (2023). The INRAE Biological Resource Center ‘BrACySol’: a French centre of valuable genetic resources to address major issues faced by potato and oilseed rape crops. Acta Hortic 1384, 71–76. doi: https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2023.1384.9 Esnault, F., Solano, J., Perretant, M., Hervé, M., Label, A., Pellé, R., Dantec, J. P., Boutet, G., Brabant, P., and Chauvin, J. E. (2014). Genetic diversity analysis of a potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) collection including Chiloé Island landraces and a large panel of worldwide cultivars. Plant Genetic Resources: Characterization and Utilization 12(1), 74–82. doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1479262113000300 EU (2016). Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 of the European Parliament of the Council of 26 October 2016 on protective measures against pests of plants. url: https: //eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2016/2031/oj. Falentin, C., Hadj-Arab, H., Aissiou, F., Bartoli, C., Bazan, G., Boudet, M., Bousset-Vaslin, L., Chouikhi, M., Coriton, O., Deniot, G., De Carvalho, J. F., Gay, L., Geraci, A., Glory, P., Huteau, V., Ilahy, R., Ilardi, V., Jarillo, J. A., Meglič, V., Oddo, E., Pernas, M., Piñeiro, M., Pipan, B., Rhim, T., Richer, V., Rizza, F., Ronfort, J., Rousseau-Gueutin, M., Schicchi, R., Sinkovič, L., Taburel, M., Terzi, V., Théréné, S., Tiret, M., Tlili, I., Wagner, M. H., Badeck, F. W., and Chèvre, A. M. (2024). Combined cytogenetic and molecular methods for taxonomic verification and description of Brassica populations deriving from different origins. Genetic Resources 5(9), 61–71. doi: https://doi.org/ 10.46265/genresj.RYAJ6068 FAO (2001). International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. url: https://www. fao.org/plant-treaty/overview/en/. Gan, S. D. and Patel, K. R. (2013). Enzyme immunoassay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 133, 12–12. doi: https: //doi.org/10.1038/jid.2013.287 Hawkes, J. G. (1990). The potato: Evolution, Biodiver- sity and Genetic Resources (London: Belhaven Press). IBPGR (1990). Descriptors for Brassica and Raphanus (Rome: International Board for Plant Genetic Resources). url: https://hdl.handle.net/10568/ 72822. IPGRI, ECPGR, AVRDC (2001). Descriptors for Allium (Allium spp.) (International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome, Italy ; European Coop- erative Programme for Crop Genetic Resources Networks (ECP/GR); Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center, Taiwan). url: https: //www.ecpgr.org/fileadmin/bioversity/publications/ pdfs/728 Descriptors for Allium Allium spp. .pdf. ISO (2015). ISO 9001:2015 Quality management systems — Requirements (Edition 5, 2015). Kerlan, M. C., Pellé, R., Dantec, J. P., Gaunand, A., Chauvin, L., Esnault, F., and Chauvin, J. E. (2017). From genetic resources to new potato varieties: a collaborative work between INRAE and French breeders. EUCARPIA Genetic Resources, Crop Diversification in a Changing World. Kim, H. H., Yoon, J. W., Park, Y. E., Cho, E. G., Sohn, J. K., Kim, T. S., and Engelmann, F. (2006). Cryopreservation of potato cultivated varieties and wild species: Critical factors in droplet vitrification. Cryo-letters 27(4), 223–234. Kumar, V., Paillard, S., Fopa-Fomeju, B., Falentin, C., Deniot, G., Baron, C., Vallée, P., Manzanares-Dauleux, M. J., and Delourme, R. (2018). Multi-year linkage and association mapping confirm the high number of genomic regions involved in oilseed rape quantitative resistance to blackleg. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 131(8), 1627–1643. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/ s00122-018-3103-9 Leuenberger, J., Esnault, F., Lebas, P. L., Fournet, S., Cann, M. P., Marhadour, S., Prodhomme, C., Pilet- Nayel, M. L., and Kerlan, M. C. (2024a). Identification by GWAS of marker haplotypes relevant to breed https://doi.org/10.46265/genresj.ASZO2413 https://doi.org/10.46265/genresj.ASZO2413 https://www.ecpgr.org/fileadmin/bioversity/More_pubs/1334_Key_access_and_utilization_descriptors_for_cultivated_potato_genetic_resources_rev.pdf https://www.ecpgr.org/fileadmin/bioversity/More_pubs/1334_Key_access_and_utilization_descriptors_for_cultivated_potato_genetic_resources_rev.pdf https://www.ecpgr.org/fileadmin/bioversity/More_pubs/1334_Key_access_and_utilization_descriptors_for_cultivated_potato_genetic_resources_rev.pdf https://www.ecpgr.org/fileadmin/bioversity/More_pubs/1334_Key_access_and_utilization_descriptors_for_cultivated_potato_genetic_resources_rev.pdf https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10080771 https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10080771 https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2023.1384.26 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11540-016-9332-x https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2023.1384.9 https://doi.org/10.1017/S1479262113000300 https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2016/2031/oj https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2016/2031/oj https://doi.org/10.46265/genresj.RYAJ6068 https://doi.org/10.46265/genresj.RYAJ6068 https://www.fao.org/plant-treaty/overview/en/ https://www.fao.org/plant-treaty/overview/en/ https://doi.org/10.1038/jid.2013.287 https://doi.org/10.1038/jid.2013.287 https://hdl.handle.net/10568/72822 https://hdl.handle.net/10568/72822 https://www.ecpgr.org/fileadmin/bioversity/publications/pdfs/728_Descriptors_for_Allium__Allium_spp._.pdf https://www.ecpgr.org/fileadmin/bioversity/publications/pdfs/728_Descriptors_for_Allium__Allium_spp._.pdf https://www.ecpgr.org/fileadmin/bioversity/publications/pdfs/728_Descriptors_for_Allium__Allium_spp._.pdf https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-018-3103-9 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-018-3103-9 48 Esnault et al Genetic Resources (2025), (S2), 41–48 potato for Globodera pallida resistance. Theoretical and Applied Genetics. In press. Leuenberger, J., Sharma, S. K., Mclean, K., Pellé, R., Bérard, A., Lesage, M. L., Porhel, D., Dantec, M. A., Chauvin, J. E., Bryan, G. J., Pilet-Nayel, M. L., Kerlan, M. C., and Esnault, F. (2024b). A genomic dataset integrating genotyping-by-sequencing, SolCAP array and PCR marker data on tetraploid potato advanced breeding lines. Frontiers in Plant Science 15. doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2024.1384401 Missinou, A. A., De Carvalho, J. F., Marnet, N., Delhaye, T., Hamzaoui, O., Sayed, D., Guitton, Y., Lebreton, L., Langrume, C., Laperche, A., Delourme, R., Manzanares-Dauleux, M. J., Bouchereau, A., and Gravot, A. (2022). Identification and quantification of glucosinolates and phenolics in a large panel of Brassica napus highlight valuable genetic resources for chemical ecology and breeding. Journal of Agricultural and food chemistry. doi: https://doi.org/ 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c08118 Souchet, C., Dantec, M. A., Ven, L. A. L., Goff, L., Porhel, I., Esnault, J., and F (2024). Evaluation of a cryopreservation method for virus elimination in potato. 22nd EAPR Triennial conference, Oslo, Norway, July 7-12, Book of abstract (Oslo, Norway) 153p. Spanoghe, M., Marique, T., Nirsha, A., Esnault, F., and Lanterbecq, D. (2022). Genetic diversity trends in the cultivated potato: a spatiotemporal overview. Biology 11, 604–604. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/ biology11040604 Wagner, M. H., Äıssiou, F., Badeck, F. W., Deniot, G., Ducournau, S., Dupont, A., Falentin, C., Gay, L., Geraci, A., Glory, P., Hadj-Arab, H., José, A. J., Meglic, V., Morcia, C., Pipan, B., Sinkovic, L., Oddo, E., Pernas, M., Pineiro, M., Richer, V., Rizza, F., Ronfort, J., Schicchi, R., Terzi, V., and Chèvre, A. M. (2023). Genetic diversity in Mediterranean Brassica vegetables: seed phenotyping could be useful for sustainable crop production. Acta Hortic 1384, 173– 182. doi: https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2023. 1384.23 https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2024.1384401 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.1c08118 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.1c08118 https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11040604 https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11040604 https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2023.1384.23 https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2023.1384.23 Introduction Description of the collections Brassica collection Solanum collection Allium collection Associated data Distribution service Partnership activities Network and Working Group participation Conclusion Acknowledgements Author contributions Conflict of interest statement