www.geologia-croatica.hr Journal of the Croatian Geological Survey and the Croatian Geological Society 2024 | 77/2 | 69–83 | 12 Figs. | 4 Supplements | 1. INTRODUCTION The Upper Miocene sandstones of the North Croatian Basin are major hydrocarbon reservoirs not only in Croatia but also in large parts of the Pannonian Basin. These rocks play a vital role in the energy sector (DOLTON, 2006). Despite decades of exploration, a comprehensive understanding of the sandstones source rocks remains unsatisfactory (e.g., ŠĆAVNIČAR, 1979; MATOŠEVIĆ et al., 2023). This knowledge is crucial for evaluating their potential as reservoir rocks, not only for traditional oil and gas exploration but also for emerging technologies such as carbon capture, utilization, storage, and geothermal energy initiatives (e.g., SNEIDER, 1990; HORVÁTH et al., 2015; MACENIĆ et al., 2020; ALCALDE et al., 2019; TUSCHL et al., 2022). The composition of the hinterland source rocks influences sedimentary deposits in a basin (BHATIA, 1983; PETTIJOHN et al., 1987; GARZANTI, 2016, 2019), shaping sediment behaviour during burial diagenesis and impacting petrophysical parameters including porosity and permeability. Provenance analysis is integral to assessing reservoir development and quality (WORDEN et al., 1997, 2018; WORDEN & BURLEY, The Alps as the main source of sand for the Late Miocene Lake Pannon (Pannonian Basin, Croatia) Mario Matošević1,*, Eduardo Garzanti2, Sanja Šuica1, Danilo Bersani3, Frane Marković4, Ivan Razum5, Anita Grizelj6, Krešimir Petrinjak6, Marijan Kovačić4 and Davor Pavelić7 1 INA – Oil Company, Plc., Exploration & Production, Field Development, Exploration & Production Laboratory, Lovinčićeva 4, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (*corresponding author: mario.matosevic@ina.hr) 2 University of Milano-Bicocca, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Laboratory for Provenance Studies, 20126 Milano, Italy 3 University of Parma, Department of Mathematical, Physical and Computer Science, 43124 Parma, Italy 4 University of Zagreb, Faculty of Science, Department of Geology, Division of Mineralogy & Petrology, Horvatovac 95, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia 5 Croatian Natural History Museum, Demetrova 1, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia 6 Croatian Geological Survey, Department of Geology, Sachsova 2, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia 7 University of Zagreb, Faculty of Mining, Geology and Petroleum Engineering, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia doi: 10.4154/gc.2024.05 Abstract The provenance of the Upper Miocene sandstones from the Sava and Drava depressions of the North Croatian Basin was investigated using petrographic, geochemical, and heavy mineral analyses, including Raman spectroscopy. The study of these sandstones, which represent important oil and gas reservoirs in Croatia, allowed reconstruction of the Late Miocene source-to-sink model of the Lake Pannon drainage system and the evolution of the southwestern Pannonian Basin. The studied feldspatho-litho-quartzose sandstones consist of a mixture of sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous detritus. Heavy-mineral as- semblages are dominated by almandine-rich garnet with apatite, epidote, tourmaline, rutile, zircon, staurolite, and zoisite, indicative of low to medium-grade metamorphic source rocks. Higher concentrations of Ca and Mg than in the Upper Continental Crust standard (UCC) additionally reflect the abundance of limestone and dolostone rock fragments as well as carbonate cement. Geochemical compositional variations between sandstone samples from the Sava and Drava depressions primarily stem from diagenetic processes. CIX and alpha values indicate only minor weathering. Compositional features indicate an orogenic source located in the Eastern Alps and primarily represented by Austroalpine and Pennin- ic nappes. This research offers a novel perspective to distinguish the Upper Miocene reser- voirs from other sedimentary units within the basin, contributing to a more comprehensive understanding of the regional geological dynamics and supporting future exploration projects also related to energy transition. 2003; LAWAN et al., 2021). Notably, the Upper Miocene sandstones in the North Croatian Basin exhibit porosity values from 10% to over 30% and permeability values from 0.01 to 1000 mD (VRBANAC et al., 2010; NOVAK ZELENIKA et al., 2010; MALVIĆ & VELIĆ, 2011; VELIĆ et al., 2012; KOLENKOVIĆ MOČILAC et al., 2022). This study focuses on the Upper Miocene sandstones derived from the two largest depressions within the North Croatian Basin – the Sava and Drava depressions (PAVELIĆ & KOVAČIĆ, 2018). The research delves into the geological history of the vast expanse of Lake Pannon, formed by the isolation of the Central Paratethys from the Late Miocene to the Early Pliocene (STEININGER & RÖGL, 1979; BÁLDI, 1980; RÖGL & STEININGER, 1983; RÖGL, 1998; MAGYAR et al., 1999; HARZHAUSER et al., 2007; PILLER et al., 2007; HARZHAUSER & MANDIC, 2008; KOVÁČ et al., 2017, 2018; MAGYAR, 2021). The Miocene epoch in the investigated region, linked with the dynamic history of the Central Paratethys, witnessed the formation of the Pannonian Basin in the Early Miocene due to the subduction of the Eurasian plate beneath the African plate, Article history: Manuscript recieved: December 29, 2023 Revised manuscript accepted: February 2, 2024 Available online: May 14, 2024 Keywords: Sandstone Reservoirs, Sedimentary Provenance, Heavy Minerals, Geochemical Composition, North Croatian Basin, Late Miocene, Eastern Alps mailto:mario.matosevic@ina.hr G eo lo gi a C ro at ic a 70 Geologia Croatica 77/2 leading to thermal perturbations, crustal weakening, and the basin’s formation as a back-arc sedimentary basin (ROYDEN, 1988; KOVÁČ et al., 1998; PAVELIĆ, 2001; MATENCO & RADIVOJEVIĆ, 2012; HORVÁTH et al., 2015; PAVELIĆ & KOVAČIĆ, 2018). The subsequent evolution witnessed climate shifts, tectonic activity, and the formation of Lake Pannon, where the Upper Miocene sandstones were deposited by cyclic turbiditic currents fed by the progradation of delta systems (BASCH et al., 1995; MAGYAR et al., 1999, 2013; IVKOVIĆ et al., 2000; SAFTIĆ et al., 2003; KOVAČIĆ et al., 2004; KOVAČIĆ & GRIZELJ, 2006; VRBANAC et al., 2010; MALVIĆ & VELIĆ, 2011; SZTANÓ et al., 2013, 2015; BALÁZS, 2017; BALÁZS et al., 2018; SEBE et al., 2020; ANĐELKOVIĆ & RADIVOJEVIĆ, 2021; ŠPELIĆ et al., 2023). The primary contributor of detrital material to the Pannonian Basin can be traced back to the Alpine-Carpathian source region (e.g., KUHLEMANN et al., 2002). This is particularly evident in the ALCAPA tectonic mega-unit within the Eastern Alps and Western Carpathians – the region mostly comprising Mesozoic carbonates, Proterozoic to Palaeozoic low to medium-grade metamorphic rocks, and Palaeozoic granitoids (e.g., ASCH, 2003; SCHMID et al., 2008, 2020; MATOŠEVIĆ et al., 2023). Predominant transport trajectories align with W/NW to E/SE patterns in the Croatian and Hungarian sectors of the basin (IVKOVIĆ et al., 2000; SAFTIĆ et al., 2003; KOVAČIĆ et al., 2004; KOVAČIĆ & GRIZELJ, 2006; MAGYAR et al., 2013; SEBE et al., 2020). However, in the Serbian sector (SE tip of the Pannonian Basin) a smaller opposite SE to NW source-to-sink system from the Southern Carpathians was identified (RADIVOJEVIĆ et al., 2022). Selected publications addressing diverse sediments in the Pannonian Basin and adjacent basins include KOVAČIĆ (2004), GRIZELJ et al. (2011, 2017), as well as more recent studies by ARATÓ et al. (2021), AMOROSI et al. (2022), and MATOŠEVIĆ et al. (2023), offer valuable insight for comparative analysis. This facilitates assessment of the provenance of the Upper Miocene sandstones and aids understanding of the geological dynamics involved in the North Croatian Basin and its broader regional context during the Late Miocene. This study thoroughly examines the petrographic, heavy- mineral, and geochemical composition of the Upper Miocene sandstones to reveal the nature of their source rocks, assesses the degree of weathering, traces detrital pathways, unravels mixing processes, and aids comprehension of the final mechanisms of deposition in the basin. These results will enhance future exploration and correlation of the Upper Miocene sandstones in the North Croatian Basin and the wider area of the Pannonian Basin and help in modeling and calibration of compositional data, incorporating methodologies including well-log and seismic interpretation. 2. GEOLOGICAL BACKGROUND The North Croatian Basin is an elongated extensional basin covering ~32,000 km2 in northern Croatia and belonging to the Pannonian Basin, surrounded by the Alps, Carpathians, and Dinaride mountains (Fig. 1A). The North Croatian Basin is characterized by various depressions and sub-depressions, with the Sava depression in the south and the Drava depression in the north being the largest (PAVELIĆ & KOVAČIĆ, 2018; Fig. 1B). The basin is filled by Lower to Upper Miocene age strata, deposited in a range of sedimentary environments, including marine, brackish, and freshwater (PAVELIĆ, 2001; LUČIĆ et al., 2001; SAFTIĆ et al., 2003; PAVELIĆ & KOVAČIĆ, 2018), resting unconformably on tectonized Palaeozoic to Palaeogene units (e.g., PAMIĆ, 1986, 1999; ŠUICA et al., 2022a, b). The Miocene epoch in the Pannonian Basin is closely associated with the dynamic history of Central Parathetys, which repeatedly connected and disconnected with the open ocean until it was definitively isolated at ~11.6 Ma (STEININGER & RÖGL, 1979; BÁLDI, 1980; RÖGL & STEININGER, 1983; RÖGL, 1998; MAGYAR et al., 1999; HARZHAUSER et al., 2007; PILLER et al., 2007; HARZHAUSER & MANDIC, 2008; TER BORGH et al., 2013; KOVÁČ et al., 2017, 2018; MAGYAR, 2021). The Pannonian Basin formed in the Early Miocene in connection with the subduction of the Eurasian plate beneath the African (Apulian) plate, involving several continental Figure 1. A – Geographical overview of the Pannonian Basin within the Alpine, Carpathian, and Dinaride mountain ranges in Central Europe. B – Spatial representation of the North Croatian Basin, encompassing the Sa- va and Drava depressions, indicating the locations of the Upper Miocene reservoir sandstones extracted from exploration wells. G eologia C roatica 71Matošević et al.: The Alps as the main source of sand for the Late Miocene Lake Pannon (Pannonian Basin, Croatia) fragments and leading to thermal perturbations in the upper mantle, weakening and extension of the crust, and the formation of a back-arc sedimentary basin (ROYDEN, 1988; HORVÁTH, 1993, 1995; KOVÁČ et al., 1998; PAVELIĆ, 2001; MATENCO & RADIVOJEVIĆ, 2012; HORVÁTH et al., 2015; BALÁZS et al., 2016; PAVELIĆ & KOVAČIĆ, 2018). In the initial “syn-rift” phase of Pannonian Basin development, crustal thinning and isostatic subsidence led to the transition from continental to marine environments (ROYDEN, 1988; TARI et al., 1992). In the North Croatian Basin, normal listric faulting (PAVELIĆ, 2001) formed half- grabens and these elongated sub-basins served as main depocentres, while the climate changed from semi-arid to humid, volcanism increased, and marine transgressions and regressions were associated with the activity of normal faults (PAVELIĆ, 2001; BIGUNAC, 2022; PAVELIĆ & KOVAČIĆ, 2018; RUKAVINA et al., 2023). Subsequently, reduced tectonic activity led to lithosphere cooling and subsidence, and the whole Pannonian Basin was isolated from marine influences of the Central Paratethys (“post-rift” phase; ROYDEN, 1988; TARI et al., 1992), leading to the formation of the large and long-lived Lake Pannon (MAGYAR et al., 1999; HARZHAUSER & PILLER, 2007; PILLER et al., 2007; MANDIC et al., 2015). The Upper Miocene sandstones were deposited during this stage as prograding deltas in proximal settings and as turbidites in deeper areas of Lake Pannon (JUHÁSZ, 1994; MAGYAR et al., 1999; IVKOVIĆ et al., 2000; SAFTIĆ et al., 2003; KOVAČIĆ & GRIZELJ, 2006; VRBANAC et al., 2010; MALVIĆ & VELIĆ, 2011; SZTANÓ et al., 2013, 2015; BALÁZS et al., 2018; SEBE et al., 2020; ANĐELKOVIĆ & RADIVOJEVIĆ, 2021; ŠPELIĆ et al., 2023). In the Late Miocene, the North Croatian Basin (as for the whole Pannonian Basin) experienced tectonic quiescence and thermal subsidence, while the surrounding Alpine-Carpathian- Dinaric fold belt underwent uplift and erosion. Along with the prevailing humid climate (SZTANÓ et al., 2013; BALÁZS et al., 2018), this resulted in considerable lake depths and deposition of mainly siliciclastic post-rift sediments reaching a thicknesses of several thousand metres in the central part of the depressions (JUHÁSZ, 1994; IVKOVIĆ et al., 2000; SAFTIĆ et al., 2003; KOVAČIĆ & GRIZELJ, 2006; MALVIĆ & VELIĆ, 2011; VELIĆ et al., 2012; SEBE et al., 2020; MATOŠEVIĆ et al., 2023; ŠPELIĆ et al., 2023). In the Pliocene and Quaternary, the North Croatian Basin underwent structural inversion, strike-slip faulting, counter- clockwise rotation, and uplift of basement blocks leading to the formation of the present-day mountains (JAMIČIĆ, 1995; MÁRTON et al., 1999, 2002; PAVELIĆ, 2001; TOMLJENOVIĆ & CSONTOS, 2001). 3. METHODS A total of 18 samples were carefully selected from exploration wells drilled by INA (Industrija nafte d.d.). Nine cored sandstone samples from six different exploration wells in the Sava depression and nine cored sandstone samples from six different exploration wells in the Drava depression were obtained to ensure the representativeness of the studied reservoir material (Fig. 1B), consistently choosing thick beds without significant sedimentary structures and considering their stratigraphic association validated by biostratigraphic analyses previously conducted by INA. Well-log correlation and seismic interpretation of key regional horizons also provided essential insight for the samples’ selection. 3.1. Petrography and Heavy Minerals Petrographic analyses of the Upper Miocene sandstones from the Sava and Drava depressions, coupled with scanning elec- tron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectro- scopy (EDS) analyses, were conducted, and docu mented by MATOŠEVIĆ et al. (2023). Full and detailed results are provided in the Electronic Supplements, accessible online via Suppl. 1. Sandstone classification is after GARZANTI (2016, 2019). Sandstone samples were crushed into pieces > 5 mm and calcite cement was subsequently dissolved using a 5% acetic acid (CH3COOH) solution, followed by treatment with 15% H2O2 to eliminate organic matter. The processed samples were then sieved, and the more dense grains were separated from the 63-125 µm fraction using sodium polytungstate (SPT; density 2.90 g/cm3), followed by centrifugation at 2500 rpm for 5 minutes. Over 300 transparent heavy minerals (tHM) were counted on each grain mount by the ribbon method (MANGE & MAURER, 1992). Results are provided in Suppl. 2. 3.2. Garnet Raman Spectroscopy The Raman spectra of 104 garnet grains from seven sandstone samples from both the Sava and Drava depressions, encompassing various depth intervals within the same exploration well, were acquired using a Bruker Senterra II confocal Raman microscope. A 532 nm laser with 12 mW output power and a x50 LD objective were employed. Spectra spanning the 50-1410 cm-1 range were recorded using a high- resolution grating with 1200 lines/mm, with acquisition times between 9 and 15 s. Calibration was performed automatically using SureCALTM technology. Peak positions were discerned via Lorentzian curve fitting facilitated by Opus software. The six peaks characteristic of garnets were harnessed as input data for an updated version of the Matlab Routine MIRAGEM (Micro-Raman Garnets Evaluation Method) to estimate the relative abundance of garnet end members (BERSANI et al., 2009; KARAMPELAS et al., 2023). The new version of the software improves the reliability of the results working on a five end members basis (uvarovite is excluded). The complete dataset is provided in Suppl. 3. 3.3. Geochemistry Whole rock chemical analyses on all 18 sandstone samples from the Sava and Drava depression were conducted at Bureau Veritas Mineral Laboratories (Vancouver, Canada) by lithium metaborate/tetraborate fusion and nitric acid digestion. Major elements were quantified using inductively-coupled-plasma emission spectroscopy (ICP-ES) and trace elements by inductively-coupled-plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) (for detailed information on adopted analytical protocol, standards, and precisions see https://acmelab.com). Handling and processing of geochemical data were carried out using GCDkit https://acmelab.com G eo lo gi a C ro at ic a 72 Geologia Croatica 77/2 Figure 2. Thin-sections of the Upper Miocene sandstones from the Sava depression (Plate A): 1 – Main sandy grains and intergranular volume filled with carbonate (calcite) cement (S11, PPL), 2 – The same as 1, under XPL, 3 – Intergranular volume between sandy grains filled with blue-dyed epoxy show- ing primary porosity of the sandstone (S41, PPL), 4 – The same as 3, under XPL; and thin-sections of the Upper Miocene sandstones from the Drava de- pression (Plate B): 1 – Main sandy grains and primary intergranular porosity (intergranular volume filled with blue-dyed epoxy) (D2, PPL), 2 – The same as 1, under XPL, 3 – Intergranular volume between sandy grains filled with carbonate (calcite) cement (D6, PPL), 4 – The same as 3, under XPL. Qz – quartz, Fsp – feldspar, Lm – metamorphic rock fragment, Lv – magmatic rock fragment, Ls – sedimentary rock fragment, Ms – muscovite, Bt – biotite, Tur – tour- maline. PPL = plane-polarized light, XPL = cross-polarized light. G eologia C roatica 73Matošević et al.: The Alps as the main source of sand for the Late Miocene Lake Pannon (Pannonian Basin, Croatia) 4.1 (JANOUŠEK et al., 2006) and the R Provenance package (VERMEESCH et al., 2016). Chemical data are provided in Suppl. 4. 3.4. Statistical Analyses Petrographic, heavy-mineral, and geochemical data carry compositional information stored in ratios between components (AITCHISON, 1986; PAWLOWSKY-GLAHN et al., 2015; VERMEESCH, 2018). Sample space for compositional data is called simplex, defined as: s x x x x x i D x KD D ii D = = [ ] > = ={ }=∑1 2 1 1 0 1 2, ,... , , ,... ; , (1) where K is usually 100. To perform log-ratio transformations and enable data treatment in Euclidian space, we eliminated zero values from the dataset by using Bayesian multiplicative zero replacement (MARTÍN-FERNÁNDEZ et al., 2015). Isometric log-ratio transformation (ILR; EGOZCUE et al., 2003) was used for both heavy-mineral and geochemical data. Heavy-mineral data were transformed through a sequential binary partition (SBP; EGOZCUE & PAWLOWSKY- GLAHN, 2005), by which minerals are continuously split into two groups until all groups consist of one mineral only. Through this procedure, variables (called balances) are constructed as invariant (i.e., they do not change during transport or diagenesis and thus preserve the original source signal; RAZUM et al., 2021, 2023). This was of the utmost importance since the selective dissolution of heavy minerals (HM) is expected and even documented in this particular geological setting (ŠĆAVNIČAR, 1979; MATOŠEVIĆ et al., 2023). 4. RESULTS 4.1. Petrography The studied sandstones are very fine to fine grained (ranging from 80 to 130 µm in the Sava depression and from 100 to 220 µm in the Drava depression), well to moderately-well sorted, and mainly show tangential grain-to-grain contacts (Suppl. 1; Fig. 2A & B). All samples except one are classified as feld- spatho-litho-quartzose carbonaticlastic, with average composi- tion almost identical in the Sava depression (Q50 F14 L36, Lm26 Lv10 Ls64; Suppl. 1; Fig. 3A & B) and in the Drava depression (Q52 F13 L35, Lm26 Lv10 Ls64; Suppl. 1; Fig. 3A & B). Sedimentary grains are virtually all dolostones and limestones (mudstone to packstone or grainstone), with rare chert. Metamorphic rock fragments include mica schist, quartzite, gneiss, slate, and phyllites. Igneous rock fragments include granitoids and altered volcanic glass or tuff. Rip-up clasts also occur. Porosity is mostly primary intergranular (Fig. 2). The intergranular volume may be partially or completely filled by carbonate cement (calcite and ankerite), micrite, small quartz, mica or feldspar grains, phyllosilicates (including detrital and authigenic clay minerals), or even silica cement in the form of quartz overgrowths. 4.2. Heavy Minerals Heavy mineral concentration (HMC) ranges from 0.2% to 9.6% (average: 4.8%) in the Sava depression and from 3.6% to 9.1% (average: 5.5.%) in the Drava depression (STab. 2). The very poor to rich tHM suites (0.1 ≤ tHMC ≤ 5) are garnet- dominated (28-79%, average 59% in the Sava depression, 30- 84%, average 54% in the Drava depression), with apatite (average 15% in the Sava depression, 27% in the Drava depression), epidote (average 10% in the Sava depression but negligible in the Drava depression), tourmaline (2-10% in the Sava depression, 2-15% in the Drava depression), rutile (1-10% in the Sava depression, 3-12% in the Drava depression), and zircon (2% in the Sava depression, 3% in the Drava depression) (Suppl. 2; Fig. 4). Clinozoisite occurs in the Sava depression (average 2%) but is negligible in the Drava depression. Titanite, chloritoid, staurolite, zoisite, brookite, chromite, kyanite, and anatase were also detected (Suppl. 2; Fig. 4). 4.3. Garnet Raman Spectroscopy The studied garnets are mostly pyralspites (Suppl. 3). Alman- dine is the main component in the majority of the analyzed Figure 3. Petrographic classification of the Upper Miocene sandstones from the Sava and Drava depressions presented in the QFL diagram (A) and the LmLvLs diagram (B) according to GARZANTI (2016, 2019). G eo lo gi a C ro at ic a 74 Geologia Croatica 77/2 Figure 4. Heavy mineral association of the Upper Miocene sandstones from the Sava and Drava depressions. A – Anhedral garnet with conchoidal fractures, B-F – Garnet grains showing small to large-scale etch facets due to advanced dissolution, G & H – Apatite grains, I-K – Tourmaline grains, L & M – Rutile grains, N – Zircon, O – Opaque mineral grain, P – Epidote, Q – Clinozoisite, R – Zoisite, S – Chlorite, T – Biotite, U – Titanite, V – Chloritoid, W – Staurolite, X – Chromite, Y – Brookite, Z – Anatase, A’ – Kyanite. Figure 5. Trace element plots of the Upper Miocene sandstones from the Sava depression (A) and the Drava depression (B), normalized to the Upper Continental Crust (UCC, TYLOR & McLENNAN, 1985). G eologia C roatica 75Matošević et al.: The Alps as the main source of sand for the Late Miocene Lake Pannon (Pannonian Basin, Croatia) garnets, ranging from ~38 to ~96%. Other components include spessartine (<46%), pyrope (<26%), and grossular (<26%). Spessartine garnet, with spessartine 40-62%, almandine <48%, pyrope <26%, and grossular <14%, is present in most samples although less abundant (12% in the Sava depression, 4% in the Drava depression). 4.4. Geochemistry The studied samples contain 41-63% SiO2, 5.7% to 12% Al2O3 (generally lower in the Drava depression), and 7.6% to 22% CaO (generally higher in the Drava depression) (Suppl. 4). Al2O3 correlates best with Fe2O3 (r 0.94) and K2O (r 0.92), moderately well with Na2O (r 0.64) and TiO2 (r 0.62), weakly with SiO2 (r 0.45), insignificantly with MgO (r 0.20), and negatively with CaO (r -0.75) (STab. 4). In the Drava depression samples, MgO correlates positively with Fe2O3, Al2O3, and TiO2, but negatively with CaO. Mg and Ca are enriched, and Na, K, Al, and Fe depleted relative to the Upper Continental Crust standard (UCC; TAYLOR & MCLENNAN, 1985). The lack of correlation between Ba and K2O and very high Ba content in some samples were observed (Fig. 5). Rare earth element (REE) patterns normalized to chondrite (BOYNTON, 1984; Fig. 6) show light REE enrichment (Lacn/Ybcn 8.1-9.6 for the Sava depression and 7.7-8.9 for the Drava depression) and a distinct negative Eu anomaly (Eu/Eu* 0.64-0.78 for the Sava depression and 0.62-0.74 for the Drava depression; Suppl. 4). In the case of sandstones with very high carbonate content, the CIA index (NESBITT & YOUNG, 1982) widely used to assess weathering effects in sediments, requires a very large correction for calcium not hosted in silicates. We thus preferred to use the CIX index, a simple modification of the CIA that excludes CaO in the calculation (GARZANTI et al., 2014). Virtually identical CIX values characterize both the Sava and Drava depression sandstones (73-77). The effect of weathering is however far better detangled from other controls if mobile elements (Mg, Ca, Na, K, Tb, Sr, and Ba) are considered one by one. This is done by using alpha indices (αAlE values) − defined as (Al/E) sample / (Al/E) standard (GARZANTI et al., 2013) −, which compare the concentration of any mobile element E with reference to non-mobile Al in our samples versus an appropriately selected standard composition (e.g., UCC). Aluminium, hosted in a wide range of rock-forming minerals with diverse density, shape, and size, including phyllosilicates (concentrated in mud) and feldspars (concentrated in sand), is used as a reference for all elements. Alpha indices are very low for Ca and Mg and low for Sr, whereas they range between 1 for Rb and 1.5 for Na. Figure 6. Rare earth element plots of the Upper Miocene sandstones from the Sava (A) and the Drava (B) depressions, normalized to chondrite accord- ing to BOYNTON (1984). G eo lo gi a C ro at ic a 76 Geologia Croatica 77/2 The Th/U ratio for both depressions ranges from 2.7 to 3.8 (MCLENNAN et al., 1993; Fig. 7A) and the Zr/Sc ratio from 14.9 to 24.1 (MCLENNAN et al., 1993; Fig. 7B). 5. PROVENANCE ANALYSIS The studied Upper Miocene sandstones from the Sava depression and the Drava depression are mostly feldspatho- litho-quartzose carbonaticlastic indicating provenance from cover strata with contribution from metamorphic and igneous rocks (Fig. 2 & Fig. 3). The virtually identical composition of the Sava and Drava depression sandstones indicates they are part of the same sedimentary system with a common dispersal path from source to sink, typical of a recycled orogen (DICKINSON, 1985; Fig. 8). MATOŠEVIĆ et al. (2023) envisaged a provenance from Mesozoic carbonates, Proterozoic to Palaeocene low to medium-grade metamorphic rocks, and Palaeozoic granitoids of the Eastern Alps and Southern Alps, possibly with minor additional detritus from the Western Carpathians, but excluding significant supply from the Dacia tectonic mega-unit of the Eastern and Southern Carpathians or from the Dinarides, although the latter is geographically closer to the North Croatian Basin than the Eastern Alps. This inference is supported by dominant palaeoflow directions from W/NW, as widely indicated by measurements at the outcrops and by the interpretation of seismic profiles in both the Sava depression and the Drava depression (IVKOVIĆ et al., 2000; SAFTIĆ et al., 2003; KOVAČIĆ et al., 2004; KOVAČIĆ & GRIZELJ, 2006; SEBE et al., 2020; ŠPELIĆ et al., 2023). Provenance from metamorphic units of the Eastern Alps is supported by tHM suites dominated by mostly almandine- rich garnet and including chloritoid, biotite, kyanite, epidote, staurolite, and zoisite (Suppl. 2; Fig. 4). Such an assemblage closely resembles that found in modern river sediments sourced from metamorphic rocks of the Eastern Alps, dominated by the ALCAPA (Adria-derived) tectonic mega- unit with the Austroalpine and Peninic nappes (e.g., Drava and Mura; SCHMID et al., 2008, 2020; GARZANTI et al., 2010; ARATÓ et al., 2021; MATOŠEVIĆ et al., 2023). The differential source influence can be attributed mostly to the Upper and Lower Austroalpine basement, as well as the Upper Austroalpine cover (c.f., SCHUSTER et al., 2013; BOUSQUET et al., 2012; MENCIN GALE et al., 2019a, 2019b; HAUKE et al., 2019; JANÁK et al., 2004). Though the moderately high ZTR index (15 ± 8) might indicate significant recycling from older sandstones (HUBERT, 1962; GARZANTI, 2017), in this case, it is primarily attributed to the substantial diagenetic dissolution of unstable HM in the subsurface (Fig. 9). Statistical discrimination of the most prevalent HM in the sandstones from both depressions indicates their shared source (Fig. 9). The almost complete absence of chemically labile ferromagnesian minerals indicates that tHM assemblages were significantly affected by selective intrastratal dissolution, more extensive in the Drava depression, and thus do not represent the original mineral suite. For this reason, we focused on garnet, one mineral that proves to be relatively resistant during burial diagenesis (MORTON & HALLSWORTH, 2007; GARZANTI et al., 2018). According to the classification of MANGE & MORTON (2007), garnet grains in the Upper Miocene sandstones are mostly of Type B (typical of amphibolite-facies metasedimentary rocks and granitoids), with a minority of Type C (found in high-grade metamafic rocks and quartz-biotite gneisses) and Type A minerals (found in granulite-facies metasediments). This is consistent with the garnet variation diagram by AUBRECHT et al. (2009) Figure 7. A – Plot of Th/U versus Th indicating insignificant intensity of weathering for the Upper Miocene sandstones from the Sava and Drava depressions, with values similar to the upper crust, according to McLEN- NAN et al. (1993). B – Plot of Th/Sc versus Zr/Sc indicating negligible influ- ence from sedimentary sorting or recycling for the Upper Miocene sand- stones from the Sava and Drava depressions according to McLENNAN et al. (1993). Figure 8. Tectonic setting discrimination diagram of the Upper Miocene sandstones from the Sava and Drava depressions according to DICKINSON (1985). G eologia C roatica 77Matošević et al.: The Alps as the main source of sand for the Late Miocene Lake Pannon (Pannonian Basin, Croatia) revealing most garnets align within amphibolite-facies conditions (Group 4, 5, 6, and 7; Fig. 10). The geochemical composition of the studied sandstones ref lects the mineralogy of both detrital and authigenic components (e.g., enrichment in CaO and MgO is an effect of the abundance of both detrital and diagenetic calcite, dolomite, and ankerite; Fig. 11). Because of extensive carbonate cement, Ca and Mg are enriched, and Na, K, Al, and Fe depleted relative to the Upper Continental Crust standard (UCC; TAYLOR & MCLENNAN, 1985). Calcite cement is more common in deeper-water sediments especially in the Drava depression, although fully cemented sandstones also occur in shallow-water deposits (MATOŠEVIĆ et al., 2023; Fig. 2). For this reason, limited provenance information can be obtained from geochemical data. The lack of correlation between Ba and K2O, coupled with a very high Ba content in some samples (Fig. 5), reflects the presence of barite identified by SEM-EDS analyses (MATOŠEVIĆ et al., 2023). A comparison of the geochemical signature of the Upper Miocene sandstones in the North Croatian Basin with sediments from neighboring basins in the Po-Adriatic region, particularly focused on elements Figure 9. Discrimination of heavy mineral assemblages in the Upper Miocene sandstones between the Sava and Drava depressions. A – Balance den- drogram illustrating modeled balances (b1 = log ratio of garnet over other heavy minerals, sensitive to selective dissolution; b2 = log ratio of apatite and tourmaline over zircon and rutile, ultra-stable in burial diagenesis but sensitive to selective hydraulic sorting; b3 = log ratio of tourmaline over apa- tite; b4 = log ratio of rutile over zircon; both b3 and b4 include ratios of minerals with the same properties, making them transport- and dissolution- invariant and thus perfect provenance signals). B – Balance b1 is decreasing with depth, indicating instability (selective dissolution) of garnet over oth- er heavy minerals during burial diagenesis. C – Scatterplot of balances b3 and b4, indicating no differences in heavy mineral composition between the Sava and Drava depressions, indicating the same provenance. Figure 10. Composition of garnets in the Upper Miocene sandstones from the Sava and Drava depressions, illustrated in the classification diagram “pyrope (Py)-almandine (Alm)-spessartine (Sp)” according to Aubrecht (2009). A – Garnets from HP/UHP conditions, B – Garnets from granulite and eclogite facies conditions, C1 – Garnets from high amphibolite to granulite facies conditions, C2 – Garnets from amphibolite facies condi- tions, No. 1-7: source rocks of the individual garnets (refer to the original paper for details). G eo lo gi a C ro at ic a 78 Geologia Croatica 77/2 Figure 11. Discrimination of geochemical composition in the Upper Miocene sandstones between the Sava and Drava depressions. A – Compositional biplot explaining over 80% of total data variation, with 50% by the first principal component (PC1). Variable loadings indicate that diagenesis is the key factor in the dataset’s variation, with CaO and MgO showing negative loadings, while other major elements exhibit positive loadings on PC1. B – Ratio of mobile to immobile elements (b1 = ratio of MnO-CaO/Al2O3-TiO2) indicating that the geochemical difference is a result of diagenetic processes. C – Box plot of balances indicating that, when considering only immobile elements (associated with the detrital component, not the cement), there is no difference between the Sava and Drava depressions (b3 = TiO2/Al2O3). D – Linear discrimination based on major oxides. E – Linear discrimination based on rare earth elements. D and E clearly separate the Sava and Drava depressions. However, as previously concluded, this separation results from diagenesis and/or sediment dispersal (i.e., sorting), as indicated by the grain size presented in F. Figure 12. Simplified schematic source-to-sink model of the Upper Miocene sandstones from the North Croatian Basin. This model shows a broader view of the Late Miocene Lake Pannon region. The sediments from the Sava and Drava depressions exhibit virtually identical compositions, suggesting a common source in the Alps during the Late Miocene. Rapid subsidence within the Pannonian Basin facilitated substantial fluvial sediment transfer, potentially via the Palaeo-Sava and/or Palaeo-Drava River systems, from mountains to the lake. However, the connection with the Palaeo-Danube re- mains uncertain. The model is based on insights gleaned from previous studies (e.g., MAGYAR et al., 2013; SZTANÓ et al., 2013; PAVELIĆ & KOVAČIĆ, 2018; SEBE et al., 2020; MATOŠEVIĆ et al., 2023; ŠPELIĆ et al., 2023) and the findings of this research. It is important to note that the model represents a simpli- fied overview in the Late Miocene, and possible islands and underwater elevations in the lake are not outlined. G eologia C roatica 79Matošević et al.: The Alps as the main source of sand for the Late Miocene Lake Pannon (Pannonian Basin, Croatia) such as Ni, Cr, or V diagnostic of mafic-ultramafic source rocks (e.g., MCLENNAN et al., 1993; AMOROSI et al., 2022), indicates a close affinity with river sediments derived from the Eastern Alps rather than the Dinarides or the Carpathians. The similar CIX and alpha values suggest only minor weathering effects. Very low alpha indices for Ca and Mg and low values for Sr reflect the abundance of carbonates, whereas the range between 1 for Rb and 1.5 for Na indicates a very low weathering intensity. Furthermore, the Th/U ratio analysis also dismisses the presence of significant weathering processes (MCLENNAN et al., 1993; Fig. 7A). Similarly, the Zr/Sc ratio indicates the inconsequential impact of sedimentary sorting or recycling (MCLENNAN et al., 1993; Fig. 7B), aligning with findings from prior research by MATOŠEVIĆ et al. (2023). During the Late Miocene, the Eastern Alps underwent significant uplift concurrent with the rapid subsidence of the Pannonian Basin, thus creating the conditions for massive fluvial sediment transfer from the mountains to the basin (Fig. 12). Previous investigations in the North Croatian Basin are consistent with this scenario (ŠĆAVNIČAR, 1979; IVKOVIĆ et al., 2000; SAFTIĆ et al., 2003; KOVAČIĆ, 2004; KOVAČIĆ et al., 2004, 2011; KOVAČIĆ & GRIZELJ, 2006; GRIZELJ et al., 2007, 2017; PAVELIĆ & KOVAČIĆ, 2018; ŠPELIĆ et al., 2023). The virtually identical detrital signatures in the Sava depression and the Drava depression indicate that the two depressions were connected within Lake Pannon during the Late Miocene, being part of the same dispersal system, possibly represented by the Palaeo-Sava and/or Palaeo-Drava rivers (Fig. 12). The connection with the Palaeo-Danube remains uncertain (MAGYAR et al., 2013; SEBE et al., 2020) and in need of further provenance studies from the Hungarian part of the Pannonian Basin. 6. CONCLUSIONS The Upper Miocene feldspatho-litho-quartzose carbonaticlastic sandstones from the Sava and Drava depressions, that belong to the North Croatian Basin, include limestone, dolostone, mica schist, quartzite, gneiss, phyllite, and granitoid rock fragments. Generally poor to moderately poorly preserved, transparent heavy-mineral assemblages are dominated by almandine-rich garnet, associated with epidote, staurolite, and zoisite sourced from low to medium-grade metamorphic source rocks. The low tHMC index with a lack of ferromagnesian minerals and moderate amounts of durable zircon, tourmaline, and rutile, indicate the significant effects of selective diagenetic dissolution and of the addition of detritus recycled from older siliciclastic deposits. Integrated petrographic, heavy-mineral, garnet Raman spectroscopic, and geochemical signatures concur to indicate a major provenance from the Eastern Alps orogenic belt including the sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous rocks of the Austroalpine and Penninic nappes. The Late Miocene uplift of the Alps and subsidence of the Pannonian Basin created the conditions that led to massive fluvial sediment transfer from the orogen into Lake Pannon. The strikingly similar detrital signatures observed in both the Sava and Drava depressions suggest their shared origin within the lake’s depositional setting, characterized by the same sediment-dispersal system associated possibly with Palaeo-Sava and/or Palaeo-Drava rivers, following mainly the NW to SE transport direction of detritus, which is also characteristic of the progradation system of the Palaeo-Danube but opposite to the system in the SE part of the basin (RADIVOJEVIĆ et al., 2022). These insights, crucial for a better understanding of sedimentary processes and the geological evolution of the Pannonian Basin, offer a novel perspective to distinguish the Upper Miocene reservoirs from other sedimentary units within the basin and provide valuable information for the industry, i.e., future resource exploration and development also related to energy transition and environmental sustainability. Despite the basin’s extensive exploration history, the reservoir properties of the sandstones remained relatively unexplored, highlighting the significance of this study - the delineation of mineralogical and geochemical signatures enables improved reservoir characterization, facilitating chemo-stratigraphic assessment and prognosticative modeling in the subsurface. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Mario Matošević’s PhD scholarship is supported by the Faculty of Mining, Geology and Petroleum Engineering, University of Zagreb. The research forms part of the SEDBAS project funded by the Croatian Science Foundation (IP-2019- 04-7042). We extend our gratitude to the International Association of Sedimentologists (IAS) for facilitating geochemical analyses through their support via the IAS Postgraduate Research Grant. Special appreciation is expressed to INA (Industrija nafte d.d.) for essential contribution to the research. Our thanks also go to Ljiljana KIRIN for assisting with sample preparation and Adaleta PERKOVIĆ for assisting with graphical representations. The authors acknowledge the valuable input from reviewers, Dejan RADIVOJEVIĆ and an anonymous reviewer, whose constructive comments helped us to significantly improve the effectiveness of the manuscript. Publication process is supported by the Development Fund of the Faculty of Mining, Geology and Petroleum Engineering, University of Zagreb. REFERENCES AITCHISON, J. (1986): The Statistical Analysis of Compositional Data.– Cha- pman and Hall, London, 416 p. doi: 10.1007/978-94-009-4109-0 ALCALDE, J., HEINEMANN, N., MABON, L., WORDEN, R.H., DE CO- NINCK, H., ROBERTSON, H., MAVER, M., GHANBARI, S., SWENNENHUIS, F., MANN, I., WALKER, T., GOMERSAL, S., BOND, C.E., ALLEN, M.J., HASZELDINE, R.S., JAMES, A., MAC- KAY, E.J., BROWNSORT, P.A., FAULKER, D.R. & MURPHY, S. (2019): Acorn: Developing full-chain industrial carbon capture and sto- rage in a resource- and infrastructure-rich hydrocarbon province.– Jo- urnal of Cleaner Production, 233, 963–971. doi: 10.1016/j.jcanle- pro.2019.06.087 AMOROSI, A., SAMMARTINO, I., DINELLI, E., CAMPO, B., GUERCIA, T., TRINCARDI, F. & PELLEGRINI, C. (2022): Provenance and sedi- ment dispersal in the Po-Adriatic source-to-sink system unraveled by bulk-sediment geochemistry and its linkage to catchment geology.– Ear- th-Science Reviews, 104202. doi: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2022.104202 ANĐELKOVIĆ, F. & RADIVOJEVIĆ, D. (2021): The Serbian Lake Pannon formations - their significance and interregional correlation.– Geološki anali Balkanskog poluostrva, 82/2, 43–67. doi: 10.2298/GAB- P210420007A G eo lo gi a C ro at ic a 80 Geologia Croatica 77/2 ARATÓ R., OBBÁGY, G., DUNKL, I., JÓZSA, S., LÜNSDORF, K., SZE- PESI, J., MOLNÁR, K., BENKÓ, Z. & VON EYNATTEN, H. (2021): Multi-method comparison of modern river sediments in the Pannonian Basin System – A key step towards understanding the provenance of se- dimentary basin-fill.– Global and Planetary Change, 199, 103446. doi: 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2021.103446 ASCH, K. (2003): The 1:5 million international geological map of Europe and adjacent areas: development and implementation of a GIS-enabled con- cept.– Geological Yearbook, SA 3, BGR, Hannover, 172 p. AUBRECHT, R., MERES, Š., SYKORA, M. & MIKUŠ, T. (2009): Provenan- ce of the detrital garnets and spinels from the Albian sediments of the Czorsztyn Unit (Pieniny Klippen Belt, Western Carpathians, Slovakia).– Geologica Carpathica, 60/6, 463–483. doi: 10.2478/v10096-009-0034-z BALÁZS, A., MATENCO, L., MAGYAR, I., HORVÁTH, F. & CLOE TINGH, S. (2016): The link between tectonics and sedimentation in back-arc basins: New genetic constraints from the analysis of the Pannonian Basin.– Tectonics, 35, 1526–1559. doi: 10.1002/2015TC004109 BALÁZS, A. (2017): Dynamic model for the formation and evolution of the Pannonian Basin: The link between tectonics and sedimentation.– Utre- cht Stud. Earth Sciences, 132, 153. BALÁZS, A., MAGYAR, I., MATENCO, L., SZTANÓ, O., TŐKÉS, L. & HORVÁTH, F. (2018): Morphology of a large Palaeo-lake: Analysis of compaction in the Miocene-Quaternary Pannonian Basin.– Global and Planetary Change, 171, 134–147. doi: 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2017.10.012 BÁLDI, T. (1980): A korai Paratethys története.– Földtani Közlöny, 110, 456–472. BASCH, O., PAVELIĆ, D. & BAKRAČ, K. (1995): Gornjopontski facijesi sjevernog krila Konjšćinske sinklinale kod Huma Zabočkog (Hrvatsko Zagorje).– In: VLAHOVIĆ, I., VELIĆ, I. & ŠPARICA, M. (eds.): First Croatian geological congress, Proceedings. Institute of Geology, Croa- tian Geological society, Zagreb, 57–61. BERSANI, D., ANDÒ, S., VIGNOLA, P., MOLTIFIORI, G., MARINO, I.G., LOTTICI, P.P. & DIELLA, V. (2009): Micro-Raman spectroscopy as a routine tool for garnet analysis. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 73/3, 484–491. doi: 10.1016/j. saa.2008.11.033 BHATIA, M. (1983): Plate tectonics and geochemical composition of sand- stones.– The Journal of Geology, 91, 611–627. doi: 10.1086/628815 BHATIA, M. & CROOK, K.A.W. (1986): Trace element characteristicsof graywackes and tectonic setting discrimination of sedimentary basins. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 92, 181–193. BIGUNAC, D. (2022): Depositional environments and subsurface settings of the Lower Miocene sediments in the Slavonia-Srijem, Drava and Sava Depressions.– Dissertation, Faculty of mining, geology and petroleum engineering, University of Zagreb. BOUSQUET, R., OBERHÄNSLI, R., SCHMID, S.M., BERGER, A., WIE- DERKEHR, M., ROBERT, C., MÖLLER, A., ROSENBERG, C., KOLLER, F., MOLLI, G. & ZEILINGER, G. (2012): Metamorphic fra- mework of the Alps.– Comision for the Geological Map of the World (CCGM/CGMW). BOYNTON, W.V. (1984): Cosmochemistry of the Rare Earth Elements: Me- teorite Studies.– In: HENDERSON P. (ed.): Rare Earth Element Geoc- hemistry.– Elsevier, Amsterdam, 63–114. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-444- 42148-7.50008-3 DICKINSON, W.R. (1985): Interpreting provenance relations from detrital modes of sandstones.– In: ZUFFA G.G. (ed.): Provenance of arenites.– Reidel, Dordrecht, NATO ASI Series, 148, 333–361. doi: 10.1007/978- 94-017-2809-6_15 DOLTON, L.G. (2006): Pannonian Basin Province, Central Europe (Province 4808) – Petroleum geology, total petroleum systems, and petroleum re- source assessment.– U.S. Geological Survey, Bulletin 2204-B. doi: 10.3133/b2204B EGOZCUE, J.J., PAWLOWSKY-GLAHN, V., MATEU-FIGUERAS, G. & BARCELO-VIDAL, C. (2003): Isometric Logratio Transformations for Compositional Data Analysis.– Mathematical Geology, 35/3, 279–300. doi: 10.1023/A:1023818214614 EGOZCUE, J.J. & PAWLOWSKY-GLAHN, V. (2005): CoDa-dendrogram: A new exploratory tool.– In: Compositional Data Analysis Workshop – CoDaWork’05, Proceedings, 1–10. GARZANTI, E., RESENTINI, A., VEZZOLI, G., ANDÒ, S., MALUSÀ, M.G., PADOAN, M. & PAPARELLA, P. (2010): Detrital fingerprints of fossil continental-subduction zones (Axial Belt Provenance, European Alps).– The Journal of Geology, 118/4, 341–362. doi: 10.1086/652720 GARZANTI, E., PADOAN, M., ANDÒ, S., RESENTINI, A., VEZZOLI, G. & LUSTRINO, M. (2013): Weathering and relative durability of detrital minerals in equatorial climate: sand petrology and geochemistry in the East African Rift.– The Journal of Geology, 121/6, 547–580. doi: 10.1086/673259 GARZANTI, E., PADOAN, M., SETTI, M., LÓPEZ-GALINDO, A. & VI- LLA, I.M. (2014): Provenance versus weathering control on the compo- sition of tropical river mud (southern Africa).– Chemical Geology, 366, 61–74. doi: 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2013.12.016 GARZANTI, E. (2016): From static to dynamic provenance analysis – Sedi- mentary petrology upgraded.– In: CARACCIOLO, L., GARZANTI, E., VON EYNATTEN, H. & WELTJE, G.J. (eds.): Sediment generation and provenance: processes and pathways.– Sedimentary Geology, 336, 3–13. doi: 10.1016/j.sedgeo.2015.07.010 GARZANTI, E. (2017): The maturity myth in sedimentology and provenance analysis.– Journal of Sedimentary Research, 87/4, 353–365. doi: 10.2110/ jsr.2017.17 GARZANTI, E., ANDÒ, S., LIMONTA, M., FIELDING, L. & NAJMAN, Y. (2018): Diagenetic control on mineralogical suites in sand, silt, and mud (Cenozoic Nile Delta): Implications for provenance reconstructi- ons.– Earth-Science Reviews, 185, 122–139. doi: 10.1016/j.earsci- rev.2018.05.010 GARZANTI, E. (2019): Petrographic classification of sand and sandstone.– Earth-Science Reviews, 192, 545–563. doi: 10.1016/j.earsci- rev.2018.12.014 GRIZELJ, A., TIBLJAŠ, D. & KOVAČIĆ, M. (2007): Mineralogy and geoc- hemistry of Upper Miocene pelitic sediments of Zagorje Basin (Croatia): Implications for evolution of Pannonian Basin.– Geologica Carpathica, 58/3, 263–276. GRIZELJ, A., TIBLJAŠ, D., KOVAČIĆ, M. & ŠPANIĆ, D. (2011): Diagenesis of Miocene pelitic sedimentary rocks in the Sava Depression (Croatia).– Clay Minerals, 46/1, 59–72. doi: 10.1180/claymin.2011.046.1.59 GRIZELJ, A., PEH, Z., TIBLJAŠ, D., KOVAČIĆ, M. & KUREČIĆ, T. (2017): Mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of Miocene pelitic sedi- mentary rocks from the south-western part of the Pannonian Basin System (Croatia): Implications for provenance studies.– Geoscience Frontiers, 8/1, 65–80. doi: 10.1016/j.gsf.2015.11.009 HARZHAUSER, M., LATAL, C. & PILLER, W. (2007): The stable isotope archive of Lake Pannon as a mirror of Late Miocene climate change.– Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 249, 335–350. doi: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2007.02.006 HARZHAUSER, M. & PILLER, W.E. (2007): Benchmark data of a changing sea – palaeogeography, palaeobiogeography and events in the Central Paratethys during the Miocene.– Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 253, 8–31. doi: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2007.03.031 HARZHAUSER, M. & MANDIC, M. (2008): Neogene lake systems of the Central and South-Eastern Europe – faunal diversity, gradients and in- terrelations.– Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 260, 417–434. doi: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2007.12.013 HAUKE, M., FROITZHEIM, N., NAGEL, T.J., MILADINOVA, I., FA- SSMER, K., FONSECA, R.O.C., SPRUNG, P. & MÜNKER, C. (2019): Two high-pressure metamorphic events, Variscan and Alpine, dated by Lu–Hf in an eclogite complex of the Austroalpine nappes (Schobergru- ppe, Austria).– International Journal of Earth Sciences (Geol Runds- ch), 108, 1317–1331. doi: 10.1007/s00531-019-01708-8 HORVÁTH, F. (1993): Towards a mechanical model for the formation of the Pannonian Basin.– Tectonophysics, 226, 333–357. doi: 10.1016/0040- 1951(93)90126-5 https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00531-019-01708-8#auth-Carsten-M_nker-Aff3 G eologia C roatica 81Matošević et al.: The Alps as the main source of sand for the Late Miocene Lake Pannon (Pannonian Basin, Croatia) HORVÁTH, F. (1995): Phases of compression during the evolution of the Panno- nian Basin and its bearing on hydrocarbon exploration.– Marine and Pe- troleum Geology, 12, 837–844. doi: 10.1016/0264-8172(95)98851-U HORVÁTH, F., MUSITZ, B., BALÁZS, A., VEGH, A., UHRIN, A., NADOR, A., KOROKNAI, B., PAP, N., TOTH, T. & WORUM, G. (2015): Evolu- tion of the Pannonian basin and its geothermal resources.– Geothermics, 53, 328–352. doi: 10.1016/j.geothermics.2014.07.009 HUBERT, J.F. (1962): A zircon-tourmaline-rutile maturity index and the in- terdependence of the composition of heavy mineral assemblages with the gross composition and texture of sandstones.– Journal of Sedimen- tary Research, 323, 440–450. doi: 10.1306/74d70ce5-2b21-11d7- 8648000102c1865d IVKOVIĆ, Ž., MATEJ, S. & ŠKOKO, M. (2000): Seismostratigraphic inter- pretation of Upper Miocene and Pliocene sediments of the Sava depres- sion.– In: VLAHOVIĆ I. & BIONDIĆ R. (eds.): Second Croatian Geo- logical Congress, Proceedings, Zagreb, 219–222. JAMIČIĆ, D. (1995): The role of sinistral strike-slip faults in the formation of the structural fabric of the Slavonian Mts. (Eastern Croatia).– Geologia Croatica, 48, 155–160. JANÁK, M., FROITZHEIM, N., LUPTÁK, B., VRABEC, M. & RAVNA, E.J.K. (2004): First evidence for ultrahigh‐pressure metamorphism of eclogites in Pohorje, Slovenia: Tracing deep continental subduction in the Eastern Alps.– Tectonics, 23/5. doi: 10.1029/2004TC001641 JANOUŠEK, V., FARROW, C.M. & ERBAN, V. (2006): Interpretation of whole-rock geochemical data in igneous geochemistry: Introducing Geochemical Data Toolkit (GCDkit).– Journal of Petrology, 47/6, 1255– 1259. doi: 10.1093/petrology/egl013 JUHÁSZ, GY. (1994): Comparison of the sedimentary sequences in Late Ne- ogene subbasins in the Pannonian Basin, Hungary [Magyarországi neogén medencerészek pannóni ai s.l. üledéksorának összehasonlító elemzése – in Hungarian].– Földtani Közlöny 124/4, 341–365. KARAMPELAS, S., HENNEBOIS, U., BERSANI, D., DELAUNVAY, A. & FRITSCH, E. (2023): Disambiguation of pyrope-rich garnet inclusions in coloured sapphires from Tanzania and identification of other inclusi- ons by Raman spectroscopy.– Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, 54/11, 1213–1219. doi: 10.1002/jrs.6570 KOLENKOVIĆ MOČILAC, I., CVETKOVIĆ, M., SAFTIĆ, B. & RUKAVI- NA, D. (2022): Porosity and permeability model of a regional extending unit (Upper Miocene sandstones of the western part of Sava Depression, Croatia) based on vintage well data.– Energies, 15, 6066. doi: 10.3390/ en15166066 KOVÁČ, M., NAGYMAROSY, A., OSZCZYPKO, N., SLACZKA, A., CSON- TOS, L., MARUNTEANU, M., MATENCO, L. & MÁRTON, M. (1998): Palinspastic reconstruction of the Carpathian - Pannonian region during the Miocene.– In: RAKÚS M. (ed.): Geodynamic Development of the Western Carpathians. Geol. Survey of Slovak Republic, Bratisla- va, 189–217. KOVÁČ, M., MÁRTON, E., OSZCZYPKO, N., VOJTKO, R., HÓK, J., KRÁLIKOVÁ, S., PLAŠIENKA, D., KLUČIAR, T., HUDÁČKOVÁ, N. & OSZCZYPKO-CLOWES, M. (2017): Neogene palaeogeography and basin evolution of the Western Carpathians, Northern Pannonian doma- in and adjoining areas.– Global and Planetary Change, 155, 133–154. doi: 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2017.07.004 KOVÁČ, M., HALÁSOVÁ, E., HUDÁČKOVÁ, N., HOLCOVÁ, K., HYŽNÝ, M., JAMRICH, M. & RUMAN, A. (2018): Towards better correlation of the Central Paratethys regional time scale with the standard geological time scale of the Miocene Epoch.– Geologica Carpathica, 69/3, 283–300. doi: 10.1515/geoca-2018-0017 KOVAČIĆ, M. (2004): Sedimentologija gornjomiocenskih naslaga jugozapad- nog dijela Panonskog bazena [Sedimentology of the upper Miocene de- posits from the south-western part of Pannonian basin – in Croatian wi- th an English Summary].– Unpubl. PhD. Thesis, University of Zagreb, 203 p. KOVAČIĆ, M., ZUPANIČ, J., BABIĆ, L., VRSALJKO, D., MIKNIĆ, M., BAKRAČ, K., HEĆIMOVIĆ, I., AVANIĆ, R. & BRKIĆ, M. (2004): La- custrine basin to delta evolution in the Zagorje Basin, a Pannonian sub-basin (Late Miocene: Pontian, NW Croatia).– Facies, 50/1, 19–33. KOVAČIĆ, M. & GRIZELJ, A. (2006): Provenance of the Upper Miocene clastic material in the southwestern Pannonian Basin.– Geologica Car- pathica, 57, 495–510. KUHLEMANN, J., FRISCH, W., SZÉKELY, B., DUNKL, I. & KÁZMÉR, M. (2002): Post-collisional sediment budget history of the Alps: tectonic versus climatic control.– International Journal of Earth Sciences, 91/5, 818–837. doi: 10.1007/s00531-002-0266-y LAWAN, A.Y., WORDEN, R.H., UTLEY, J.E.P. & CROWLEY, S.F. (2021): Sedimentological and diagenetic controls on the reservoir quality of mar- ginal marine sandstones buried to moderate depths and temperatures: Brent Province, UK North Sea.– Marine and Petroleum Geology, 128, 104993. doi: 10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2021.104993 LUČIĆ, D., SAFTIĆ, B., KRIZMANIĆ, K., PRELOGOVIĆ, E., BRITVIĆ, V., MESIĆ, I. & TADEJ, J. (2001): The Neogene evolution and hydro- carbon potential of the Pannonian Basin in Croatia.– Marine and Petro- leum Geology, 18, 133–147. doi: 10.1016/S0264-8172(00)00038-6 MACENIĆ, M., KUREVIJA, T. & MEDVED, I. (2020): Novel geothermal gradient map of the Croatian part of the Pannonian Basin System based on data interpretation from 154 deep exploration wells.– Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 132, 110069. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2020.110069 MAGYAR, I., GEARY, D.H. & MÜLLER, P. (1999): Palaeogeographic evo- lution of the Late Miocene Lake Pannon in central Europe.– Palaeogeo- graphy, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 147, 151–167. doi: 10.1016/ S0031-0182(98)00155-2 MAGYAR, I., RADIVOJEVIĆ, D., SZTANÓ, O., SYNAK, R., UJSZÁSZI, K. & PÓCSIK, M. (2013): Progradation of the Palaeo-Danube shelf mar- gin across the Pannonian Basin during the Late Miocene and Early Pli- ocene.– Global and Planetary Change, 103, 168–173. doi: 10.1016/j.glo- placha.2012.06.007 MAGYAR, I. (2021): Chronostratigraphy of clinothem-filled non-marine ba- sins: Dating the Pannonian Stage.– Global and Planetary Change, 205, 103609. doi: 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2021.103609 MALVIĆ, T. & VELIĆ, J. (2011): Neogene tectonics in Croatian part of the Pannonian Basin and reflectance in hydrocarbon accumulations.– In: SCHATTNER U. (ed.): New frontiers in tectonic research: At the midst of plate convergence.– Intech, Rijeka, 215–238. MANDIC, O., KUREČIĆ, T., NEUBAUER, T.A. & HARZHAUSER, M. (2015): Stratigraphic and palaeogeographic significance of lacustrine molluscs from the Pliocene Viviparus beds in Central Croatia.– Geolo- gia Croatica, 68, 179–207. doi: 10.4154/GC.2015.15 MANGE, M.A. & MAURER, H.F.W. (1992): Heavy Mineral in Colour. – Cha- pman and Hall, London 147 p. MANGE, M.A & MORTON, A.C. (2007): Geochemistry of heavy minerals.– In: MANGE, M.A & WRIGHT, D.T. (eds): Heavy minerals in use. De- velopments in Sedimentology series, 58, 345–391. doi: 10.1016/S0070- 4571(07)58013-1 MARTÍN-FERNÁNDEZ, J.A., HORN, K., TEMPL, M., FILZMOSER, P. & PALAREA-ALBALADEJO, J. (2015): Bayesian-multiplicative tre- atment of count zeros in compositional data sets.– Statistical Modelling, 15/2, 134–158. doi: 10.1177/1471082X14535524 MÁRTON, E., PAVELIĆ, D., TOMLJENOVIĆ, B., PAMIĆ, J. & MÁRTON, P. (1999): First Palaeomagnetic results on Ternary rocks from the Slavo- nian Mountains in the Southern Pannonian Basin, Croatia.– Geologica Carpathica, 50/3, 273–279. MÁRTON, E., PAVELIĆ, D., TOMLJENOVIĆ, B., AVANIĆ, R., PAMIĆ, J. & MÁRTON, P. (2002): In the wake of a counterclockwise rotating Adriatic microplate: Neogene Palaeomagnetic results from northern Cro- atia.– International Journal of Earth Sciences, 91/3, 514–523. doi: 10.1007/s00531-001-0249-4 MATENCO, L.C. & RADIVOJEVIĆ, D. (2012): On the formation and evolu- tion of the Pannonian Basin: constraints derived from the structure of the junction area between the Carpathians and Dinarides.– Tectonics, 31/6. doi: 10.1029/2012TC003206 G eo lo gi a C ro at ic a 82 Geologia Croatica 77/2 MATOŠEVIĆ, M., MARKOVIĆ, F., BIGUNAC, D., ŠUICA, S., KRIZMA- NIĆ, K., PERKOVIĆ, A., KOVAČIĆ, M. & PAVELIĆ, D. (2023): Petro- graphy of the Upper Miocene sandstones from the North Croatian Basin: Understanding the genesis of the largest reservoirs in the southwestern part of the Pannonian Basin System.– Geologica Carpathica, 74/2, 155– 179. doi: 10.31577/GeolCarp.2023.06 MCLENNAN, S.M., HEMMING, S., MCDANIEL, D.K. & HANSON, G.N. (1993): Geochemical approaches to sedimentation, provenance, and te- ctonics.– Geological Society of America Special Paper, 284, 21–40. doi: 10.1130/SPE284-p21 MENCIN GALE, E., JAMŠEK RUPNIK, P., TRAJANOVA, M., GALE, L., BAVEC, M., ANSELMETTI, F.S. & ŠMUC, A. (2019a): Provenance and morphostratigraphy of the Pliocene-Quaternary sediments in the Celje and Drava-Ptuj Basins (eastern Slovenia).– Geologija, 62/2, 189–218. doi: 10.5474/geologija.2019.009 MENCIN GALE, E., JAMŠEK RUPNIK, P., TRAJANOVA, M., BAVEC, M., ANSELMETTI, F.S. & ŠMUC, A. (2019b): Morphostratigraphy and pro- venance of Plio‐Pleistocene terraces in the south‐eastern Alpine fore- land: the Mislinja and Upper Savinja valleys, northern Slovenia.– Jour- nal of Quaternary Science, 34/8, 633–649. doi: 10.1002/jqs.3156 MORTON, A.C. & HALLSWORTH, C. (2007): Stability of detrital heavy minerals during burial diagenesis.– Developments in sedimentology, 58, 215–245. doi: 10.1016/S0070-4571(07)58007-6 NESBITT, H.W. & YOUNG, G.M. (1982): Early Proterozoic climates and pla- te motions inferred from major element chemistry of lutites.– Nature, 299, 715–717. doi: 10.1038/299715a0 NOVAK ZELENIKA, K., MALVIĆ, T. & GEIGER, J. (2010): Mapping of the Late Miocene sandstone facies using indicator kriging.– Nafta, 61/5, 225–233. PAMIĆ, J. (1986): Magmatic and metamorphic complexes of the adjoining area of the northernmost Dinarides and Pannonian Mass.– Acta Geolo- gica Hungarica, 29, 203–220. PAMIĆ, J. (1999): Kristalinska podloga južnih dijelova Panonskog bazena – temeljena na površinskim i bušotinskim podacima.– Nafta, 50/9, 291–310. PAVELIĆ, D. (2001): Tectonostratigraphic model for the North Croatian and North Bosnian sector of the Miocene Pannonian Basin System.– Basin Research, 13, 359–376. doi: 10.1046/j.0950-091x.2001.00155.x PAVELIĆ, D. & KOVAČIĆ, M. (2018): Sedimentology and stratigraphy of the Neogene rift-type North Croatian Basin (Pannonian Basin System, Cro- atia): A review.– Marine and Petroleum Geology, 91, 455–469. doi: 10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2018.01.026 PAWLOWSKY-GLAHN, V., EGOZCUE, J.J. & LOVELL, D. (2015): Tools for compositional data with a total.– Statistical Modelling, 15/2, 175–190. doi: 10.1177/1471082X14535526 PETTIJOHN, F.J., POTTER, P.E. & SIEVER, R. (1987): Sand and sandsto- ne.– 2nd edition, Springer, New York, 553 p. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4612- 1066-5 PILLER, W., HARZHAUSER, M. & MANDIC, O. (2007): Miocene Central Paratethys stratigraphy – current status and future directions.– Strati- graphy, 4, 151–168. doi: 10.29041/strat.04.2.09 RAZUM, I., LUŽAR-OBERITER, B., ZACCARINI, F., BABIĆ, L., MIKO, S., HASAN, O., ILIJANIĆ, N., BEQIRAJ, E. & PAWLOWSKY- GLAHN, V. (2021): New sediment provenance approach based on ort- honormal log ratio transformation of geochemical and heavy mineral data: Sources of eolian sands from the southeastern Adriatic archipela- go.– Chemical Geology, 583, 120451. doi: 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2021.120451 RAZUM, I., RUBINIĆ, V., MIKO, S., RUŽIČIĆ, S. & DURN, G. (2023): Co- herent provenance analysis of terra rossa from the northern Adriatic ba- sed on heavy mineral assemblages reveals the emerged Adriatic shelf as the main recurring source of siliciclastic material for their formation.– Catena, 226, 107083. doi: 10.1016/j.catena.2023.107083 RÖGL, F. & STEININGER, F.F. (1983): Vom Zerfall der Tethys zu Mediterran und Paratethys. Die Neogene Palaeogeographie und Palinspastik des zir- kum-mediterranen Raumes.– Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museum in Wien, 85 A, 135–163. RÖGL, F. (1998): Palaeogeographic considerations for Mediterranean and Pa- ratethys seaways (Oligocene to Miocene).– Annalen des Naturhistoris- chen Museum in Wien, 99 A, 279–310. ROSER, B.P. & KORSCH, R.J. (1988): Provenance signatures of sandstone- -mudstone suites using discriminant function analysis of major-element dana. Chemical Geology 67, 119–139. ROYDEN, L.H. (1988): Late cenozoic tectonics of the Pannonian Basin System.– In: ROYDEN L.H. & HORVÁTH F. (eds.): The Pannonian Ba- sin: A Study in Basin Evolution. AAPG Memoir, 45, 27–48. doi: 10.1306/ M45474C3 RUKAVINA, D., SAFTIĆ, B., MATOŠ, B., KOLENKOVIĆ MOČILAC, I., PREMEC FUČEK, V. & CVETKOVIĆ, M. (2023): Tectonostratigraphic analysis of the syn-rift infill in the Drvaa Basin, southwestern Pannonian Basin System.– Marine and Petroleum Geology, 152, 106235. doi: 10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2023.106235 SAFTIĆ, B., VELIĆ, J., SZTANÓ, O., JUHÁSZ, GY. & IVKOVIĆ, Ž. (2003): Tertiary subsurface facies, source rocks and hydrocarbon reservoirs in the SW part of the Pannonian Basin (northern Croatia and south-western Hungary).– Geologia Croatica, 56, 101–122. SCHMID, S.M., BERNOULLI, D., FÜGENSCHUH, B., MATENCO, L., SC- HEFER, S., SCHUSTER, R., TISCHLER, M. & USTASZEWSKI, K. (2008): The Alpine-Carpathian-Dinaridic orogenic system: correlation and evolution of tectonic units.– Swiss Journal of Geosciences, 101, 139–183. doi: 10.1007/s00015-008-1247-3 SCHMID, S.M., FÜGENSCHUH, B., KOUNOV, A., MATENCO, L., NIE- VERGELT, P., OBERHÄNSLI, R., PLEUGER, J., SCHEFER, S., SC- HUSTER, R., TOMLJENOVIĆ, B., USTASZEWSKI, K. & VAN HIN- SBERGEN, D.J.J. (2020): Tectonic units of the Alpine collision zone between Eastern Alps and western Turkey.– Gondwana Research, 78, 308–374. doi: 10.1016/j.gr.2019.07.005 ŠĆAVNIČAR, B. (1979): Pješčenjaci pliocena i miocena Savske potoline (Sandstones of the Pliocene and Miocene age in the Sava river depres- sion).– Zbornik radova 3. god. naučni skup Sekcije za primjenu geol. geofiz. geokem. Znan. savjeta za naftu, Novi Sad (1977), 2, 351–382. SCHUSTER, R., KURZ, W., KRENN, K. & FRITZ, H. (2013): Introduction to the Geology of the Eastern Alps.– Berichte de Geologischen Bun- des-Anstalt Wien, 99, 121–133. SEBE, K., KOVAČIĆ, M., MAGYAR, I., KRIZMANIĆ, K., ŠPELIĆ, M., BI- GUNAC, D., SÜTŐ-SZENTAI, M., KOVÁCS, Á., SZUROMI-KORE- CZ, A., BAKRAČ, K., HAJEK-TADESSE, V., TROSKOT-ČORBIĆ, T. & SZTANÓ, O. (2020): Correlation of upper Miocene-Pliocene Lake Pannon deposits across the Drava Basin, Croatia and Hungary.– Geolo- gia Croatica, 73/3, 177–195. doi: 10.4154/gc.2020.12 SNEIDER, R.M. (1990): Reservoir Description of Sandstones.– In: BARWIS J.H., MCPHERSON J.G. & STUDLICK J.R.J. (eds.): Sandstone Petro- leum Reservoirs. Casebooks in Earth Sciences. Springer, New York, 1–3. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4613-8988-0_1 STEININGER, F.F. & RÖGL, F. (1979): The Paratethys history – a contribu- tion towards the Neogene geodynamics of the Alpine Orogene (an ab- stract).– Ann. Géol. Pays Hellén., Tome hors serie, fasc. III, 1153–1165, Athens. SZTANÓ, O., SZAFIÁN, P., MAGYAR, I., HORÁNYI, A., BADA, G., HUG- HES, D.W., HOYER, D.L. & WALLIS, R.J. (2013): Aggradation and progradation controlled clinothems and deepwater sand delivery model in the Neogene Lake Pannon, Makó Trough, Pannonian Basin, SE Hun- gary.– Global and Planetary Change, 103, 149–167. doi: 10.1016/j.glopla- cha.2012.05.026 SZTANÓ, O., SEBE, K., CSILLAG, G. & MAGYAR, I. (2015): Turbidites as indicators of Palaeotopography, Upper Miocene Lake Pannon, Western Mecsek Mountains (Hungary).– Geologica Carpathica, 66, 331–344. doi: 10.1515/geoca-2015-0029 ŠPELIĆ, M., KOVÁCS, Á., SAFTIĆ, B. & SZTANÓ, O. (2023): Competition of deltaic feeder systems reflected by slope progradation: a high-resolu- tion example from the Late Miocene-Pliocene, Drava Basin, Croatia.– International Journal of Earth Sciences, 112, 1023–1041. doi: 10.1007/ s00531-023-02290-w https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Orsolya-Sztano?_sg%5B0%5D=ILtBnhq0aCl85KcdH12y9FMwyOUB4T9y1GxE7PgkgrtOwe2Sna5pjDWT_GPaMYhFOXYpS4U.mlb6OasBmM7IM58f3hcVbZ4vK6kAYoYl5d3DDyKCXEqO3jzoSjfmyHwsK4ck7ZdYJWEIVPlBa45k4fTyyJ4xSQ&_sg%5B1%5D=yZnWShjdH5P_EXoQIo9V1zaqcTi_IskK9YoKZtnEfn4GzRelzKmWiuAyzU1ZDSg8-uc-pts.48C84oH8KMFPH35Z3yg6BYizaTDZCrclX3-u1AP8xFDqrMQD-bGZ-m7G9phmkINuPqsp8i6ysBb-JFxAFxNVmw&_tp=eyJjb250ZXh0Ijp7ImZpcnN0UGFnZSI6InB1YmxpY2F0aW9uIiwicGFnZSI6InB1YmxpY2F0aW9uIiwicHJldmlvdXNQYWdlIjoicHJvZmlsZSIsInBvc2l0aW9uIjoicGFnZUhlYWRlciJ9fQ G eologia C roatica 83Matošević et al.: The Alps as the main source of sand for the Late Miocene Lake Pannon (Pannonian Basin, Croatia) ŠUICA, S., GARAŠIĆ, V. & WOODLAND, A.B. (2022a): Petrography and geochemistry of granitoids and related rocks from the pre-Neogene ba- sement of the Slavonia–Srijem Depression (Croatia).– Geologia Croatica, 75, 129–144. doi: 10.4154/gc.2022.09 ŠUICA, S., TAPSTER, S.R., MIŠUR, I. & TRINAJSTIĆ, N. (2022b): The Late Cretaceous syenite from the Sava suture zone (eastern Croatia).– In: XXII International Congress of the CBGA, Plovdiv, Bulgaria, 7–11 Sep- tember 2022, Abstracts, 100. TARI, G., HORVÁTH, F. & RUMPLER, J. (1992): Styles of extension in the Pannonian Basin.– Tectonophysics, 208, 203–219. https://doi. org/10.1016/0040-1951(92)90345-7 TAYLOR, S.R. & MCLENNAN, S.M. (1985): The continental crust: its com- position and evolution.– Blackwell Science, Oxford, 315 p. TER BORGH, M., VASILIEV, I., STOICA, M., KNEŽEVIĆ, S., MATENCO, L., KRIJGSMAN, W., RUNDIĆ, LJ. & CLOETINGH, S. (2013): The isolation of the Pannonian basin (Central Paratethys): New constrains from magnetostratigraphy and biostratigraphy.– Global and Planetary Change, 103, 99–118. doi: 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2012.10.001 TOMLJENOVIĆ, B. & CSONTOS, L. (2001): Neogene-Quaternary structu- res in the border zone between Alps, Dinarides and Pannonian Basin (Hrvatsko zagorje and Karlovac basins, Croatia).– International Journal of Earth Sciences, 90, 560–578. doi: 10.1007/s005310000176 TUSCHL, M., KUREVIJA, T., KRPAN, M. & MACENIĆ, M. (2022): Over- view of the current activities related to deep geothermal energy utilisa- tion in the Republic of Croatia.– Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy, 24, 3003–3031. doi: 10.1007/s10098-022-02383-1 VELIĆ, J., MALVIĆ, T., CVETKOVIĆ, M. & VRBANAC, B. (2012): Reser- voir geology, hydrocarbon reserves and production in the Croatian part of the Pannonian Basin System.– Geologia Croatica, 65, 91–101. doi: 10.4154/GC.2012.07 VERMEESCH, P., RESENTINI, A. & GARZANTI, E. (2016): An R packa- ge for statistical provenance analysis.– Sedimentary Geology, 336, 14–25. doi: 10.1016/j.sedgeo.2016.01.009 VERMEESCH, P. (2018): Statistical models for point-counting data.– Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 501, 112–118. doi:10.1016/j.ep- sl.2018.08.019 VRBANAC, B., VELIĆ, J. & MALVIĆ, T. (2010): Sedimentation of deep-wa- ter turbidites in the SW part of the Pannonian Basin.– Geologica Car- pathica, 61/1, 55–69. doi: 10.2478/v10096-010-0001-8 WORDEN, R.H., MAYALL, M.J. & EVANS, I.J. (1997): Predicting reservo- ir quality during exploration: lithic grains, porosity and permeability in Tertiary clastic rocks of the South China Sea Basin.– Geological Society of London, Special Publications, 126, 107–115. doi: 10.1144/GSL. SP.1997.126.01.08 WORDEN, R.H. & BUREY, S.D. (2003): Sandstone diagenesis: the evolution of sand to stone.– In: BURLEY, S.D & WORDEN, R.H. (eds.): Sandsto- ne Diagenesis: Recent and Ancient.– International Association of Sedi- mentologists, 4, 3–44. WORDEN, R.H., ARMITAGE, P.J., BUTCHER, A.R., CHURCHILL, J.M., CSOMA, A.E., HOLLIS, C., LANDER, R.H. & OMMA, J.E. (2018): Petroleum reservoir quality prediction: Overview and contrasting appro- aches from sandstone and carbonate communities.– Geological Society of London, Special Publications, 435, 1–31. doi: 10.1144/SP435.21 Electronic supplementary material is available online at http://www.geologia-croatica.hr/index.php/GC/article/view/1198/1953 https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(92)90345-7 https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(92)90345-7 http://www.geologia-croatica.hr/index.php/GC/article/view/1198/1953