Geo.Cro.2-3-61-KB.pdf 185 � Baba Senowbari-Daryan1, Ioan I. Bucur2, Felix Schlagintweit3, Emanoil Săsăran2 and Jacek Matyszkiewicz4 AB STRA CT Several organisms or interaction of organisms have been described over a long time interval from the Late Palaeo- zoic to Cretaceous as Tubiphytes, with the type species being T. obscurus MASLOV, 1956. Palaeozoic Tubiphytes were revised by SENOWBARI-DARYAN & FLÜGEL (1993). Triassic representatives still need to be revised. For Jurassic (extremely abundant in upper Jurassic) and Cretaceous organisms, known as “Tubiphytes” morronensis CRESCENTI, 1969, we propose here the genus name Crescentiella. Differences between Crescentiella nov. gen. and Tubiphytes MASLOV are discussed. The systematic position of Crescentiella as a foraminifera, interaction of fo- raminifera and cyanophyceans or as a special kind of oncolite is discussed. It is interpreted as symbiosis or encrus- tation between cyanobacteria and a nubecularid foraminifera, uncertain tube or rarely, other biogenic components. Comments on similar associations, e.g. the genus Labes ELIASOVA, are provided. Keywor ds: Crescentiella, Tubiphytes, Labes, Cyanobacteria, Foraminifera, systematics, Jurassic, Cretaceous. 1 GeoZentrum, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Loewenich-Str. 28, D-91054 Erlangen, Germa- ny; (basendar@pal.uni-erlangen.de) 2 Department of Geology, Babes-Bolyai University, Str. M. Kogălniceanu nr.1, 400084 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (ibucur@bioge.ubbcluj.ro; esasaran@bioge.ubbcluj.ro) 3 Department of Applied Geosciences and Geophysics, University of Leoben, Peter-Tunner-Str. 5, A-8700 Leoben, Austria; (eF; Schlagintweit@t-online.de) 4 Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environmental Protection, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewica 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland; (jamat@geol.agh.edu.pl) Crescentiella, a new name for “Tubiphytes” morronensis CRESCENTI, 1969: an enigmatic Jurassic – Cretaceous microfossil Geologia Croatica 61/2–3 185–214 8 Figs. 8 Pls. Zagreb 2008 Geologia CroaticaGeologia Croatica � 1. INTRODUCTION RAUSER-CHERNOUSSOVA (1950) introduced the genus name Shamovella for the fossil, later described by MASLOV (1956) as Tubiphytes. According to ELIAS (1959), OTT (in KRAUS & OTT, 1968), and CRONEIS & TOOMEY (1965), the name Shamovella is a nomen imperfectum but RIDING (1993), pleads that Tubiphytes is a junior synonym of the genus Shamovella. Later, the name Shamovella was used by subse- quent authors (e. g. LE MONE, 1995; RIDING & BARKH AM 1999; WEIDLICH; 2001). VACHARD et al. (2001) introduc- ed Shamovella as a synonym of Tubiphytes and mentioned that according to CHUVASHOV et al., (see VACHARD et al. 2001) two forms of Tubiphytes exist: “Tubiphytes obscurus shamovella RAUSER CHERNOUSSOVA” and “Tubiphytes obscurus obscurus MASLOV”. In this paper the popular name Tubiphytes is still used. Tubiphytes with the type species T. obscurus MASLOV (1956) was described from the Permian of the Ural Mountains. Two years later, the same organism was reported from the Per- mian of the Guadalupe Mountains in Texas and New Mexico as Nigriporella (with two species as N. magna and N. minima) by RIGBY (1958). Tubiphytes and morphologically similar organisms are the most abundant problematic microfossils known over a long time interval from the Carboniferous to the Cretaceous in shallow water carbonates (RIDING & GUO, 1992; SENOWBARI-DARYAN & FLÜGEL, 1993). Most Geologia Croatica Geologia Croatica 61/2–3 186 references are published from Permian deposits, describing or illustrating the species Tubiphytes obscurus MASLOV and the Upper Jurassic species of “Tubiphytes” morronensis CRES- CENTI. An overview of the Palaeozoic Tubiphytes, including the type species T. obscurus MASLOV, and other species, as well as similar organisms, is given by SENOWBARI-DARYAN & FLÜGEL (1993). All three “species” of Tubiphytes (T. tu- bularis, T. polyvesica, T. spinalis), described by WU (1991) from the Permian of Xiangbo, China are considered younger synonyms of T. obscurus MASLOV. “Tubiphytes” and similar morphotypes are abundant in the Mesozoic, particularly in Ladinian-Carnian reefs of the Tethyan realm. A revision of Triassic “Tubiphytes” is in pre- paration by Senowbari-Daryan. Differences (see below) concerning the internal cavity and structure of the surrounding “cortex” between Palaeozoic Tubiphytes and the Jurassic-Cretaceous microfossil, known as “Tubiphytes” morronensis CRESCENTI justify the separation and establishment of an independent genus with the generic name Crescentiella nov. gen. for the latter. Crescentiella morronenis (CRESCENTI, 1969) nov. comb. described originally from the Jurassic of the central Apennines (southern Italy), is very abundant in Upper Jurassic epiconti- nental deposits of Europe, (southern Germany and time equi- valent deposits in other countries including Romania, Poland, Portugal), or in the Alpine-Tethyan realm of Austria and oth- er countries. It is extremely abundant in Bavaria or in Svabia (southern Germany) in the Upper Jurassic (Middle Kimmeri- gian), “Plattenkalk of Treuchtlinger Marmor”. “Treuchtlinger Marmor” is used as a popular building material for hall fl oors, windowsills, stairs etc., particularly in southern Germany. Crescentiella morronenis (CRESCENTI) nov. comb. is also abundant in Upper Jurassic, open marine, Tethyan shal- low water limestones. All illustrated type material of CRES- CENTI (1969) represents individual specimens. In Upper Ju- rassic (Tithonian) reefs of Piano di Battaglia in the Madonie Mountains, Sicily, C. morronensis occurs not only as abundant individual specimens, but also as “colonial” forms building micro-constructions several cm in diameter. Such “co lonial” forms are also abundant in Upper Jurassic reefs and platform carbonates in the Shotori Mountains, northeast Iran, and are here described as Crescentiella morronensis forma colligaris nov. forma. 2. MATERIAL AND METHODS The studied and illustrated material was investigated in pol- ished slabs and numerous thin sections from different locali- ties (see below), as well as in SEM. Material for SEM-inves- tigations was treated and etched for several hours with 3–5% “Titriplex III–Solution”. The investigated materials come from the following countries: Austria. Thin-section material derives from the Upper Jurassic – Early Cretaceous (Kimmeridgian – Lower Berria- sian) Plassen Formation or Plassen Carbonate Platform of the Northern Calcareous Alps, mainly from occurrences in the Austrian Salzkammergut (e.g., GAWLICK et al. 2004, 2006; SCHLAGINTWEIT et al. 2005) and the resedimented Barm- stein Limestones (GAWLICK et al. 2005, 2006). Germany. The investigated material of the “Treuchtlin- ger Marmor” with Crescentiella morronenis forma morronens- is (CRESCENTI) from Germany comes from a quarry south of the village of Treuchtlingen, near the Mörenbach River. A detailed section of this region is given by KOTT (1989, fi g. 3) and a general overview of the occurrence of Upper Jurassic deposits is represented by MEYER & SCHMIDT-KAHLER (1984). The age of the investigated material is Upper Jurassic (Kimmeridgian). Iran. The illustrated material from Iran was collected from the Upper Jurassic (Oxfordian-Kimmeridgian) Esfandiar plat- form exposed in a hill, approximately 800 m south of the vil- lage of Korond in the southern Shotori Mountains (FÜRSICH et al., 2003a). Italy (Sicily). The Sicilian material comes from the Up- per Jurassic (Tithonian), coral rich reef limestone exposed at Pizzo Carbonara in the Madonie Mountains, representing the marginal zone of the Panormide Carbonate platform (CATA- LANO et al., 1974; ABATE et al., 1988). The calcareous algae of this locality were investigated by SENOWBARI-DARYAN et al. (1994), the foraminifera by BUCUR et al. (1996). Poland. The Upper Jurassic sediments of the Kraków- Wieluń Upland (South Poland), belong to the microbial mega- facies, a belt stretching along the northern shelf of Tethys (GWINNER, 1971; MATYSZKIEWICZ, 1997a, 1999), in- cluding numerous microbial-sponge carbonate buildups and thick bedded limestones which are mostly microbial-sponge biostromes. The Upper Jurassic microbial megafacies devel- oped mainly on the northern shelf of the Tethys, and on shelves of the newly opened North Atlantic. The investigated mate- rial comes from the Upper Jurassic bedded limestones of the Liban quarry in Kraków (southern part of the Kraków–Wie- lun Upland). The bedded limestones are of Upper Oxfordian – (?)Lower Kimmeridgian age and developed as thick-bedded facies with cherts in which microbialites are the principal rock- forming components (MATYSZKIEWICZ, 1989; KRAJEW- SKI, 2001). Romania. In Romania, Crescentiella morronensis was found in Upper Jurassic limestones developed in the Stram- berk type facies from the following massifs: Haghimas Mas- sif (DRAGASTAN, 1969, 1975) (East Carpathians); Piatra Craiului Massif (BUCUR, 1978), Vânturariţa Massif (UŢĂ & BUCUR, 2003) (South Carpathians); Trascău Mountains (SĂSĂRAN et al., 2000, 2001) and Bihor Mountains (BU- CUR & ONAC, 2000) (Apuseni Mountains). The age of all the localities is Upper Jurassic – Lower Cretaceous (Oxfordian to Early Berriasian). 3. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN TUBIPHYTES MASLOV AND CRESCENTIELLA NOV. NOM. The type material of MASLOV (1956) from the Permian of Ural Mountians and also specimens from Palaeozoic of other locali- ties in the world are characterized by the following criteria: Geologia CroaticaBaba Senowbari-Daryan et al.: Crescentiella, a new name for “Tubiphytes” morronensis CRESCENTI, 1969... 187 a) The Palaeozoic species Tubiphytes obscurus and also T. carinthiacus (FLÜGEL, 1966) are composed of spherical, subspherical or mostly tongue-like segments, usually arranged one above the other, but also irregularly. Each segment con- tains a separate internal cavity that can be a chambered fo- raminifera or a cylindrical tube, pear-shaped, globular or even an irregular object which can be placed in the middle, lower, upper, or at the peripheral part of the segment (see MASLOV, 1956, pl. 25, fi gs. 1, 3; pl. 26, pl. 27, fi gs. 1–2; RIGBY, 1958; RIDING & GUO, 1992; SENOWBARI-DARYAN & FLÜG- EL, 1993; VENNIN et al., 1997). Tubes or chambered fora mi- nifera may pass through several segments. The younger seg- ments may overgrow the older segments, so that the former are not visible from the outside. In contrast to specimens of Tubiphytes obscurus, the speci- mens of Crescentiella morronensis (CRESCENTI) nov. comb. are tapered and cylindrical. The different growth stages in C. morronensis may appear as segments, but certainly segment- ed specimens, like Tubiphytes, do not occur. Segmentation or branching is falsely suggested by overgrowth of several speci- mens as shown from computer-based reconstructions in con- nection with serial sectioning (SCHMID & HENSSEL, 2001; HENSSEL et al., 2002). b) The surrounding “envelope” or “cortex” of Palaeozoic Tubiphytes composed of a network of hair-like elements named “trichomes” by MASLOV (1956) or “fl occulent microfabric” by RIDING & GUO (1992) or “clotted micrite” by PRATT (1995, p. 88). For details of these elements see for example MASLOV (1956, pl. 26, pl. 27, fi g. 3), RIDING & GUO (1992, text-fi g. 1) and SENOWBARI-DARYAN & FLÜG EL (1993, text-fi gs. 2, 7). These elements were compared with the spon- gin protein of demosponges and Tubiphytes was interpreted as a sponge by WANG et al. (1994). As shown by SENOW- BARI-DARYAN & FLÜGEL (1993) this “fl occulent micro- fabric” belongs to primary mineralized elements and can hard- ly be compared with the spongin of sponges. Such elements are also known from another enigmatic Triassic microfossil called Plexoramea (MELLO, 1977) which is interpreted as a fungus by FLÜGEL et al. (1988). It is noteworthy that such “trichomes” or “fl occulent microfabric” are totally lacking in Jurassic – Cretaceous Crescentiella. The “cortex” of Crescen- tiella is instead composed of oblique running laminae pro- duced by the alternation of small and large crystals (Pl. 6, Figs. a–b, d; Pl. 7, Figs. d–e). PRATT (1995, p. 92) named it as “dense micrite around foraminiferal tubes”. c) Pustule-like protuberances (see SENOWBARI-DAR- YAN & FLÜGEL, 1993, pl. 1, fi gs. 2–4, text-fi gs. 2, 7) at the surface of the Palaeozoic T. obscurus were never observed in the Jurassic C. morronensis. d) The oblique lamination, a characteristic feature of C. morronensis (CRESCENTI) nov. comb. may occur in some representatives of Triassic “Tubiphytes”, but it is totally lack- ing in Palaeozoic representatives, at least in T. obscurus. Also FLÜGEL (1981, p. 133) mentioned that the apparent concen- tric structures, observable in cross sections of C. morronensis are lacking in T. obscurus. e) The internal cavity (foraminifera or tube of uncertain affi nity) of C. morronensis passes through the whole body and is not limited to individual segments as in most specimens of Palaeozoic T. obscurus or T. carinthiacus. These differences justify the establishment of an inde- pendent genus for the Jurassic – Cretaceous microfossil, orig- inally described as “Tubiphytes” morronensis by CRESCEN- TI (1969) introduced here as Crescentiella n. gen. Crescentiella n. gen. Derivatio nominis: In honour of Dr. Uberto Crescenti who described this fossil for the fi rst time. Diagnosis: “Corpo calcareo micritico di forma grossola- namente cilindrica, internamente percorso da un´esile cavita con diametro variabile e con strozzature poste a intervalli ir- regolari. In sezione sottile il corpo cilindrico (tubo), a diame- tro variabile e a contorni esterni mal delimitati, presenta un aspetto denso e scuro; ad un´analisi dettagliata mostra di es- sere costituito da sottilissimi strati micritici all´apparenza con- centrici, fortemente ravvicinati tra loro” (Generally cylindrical (single or gregarious colonies grown together) micritic cal- careous bodies, internally crossed by a thin cavity of variable diameter and with narrowed zones located at uneven intervals. In thin sections, the cylindrical body (the tube) of variable di- ameter and poorly-delimited external outline appears as a dense and dark-coloured material; when investigated in detail, it consists of thin, densely packed micritic layers (produced by layers of small and large crystals) with a concentric dis- play”. This diagnosis was given by CRESCENTI (1969, p. 35) for the species T. morronensis, which is also valid for the genus Crescentiella with some additional criteria, added here (see italics), as partly observed by SEM. SENOWBARI-DARYAN et al. (2007) introduced the ge- nus Crescentina, as a new name for “Tubiphytes” morronen- sis. This is considered an invalid name because there is no ap- propriate reference to its basyonym. Type species: Tubiphytes morronensis CRESCENTI, 1969. Crescentiella morronensis forma morronensis (CRESCENTI 1969) nov. comb. (Figs. 1–3, 8; Pl. 1, Figs. a–i; Pl. 2, Figs. a–h; Pl. 3, Figs. a–g; Pl. 4, Figs. b–h; Pl. 5, Figs. b, d–h; Pl. 6, Figs. a–h) Selected synonymy [for further synonymy before 1969 see SCHMID (1996)]: 1969 Tubiphytes morronensis n. sp. – CRESCENTI, p. 35–37, fi gs. 10, 20–22 1969 Mikro-Onkolithe – DRAGASTAN, pl. 21, fi g. 1–3; pl. 22, fi gs. 1–4 1972 Nodophthalmidium – WAGENPLAST, pl. 16, fi g. 4 1975 Mikro-Onkolithe – DRAGASTAN, pl. 18, fi g. 2; pl. 21, fi g. 2; pl. 22, fi g. 1; pl. 24, fi g.2; pl. 25, fi g. 1; pl. 33, fi g. 1 1975 Onkoide – MEYER, fi gs. 8–10 1979 Tubiphytes obscurus MASLOV – MIŠÍK, pl. 1, fi gs. 13–15 1979 Tubiphytes morronensis CRESCENTI – CHIOCCHINI & MANCINELLI, pl. 3, fi g. 3; pl. 6, fi gs. 1–2 Geologia Croatica Geologia Croatica 61/2–3 188 1980 Tubiphytes obscurus MASLOV – MIŠÍK & SYKORA, pl. 1, fi g. 11 1981 Tubiphytes morronensis CRESCENTI – FLÜGEL, p. 131, fi gs. 1–10 1981 Oncoid with nodophthalmid foraminifera – FLÜGEL & STEIGER, fi gs. 17F–G 1986 Tubiphytes morronensis CRESCENTI – ELIASOVA, p. 28, pl. 1, fi g. 1; pl. 2, fi g. 1 (synonymy) 1984 Tubiphytes sp. – STEIGER & JANSA, fi g. 6–2 1985 Tubiphytes sp. – HÜSSNER, p. 154, pl. 17, fi gs. 4–6 1986 Tubiphytes morronensis CRESCENTI – BRACHERT, p. 243, pl. 42, fi gs. 2–3; pl. 43, fi g. 7 1987 Tubiphytes morronensis CRESCENTI – BARATTOLO & PUGLIESE, pl. 7, fi gs. 2–4, 7, 10; pl. 32, pl. 37, pl. 38, fi g. 1; pl. 40 1989 Tubiphytes morronensis CRESCENTI – LANG, p. 232, pl. 60, fi gs. 7–8 1989 Composite oncoid cf. Tubiphytes sp. – MATYSZKIE- WICZ, pl. 9, fi g. 5 1989 Tubiphytes morronensis CRESCENTI – POMONI-PA- PAIOANNOU et al., pl. 58, fi gs. 5–6 (also fi g. 7). 1990 Tubiphytes morronensis CRESCENTI – KEUPP et al., p. 155, pl. 21, fi gs. 4–5. non 1 990 Tubiphytes cf. obscurus MASLOV – KUSS, p. 68, pl. 20, fi g. 2; pl. 21, fi g. 9. 1991 Tubiphytes morronensis CRESCENTI – BARATTOLO, pl. 1, fi gs. 4–5 1991 Tubiphytes morronensis CRESCENTI – ALTINER, pl. 6, fi gs. 4–8 1992 Tubiphytes – BRACHERT, pl. 43, fi g. 4; pl. 44, fi g. 10 1992 Tubiphytes – MATYSZKIEWICZ & FELISIAK, pl. 38, fi gs. 2–4; pl. 39, fi g. 1; pl. 40, fi g. 1, 2 1992 Tubiphytes morronensis – LEINFELDER, pl. 23, fi gs. 1, 5–6 1993 Tubiphytes morronensis CRESCENTI – LEINFELDER et al., p. 205, pl. 49, fi g. 4; pl. 40, fi g. 4; pl. 41, fi gs. 5–7 1994 Tubiphytes morronensis CRESCENTI – DRAGASTAN et al., pl. 3, fi g. 6 1994 Tubiphytes morronensis CRESCENTI – LUPERTO SINNI & MASSE, pl. 1, fi gs. 5–6 1994 “Tubiphytes” morronensis CRESCENTI – KOCH et al., pl. 22, fi gs. 3, 5–6 1994 Tubiphytes sp. – MATYSZKIEWICZ & SŁOMKA, pl. 2, fi g. 3; pl. 4, fi g. 4; pl. 7, fi g. 2 1994 Tubiphytes morronensis CRESCENTI – SENOWBA- RI-DARYAN et al., p. 235, pl. 11, fi gs. 9–11 1995 Tubiphytes – PRATT, fi g. 45.D–E 1996 Tubiphytes – MATYSZKIEWICZ & KRAJEWSKI, fi g. 10e 1995 Tubiphytes morronensis CRESCENTI – SCHMID, p. 306, fi gs. 5–13 1996 Tubiphytes morronensis CRESCENTI – SCHMID, p. 188, fi gs. 63–64, 96–97, 113 (non 105–112, 116) (Syn- onymy) 1996 Tubiphytes morronensis CRESCENTI – SANTANTO- NIO et al., fi g. 15 1997 “Tubiphytes” morronensis CRESCENTI – FLÜGEL & FLÜGEL-KAHLER, pl. 24, fi gs. 4–5, 8 1997b Tubiphytes – MATYSZKIEWICZ, fi g. 4 1998 Tubiphytes morronensis CRESCENTI – CARRAS & GEORGALA, pl. 42, fi g. 2. 1999 Tubiphytes morronensis CRESCENTI – RICHTER et al., pl. 1, fi g. 1, 9 1999 Tubiphytes morronensis CRESCENTI – DUPRAZ & STRASSER, pl. 12, fi g. 3 1999 Tubiphytes sp. – SCHEIBNER & REIJMER, pl. 16, fi g. 2–3 1999 Tubiphytes obscurus MASLOV – BLOMEIER & REI- JMER, pl. 20, fi g. 5 1999 “Tubiphytes” morronensis CRESCENTI – SCHLAGINT- WEIT & EBLI, pl. 2, fi g. 5; pl. 4, fi g. 7; pl. 12, fi gs. 4–5 2000 Tubiphytes morronensis CRESCENTI – SCHMID & HENSSEL, p. 50, fi gs. 4–5, 7–10 2000 “Tubiphytes” morronensis CRESCENTI – BUCUR & ONAC, p. 15, pl. 2, fi g. 9 2000 “Tubiphytes” morronensis CRESCENTI – SĂSĂRAN et al., p. 453–456, pl. 2, fi g. 5 2000 Tubiphytes – KRAJEWSKI, fi g. 11 2001 Tubiphytes morronensis CRESCENTI – HELM & SCHÜLKE, p. 101, fi gs. 2–4 2001 “Tubiphytes” morronensis – KRAJEWSKI, fi g. 10 2001 Tubiphytes – NEUWEILER, MEHDI & WILMSEN, pl. 39, fi gs. 4–5 2001 “Tubiphytes” morronensis CRESCENTI – SĂSĂRAN et al., p.37, 39, 40, pl. 10, fi g. 4 2001 Tubiphytes morronensis CRESCENTI – VOLK et al., pl. 10, fi g. 3/2; pl. 13, fi g. 1–2 2002 Tubiphytes – DUPRAZ & STRASSER, fi g. 14.D 2002 “Tubiphytes” morronensis CRESCENTI – SCHERZE & HÖFLING, p. 194, pl. 1, fi g. 5 2003 Tubiphytes morronensis CRESCENTI – BURZA & DRAGASTAN, pl. 1, fi g. 2 2003 Tubiphytes morronensis CRESCENTI – DRAGASTAN & RICHTER, pl. 1, fi g. 5t 2003a Tubiphytes – FÜRSICH et al., pl. 35, fi g. 5T 2003b Tubiphytes – FÜRSICH et al., pl. 31, fi g. 7–8 2003 Tubiphytes – OLÓRIZ et al., fi g. 11.G 2003 “Tubiphytes“ morronensis CRESCENTI – SCHLA- GINTWEIT & GAWLICK, pl. 2, fi g. 1–2 2003 a „Tubiphytes“ morronensis CRESCENTI – SCHLA- GINTWEIT et al., pl. 3, fi g. 8; pl. 4, fi g. 15 2003 b „Tubiphytes“ morronensis CRESCENTI – SCHLA- GINTWEIT et al., pl. 1, fi g. 3; pl. 2, fi g. 7 2003 “Tubiphytes“ morronensis CRESCENTI – UTA & BU- CUR, pl. 3, fi g. 1–2, 5 2004 Tubiphytes morronensis CRESCENTI – FLÜGEL, pl. 99, fi gs. 7 2004 Tubiphytes sp. – MATYSZKIEWICZ et al., pl. 6, fi g. 1/T 2004 “Tubiphytes” morronensis CRESCENTI – SCHLAG- INTWEIT, pl. 1, fi g. 9/2; pl. 2, fi g. 2 2005 “Tubiphytes” morronensis CRESCENTI – GAWLICK et al., fi g. 11.3 Geologia CroaticaBaba Senowbari-Daryan et al.: Crescentiella, a new name for “Tubiphytes” morronensis CRESCENTI, 1969... 189 2005 “Tubiphytes” morronensis CRESCENTI – HELM, p. 80, pl. 8, fi g. 1 2005 “Tubiphytes” morronensis CRESCENTI – RADOIČIĆ, p. 33, pl. 9, fi g. 7 2005 “Tubiphytes” morronensis CRESCENTI – SCHLAG- INTWEIT et al., p. 80, fi g. 18c (pars), fi g. 31 (pars), fi g. 70b, 77a–c 2006 “Tubiphytes” morronensis CRESCENTI – GAWLICK & SCHLAGINTWEIT, fi g. 4e–f 2006 “Tubiphytes” morronensis CRESCENTI – GAWLICK et al., fi g. 10.4, 11.9 2006 Tubiphytes sp. – MATYSZKIEWICZ et al., fi g. 5b Description: A detailed description of Crescentiella mor- ronensis is given by CRESCENTI (1969), FLÜGEL (1981) and particularly by SCHMID (1995). A reconstruction of C. morronensis is given by SCHMID (1995) and a similar recon- struction by LEINFELDER et al. (1996). The thickness of the “cortex” or “envelope”, respective- ly the difference between the outer and inner diameter of C. morronensis seems to depend on the light as presented by SCHMID (1995) and one more by LEINFELDER et al. (1996), but not confi rmed by other studies (DUPRAZ & STRASS- ER, 2002, p. 463). Here the general characteristics and ad- ditional observations are briefl y summarized. Morphologically, the length of C. morronensis is a few mm (maximum 10 mm, Fig. 1), usually single (Fig. 2; Pl. 1, Figs. a–e; Pl. 4, Figs. b–c, f–h), rarely dichotomously “branch- ed” (Pl. 3, Fig. g), with a diameter of about 0.4–1.3 mm. Ac- cording to HENNSEL et al. (2002), the branched specimens are in fact individual specimens of foraminifera that formed as a consequence of overgrowth. This statement corresponds to our observations. Fi gu re 1: Section through numerous specimens of Crescentiella morronensis forma morronensis (CRESCENTI) showing the abundance of this fossil. Drawn from a polished slab of “Plattenkalk” from southern Germany. The largest specimen of Crescentiella morronensis forma morronensis is less than 10 mm. Specimens of Tubiphytes are embedded without any recognizable orientation in micritic sediment. Areas within dotted lines and marked with a number 1 are micritic areas without Tubiphytes, areas marked with a number 2 are cement, and areas marked with a number 3 are sponge fragments. Fi gu re 2: Crescentiella morronensis forma morronensis (CRESCENTI) from the Upper Jurassic of the Northern Calcareous Alps. a) Axial longitudinal section through a specimen showing several, amphora-like chambers of internal foraminifera that grows lying on the substrate during the junior stage (here: actinostromarid “stromatoporoid”) and later becomes erect. The initial chambers (arrow) do not show encrustations by cyanobacteria. The oblique lamination of the surrounding “cortex” is barely recognizable. Compared with fi g. c the amphora-like chambers and also their “necks” are very short. b) Axial longitudinal section through a specimen showing the internal tube or poorly chambered(?) foraminifera surrounded by a dark “cortex”. Within the “cortex” numerous small, mainly spherical fragments are embedded. c) Longitudinal section through a specimen showing the amphora-like chambered foraminifera with a long neck and without distinct encrustation by cyanobacteria. Arrow indicates a specimen of worm tube Merciella? dacica DRAGASTAN. Note that specimens a and b are from platform margin deposits, contradicting the trend of depth-decreasing width of the “cortex” proclaimed by SCHMID (1996). Geologia Croatica Geologia Croatica 61/2–3 190 PLATE 1 a–i Crescentiella morronensis forma morronensis (CRESCENTI) Upper Jurassic Plassen Carbonate Platform and Barmstein Limestones of the Northern Calcareous Alps, Austria a Longitudinal section showing the internal object cut marginally and the surrounding “cortex”. Numerous inclusions are within the “cortex”. b Longitudinal section illustrating the internal foraminifera with amphora-like chambers and the surrounding fi nely laminated “cortex”. In the basal portion there seems to be another coiled foraminifera. c Longitudinal section through a similar specimen to fi g. b. d Longitudinal to oblique section exhibiting the small foraminifera with amphora-like chambers in the centre surrounded by a very thick laminated “cortex”. The “cortex” shows diff erent generations, recognizable by a diff erent contrast and structure. Some globular inclusions are embedded within the laminated “cortex”. The large globular inclusion (sponge rhaxe) is located at the surface of the foraminifera and embedded within two crust generations. e Longitudinal section through a specimen exhibiting the foraminifera as a core. The foraminifera was growing in a recumbent position during the initial stage, but erect and growing upward during the latter stage. Note the very thick laminated “cortex” and a spherical inclusion at the end of the foraminifera. The contrast within the encrusta- tion indicates two generations for the formation of the “cortex”. f Sections through several specimens. The specimen in the centre shows Tubiphytes at the edges of the aggregate with crescent-like objects (foraminiferal chambers?) within the encrustation. g Oblique cross section showing the calcite fi lled core in the centre and the thick encrustation with polygonal formed inclusions (bryozoans?) within the encrustation. h Section through a specimen with an annulated large object (foraminifera?) and surrounding encrustation. An echinid spine is embedded as an inclusion within the encrustation. i Cross section through a specimen showing some small spherical elements and two sessile foraminifera embedded within the cyanophycean crust. Geologia CroaticaBaba Senowbari-Daryan et al.: Crescentiella, a new name for “Tubiphytes” morronensis CRESCENTI, 1969... 191 Geologia Croatica Geologia Croatica 61/2–3 192 PLATE 2 a–h Crescentiella morronensis forma morronensis (CRESCENTI) Upper Jurassic of Poland a Encrustation of a siliceous sponge fragment (right) with Crescentiella (small cavity left and encrustation with darker contrast) and another undeterminable fragment (large cavity left) by further cyanophyceans. b Encrustation of foraminifera – (small cavity in the center) with some undeterminable fragments embedded as inclusions within the “cortex”. The oblique running lamination in longitudinal section appears (here in cross section) as weakly concentric lines. c A specimen exhibiting the foraminifera with amphora-like chambers in the centre. Crescentiella is colonized by other organisms (foraminifera, bryozoans) (for magnifi cation see fi g. d). d Magnifi cation from fi g. c shows the foraminifera with a recognizable wall in the centre and encrustation of the foraminifera by a cyanophycean. The second foraminifera (arrow) is embedded at the margin of the encrustation. e A specimen cut in cross section surrounded by bryozoans. Without a recognizable boundary the cyanophycean crust continues around the bryozoans and penetrates partly into the bryozoan cavities. f Oblique cross section shows two chambers of foraminifera in the axial region encrusted by cyanophyceans. Numer- ous small and calcite fi lled cavities (sessile foraminifera?) and a large component (bivalve?) are embedded within the “cortex”. The “cortex” is colonized by bivalves (left). g Longitudinal section through a specimen exhibits the chambered foraminifera in the axial region and the oblique laminae of the “cortex”. h Similar to fi g. g. Geologia CroaticaBaba Senowbari-Daryan et al.: Crescentiella, a new name for “Tubiphytes” morronensis CRESCENTI, 1969... 193 Geologia Croatica Geologia Croatica 61/2–3 194 PLATE 3 a–g Crescentiella morronensis forma morronensis (CRESCENTI) Upper Jurassic (“Treuchtliner Marmor”) of southern Germany a Longitudinal cross sections through several specimens of Crescentiella morronensis forma morronensis. Small arrows indicate the encrustation of other biogenic fragments (mainly thin shells) and a specimen of trocholinid foraminif- era (large arrow) by most probably the same cyanophyceans. b Encrustation (partly) of a branched object by cyanophyceans. Arrow indicates the amphora-like chamber of the encrusted foraminifera. White points indicate the boundary of Crescentiella with the surrounded sediment. c Cross sections of two Crescentiella morronensis forma morronensis (CRESCENTI) specimens surrounded by bryo- zoans. Cyanobacterian crust of Crescentiella continues as an encrustation partly on bryozoans (arrows). d Section through three specimens of Crescentiella morronensis forma morronensis and encrustation of other large biogenic fragments (large arrow) and small thin shells (small arrows) by identical cyanophycean crusts. e Longitudinal to oblique section through a specimen of Crescentiella morronensis forma morronensis (CRESCENTI). The encrustation contains an amphora-like chambered foraminifera and a large (biogenic?) fragment. f Longitudinal section through a specimen of Crescentiella morronensis forma morronensis (CRESCENTI). Arrow indicates a biogenic fragment encrusted by the cyanophyceans. g Several cross and a longitudinal section through a dichothomously “branched” specimen of Crescentiella morronen- sis forma morronensis (CRESCENTI) with clearly recognizable oblique laminations. White arrow indicates a shell fragment encrusted by identical cyanophyceans. Black arrows indicate incomplete or non encrusted tubes with the same diameter as the totally encrusted tubes within the Crescentiella. Geologia CroaticaBaba Senowbari-Daryan et al.: Crescentiella, a new name for “Tubiphytes” morronensis CRESCENTI, 1969... 195 Geologia Croatica Geologia Croatica 61/2–3 196 C. morronensis is composed of two parts: a) internal part, usually as amphora-like chambered foraminifera or cylindri- cal tube, fi lled with calcite cement, appearing white in trans- mitted light, and b) a thick and oblique laminated external part, appearing dark in transmitted light. a) The internal part was a cavity, later fi lled with calcite cement, representing a cylindrical tube (Fig. 2b; Pl. 4, Fig. b; Pl. 5, Figs. d–f), or usually with amphora-like chambered fo- raminifera (Figs. 2a–b; Pl. 1, Figs. b, d–e; Pl. 2, Figs. c–d; Pl. 3, Fig. e; Pl. 4, Figs. g–h; Pl. 6, Figs. g–h) or even bioclasts (LANG 1989, p. 32). The chamber length of the foraminifera is variable, some with a short “neck” (Fig. 2a; Pl. 2, Fig. d) and others with a long “neck” (Fig. 2c; Pl. 4, Fig. g) of the amphora-like chambers. The chambered cavity is interpreted as miliolid foraminifera “Nodophthalmidium” (WAGENPLAST, 1972; SCHMIDT-KAHLER, 1962; FLÜGEL, 1981; SCHMIDT, 1995), or “Nubeculinella” (FRITZ, 1958; LEINFELDER et al., 1996). Further interpretations of different authors are list- ed in FLÜGEL (1981, p. 127). Because of differences in the size of the internal foraminifera, BRACHERT (1986, p. 243) considers the possibility of a different subspecies. The cylin- drical tube is of uncertain affi nity. As illustrated in Pl. 3, Figs. a, d, g, and Pl. 4, Figs. e–f, besides C. morronensis other objects in the same microenvi- ronment, e. g. thin shell fragments, may be encrusted partly or completely as oncolites by a dark cortex that is identical to the cortex of Crescentiella. Some tubes, that may build the internal cavity of Crescentiella, are encrusted only on one side or are incomplete (Fig. 2c; Pl. 4, Fig. d; Pl. 5, Figs. b, e). For instance, PRATT (1955, fi g. 45E) illustrated a specimen of “Tubiphytes” (= Crescentiella) together with a naked and non encrusted tube, naming it “tubular foraminifera”. The wall of the internal cavity (tube or foraminifera) is distinct and totally different from the surrounding “cortex”. The boundary of the wall of the internal object (foraminifera or tube) with the external part (“cortex”) is sharp, (Pl. 6, Figs. a–e, g; compare also FLÜGEL, 1981, fi g. 10). The minera- logical composition of the wall of this tube or foraminifera is Mg-calcite with a microgranular structure (Fig. 3; Pl. 6, Figs. c–d). The thickness of the wall is about 30–40 mm (Pl. 6, Figs. d–e). b) The external part (“cortex” or “envelope”), is much thicker than the internal part (cavity plus the wall of cavity), and appears dark in transmitted light. The “cortex” appears lighter than the wall of the internal part in transmitted light. The distinct structure of the “cortex” results from its obliquely oriented fi ne lamination (“Micropeloidal Struktur” of SCHMID, 1995, p. 306; or “dense micrite around a foraminiferal tube” of PRATT, 1995, p. 92), visible in thin section and also by SEM (Fig. 2a; Pl. 1, Fig. e; Pl. 2, Figs. c–d; Pl. 3, Figs. e–g; Pl. 4, Fig. h; Pl. 6, Fig. f). The lamination is produced by the different size and orientation of the crystals within the “cortex”, as shown by SEM-photomicrographs (Fig. 3; Pl. 6, Fig. f). The lamination appears as concentric lines in cross sections (Pl. 2, Figs. b, e; Pl. 6, Figs. 1–2; see also FLÜGEL, 1981, fi g. 2). Specimens of Crescentiella morronensis from epiconti- nental deposits in southern Germany and other localities are almost always single individuals, dichotomously “branched” specimens are very rare (Pl. 3, Fig. g). “Colonial” forms, con- nected with others by the external part (“cortex”) are extreme- ly rare (see FLÜGEL, 1981, fi g. 3; LEINFELDER et al., 1993, pl. 41, fi g. 7; SCHMID, 1995, fi g. 13). However, colonial forms are abundant in open marine environments of the Tethyan realm, reaching sizes of several centimetres and are described here as C. morronensis forma colligaris nov. forma. Crescentiella morronensis forma colligaris nov. forma (Figs. 4–7; Pl. 4, Fig. a–d; Pl. 5, Fig. a, c, h; Pl. 7, Figs. a–e; Pl. 8, Figs. a–b, d–e) 1995 “Tubiphytes” morronensis. Kolonie in massiger Wuchsform – SCHMID, fi g. 13 (same specimen as illus- trated in LEINFELDER et al., 1996) 1996 “Tubiphytes” nodule composed of several specimens – LEINFELDER et al., pl. 41, fi g. 7 Derivatio nominis: colligo (lat. = bind together). Because of individual specimens that are bound together by cyanophyc- ean crusts. Fi gu re 3: Section through a specimen of Crescentiella morronensis forma morronensis (CRESCENTI) and the reconstruction of the internal cavity as foraminifera (Nodophthamidium or Nubeculinella) with four chambers. The magnifi cation shows the wall of the foraminifera and boundaries to the secondary cement of the chamber interiors and the laminated structure of the surrounding “cortex”. The wall of the foraminifera is composed of small crystals (microgranular structure), without any orientation of the crystals. The surrounding “cortex” is characterized by the alternation of large and small crystals producing the oblique lamination. The white areas within the “cortex”, (F) are inclusions of organisms or inorganic fragments. Because of the reduced thickness of laminae around the aperture of the foraminifera, they appear moderate- ly darker here. Schematic, not to scale. Geologia CroaticaBaba Senowbari-Daryan et al.: Crescentiella, a new name for “Tubiphytes” morronensis CRESCENTI, 1969... 197 Diagnosis: Colonial form of Crescentiella morronensis (CRESCENTI). The individual specimens are connected with each other by bridging of the same cyanophycean crusts form- ing the “cortex”. The distance between individual specimens may be more than ten times the diameter of individual speci- mens. Fi gu re 4: Crescentiella morronensis forma colligaris nov. forma from the Upper Jurassic (Oxfordian – Kimmeridgian) Esfandiar Formation in the Shotori Mountains, Iran. The grass-like colonies of gregarious and individual specimens are in life position. They are mainly bridged by cyanophycean crusts. Polished slab (for thin section photographs see Pl. 4, Figs. a–d). Fi gu re 5: Crescentiella morronensis forma colligaris nov. forma from the Upper Jurassic (Tithonian) of the Madonie Mountains, Sicily. The longitudinal section shows several tubes as a core, bridged by cyano- phycean crusts. The tubes are covered by crust laminae passing through several tubes in a lateral direction. The tubes of the uppermost part are weak and incompletely encrusted and no distinct laminae are recogniz- able. The distance between the individual cores (tubes) is more than 2 mm. The encrustation around the cores is stronger than between the cores (drawn from Pl. 5, Fig. a). Fi gu re 6: Crescentiella morronensis forma colligaris nov. forma from the Upper Jurassic (Tithonian) of the Madonie Mountains, Sicily. Longitudinal section from the colony shows the growth stages and the kind of bridging of the individual specimens by the cyanophycean crusts. Dark areas are without encrustation or are totally recrystallized areas within the cyanophycean crusts (drawn from Pl. 5, Fig. c). Fi gu re 7: Crescentiella morronensis forma colligaris nov. forma from the Upper Jurassic (Tithonian) of the Madonie Mountains, Sicily. Section of an individual specimen shows the growth stages and the core, its wall (dark) and the blocky cement within the core (drawn from Pl. 8, Fig. d). Geologia Croatica Geologia Croatica 61/2–3 198 PLATE 4 a–d Crescentiella morronensis forma colligaris nov. forma Upper Jurassic (Oxfordian-Kimmeridgian) Esfandiar Formation of the Shotori Mountains, NE Iran a Longitudinal to oblique section through numerous specimens that are connected with others by bridging of cyanophycean crusts. The internal cavities are composed of tubes of uncertain affi nity. Some tubes (arrows) are not or incompletely encrusted by cyanophyceans. The polished slab of the same colony is illustrated in Fig. 4. b Magnifi cation of a “specimen” or “branch” from the same “colony” in fi g. a showing the internal cavity composed of cylindrical and non chambered tube of uncertain affi nity. c Longitudinal section exhibiting several tubes or chambered foraminifera as a core encrusted by cyanobacteria. Small arrows indicate a curved tube which is encrusted only on one side. Large arrows show the interruption of Crescentiella by a large calcitic object. d View of two tubes (from the same thin section in fi g. a or b) with or without incomplete encrustation by cyanobac- teria. Diameter of the tube corresponds to the tubes illustrated in fi gs. a–b. e–h Crescentiella morronensis forma morronensis (CRESCENTI) Upper Jurassic “Treuchtlinger Marmor” of southern Germany e Sections through a few specimens of Crescentiella morronensis forma morronensis (in the centre and the right side) and numerous oncolites. The cores of the oncolites are fragments of thin shells. There are no diff erences in encrustation between the oncolites and Crescentiella; only the cores are diff erent. f Section through numerous individual specimens of Crescentiella morronensis forma morronensis with almost the same size, but without bridging by cyanophyceans as in C. morronensis forma colligaris nov. forma. White arrows indicate oncolites with encrustation of shell fragments on both or only one side. g Longitudinal section through a specimen with clearly recognizable amphora-like chambered foraminifera. Compared with the specimen illustrated in Fig. 2a, the height of the amphora-like chambers or the “necks” of the chambers are longer. h Section through a longitudinal specimen growing on another specimen of Crescentiella morronensis forma morronensis. The core of the upright growing specimen seems to be broken in the middle. Geologia CroaticaBaba Senowbari-Daryan et al.: Crescentiella, a new name for “Tubiphytes” morronensis CRESCENTI, 1969... 199 Geologia Croatica Geologia Croatica 61/2–3 200 PLATE 5 a–c Crescentiella morronensis forma colligaris nov. forma Upper Jurassic reef limestones of the Madonie Mountains, Sicily a Longitudinal section through a colony exhibiting several tubes surrounded and bridged by cyanophycean crusts. Diff erences in contrast indicate the growing stages of the crust building organisms. Black arrows indicate the tubes without or incompletely encrusted by cyanophyceans. For SEM-photomicrographs see Pl. 7. Compare also Fig. 5. b Section through several specimens. Arrows indicate the tubes without or incomplete encrustation by cyanophyceans. The cores of Crescentiella are cylindrical tubes and not chambered foraminifera. c Longitudinal to oblique section through numerous tubes encrusted and bridged by cyanophyceans. The clearly recognizable laminae are interpreted as growth stages of cyanophyceans and possibly tubes. Arrows indicate the tubes without encrustation, but with the same size as those with encrustation. d–h Crescentiella morronensis forma morronensis (CRESCENTI) Upper Jurassic reef limestones of the Madonie Mountains, Sicily d Longitudinal section through a specimen showing the internal tube with thick encrustation on the lower part, but with a thin wall (without encrustation) on the upper part. e Section through one (or two) tube(s) with weak encrustation on the upper part, but with complete encrustation on the lower part. f Section through a specimen with at least fi ve diff erent growth stages (or types) of encrustation refl ected by the diff erent contrast marked by small arrows. The encrustation of younger stages is weak or incomplete. Within the last two encrustation stages the tube is either lacking or has not been bisected. g Similar section to fi g. f showing at least two growth stages. Arrows indicate the tubes without encrustations. h Cross section through several individual specimens grown together by the bridging of cyanphyceans. The contrast variation of encrustations indicates the growth stages. Arrows indicate the tubes, still without encrustation. Geologia CroaticaBaba Senowbari-Daryan et al.: Crescentiella, a new name for “Tubiphytes” morronensis CRESCENTI, 1969... 201 Geologia Croatica Geologia Croatica 61/2–3 202 PLATE 6 a–h SEM-photomicrographs of Crescentiella morronensis forma morronensis (CRESCENTI) Upper Jurassic “Treuchtinger Marmor” of southern Gemany. a Cross section of a specimen showing the small axial core and the thick external part (“cortex” or “envelope”). Laminations in cross section, appearing as concentric laminae, are barely recognizable. For magnifi cation of the axial region see fi g. c. b Similar section to fi g. a. The concentric laminae are clearly recognizable. For magnifi cation see fi g. d. c Magnifi cation of fi g. a showing the axial part (core) with a large calcite crystal within the internal object (most probably a foraminifera). The wall of the internal object is relatively thick (about 15 mm, see scale) and is composed of small crystals (microcrystalline). d Magnifi cation from fi g. b showing the wall of the axial object (most probably a foraminifera) composed of crystals of approximately 2 mm. The boundary of the wall to the internal calcite cement fi lling and the outer “cortex” is distinctly sharp. For magnifi cation see fi g. e. e Magnifi cation from fi g. d showing the wall of the internal object composed of small and equal sized crystals (microcrystalline structure). f Longitudinal section of part of a specimen showing the oblique lamination with alternating layers of large and small crystals. g Magnifi cation from fi g. h shows the chambered object (most probably a Nodophthalmidium foraminifera), the microcrystalline wall of the foraminifera and the lamination of the surrounding cortex. h Oblique section through a specimen showing the chambered internal object (most probably a foraminifera) and the poorly recognizable laminated thick cortex. For magnifi cation see fi g. g. Geologia CroaticaBaba Senowbari-Daryan et al.: Crescentiella, a new name for “Tubiphytes” morronensis CRESCENTI, 1969... 203 Geologia Croatica Geologia Croatica 61/2–3 204 PLATE 7 a–e SEM-photomicrographs of Crescentiella morronensis foma colligaris nov. forma Upper Jurassic reef limestones of the Madonie Mountains, Sicily. a Magnifi cation from fi g. b showing the tube surrounded by cyanophyceans. The diff erent growth stages are easily recognizable. For magnifi cation of the area marked with a white quadrangle see fi g. c. b Magnifi cation from the specimen illustrated in Pl. 8, Fig. d. Section through a “member” of a colonial form showing the diff erent growth stages of cyanophyceans and the internal tube. In the lower part (right in the photograph) there are only the cyanophyceans (for magnifi cations see fi gs. a, d–e, for the area marked with white quadrangle see fi g. c). c Magnifi cation from fi g. b (or a: quadrangle) shows the microcrystalline wall of the tube (foraminifera?) having a thickness of about 30–40 mm. The crystal sizes of the wall are smaller than that of the cortex. d Magnifi cation from fi g. b shows the tube wall with small crystals (upper part of the photograph, marked with arrows) and the laminated structure of the cortex, produced by the diff erent crystal sizes (compare fi g. e). e Magnifi cation of the area, marked with quadrangle in fi g. d showing the individual laminae with diff erent sized crystals. Geologia CroaticaBaba Senowbari-Daryan et al.: Crescentiella, a new name for “Tubiphytes” morronensis CRESCENTI, 1969... 205 Geologia Croatica Geologia Croatica 61/2–3 206 PLATE 8 a–b, d–e Crescentiella morronensis forma colligaris nov. forma Upper Jurassic reef limestones of the Madonie Mountains, Sicily a Magnifi cation of the area marked with a quadrangle in the top of fi g. d shows the end stage of the specimen. b Longitudinal to oblique section shows several internal tubes encrusted and bridged together by cyanophyceans. The colony grows upon another organism. d SEM-microphotograph of a “member” of the same colony illustrated in Pl. 5, Fig. a showing the internal tube and laminated cortex. For magnifi cation of areas marked with a black quadrangle see Pl. 6, with a white quadrangle see fi g. a and also fi g. e (compare also Fig. 7). e Magnifi cation of the wall of the specimen illustrated in fi g. d showing the small crystals of the tube wall and the large crystals of the tube interior. c Labes atramentosa Upper Jurassic of the Northern Calcareous Alps c Labes atramentosa ELIASOVA. Longitudinal section showing the coiled tube(s) and the internal cavity fi lled with cement. This specimen is atypical. Very long, usually low conical forms are prevalent. Geologia CroaticaBaba Senowbari-Daryan et al.: Crescentiella, a new name for “Tubiphytes” morronensis CRESCENTI, 1969... 207 Geologia Croatica Geologia Croatica 61/2–3 208 Description: The gregarious specimens of this Crescen- tiella morronensis forma colligaris are composed of several individual specimens building nodule-like colonies of several centimetres in diameter (up to 10 cm and more). The indivi- dual specimens are connected with each other by continuation of the fi nely laminated cyanophycean crust forming the “cor- tex” (Figs. 4–6; Pl. 4, Fig. a; Pl. 5, Figs. a, c). The distance of the individual internal cavity, bridged by cyanophyceans, may be several millimetres. The individual layer of the cyanophy- cean crusts (“cortex”) may run down, building “mini-tepee- like” structures (Figs. 5–7; Pl. 7, Figs. a–b; Pl. 8, Fig. d). The “cortex” between two neighbouring specimens is not formed by internal foraminifera or tubes, because a line, produced by growing together is totally lacking. The walls of the internal tube or foraminifera (fi ne micritic crystals: Pl. 7, Fig. c; Pl. 8, Figs. a, e) and the laminated microstructure of the cortex (Pl. 7, Figs. d–e) are the same as previously described for C. mor- ronensis forma morronensis (CRESCENTI). Discussion: According to LEINFELDER et al. (1996) the outer diameter of Crescentiella (diameter of “cortex”) is de- pendent mainly on light for the algal symbiosis. According to these authors in water depths of about 5–40 m (inner ramp), the cortex is very thick, in depths of about 40–80 m (middle ramp) the thickness is moderate, while at depths of 80–120 m (outer ramp) the thickness is thin and in depths of more than 120 m the internal foraminifera is without the “cortex” (com- pare also SCHMID, 1996, fi g. 119). This statement of LEIN- FELDER et al. (1996) was not confi rmed by DUPRAZ & STRASSER (2002, p. 463). According to SCHMID (1995) the “colonial” forms re- fl ect the ecological conditions growing in low energy environ- ments on soft substrates (see also LEINFELDER et al., 1996). This statement can not be confi rmed for open marine Upper Jurassic reef environments where both forms of Crescentiella (“colonial” and individual) occur together, with corals and other reef builders in the Madonie Mountains, Sicily and the Shotori Mountains, Iran. In both localities the gregarious and “colonial” Crescentiella, (reaching a nodular size of up to 10 cm and more), are abundant (Fig. 4). The core (axial cavity) of such Crescentiella are usually tubes (Pl. 4, Figs. a, d; Pl. 5, Figs. a–c), chambered foraminifera are usually in individual forms (Pl. 5, Figs. f–g). SEM-investigations of both types of Crescentiella from Upper Jurassic epicontinental carbonates (southern Germany: Pl. 6, Figs. a–h), and open marine Upper Jurassic deposits (Sicily: Pl. 7, Figs. a–e), show the same micro- structure of the wall of the internal core (tube or foraminifera) and the surrounding crust (“cortex”). We found a similar mic- ro structure of both environmental types from the Upper Juras- sic of Sicily and southern Germany. Also there are no differ- ences between the wall structure of the cylindrical tube and the chambered cavity (foraminifera). Occurrence: The stratigraphic range of Crescentiella mor- ron ensis (CRESCENTI) is given as being from the Middle Jurassic to the Upper Cretaceous, or possibly the Palaeocene, by SCHMID (1996, p. 189). The Late Cretaceous or even Pal- aeocene occurrences are questionable and cannot be confi rmed here. It is an abundant fossil in Upper Jurassic shallow water carbonates, particularly in epocontinental environments of the Tethyan realm. It occurs throughout the Cretaceous deposits, but not as abundant as in the Jurassic (MOUSSAVIAN, 1992). Crescentiella is known from numerous Upper Jurassic loca- lities of northwest and central Tethys (see synonymy). SCHEIB- NER & REIJMER (1999) reported its occurrence in the Low- er Jurassic of Morocco. Interpretation: The systematic position of Tubiphytes Maslov is much disputed in the literature. It is variously inter- preted as: Cyanophyceans (MASLOV, 1956; CRONEIS & TOOMEY, 1965; FLÜGEL & FLÜGEL-KAHLER, 1980), Rhodophyceans (FLÜGEL, 1966; KOCHANSKY-DEVIDÉ, 1970); algae of uncertain systematic position (JOHNSON, 1963; HOMANN, 1972), sponges (OTT, in KRAUS & OTT, 1968; RIDING & GUO, 1992; WANG et al., 1994) and Hydrozoans (RIGBY, 1958). VACHARD et al. (2001) interpreted Tubi- phytes Maslov “as a free cyanobacterium or alga developed symbiosis with other organisms”. BABCOCK (1986, p. 13) interpreted Tubiphytes as problematicum “that may belong to an extinct phylum”. PAYNE et al. (2006) described the abundance of “Tubi- phytes” in the Middle Triassic (Anisian) reef complex from Guizhou Province, southwest China. The authors illustrated numerous specimens of a “Tubiphytes framework”, and in fi g. 18 several cross sections of “Tubiphytes” with the “presence of small spore-like structures (~50–75 mm diameter) contained within larger spheres (~500 mm diameter)”. The small spheres are interpreted as “algal sporangia” by PAYNE et al. (2006) and consequently “Tubiphytes” as alga. Such small spheres are also described in Anisophytes aggtelekensis (SCHLOZ) by SENOWBARI-DARYAN & VELLEDITS (2007). “Tubi- phytes” of PAYNE et al. (2006) and also those of LEHRMANN et al. (1998) from the same Province can not be assigned to Tubiphytes sensu MASLOV (1956). Discussion about the as- signment of such “Tubiphytes” is given by SENOWBARI- DARYAN & VELLEDITS (2007) and a revision of Triassic Tubiphytes is in preparation by Senowbari-Daryan. The systematic position of Crescentiella morronensis (CRE SCENTI) – like Tubiphytes or similar organisms – is also uncertain. For interpretation of the whole organism (in- ternal cavity and surrounding “cortex”) as favoured by BER- NIER (1984), for “microoncolites” see DRAGASTAN (1969), MEYER (1975), KOTT (1989) and FLÜGEL & STEIGER (1981). Oncolites are defi ned as the encrustation of biogenic or abiogenic fragments by other organisms, mainly cyanobac- teria (for a detailed defi nition see FLÜGEL, 2004, p. 100). The interpretation of MEYER (1977), FLÜGEL (1981), and LEINFELDER et al. (1993), that the whole organism repre- sents a symbiosis between foraminifera and cyanobacteria or encrusting of foraminifera by algae or cyanobacteria during the life time of the internal object, is different to the interpre- tation as microoncolites. This defi nition does not justify the classifi cation of Crescentiella as a “special oncolite”. SCHMID (1995) recognized the laminated structure of the “cortex” naming it as “micropeloidal”. Based on such “mi- Geologia CroaticaBaba Senowbari-Daryan et al.: Crescentiella, a new name for “Tubiphytes” morronensis CRESCENTI, 1969... 209 cropeloidal” structure of the “cortex” SCHMID (1995) exclud- ed a cyanophycean nature for the formation of the “cortex”. Another reason for Schmid to exclude such an interpretation of the “cortex” was that no other components except Crescen- tiella morronensis (CRESCENTI) became encrusted. Our ob- servations contrast Schmid´s statement (see below). In summary, SCHMID (1995) interpreted Crescentiella morronensis as the symbiosis of foraminifera with endobiotic algae (possibly Dinophyceans, Rhodophyceans or Cyanophy- ceans) which are responsible for the formation of the external wall (“cortex”). The following criteria are contraindicative to the state- ment of SCHMID (1995): 1. The SEM photomicrographs of the “cortex” in both in- dividual and colonial forms of Crescentiella (Fig. 3; Pl. 6, Figs. a–b, f; Pl. 7, Figs. d–e) show that the “Mikropeloide” (micropeloids) of SCHMID (1995) in reality represent large crystals alternating with small crystals, thereby producing the fi nely laminated structure of the “cortex”. We interpret the large crystals as being abiogenic, the small crystals as biogen- ic, as produced by cyanophyceans. 2. We can not confi rm the statement of SCHMID (1995, p. 307), that “Außerdem umhüllt die mutmaßliche “Cyanobak- terie” nie etwas anders als “T.” morronensis, wie etwa Bio- klasten” (in addition the presumable cyanobacteria never en- crusted objects other than “T.” morronensis, e.g. bioclasts). As shown in our material (Pl. 1, Figs. d, f–i; Pl. 2, Figs. a–f; Pl. 3, Figs. a–g; Pl. 4, Fig. e), there are not only encrustations of foraminifera by cyanophyceans, but also of other biogenic fragments, such shell fragments, sponges, bryozoans, echino- derm remains, etc. by the same or similar cyanophycean ac- tivity. Encrustation of tubes of uncertain taxonomic position is also abundant. Fragments of thin shells are also mostly en- crusted by cyanophyceans, building the microoncolites of MAY ER (1975) and KOTT (1989). The “microoncolite” in- terpretation (DRAGASTAN, 1969; KOTT, 1989) of Crescen- tiella morronenis was denied by SCHMID (1995), because the cyanobacteria do not surround the apertures of foramini- fera and it (cyanobacterium) does not occur alone. In fact, the cyanobacteria do not occur alone or almost usually with fo- raminifera or tubes, because as a symbiont they need a sub- strate to grow on. Foraminiferal tubes and shells serve as a substrate for the encrustation of cyanobacteria. Foraminifera particularly seem to be the most favoured substrate. Fig. 8 shows the possibile growth process between the chambered foraminifera and the encrusted cyanophyceans. 3. Also inclusion of biogenic and abiogenic components (e. g. Coccolithophorids, see FLÜGEL, 1981, fi g. 8; possibly “Calcispheres”, see VOLK et al., 2001, pl. 13, fi g. 1; different biogenic components, see Fig. 2.b; Pl. 1, Figs. d–h; and fo- raminifera, Pl. 1, Fig. i) embedded within the “cortex”, do not support Schmid´s interpretation of the “cortex” as the external wall of the foraminifera. 4. We observed not only the inclusion (or agglutination in foraminiferal terminology) of detrital bioclasts but also en- crusting foraminifera between the micritic sheets of the “cor- tex” obviously refl ecting the life position during the time of laminae formation (Pl. 1, Fig. i). 5. The extremely thick “cortex” (Pl. 5, Figs. a, c; Pl. 7, Figs. a–b; Pl. 8, Fig. d; compare Figs. 5–6) and its strongly downward turning do not support its formation by the internal organism (foraminifera or tube). 6. The fi ne lamination of the “cortex” indicates that the individual laminae were formed successively one after the other. Such permanent formation of the wall also argues against its formation by the internal foraminifera, tube or other object. 7. The encrusting of different objects (foraminifera, tubes, shells etc.) by a thick crust (“cortex”) in the same environ- ment, as shown e.g. in Pl. 4, Figs. e–f, is in contrast to the in- terpretation of the whole organism as a foraminifera as done by SCHMID (1995). Instead, these criteria support the par- ticipation of a second organism for the formation of the cortex of Crescentiella. This organism is of a cyanophycean nature. The complete encrustation of tubes or shells as an inter- nal part of Crescentiella supports the interaction of different objects and cyanophyceans. The oblique lamination of the “cortex”, produced by different crystal sizes, does not indicate the formation of different layers at the same time, but succes- sively. This observation also supports the interpretation of Crescentiella as the interaction of two different organisms: foraminifera, tube or shells serving as a core or substrate for cyanobacteria. The crusts of cyanobacteria serve as a stabi- liser and support the internal object in a growth position and enable its successive growth (see Fig. 8). We interpret the cor- tex of Crescentiella morronensis as crusts of cyanophyceans and the whole body as representing a symbiosis between a fo- raminifera or indeterminable tubes and cyanophyceans. Fo- raminifera, tubes or other objects serve as a substrate for the growth of cyanophyceans. The crust of cyanophyceans stabi- lizes and enables the further growth of the foraminifera or tube of uncertain systematic position. Fi gu re 8: Possible formation process of Crescentiella morronensis forma morronensis (CRESCENTI) by interaction between the two symbionts (foraminifera and cyanophyceans). After formation of the fi rst chamber of the foraminifera and its encrustation by the cyanophyceans, the formation of the second chamber and its encrustation follows. This process continues to build Crescentiella, composed of multichambered foraminifera as a core and a surrounding crust produced by cyanophyc- eans. After the death of the foraminifera the whole test is encrusted by the cyanophyceans. Schematic, not to scale. Geologia Croatica Geologia Croatica 61/2–3 210 Labes atramentosa ELIASOVA, 1986 (Pl. 8, Fig. c) 1986 Labes atramentosa n. gen., n. sp. – ELIASOVA, p. 110, pl. 1–2, pl. 2 (synonymy) 1986 „Nubeculinellen-Riffchen“ – BRACHERT, pl. 42, fi g. 1 1996 “Tubiphytes”-Kamin (Tubiphytes chimney) – SCHMID, fi gs. 102–112 1996 “Tubiphytes” morronensis colony – LEINFELDER et al., fi g. 4 2005 Labes atramentosa ELIASOVA – SCHLAGINTWEIT et al., p. 75, fi g. 69a., b, fi g. 70a Remarks: Because this organism is mentioned in the lite ra ture as “Nubecullinellen-Riffchen” or as “Tubiphytes”- Kamin (chimney), it should be described here briefl y and the differences to Crescentiella emphasized. The problematic dis- tinc tion between the former “Tubiphytes” morronensis and Labes atramentosa is best refl ected in the literature by terms such as “Tubiphytes like structure, described as Labes atra- mentosa” (UTA & BUCUR, 2003, pl. 4, fi g. 4). SCHMID (1996) illustrated material from the Stramberk Limestones, the type formation of Labes atramentosa, as “Tubiphytes chimneys” without commenting on the latter taxon. Description: The aggregates of this cylindrical to mostly conical shaped organism reach heights of up to 5 mm, with a basal diameter of up to 3 mm. It is characterized by an inter- nal cavity of up to 0–8 mm in diameter surrounded by a mic- ritic “cortex” containing the tube(s) of about 0.09 mm to 0.155 mm in diameter. The transverse to oblique sections of the tubes are arranged mostly between lateral protrusions of the central tube, and are set rather close to it. In contrast to Crescentiella, the cortex of Labes is made up of dense micritic laminae sepa- rated by very thin darker lines, (see SCHLAGINTWEIT et al., 2005, fi g. 70a) also lacking incorporated bioclasts. The tube (or several tubes) coil around an internal cavity similar to Isnella described recently from Ladinian – Carnian reef limestones of several localities in the Tethyan realm by SE- NOWBARI-DARYAN (2007). As previously mentioned, the “central tube” shows lateral protrusions or spines and in some specimens reaches higher than the surrounding “cortex”, sug- gesting a biogenic origin (perhaps sponges), in contradiction to Isnella, which is assumed to lack a central organism. There- fore Labes can be interpreted as a real epibiont. A detailed de- scription of Late Jurassic Isnella- and Labes-type microfossils and their interpretation is in preparation by Schlagintweit. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The investigations were carried out within the frame of the research project “Se 416/17” supported to B. Senowbari-Dary an by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft. The research of J. Matyszkie- wicz was fi nanced by the AGH statutory grant 11. 11. 140. 560, those of F. 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