GEOL. CROAT. 50/2 20 1 - 2 14 I Fig. 3 Tabs. 2 Pis. ZAG REB 1997 

Upper Triassic Biostratigraphy and Algae from Zumberak (Croatia) 

Tonci GRGASOVIC 

Key wo r ds: Biostratigraphy, Foraminifera, Dasy­
c ladalcs, Upper Triass ic, Croalia. 

Abstract 
In the Upper Triassic do lomi te deposits o f the Zu mbcrak region 

(west o f Zagreb, Croatia) the followi ng local biostratigraphic zones 
arc di stinguished: Clypeillo hesici Taxon-range zone (Carnian). Alllv­
lO,.f/tS .~iIlIfU.flfS Interval-zone (Norian), and TriasiJl(l /UlIIrkClli Taxon­
range zone (Rhaet ian). Dasycladal a lgae C/)'/Jeinll besici PANTIC, 
Griphupurd/a c/t/Ta/(l (CUM BEL), Physoporella jomdaellsis FLU· 
G EL & M U and AciC/ffdla sp. are accurately described. 

1. INTRODUCTION 

The Zumbcrak mountains lie to the west of Zagreb, 
in the bo rder area with the Republic of S lovenia (Fig. 
I ). They arc predominantly composed of Triassic dolo­
mites, but Pcrmian to Quaternary deposits a lso occur. 

Ow ing to its prox imity to Zagreb, Zumberak has 
been the subject o r re latively numerous geologica l inve­
st iga tion s. The firs t extensive work that included the 
stratigraphy o f Triassic deposi ts of th is region was wril­
ten by GORJ ANOVIC-KRAMBERGER ( 1894). Shon 
stratigraph ic desc riptions of particular loca lities were 
give n by HERAK et a l. ( 1965) and HERAK (1968). 
HERAK ( 1957) reponed on the find o f the alga Sphae­
rocodiulI/ bornemanni on Me Sv. Gera in Z umberak 
whi le BABIC ( 1970) es tablished that this was not a Fos­
sil taxon but rather an onco idal sedimentological struc­
ture. Work ing on the Basic Geo logica l Map (scale 
I: 100.000), sheet Novo Mesto, PLENICAR & PREM­
RU ( 1977) distinguished the Middle and Upper Triassic 
dolomites altogethe r, in which the o nl y " foss ils" a re 
Splwerocodilll1l. O n the Zagreb sheet, SIKH: e l a!. 
(1979) clisti nguished the Middle and Upper Triassic and 
reported the occurrence of a "several metre th ick zone 
with interlayers or dark grey to black sha les", ror which 
they assumed a Carnian age, wi th in the lower part of a 
thi ck s llccess ion of Upper Triassic dolomites . In the 
upper part of the dolomite deposits they recorded the 

lnsli WI C of Geo[ogy, Sachsova 2, P.O. Box 268, HR- [0000 Zagreb, 
Croa tia. 

Kljucne rijeci : biostratigrafija, foraminifere, Dasy­
c ladales, gornji trijas, f-Irva tska. 

Sazetak 
U podrucj u Zum berka (zapadno od Zagreba, Hrvatska) II 

dolomi tn im nas tagmna gonjeg Irijasa izdvojene su sljedece lokal nc 
biostmtigrafske zone: rasponska zona CI)1Jeilla he.\·;ci (karnik), inter­
val-zona AI/Joror/lI.'> Sill/l0.'>/1S (norik) i raspo nska zona Tr;a.~il/(l IUII/ ­
Ikel/; (ret). Detaljnije su opisane dazi kt adal nc atgc CI)1u: il/(I besici 
PANTIC, Griplwporella Cl/IWIJa (GUMBEL), PhysupordJa )UIII­

d(/ellsis FLUGEL & MU i AciclI/ella sp. 

a lte rna tion of dolomites, dolom it ized lim estones and 
lim estones . Problemati c algae in c lud ing Thawnato ­
porella parvovesicultjera, Aeolisacci/s dutlningtolli and 
Aeo/isaccus sp. , and the foraminifera involwina sp. and 
Glomospira sp. are the only mentioned foss ils. 

In the immediate vici nity, in the Samobor moun­
tains, Triass ic deposits have been investiga ted by HER­
AK (1956) and BABIC et al. ( 1980). GUSIC & BABIC 
(1972) and GUSIC (1975) wro te about the Upper Trias­
sic and Liassic microfossils of the adjacent Medved ni­
ca, and FUCEK e t al. (1995), KOROLIJA e t al. ( 1995), 
PRTOLJAN et al. (1995) and SOKAC & GRGASOVIC 
( 1995) about the Upper Triass ic sediments and fossils 
o f Medvednica. SIMUNIC & S IM UN IC ( 1997) deals 
with the Triassic depos its of Hrvat sko Zago rje, and 
BUKOV AC & SOKAC ( 1989) wro te about the Upper 
Triassic and Liassic of the adjacent reg ion o r Gorjanci 
(S loveni a) . 

As part of recenl inves tiga tion s for the Geological 
Map of the Republic of Croati a (scale 1:50.000) dc ta­
iled lithost rat igraphic columns were measured through 
Triassic deposits on well exposed outc rops in the Slap­
nica creek, NW of Krasic. Based on the resea rch results, 
a lithostratigraphic subdi vision was made of the Triassic 
deposi ts into several forma tions and members (BUKO­
VAC et aI. , 1995; GRGASOVIC, 1995). The fo llowing 
uni ts were separated wi thin the Upper Tri assic (Fig. I): 
the Slapn ica Fonnation is composed o f early diagene tic 

This paper ,vas presented at the scientific meeting 
dedicated to the 80th an niversary 01" the lil"e 01" 

Professor Milan H erak, 
held on March Sth, 1997 in Zagreb 



202 Geologia Croalica 50/2 

CHRONOJSIO-I_ LITHO-

STRATIGRAPHIC LITHOLOGY FOSSILS 
UNITS 

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dolomites, represented by more or less regular rhythms 
of doiomicrites, fenestral dolomicritcs and dolomitic 
stromatolites. Beds arc clearly distinguished and about 
20-65 em thick. These sediments were deposited in a 
peritidal environment showing a sha llowing-upward 
tendency. Two members were separated within the 
Slapniea Formation. Within the rhythmic dolomites of 
the lower Vranjak member, milimetre to centimetre­
thick yellow-green shales are intercalated. In the upper 
part the dolomites of Drcnovac member (which have a 
high organic mattcr content) arc very dark coloured. 
Very thin coal interlayers also occur as a result of the 
formation of anoxic lagoons. The upper part of the 
dolomitic succession is designated as the Main 
Dolomite Formation, which is characterized by the gen­
crally irregular lateral and vertical alternation of three 
main structural types of early diagenetic dolomites: 
dolomicrites, fenestral dolomicrites and dolomitic stro­
matolites with very fine undulating laminations. Thcsc 
stromatolites mostly belong to the type of so-called 

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Fig. I Schematic stratigraphic 
column or the Upper Trias­
sic deposits or Zumberak, 
with the geographical loca­
tion or investigated outcrops 
in the Slapnica creek. Leg­
end : I) limestone: 2) dolo­
mite; 3) dolomite intraror­
mational breccia; 4) dolomi­
erilc rich in organic malleI'; 
5) shale; 6) fenestral fabric; 
7) stromatolite. 

skeletal stromatolites whereas thosc or other units arc 
of Ihe agglutinated type (sensu RIDING, 1991). The 
real bedding planes arc difficult to observe, while stylo­
lites are clearly expressed. These deposits were formcd 
in the peritidal - tidal flat environments on a stable car­
bonatc platform. Two members were separated in the 
upper part of this formation. The Kalje mcmber is com­
posed of intraformational breccias with dolomicritic 
cement and fragmcnts of the described dolomite types. 
BUKOVAC et a!. (1995) and GRGASOVIC (1995) re­
fer to this member as the Gmajna breccias but, since 
this name is used in a number of localities, the name 
Kalje aftcr the near-by village has been adopted. The 
younger, Posinak member, is characterized by generally 
well stratified dolomicritcs, and the rare occurrence of 
dolomitic limestones and limestones. Fenestral dolomi­
crites are less frequent and dolomitic stromatolites arc 
mainly horizontally laminated and contain lcss numer­
ous fenestrae. The sedimentary environment may be 
defined as peritidal with the prevalence of subtidal con-



Grg;NlVic: Upper T riassic 13iostLl1igr;lphy and /\ Igae from Zumberak (Croatia) 

ditions. There is a cont inuous transition into Liassic 
limestones. 

While detailed columns were recorded, a rich fossil 
content was found in several fossiliferous interlayers, 
which made it poss ible to define the age of discfetc 
lithostratigraphic units and observe the fossi ls within 
fossil assemblages. These results as well as the obser­
ved differences in the fossil content at particular levels 
instigated the definition of a local biostratigraphic zona­
tion for these Upper Triassic deposi ts, with a more 
extensive survey of dasyclad algae. 

2. BIOSTRATIGRAPHIC ZONES 

2.1. Clypeilla besici TAXON-RANGE ZONE 

Boundaries: Boundaries arc defined by the occur­
rence and disappearance of the index species. 

Fossil content: Besides frequent fragments and 
scarce whole skeletons of the dasyclad alga C/ypeina 

besici PANTIC (PI. II. Figs. 2. 4-7,11-12,16-19), there 
arc numerous foraminifera including Lamellicolllls pro­

eel'IIS (UEBUS) (PI. 1, Fig. 17), Lalllellicollus mU/li­
spi/'lls (OBERHAUSER) (PI. I, Figs. 15-16) and Aulo­

IOl'lus/i'ied/i (KRISTAN-TOLLMANN), and less fre­
quently AII!otor{us sinlioslis WEYNSCHENK (PI. I, 
Fig. 9; PI. TI, Fig. 5 pars) and All/otortus cf. relluis 

(KRISTAN) . The problematical dasyclad alga Acicu/el­

la sp. was also round (PI. 11, Fig. 9). 

Stratigraphic range: Camian. 

Correlation: Sinec C!ypeilla besiei PAN TIC has a 
conrirmed Carnian range (sec Section 3), this zone may 
be correlated with other cocval foraminiferal zones, e.g. 
(he Poroophra/lllieliwlI corpafiliclIl1I Range-Zone (SAL­
AJ el aI. , 19883, b) or the Pi/ofJ1l11inella kuthal1i Inter­
val-Zone (SA LAJ et aI., 1983). The Carnian age of th is 
zone is also confirmed by palynological data (JERINIC 
in BUKOVAC et aI., 1995) . 

This stratig raphic zone fully coincides wi th the 
extension or the Slapnica lithostratigraphic unit. This 
coincidence may be the result of extension of the envi­
ronment favourable for the survival of C. besici, as 
dasyclad algae show a pronounced environmental 
depenclence (e.g. BERGER & KAEVER, 1992). 

2.2. AII/olorlus SillllOSIIS INTERV AL ZONE 

Boundaries: The lower boundary of this interval­
zone is defined by the disappearance of C/ypeina besici 
PANTIC, and the uppcr boundary by the appearance of 
Tri{Hilla liallfkelli MAJZON. 

Fossil content: Some foraminifera continue iIllO 

this zone, including: Au/oforfus fl·ieelli (KRISTAN­
TOLLMANN) (PI. II , Fi g. I pars) , Au/olorills lellllis 
(KRIST AN) and the index species Auloforllls sinllosus 

WEYNSCHENK (PI. II, Fig. 1 pars), which is thc most 

203 

numerous. Therc are also occurences of: Alf/otOr/Lls 

Ilimidlis (KRISTAN-TOLLMANN), Trochammilla sp ., 
the coprolile ?ParaJavreina flioronetellsis BRONNI­
MANN et al. (PI. I, Fig. 19) and the dasyclad alga 
Physopore//a jomdaellsis FLUGEL & MU (PI. II, Figs. 
lO,14-15). 

Stratigraphic range: Since the assemblage has a 
rather wide stratigraphic range, this zone is defined as 
an interval zone. The age is probably Norian. 

Correlation: Duc to insufficient material, no corre­
lation can be made with other known biostratigraphic 
units. 

This biozone with its range may be generally identi ­
fied with the lower part of the Main Dolom ite Forma­
tion, below the Kalje breccia member. Due to the small 
number of palaeontological data, the boundary with the 
overlying Tri{lSina halltkeni zone is only approximate. 

2.3. Triasilla hallikelli TAXON-RANGE ZONE 

Boundaries: Boundaries afe defined by the occur­
rence and disappearance of thc index species. 

Fossil content: Together with nurnerous Triasil/o 
hallikelli MAJZON (PI. J, Figs. 1-3; PI. II, Fig. 3 pars), 
other foramin ifera including: Au/oeof/us penlloelis­
CO ides (OBERHAUSER) (PI. I, Figs. 12, 18) and AII/o­

lorills SillllOSIlS WEYNSCHENK (PI. I, Figs. 8, 10?, II 
pars) also occur, and less freq uently Au/otortusJriedli 
(KRISTAN-TOLLMANN) (PI. 1, Figs. 4-5, 7; PI. II, 
Fig. 3 pars), AIi/OIOriIlS lenllis (KRIST AN) (PI. 1, Fig. 
6) and Trochammilla sp. (PI. I, Fig. 11 pars), as well as 
the dasyclad alga Griphoporella cllrvala (GUMBEL) 
(PI. II, Figs. 8 , 13). The association also contains 
numerou s fragments and skeletons of a gymnocodi­
acean alga (PI. II , Fig. 3 pars), previously unknown and 
described in SOKAC & GRGASOVIC (1998 1Il 

press). 

Stratigraphic range: The stratigraphic range of thi s 
zone is determined by the range of thc index species . 
Most authors maintain the range is Upper Noriall­
Rhaetian (e.g. ZANINETTI, 1976; PILLER, 1978; 
SALAJ et aI., 1983; ORA VECZ-SCHEFFER, 1987), 
while others think it is only Rhaetian (e.g. CIARAPICA 
et aI., 1987; SARTORJO & VENTURINI, 1988; DE 
CASTRO, 1990; ROHL et a!., 1991). 

Correlation: The Triasina hallfkeni range zone has 
been repeatedly determincd in the Tethyan region (e.g. 
CIARAPICA ot a!. , 1987; SALAJ et aI., 1988a, b; 
V ACHARD & FONTAINE. 1988; V ACI-IARD et a!., 
1990; ROHL et a!., 199 l) and may be well correlated 
with the zone separated in the Zumberak region. 

This fossil assemblage is fo und in the beds immedi­
ately underlying the Kalje breccia and in fragments 
within breccias, so the Triosilla halltkcni bio-zone 
seems to include part of the upper segment or the Main 
Dolomite Formation, the Kalje member and possibly 
the Posinak member. GUSIC & BABIC (1970) have 



204 

found Triasillo cf. hal1fkeni in limestones south of 
Tisovec village, which probably belong to the Posinak 
member. 

3. PALAEONTOLOGY 

Order Dasycladales PASCHER 1931 

Family Acetabulariaceae HAUCK 1885 

T.-ibe Clypeineae ELLIOT 1968 

Genus Clypeina (MICHELIN 1845) BASSOULLET 
et al. 1978 

Clypeilla besici (PANTle 1965) PANTIe ill 
GRANIER & DELOFFRE 1995 

PI. II. Figs. 2, 4-7.11-12,16-19 

Selected synonymy (page numbers only if there is a 
description or a comment on the species): 

1965 Clypeinl1 bdiCi n.sp. - PA NTIe, p. 133-136 
(137-141); PI. I, Figs. 1-6; PI. II, Figs. 1-7; PI. 
Ill, Figs. 1-6; PI. IV, Figs. 1-2; PI. V, Figs. 1-3 

1967 Clypeii/a bdiCi PANTle - PANTIC, PI. VII, 
Figs. 1-3 

1967 Clypeii//1 sp. - HOLZER, p. 77-79; PI. 1, Figs. 1-
2, 8 pars 

1968 ?Clypeii//1 besici PANTIC - DURDANOVIC, PI. 
I , Fig. 9 

1972 Dasyeladacca - KODRA. PI. 3. Fig. 8 

1972 Clypeii//1 cf. besici PANTIC - OTT, p. 91-93; 
Figs. 2.1-2.13 

1972 Clypeii/G bdiCi PANTIC - PANTIC, PI. V, Fig. 1 

1972 Clypeii//1 besici PANTIC - PANTIC & RAMP­
NOUX, PI. II, Fig. 4 

1972 Clypeii/11 bdiCi PANTlC 
KEMENCI, PI. Ill , Figs. 7-8 

CANOVIC & 

1974 Clypeii//1 besici PANTIC - BUKOVAC, VELTC 
& SOKAC. N.F. 

1974 Clypeii/a bdiCi PANTIC - PANTIC, PI. V, Figs. 
1-2 

1975 Clypeii//1 bdid PANTIC - PANTIC. PI. LXXI, 
Figs. 1-2; PI. LXII, Fig. I 

1977? Clypeii/a sp. - FLAJS, p. 11; PI. 17, Fig. 6 

1980 Clypein/1 besici PANTIC - BABIC, GUSIC, 
KRYSTYN & ZUPANIC, N.F. 

j 980 Clypein/1 besici PANTIC - DRAGASTAN, Fig. 
103 

1983? Clypein/1 sp. - SCHAFER & SENOWBARI­
DAR Y AN, p. 119; PI. 6, Fig. 6 

1984 Clypeina besici - HENRICH, PI. 9, Fig. 6.2; PI. 
IS , Fig. 1.2 

Geologia Cronlica 50(2 

1995 Clypeina besici PANTIC - PANTIC in GRA­
NIER & DELOFFRE, p. 57 & 62, choosing the 
lectotype between syntypes: PI. I , Fig. 1 in PAN­
TlC (1965) 

The original description (PANTIC, 1965, p. 135) 
is translated from Serbian: "The fossilized thallus of 
this alga is made up of fertile whorls, shaped like a 
wide rimmed glass. Whorls are slightly overlapped. 
Whorl branches are thinner in the proximal pan, gelting 
slightly thicker towards the distal part. There are 
between 12 and 22 branches. They arc fused along 
almost their entire length, except for a small free part at 
the distal end. Each branch is connected with the axial 
cavity through a tiny pore, silUated ncar the whorl 
base. " 

Discussion: HOLZER (1967) described as Clypeilla 
sp. a form which is, except for its slightly larger dimen­
sions, identical with Clypeina besici PANTle in all of 
its characteristics. OTT (1972) described somc nicely 
preserved specimens from Austria, displaying a thallus 
shaped like a string of icc-cream cornets, and compared 
them with those described by Holzer. SCHAFER & 
SENOWBARI-DAR Y AN (1983) also compared their 
specimen with Holzer ' s. The table of dimcnsions 
(Table 1) shows that the specimens described in the 
present paper are generally smaller than those in the 
aforementioned works, but it also shows that the stud­
ied species manifests some variability in dimensions. 

As a taxonomic criterion, dimensions arc much less 
important than the elements of algal st ructure: the shape 
and distribution of branches, shape and ornamentation 
of the thalius, etc. (BASSOULLET et aI., 1977). There­
fore , specimens from Zumberak, as well as those from 
other works cited in the synonymy, may be withouL 
reservation classified as belonging to Clypeillo besici. 
Studying the calcification processes in algae, FLAJS 
(1977) points to the Upper Triassic Clypeilla sp. (poss i­
bly C/ypeilla besici) as an example of preserved prima­
ry structure with calcification of a similar type to that of 
the recent Cymopolia. 

The Zumberak specimens agree with the original 
description. Branches are densely disposed within the 
whorls and the whorls are widely spaced along the thal ­
lus. Because of their dense arrangement branches arc 
sometimes horizontally flattened (PI. II, Fig. 7). Proxi­
mal branches ascend steeply and then, bending convex­
ely, abruptly expand (PI. II, Fig. 5) and finaliy taper to a 
point (PI. II, Figs . 12, l6). Fomlation of gametes (unca­
lcified) seems to have taken place in these expanded 
branch parts (cladosporous type). The basal pore of Ihe 
branch is rarely visible (PL II, Figs. 6, 17). Each branch 
is fully covered by a thin regular calcareous envelope of 
an average thickness of 0.03 mm (PI. II, Figs. 5, 7, J.6, 
18). The main ax is is covered by a less regular and 
slightly thicker envelope (ca. 0.05 mm; PI. II , Fig. 5). 
The internal thallus wall is entirely smooth (PI. II, Figs. 
2, I 1, J 7-18). Proximal parts of calcified branches arc 



Grgasovic: Upper Triassic Biostratigraphy and Algae from Zumberak (Croat ia) 205 

GRGASOVIC PANTIC HOLZER 

(1967) 

on 
(1972) 

SCHAFER & 
SENOWBARI­

DARYAN Dimensions in mm (1997) (1965) 
(1983) 

Outer thallus diameter at the 0.44-1.06 (0.7) 0.896-1.84 1.25-2.68 0.95-1.7 (1.13) 2.8 
whorl level (Dmax) n = 14 n=7 

Outer thallus diameter 0.21 -0.55 (0.37) 
between whorls (Dmin) n = 14 

Inner thallus diameter (d) 0.09-0.36 (0.21) 0.56-0.672 0.42-0.64 0.24-0.36 (0.31) 1.2 
n = 15 n = 6 

The diD relation in % 19.1 -49.3 (31.5) 23.8-33.6 21.2-34.7 (28.2) 23 
n = 14 n=6 

Distance between whorls (h) 0.47-0.51 (0.49) 0.56-0.672 1.07-1 .43 0.43-0.79 (0 .53) 2.8 
n =3 n =5 

The hiD relation in % 69.9-82.8 (77.9) 20-50? 23-35? 
(29?) 

44.3-52.7 (47.5) 100 
n =3 (35?) n=5 

Diameter of pores (p) 0.05-0.10 (0.08) 0.06-0.128 0 .06-0.10(0.08) 
n = 12 n =6 

Number of branches 10-15 (13) 12-22 10-12 15 
per whorl (w) n =8 

Table I Dimens ions of ClypeillG hesici PANT le. The mean value is given in parentheses and "n" refers (0 (he number of measurements. Dimen­
sions of specimens described by OTT (1972) were determined from the illustralions. 

joined together, bUI they separate towards the distal 
part, giving a flower-like appearance in cross section 
(PI. II , Fi gs . 2, 11-12, 18). Due 10 il s characteri st ic 
shape, the thallus often disintegrates into discrete seg­
ments. An unusual section shown in Pi. II , Fig. 19 may 
indicate the top pan of the thallus. The original skeleton 
minera logy was aragonite (FLAJS, 1977, p_ 74), which 
was replaced by mosaic dolomite crystals probably dur­
ing earl y diagenesis. 

Stratigraphic range: Most authors state a Carnian 
age for Ihi s al ga (PANTIC, 1965, 1967, 1972, 1974, 
1975; DURDANOVIC, 1968; OTT, 1972; PANTIC & 
RAMPNOUX , 1972; CANOVIC & KEMENCI, 1972; 
DRAGASTAN, 1980). Olhcrs state oecurences in Ihe 
Cordcvolian along with Poikiloporella duplicata (PIA), 
but fin din g only in Wetterstein limestone may implies 
Ihe racies dependance (HOLZER, 1967; OTT, 1972; 
HENRICH, 1984). Some uncertain finds were deter­
mined only as Upper Triassic (FLAJS, 1977; SCHA­
PER & SENOWBARI-DARYAN, 1983). The Norian­
Rhaetian age from KODRA (1972) is uncertain. In this 
paper, the age of beds with Clypeil1a besici PANTIC 
can also be defined as Carnian. 

Gcographical distribution: Albania (KODRA, 
1972), Aust ria (HOLZER, 1967; OTT, 1972), Bosnia 
and Herzegovina (PANTIC, 1965), Croalia (B UKO­
V AC et aI., 1974; BABIC cl aI., 1980 and present pa­
per), Germany (HENRICH, 1984), Greece (SCHAFER 
& SENOW BARI-DARYAN, 1983), Italy (FLAJS , 
1977), Romania (DRAGASTAN, 1980), Slovenia (DU­
RDANOYIC, 1968) and Yugoslavia: Monlenegro (PA­
NTIe , 1965 , 1975), Serbia (PANTIe, 1967, 1972; 

PANTIC & RAMPNOUX, 1972), Yojvodina (CANO­
VIC & KEMENCI, 1972), and Kosovo (PANTlC, 
1974). 

Family T riploporellaceae (PIA 1920) BERGER & 
KAEVER 1992 

Tribe SalpingoporelJeae BASSOULLET et ai. 1979 

Subtribe SalpingoporelJinae BASSOULLET ct ai. 
1979 

Genus Griphoporella (PIA in SPITZ & DYHREN­
FURTH 1915) BARA TTOLO et ai. 1993 

Griphoporella curvala (GUMBEL 1872) BARAT­
TOLO ct al. 1993 

PI. II, Figs_ 8,13 

Selected synonymy (page numbers only if there is a 
description or a comment on the species): 

1872 Gyroporel/a curva/a n. sp. - GUMBEL, p. 280; 
PI. D.lV, Fig. 2.a-d 

19J5 Griphoporel/a curvata (GUMBEL) n.comb. 
PIA in SPITZ & DYHRENFURTH, p. 62; PI. I, 
Fig. 11 

1920 Griphoporel/a curva/a GUMB. spec. - PIA, p. 
90-92; PI. III, Figs_ 17-21 

J 925 Griphoporel/a curva/a - DIENER, PI. XXVIII, 
Fig. 4 ;::: reconstruction 

1964 Griphoporel/a curva/a (GUMBEL) - SOKAC, 
NIKLER & IV ANOYIC, Fig. 3.3-4 



1965 Griphoporella clIn'ora var. C/lrva/a n. val'. -
ZAN IN BUR l, p. 488·489; PI. 62 pars; PI. 63, 
Fig. I pars & 2-3 

1965 Griplloporella c/lrvala var. cislljormis n.vaL -
ZAN IN BURl , p. 490-491; PI. 62.a·c; PI. 63, 
Fi g. I.a-c 

1965 Mocroporella relica n.sp . . ZANIN BUR l, p. 
465-467; PI. 44; PI. 45; PI. 61, Figs. 5·6 

1967') Griplwporella sp. · HOLZER, PI. 1, Fig. 8 pars 

1967 Griphoporella cllrvala (GUMBEL) . HERAK, 
SOKAC & SCAVNICAR, p. 199, N.F. 

1967 Griphoporello cllrl'OfO (GUMBEL) PIA · OTT, 
p. 222·223; PI. 13, Fig. 4 

1972? Dasycladaeeen·Resten . GUSIC & BAB IC, PI. I, 
Pig. 4 

1975 Griphoporella Cllrvola (GUMBEL) . FLUG EL, 
p. 325·327; PI. 4, rig. 6 

1986 Griphoporello C/II' I'oio (GUMBEL) . BRAGA, 
p. 245·246; PI. 2.1 

1987 GriplJOporello CIl/TOfO (GUMBEL) . ClARA PI· 
CJ\ el aI. , p. 366 & 368; PI. XX IV, figs. 1·8; PI. 
XXV, fi gs. 3.b & 7.a; PI. XXVI, f igs. 2 & 5 

1987 Gyroporella l'esicil lijera GUMBEL · CIARAPI· 
CA el aI., p. 368; PI. XXIII , figs. 1· 10; PI. XXV, 
fig. l.a (= XXIII, fig. 5); PI. XXV, fi gs. l.b,3 .a, 
4.a, 5.a & 6.a 

1987 Macroporella refiC({ ZANIN BURl · C IARAPI· 
CA el aI. , p. 364; PI. XXlJ, figs. 1·8; P I. XXV , 
ri gs. 2.c & 6.b; PI. XXVI, 11gs. 1,3 & 7·8 

1987 Dasyeladaeeac gcn.ind .. CIARAPICA el aI. , PI. 
XXV II , fi gs. 1·6 

1988 Griphoporella cllnala (GUMBEL) . SARTO· 
RIO & VENTURINI , p. 40-41 (= p. 56, eenlre) 

1988 Macroparella relica ZANIN BURl · SA RTO· 
RIO & VENTURINI, p. 56, ballom 

ue,.uvgl,' .... '''.'''L,' .'VI,!. 

1993 Gripl/Oparella clIrVOfa (GUMBEL) PIA emend. 
. BARATTOLO, DE CASTRO & PARENTE, 
p. 23-45 (complete synonymy); PI. I , fi gs. 1· 10; 
PI. 2, figs. 1·8; PI. 3, fi gs . 1·5; PI. 4, figs. J ·6; 
PI. 5, figs. 1 -4; PI. 6; PI. 7 

1995 Mo eroporella relica ZAN IN BUR l = Gripho­
porella cllrvafa (GU MBEL) PIA · PUG LIESE, 
p. 537·546; PI. I, figs. 1·6; PI. 2, figs . 7· 11; PI. 
3, figs. 12· 17 

1997 Griphoporella cllrva'" (G U M BEL) PIA . 
PUGLIESE, p. 76; PI. 2, fi gs. 6·9 

Diagnosis (BARA TTOLO CI aI., 1993, p. 33): "Cyl· 
indrical to slightly club-shaped simpl e thallus. Primary 
branches only, arrangcd in vcry close, alternate whorls. 
The branc hes are phlo iophorous, w ith a subterminal 
narrow ing; the ir transverse sect ion is subc ireular. The 
inclina tion of the branches is 45-60° in the prox imal 
portion, then gradually increases outwards up to 70-80°. 
Thc d istal port ion of the branches form a co rtex wit h 
po lygonal meshes horizontall y compressed. Reproduc­
tive organs unknown (not calcified), probably situated 
in the ce ntral stem or in the primary branches (e ndo­
spore or cladosporc). The calcification constitutes a cal­
careous skele ton continllolls, very thin , enveloping to a 
various degree ditIerent portion s or the primary branch­
es. As a consequence the pores show dirreren t mor­
phologies both in differe nt spec imens and in dirrerent 
portions of the samc spccimen." 

Discussion: Though not so well preserved, the Zu­
mbcrak specimens (Table 2) show charac te ri stics typi­
cal of thi s species, wh ich were thoroughly studied and 
revi sed by the above mentioned autho rs . A calcareous 
skeleton of irregular in terna l and ex te rnal sur race 
encompasses various parts o r the densely di sposed 
phloiopi1orous to slight ly vesiculiferous branches . The 
basal part of branches next to the main ax is were proba­
bly not calcified and the ex treme di stal part has bccn 
preserved in only some spec imens. Distal branch taper­
ing, as well as the honey-comb shaped co rt ex, which 
BARATTOLO et aJ. (l993) mention inlheir diagnosis, 

Dimensions in mm GRGASOVIC 

(1997) 

FLOGEL 

(1975) 

BARATIOLO et at. 

(1993) 

Outer thallus diameter (D) 

Inner thallus diameter (d) 

Thickness of the calcareous skeleton (D-d/2) 

Distance between whorls (h) 

Diameter of pores (p) 

Number of branches per whorl (w) 

2.05-2.1 1 

1.49-1.62 

0.25-0.28 

cca 0.1 

cca 30 

1.4-2.7 

1.1-2.1 

0.04-0.12 

0.73-3.12 (1.98); n = 480 

0.42-2.6 (1.55): n = 480 

0.1-0.36 (0.22): n = 480 

0.075-0.15 (0.10): n = 27 

0.051 -0.24 (0.11): n = 160 

12-3 1 (19.5); n = 13 

Tabtc 2 D imensions of Grip/lOporel/(I ("111"1'(1/(1 (GU MBEL 1872) I3ARA'TTOLO e( al. 1993. The mean value is given in parel1(ileses and '"II" 

refers (0 (he number of measurcments. 



Grg:asovi~ : Upper Tri:lssic flioslr:l1igraph y and Algae from Zumbcrak (Croalia) 

are discernible on ly in places (PI. II , Fig. 8, bottom left 
top right). 

Stratigraphic range: Nor ian - Rhaetian (BARAT­
TOLO el aI. , 1993), confirmed also by finds from Zum­
berak (Triasilla halltkeni Taxon-range Zone). 

Geographical distribution: Austri a, Croatia, Ger­
many, Italy, Romania, Spain, Switzerland (BARATTO­
LO et aI., 1993). 

Subtribe Oligoporellinae BASSOULLET et al. 1979 
Genus Physoporella (STEINMANN 1903) PIA 1912 

Physoporellajollldaellsis FLUGEL & MU 1982 

Pl.ll, Figs. 10, 14-15 

1982 Physopore/la jOllldacllsis n.sp. - FLUGEL & 
MU, p. 61-62 , PI. 8, fig. 5 pars; PI. 9, figs. 3-4 

Original diagnosis (FLUGEL & MU, 1982, p. 61): 
"Thin weakly calcified thallus with horn -like termina­
tions or the pyriform branches, arranged in vert icil s." 

Discussion: In their morphological characteristics 
the Zumberak specimens fully agree with those from 
the original description or this species. There arc some 
dillcrcnces in dimensions Crable 3), however they arc 
consi stent w ith the limit s of variations known in the 
other species of this genus. The thallus of Physopore/la 
jOllldaclIsis is cylindrical, straight (PI. II , Fig. 15), very 
slightly bent (PI. II, Fig. 14) or sligh tly clavate 
(FLUGEL & MU, 1982, PI. 9, fig . 3). Branches arc of 
the typical pear like - piriferous type and disposed in 
whorls, which are the principal characteristics of the 
genus Physoporc/la. Internal branch parts, as well as 
the surface of the main axis were most likely not calci­
fied. Calcification affects separately the external side of 
each branch and is complete, so that the external thallus 
surface is undulated. The calcareous envelope is about 
0.06 mm thick. Thc proximal parts of branch envelopes 
arc fu sed (PI. II, Fig. IS, top; FLUGEL & MU, 1982, 
PI. 9, fig. 3, middle part). Branches in indiv idual and 
neighbouring whorls are densely disposed as far as their 
calcareous envelopes allow it. The original thallus stru-

Dimensions in mm GRGASOVtC 

(1997) 

207 

Clure was most probably aragonitic, like in recent Dasy­
c1adales, but, in the early diagenetic phases it was 
replaced by tiny mosaic dolomite c rystals, as other 
ske le tal particles in this dolomite. The phenomenon 
described by FLUGEL & MU (1982) that " .. . the distal 
part of the thallus is covered by a thin calcareous sheet 
(0 .035 -0.070 mm thick) ... " has not been recorded in 
present material. This might be due to the diagenetic 
origin of this envelope in type specimens, possibly in 
the form of early diagenetic acicular calcite. 

Stratigraphic range and geographic distribution: 
The species was originally attributed to the Carnian of 
eastern Tibet (FLUGEL & MU 1982), and can now be 
extended to the Norian of Zumberak (Au/mortlls SiIiIlO­
SIIS Interval Zone). 

Order Dasycladales PASCHER 1931 

Morpho tribe Aciculelleae BASSOULLET et at. 
1979 

Genus Aciclilella PIA 1930 

Aciclt/ella sp. 

PI. ll , Fig. 9 

The genu s Acicufella was first estab lished by PIA 
(1927), however without illustration, and later validated 
by PIA (1930) on the basis of species Aciciliella bacil­
fum. The genus is characterized by cylindrical calcare­
ous bodies with numerous spherical cavities, which are 
usually discernible in the sample as c ircular or elliptical 
sect ions. These calca reous cylinders arc assumed to 
represent the calcified main axis which contained repro­
duc tive organs - the gametangia (PIA, 1927; ELLIOTT, 
1971). Certain sections are very similar to the Aeieu/ar­
ia genus (family Acetabulariaceac), in which the repro­
ductive "umbre lla" chambers are calc ified. BYSTRI­
CKY (1975) made an extensive revision of the Type 
Species and establ ished severa l new ones, mainly on 
the basis of dimensions and the number of gametangia 
in cross section. 

Since only one specimen was discovered from Zum­
berak, and is therefore insufficient to establi sh a spe­
cies, it was defined as Adell/clla sp. 

FLUGEL & MU 

(1982) 

Outer thallus diameter (D) 0.85-1.06 (0.96); n = 3 1.5-1 .75 

Inner thallus diameter (d) 0.47-0.68 (0.55); n = 3 

The diD relation in % 49-64 (57); n = 3 

Distance between whorls (h) 0.23-0.25; n = 2 

Diameter of pores (p) 0.11; n = 3 

Number of branches per whorl (w) 14; n = 1 

Maximal length of thallus (L) 4.9 

0.8-1.3 

63-77 

0.12-0.25 

0.15-0.22 

15 ? 

11.7 

Tab le 3 Dimensions of 
Physopore//a jomc/(f(,I1 -

sis FLUGEL & MU 
1982. The mean value is 
given in parentheses and 
"n" refers (0 lhe number 
of measurements. 



208 

Acknowledgements 

This paper is a result of joint work of the "Zumbe­
rak team" of the Inst itute of Geo logy, Zagreb, to the 
members of which I ex tend my sincere gratitude. Spe­
cial thanks arc due to Dr. BTanko Sokac and Dr. Iva 
Velie for their assistance in the dClcrminaiion of algae 
and foramini fera , and to Dr. Daniel Vachard [or hi s 
very helpful critical review of the manuscripl. 

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210 

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Geologia Croalica 50/2 

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71-80. 

RIDING, R. (199 1): Classification of Microbial Car­
bonates.- In: RIDING, R. (ecl.): Calcareous Algae 
and Stromatoli tes. Springer, 21-51, Berlin. 

PLATE I 

I 

2 

3 

4-5,7 

6 

8 

9 

10 

II 

12, [8 

13 

14 

15-16 

17 

[9 

Microfossils from Uppcr Triassic dolomites from Zumberak (Croatia) 

Triasillo /iall/keni MAJZON; black round cavity at the top is caused by bioerosion; sl ide SL 30-16/2; x 57 

Triasilla I/OII/kelli MAJZON; slide SL 30-8/18; x 57 

Triasilln hal1lkeni MAJZON with micritic cnvelope, probably of cyanobacterial origin; slide SL 30-3/3; 
x 36 

All/%rlllsjried/i (KRISTAN-TOLLMANN); sl ides SL 30-8/15, SL 30-8/2 and SL 30-27/1; x 57 

All/%rliis /Cllllis (KRISTAN); slide SL 30-24/1; x 57 

Au/%r/us SillllOSliS WEYNSCHENK, equatorial section; slide SL 30-8/17; x 45 

AII/%r/lls silluoslls WEYNSCHENK, axial section; slide SL 2- I 2/13; x 57 

Au/%r/us cf. silllloslls WEYNSCHENK, axial section; slide SL 30-20/2; x 57 

Trochammina sp. and AufotO/"lUS sinuosus WEYNSCHENK; slide SL 30-30/1; x 57 

AIl/OCOIlIlS permodiscoides (OBERHAUSER); slide SL 30-21/2 and SL 30-14/1; x 57 

AII/%r/lls cf. /Ilmidlis (KRISTAN-TOLLMANN); slide SL 30-8/1; x 57 

AII/olOrlils //IIlIie/liS (KRISTAN-TOLLMANN); slide SL 30-8/1; x 57 

Lameilicolllls mll//ispil'lls (OBERHAUSER); slide SL 3-5/X and SL 3-5NI; x 31 

Lamei/iconlls procerlls (L1EBUS); slide SL 3-5/XYlI; x 31 

?Parafavrcilla r/Joronclcnsis BRONNIMANN et al.; slide SL 25-9; x 22 



PLATE I 211 



Rblll, U., DUMONT, T., Von RAD, U., MARTINI, 
R. & ZANINETTI, L. (1991): Upper Triassic Tet­
hyan Carbonates on Northwest Australia (Wombat 
Plateau, ODP leg 122). - Facies, 25, 211 -252. 

SALAJ, J., BORZA, K. & SAMUEL, O . (1983): Tri­
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logicky ustav Dionyza Stllra, 213 p., Bratislava. 

SALAJ, J. , TRIFONOVA , E. & GHEORGHIAN, D. 
( 1988a): A biostratigraphic zonation based on ben­
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Carpatho-I3alkans.- Revue de PaiCobiologie, Vol. 
Spec, 2 (Benthos '86), 153-159. 

SALAJ, J., TRIFONOVA, E., GHEORGHIAN, D. & 
CORONEOU, V. (1988b): The Triassic foramini­
fera microbiostratigraphy of the Carpathian - Balkan 
and Hell cnic realm.- Mineralia slov., 20/5 (1988), 
387-41) 

U'-''''''b'' ' '--,v ... , ,,,, .'V," 

SARTORIO, D. & VENTURINI, S. (1988): Southern 
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SCHAFER, P. & SENOWBARI-DARYAN, B. (1983): 
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SOKAC, B. & T. GRGASOVIC (1995): Dissocladello 

hystrickyi 11. sp., a new calcareous alga (Dasycla­
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48/1 , 1-5. 

SOKAC, B. & GRGASOVIC, T. (1998): ASlerOcolcl/­

IllS heraki n.gen., n.sp., a new ca lcareolls alga 
(Gymnocodiaceae) from the Upper Triassic Haupt­
dolomite of Zumberak, north Croatia.- facies, 38, in 

press . 

PLATE II 

Microfossils from Upper Triassic dolomites from Zumberak (Croatia) 

Microfacies of Intcrval-zone AulofOr/liS SillllOSUS: AulolOr/liS SillllOSHS WEYNSCHENK (left and right) 
ancl Al/lolol'll/sli-iedli (KRISTAN-TOLLMANN) (m iclclle); slicle Sl 12-34A; x 22 

2 Microfacies of Taxon-range zone C/ypeil/a besici: Clypeina hesici PANTIe, transversal, slightly ob lique 
sections; sl icle SL 2- 12C/II; x GO 

::\ Microfacics of Taxon -range zone Triasina /wntkeni: Triasino flall/keni MAJZON (right), AII/ofOrflls 

fiiedli (KRISTAN-TOLLMANN) (clown) ancl Gymnocodiacea inclel. (left); slicle SL 30-8/2; x 36 

4 Clypeina he."iici PANTIe, fragment of obliquc section (left) and Dasyc!adacea indct., oblique section 
with visible phloiopilorous branches (down right); slide SL 3-S/VI; x 31 

.') Clypeilla hesici PANTIe, oblique section (down) and Au/otOrflfS SilllfOSlfS \VEYNSCHENK (up); slide 
SL 3-)/IV; x 28 

6 Clypeilla besici PANTIC, longitudinal section through a whorl; slide SL 3-SN; x 31 

7 Clypeilla hesici PANTIC, tangential scction through a whorl; slide SL 3-6/1, x 31 

8 Griphoporello curvala (GUMBEL), transversal , slightly oblique section; slide SL 30-8/12; x 31 

9 Acicllic//o sp., transversal section; slide SL 3-S/II; x 31 

10 Pllysoporella jomdaellsis FLUGEL & MU, transversal, slightly oblique section; slide SL 19-1 5/IV; x 22 

I 1-12, 18 CIYl'cillo hesici PANTIC, transversal sections; sl icles SL 3-5/X1, SL 3-5/XII ancl SL 2-12D: x 31 

13 Criphupure/lo Cllrvala (GUMBEL), oblique section; slicle SL 30-813; x 31 

14 Physopore//ajollldoellsis FLUGEL & MU, longitudinal sec tion; slide SL 17-9; x 17 

15 Physopore//a jomdael/sis fLUGEL & MU, longitudinal section; slide SL 19- J SlY; x 22 

I G C/ypeino besici P ANTIC, fragment of transversal, slightly oblique, section; slide SL 3-S/XII; x 31 

17 Clypeillo besici PANTIC, oblique section; slicle Sl 3-S/IX; x 31 

19 Clypc/I/o besici PANTIe, transversal section, possibly of the top part of the thallus; sl ide SL 3-S/II; x 31 



PLATE II 2 13 



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ZANIN BURl, C. (1965): Il Trias in Lombardia (Studi 
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Manuscript received April 14, 1997. 
Revised manuscript accepted November 10, 1997.