1. INTRODUCTION Carboniferous rocks are present at the surface in several scattered areas in Croatia (RAMOVŠ et al., 1990; SREMAC, 2005) (Fig. 1). In all these areas Pennsylvanian deposition was influenced by the input of terrestrial debris, and by the occurrence of land flora. The most interesting Pennsylvanian outcrops are de- scribed from the External (Karst) Dinarides (Figs. 1, 3). A rather continuous Carboniferous-Permian succession of sed- imentary rocks is exposed as the core of the Velebit anticline (Locality 1). Late Palaeozoic rocks are present as scattered outcrops with tectonic boundaries in the Gorski Kotar region (Locality 2). Mountains of NW Croatia (Medvednica, Samo- borska Gora and Marijagorička Brda) (Locality 3), are situ- ated in the Zagorje-Mid-Transdanubian zone, a dislocated section of the Internal Dinarides with mixed clastic-carbon- ate deposition during the Palaeozoic era. The Banovina re- gion (Locality 4), with deposits ranging in age from the Dev- onian to the end-Permian, belongs to the Internal Dinarides, representing the platform edge (e.g., PAMIĆ & JURKOVIĆ, 2002) (Figs. 1, 3). The Slavonian Mts. (Papuk Mt.) and Moslavačka gora Mt. (locality 5) with a metamorphic Palaeozoic complex, belong to the Tisia Unit (Figs. 1, 3) (PAMIĆ & JURKOVIĆ, 2002; VOZAROVA et al., 2009). Late Palaeozoic rocks were first studied in Croatia for the purpose of geological mapping during the Austro-Hun- garian monarchy in the 19th century. The first collections of Carboniferous land flora in Croatia were discovered during ore exploitation in the area of Trgovska Gora Mt. (GEINITZ, 1868; STUR, 1868) and the Lika Region (NEMĔJC, 1939). Salopek and his team performed detailed geological studies of the Late Palaeozoic deposits, producing precise maps of Velebit Mt. and the Lika and Gorski Kotar Regions (SALOPEK, 1942, 1948, 1949, 1960), while collecting nu- merous samples for further palaeontological studies. Car- boniferous marine fossils were determined by KO- CHANSKY-DEVIDÉ (1955, 1970), KOSTIĆ-PODGORSKA (1956), KOCHANSKY & HERAK (1960), ĐURĐANOVIĆ (1968, 1973), RUKAVINA (1973), BALAŽ (1981) and MILANOVIĆ (1982). During the field work in Northern Croatia, JENKO (1944) and HERAK (1956) reported spo- Ab sTRA CT Sedimentary rocks of Pennsylvanian age outcrop at several regions in Croatia. Most of these rocks were deposited in a marine environment, in different tectonic units: Karst (External) Dinarides, Internal Dinarides and Tisia. Penn- sylvanian deposits contain a significant amount of terrestrial debris, related to the uplift of the Hercynian mountain belt and its intense erosion. Remnants of land flora are not common, but are present at almost all localities. The most diverse and the best preserved Pennsylvanian land flora in Croatia was discovered on the Velebit Mt. and in the Lika Region. It was dominated by ferns, pteridosperms and cordaitales. The fossil flora from Banovina is less diverse, with pteridosperms, scarce ferns, horsetails and lycopods. The sporadic occurrence of lycopods and horsetails was report- ed from the mountains of NW Croatia. In the Gorski Kotar Region only plant detritus was observed. Ferns and pteri- dosperms from Papuk Mt. were discovered in older, Mississippian deposits. Palaeobotanical data reopen the discussion about the palaeogeographic position of the research areas. Keywords: Pennsylvanian, terrestrial sedimentation, megaflora, Croatia Geologia CroaticaGeologia Croatica Influence of terrestrial sedimentation in Pennsylvanian rocks of Croatia  Jasenka Sremac Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102 a, Zagreb, Croatia; (jsremac@geol.pmf.hr) doi: 104154/gc.2012.18 Geologia Croatica 65/3 273–282 3 Figs. 1 Tab. Zagreb 2012 Geologia Croatica 65/3Geologia Croatica 274 radic occurrences of terrestrial megaflora in the Marijagorička Brda Hills and Samoborska Gora Mt. A new cycle of mapping for the Basic Geological Map of Yugoslavia 1:100 000 yielded new information. Carbon- iferous areas in Croatia were presented as sheets and in ex- planatory booklets Crikvenica L33-102 (GRIMANI et al., 1970, 1973), Daruvar L33-95 (JAMIČIĆ, 1989; JAMIČIĆ et al., 1989), Delnice L33-90 (SAVIĆ & DOZET, 1985 a,b), Gospić L33-127 (SOKAČ et al., 1974, 1976a), Ivanić-Grad L33-81 (BASCH 1981, 1983), Obrovac L33-140 (IVA- NOVIĆ et al. 1973, 1976), Orahovica L33-96, JAMIČIĆ & BRKIĆ, 1988; JAMIČIĆ et al., 1987), Udbina L33-128 (ŠUŠNJAR et al., 1973; SOKAČ et al., 1976b) and Zagreb L34-98 (ŠIKIĆ et al., 1978, 1979). During this period, BRKIĆ et al. (1974) described Mississippian plant fossils from the Slavonian Mts. The last mapping cycle in Croatia resulted in the new Geological map of Croatia 1:300 000 and Explanatory text with description of stratigraphic units (VELIĆ & VLA- HOVIĆ, eds., 2009). 2. CARbONIFEROUs OUTCROPs IN CROATIA 2.1. Velebit Mt. and the Lika Region The most complete succession of clastic and carbonate de- posits from the Pennsylvanian (Moscovian) to the end of the Permian and the beginning of the Triassic (RAMOVŠ et al., 1990; SREMAC, 2005), can be derived from an elongate ca. 50 km long Palaeozoic belt, striking NW-SE, exposed as the core of the Velebit anticline in the External Dinarides (Figs. 1, 3). Carboniferous outcrops are presented on the Basic Geologic Map of Yugoslavia, sheets Gospić L33-127 (SOKAČ et al., 1974, 1976), Obrovac L33-140 (IVANOVIĆ et al., 1973, 1976) and Udbina L33-128 (ŠUŠNJAR et al., 1973; SOKAČ et al., 1976). Pennsylvanian deposits in Velebit Mt. and the Lika Re- gion are represented by shallow marine clastic-carbonate rocks of Moscovian to Gzhelian age (Fig. 2). 2.1.1. Fossiliferous clastic-carbonate rocks: (Moscovian – Kasimovian) The lowermost Carboniferous horizon outcrops in the area of Štikada and Sv. Rok (VELIĆ et al., 2009). Dark-grey finely bedded shale contains quartz greywacke and crinoid limestone/dolomite intercalations (SALOPEK, 1942, 1948). Numerous brachiopods and bryozoans are present in the yel- lowish-weathered shale. A Moscovian age was first deter- mined on the basis of fusulinids and calcareous algae (KO- CHANSKY-DEVIDÉ, 1955, 1970). It can be considered as the equivalent of the Fusulinella-Protriticites zone (MERINO- TOMÉ et al., 2009). Lower Kasimovian sediments contain the first fusulinid taxa with keriothecal wall-structure, such as Pro­ triticites (KOCHANSKY-DEVIDÉ, 1955, 1970). Phylloid al- gae (Eugonophyllum, Anchicodium) and Shamovella (Tubi­ phytes) are common in limestone intercalations. Contact with younger deposits is partially tectonic, and partly exhibits a continuous transition (VELIĆ et al., 2009). 2.1.2. Fusulinid (“Triticites”) sandstone: (Kasimovian) Shale, sandstone and conglomerate rhythmically alternate within this horizon. Fine-grained well sorted greywacke dominates in the lower portion and shale is more common in the upper layers. The input of terrestrial debris is signifi- cant. Elongate fusulinids are often dissolved and washed out, with a dark brown film covering empty casts, due to the fresh-water influence and activity of iron synthesising bac- teria. Conglomerate appears in the form of lenses or interca- lations within the shale, sometimes with gradational or oblique bedding. Quartz pebbles predominate, but radiolar- ian chert, pyroclastic and siltite materials are also present. Fossiliferous limestone lenses are scarce, also containing terrigenous quartz grains (VELIĆ et al., 2009). Late-diage- netic dolomitization is common. On the basis of fusilinids: Eoparafusulina pusilla (SCHELLWIEN), E. pseudosimplex (CHEN) and „Triticites” brevispira KOCHANSKY-DEV- IDÉ (KOCHANSKY-DEVIDÉ, 1955), this horizon can be considered as an equivalent of the Montiparus zone (ME- RINO-TOMÉ et al., 2009). 2.1.3. shale and sandstone with land flora: (Late Kasimovian – Gzhelian) Late Kasimovian deposits are highly fossiliferous and com- parable to the Auernig beds of the Carnic Alps (FRITZ & KRAINER, 2006) and partly to some localities in the Kara- vanke Alps in Slovenia (KOCHANSKY-DEVIDÉ & RAMOVŠ, 1966; KOLAR-JURKOVŠEK & JURKOVŠEK, 2002; JURKOVŠEK, 2012). They can be considered as equiv- alent of the Rauserites zone (MERINO-TOMÉ et al., 2009). These rocks are lithologically similar to the previous units, but with evidence of increased terrestrial influence. Figure 1: Tectonostratigraphic units of the Circum Pannonian Region with the position of Carboniferous outcrops in Croatia (modified after VOZARO- VA et al., 2009). Jasenka sremac: Influence of terrestrial sedimentation in Pennsylvanian rocks of Croatia Geologia Croatica 275 Shale, slate and sandstone with scarce intercalations of lime- stone and quartz conglomerate contain numerous fossils. Limestone intercalations are the most fossiliferous. They contain dasyclad Anthracoporella spectabilis PIA (KO- CHANSKY-DEVIDÉ & HERAK, 1960; KOCHANSKY- DEVIDÉ, 1970), crinoids, brachiopods, bivalves, corals and foraminifera (SIMIĆ, 1935; SALOPEK, 1942, 1948; RU- KAVINA, 1973; BALAŽ, 1981). Diverse plant fossils (Table 1) occur within shale and greywacke. Well preserved lycopods (Lepidodendron), sphe- nophytes (Sphenophyllum), ferns (Asterotheca, Pecopteris, Remia), pteridosperms (Callipteridium, Laveineopteris, Linopteris, Nemejcopteris, Taeniopteris, Sphenopteris) and conifers (Pseudomariopteris, Cordaites) were collected by a coal-mining company in the early 20th century and de- scribed by NĔMEJC (1936). SALOPEK and his team dis- covered some new plant fossils during mapping in the area (SALOPEK, 1942, 1948) and the Croatian Museum of Nat- ural History recently discovered one new locality with a ter- restrial megaflora (ĐEREK, 2011, unpublished). Zagreb plant collections were exhibited to participants of the IGCP 575 Zagreb meeting (2011) and examined in detail by Y. TENCHOV and C. CLEAL (plants), as well as E. JARZEMBOWSKI (insect traces). Plant taxa from the literature are presented at the Table 1, and new data are pre- pared and will be published separately. 2.1.4. Lower Rattendorf limestone (Gzhelian) In the eastern part of the Velebit Palaeozoic belt, the terrestrial influence is prolonged into the Permian, resulting in carbon- ate-siliciclastic deposition. Western localities are character- ized by dominantly carbonate rocks (equivalent of Rattendorf group), with large spherical preudoschwagerinids, small ben- thic foraminifera and calcareous algae (SALOPEK; 1942, 1948; KOCHANSKY-DEVIDÉ, 1959) (Fig. 2). 2.2. Gorski Kotar Region Late Palaeozoic rocks in the Gorski Kotar Region (Fig. 1) outcrop as tectonically isolated blocks. Salopek and his team prepared the first detailed maps and lithofacies descriptions (SALOPEK, 1949, 1960). The area is represented on the Ba- sic Geologic Map of Yugoslavia, sheets Crikvenica L33-102 (GRIMANI et al., 1970, 1973) and Delnice L33-90 (SAVIĆ & DOZET, 1985 a, b). Pennsylvanian rocks are interpreted as marine turbidite deposits (ŠPARICA, 2009). The oldest autochthonous rock at the surface is the Fu- sulinid sandstone, with Fusulinella sp. div., some peculiar “Triticites” species and small schubertellids and endothy- roids. A greywacke type of sandstone contains a significant amount of terrestrial debris and probably belongs to the Mo- scovian and/or Kasimovian periods (MILANOVIĆ, 1982; ŠPARICA, 2009). Dark-grey, solid sandstone at first glance seems similar to the Fusulinid sandstone of Velebit Mt. (KOCHANSKY- DEVIDÉ, 1955). It is brown at the weathering surface, with numerous small cavities appearing after the dissolution of fusulinids. Parallel orientation of fusulinids or their moulds is typical for these rocks, indicating postmortem transport (MILANOVIĆ, 1982). Small, unrecognizable fragments of land flora can be found sporadically, probably transported down the slope by turbidite currents. Carboniferous fossils also appear in clasts and pebbles of younger clastic deposits (SREMAC & ALJINOVIĆ, 1997; ALJINOVIĆ & KOZUR, 2003; ALJINOVIĆ et al., 2006). 2.3. Medvednica, samoborska Gora and the Marijagorička brda Mts. Northwestern Croatia with Medvednica, Samoborska Gora and the Marijagorička Brda Mts. belongs to the Zagorje- Mid-Transdanubian Zone (Fig. 1). This tectono-stratigraphic Figure 2: Schematic stratigraphic columns at different Carboniferous regions in Croatia. Deposit thickness not to scale (partly after RAMOVŠ et al., 1990; PAMIĆ & JURKOVIĆ, 2002; VOZAROVA et al., 2009, revised). Geologia Croatica 65/3Geologia Croatica 276 Table 1: List of Carboniferous megaflora from different localities in Croatia. External Dinarides: V - Velebit (NĔMEJC, 1936); Internal Dinarides: SG - Samo- borska Gora Mt. (HERAK, 1956); MB - Marijagorička Brda Hills (JENKO, 1944); TG - Trgovska Gora Mt. (STUR, 1868); Tisia: P - Papuk (BRKIĆ et al., 1974). Mo- dern assignment after LAVEINE (2005), ZODROW et al. (2006) and BASHFORTH et al. (2010). CARBONIFEROUS TERRESTRIAL FLORA IN CROATIA Modern assignment V SG MB TG P LYCOPODIOPHYTA           Lepidodendron sp. X         Lepidostrobus geinitzi ZEILLER X         Lomatophloios crassilepis ZEILLER X         Stigmaria ficoides BRONGNIART       X   Sigillaria sp.   X       EQUISETOPHYTA           Calamites suckowi BRONGNIART       X   Calamites cf. carinatus STERNBERG     X     Sphenophyllum angustifolium GERMAR X         Asterophyllites equisetiformis (SCHLOTH.) BRONGNIART         X Annularia stellata SCHLOTHEIM X         Annularia sphenophylloides (ZENKER) GUTBIER X         Calamospora sp.         X POLYPODIOPHYTA           Acitheca polymorpha (BRONGNIART) NĚMEJC       X   Asterotheca arborescens SCHLOTHEIM X         Asterotheca candoleana BRONGNIART X         Asterotheca cf. paleacea ZEILLER Pecopteris X         Pecopteris sp.         X Dactylotheca plumosa ARTIS Pecopteris,Seftenbergia X         Crossotheca cf. pinnatifida (GUTBIER) Remia X         Ptychocarpus unitus BRONGNIART X         PTERIDOSPERMALES           Alethopteris aquilina SCHLOTHEIM       X   Alethopteris bohemica (FRANKE) Laveineopteris X         Imparipteris (Neuropteris) attenuata LINDLEY & HUTTON Laveineopteris         X Imparipteris (Neuropteris) cf. tenuifolia SCHLOTHEIM Laveineopteris         X Callipteridium pteridium (SCHLOTHEIM) ZEILLER X         Linopteris duplex NĚMEJC X         Pecopteris feminaeformis (SCHLOTHEIM) Nemejcopteris X         Neuropteris auriculata (BRONGNIART) Neurodontopteris       X   Odontopteris subcrenulata (ROST) ZEILLER X         Sphenopteris carnoti ZEILLER Taeniopteris X         Sphenopteris cf. haidingeri (ETTINGSHAUSEN) Taeniopteris       X   Sphenopteris cf. weissi (POTONIÉ) X         Cyclopteris sp. X         CORDAITALES           Cordaites palmaeformis GOEPPERT X         Cordaites principalis GERMAR         X Cordaicarpus ovoides (GOEPPERT & BERGER) SEWARD X         Diplotmema busqueti ZEILLER Pseudomariopteris X         Diplotmema ribeyroni ZEILLER Pseudomariopteris X         Carpolites sp. X         Jasenka sremac: Influence of terrestrial sedimentation in Pennsylvanian rocks of Croatia Geologia Croatica 277 unit, striking SW-NE, was interpreted as a dislocated part of the Internal Dinarides (PAMIĆ & TOMLJENOVIĆ, 1998; TOMLJENOVIĆ et al., 2003). The area is mapped on the Basic Geologic Map, sheets Ivanić-Grad L33-81 (BASCH 1981, 1983) and Zagreb L34-98 (ŠIKIĆ et al., 1978, 1979). Contacts with the surrounding Mesozoic rocks are tectonic. Parametamorphic, previously clastic and carbonate rocks of Late Palaeozoic age surround the orthometamorphic core of Medvednica Mt. Some of these rocks are ore-bearing, originating from chert, tuffitic shale and sandstone. A black, low-metamorphic complex of dominantly phyllite appears in different areas (BELAK, 2009), and ranges from Early Silurian to Pennsylvanian age, based upon conodonts and graptolites (ĐURĐANOVIĆ, 1973; SREMAC & MIHAJ- LOVIĆ-PAVLOVIĆ, 1981). Recrystallized carbonate rocks outcrop in scattered areas. They contain conodonts in their lower portions (Devonian, Mississippian) and shallow ma- rine stromatoporids and bryozoans in their upper parts (Penn- sylvanian) (ĐURĐANOVIĆ, 1973; KOCHANSKY-DE- VIDÉ, 1981). The whole complex is highly tectonized and it is difficult to reconstruct a stratigraphic column (Fig. 2) of this area (ŠIKIĆ et al., 1978; BASCH, 1981; ŠIKIĆ, 1995). Metamorphism is linked with the alpine tectonic cycle (BE- LAK, 2009). West of Medvednica Mt., in the Marijagorička Brda Hills, clastic deposits contains remnants of the Carbonifer- ous horsetail Calamites (Diplocalamites) cf. carinatus STERNBERG (JENKO, 1944). This horsetail occurs in Na- murian and Westphalian deposits of Europe. Coarse-grained greywacke, sandstone and black shale indicate a significant terrestrial influence and resemble the protolite rocks in the parametamorphic Medvednica complex. Pennsylvanian rocks outcrop in deep gorges and creeks. Palynomorph anal- ysis performed in 2011 did not provide new results (BRAJ- KOVIĆ, pers. comm.). Farther westwards, discovery of the lycopod Sigillaria was reported from Samoborska Gora Mt. by HERAK (1956). The dominant sedimentary rocks are lithoclastic and quartz greywackes. Quartz conglomerate appears sporadically, sometimes with lenses of shale and siltite. Limestone and dolomite are developed laterally (ŠPARICA, 2009). Detrital quartz in carbonate rocks indicates the continuous terrestrial input. Palynological investigations performed in the late eighties were sterile (KOCH, pers. comm.). Carboniferous marine fossils were not found in this area, but the uppermost limestone intercalations contain Late Permian marine cal- careous algae (HERAK & ŠKALEC, 1967). Shallow marine dolomites and limestones are ore-bear- ing, with meso-epithermal Fe-Cu-Ba SEDEX type deposits (PALINKAŠ et al., 2010). 2.4. The banovina-Kordun Region Clastic Middle-Late Palaeozoic deposits with intercalations of fossiliferous carbonate rocks occur at Trgovska Gora Mt. in the Banovina-Kordun Region (Fig.1). This region is rep- resented on the Basic Geologic Map, sheet Orahovica L33- 96 (JAMIČIĆ et al., 1987; JAMIČIĆ & BRKIĆ, 1988). De- tailed Palaeozoic stratigraphy of this region was not studied, but fossils belong to the Devonian and Carboniferous peri- ods. Shale, siltstone and sandstone dominate, containing scarce conglomerate lenses in upper horizons. Rhythmic al- teration and gradation indicate the turbidite origin of these deposits (ŠIKIĆ, 2009). Organic matter and chert lenses are common in the lower parts of the succession, and terrigenous input is more significant in the upper portion. Conodonts, radiolarians and scarce ostracods from pelagic dark-grey ar- gillaceous limestone range from the Devonian to Early Car- boniferous (Viséan) in age (ĐURĐANOVIĆ, 1968, 1973). Ba-F mesothermal mineralization and Fe replacement are reported from these deposits (BOROJEVIĆ-ŠOŠTARIĆ et al., 2009). Pennsylvanian uplift processes changed the mode of deposition. MILANOVIĆ (1982) studied dark-grey, mosaic- textured dolomite from this horizon and determined small foraminifera and calcareous algae (Tuberitina bulbacea GALLOWAY & HARLTON, Dvinella (Trinodella) vario­ longa KULIK and Solenopora sp.), crinoids and echinoids. He presumed shallow marine deposition during the Mosco- vian. Kasimovian-Gzhelian carbonate rocks contain a coral fauna, described by KOSTIĆ-PODGORSKA (1955), and are comparable to that of the Carnic Alps. Ba epithermal and Fe SEDEX ore deposits from these rocks represent the prolon- gation of the ore-bearing horizon from the Sana-Una Unit and are connected with opening of the Tethys Ocean (PALINKAŠ et al., 2008). A terrestrial land flora ranging from the Pennsylvanian to Early Permian in age was discovered in 19th century, as a result of ore exploitation in Trgovska gora (GEINITZ, 1868; STUR, 1868). The Pennsylvanian flora is represented by horsetails Calamites suckowi BRONGNIART, lycopsid roots Stigmaria ficoides BRONGNIART and pteridosperms: Sphe­ nopteris cf. haidingeri ETTINGSHAUSEN, Neurodontop­ teris auriculata (BRONGNIART) and Alethopteris aquilina (SCHLOTHEIM) (Table 1) and shows similarity with the Euroamerican palaeoprovince. Early Permian taxa include Odontopteris obtusiloba NAUMANN and Calamites gigas BRONGNIART (STUR, 1868). 2.5. slavonian Mts. – Moslavačka Gora Mt. The mountains of Eastern Croatia (Papuk Mt., Moslavačka gora Mt.) represent the only Carboniferous area in Croatia out of the Dinarides, forming part of the Europaean Tisia Unit (Figs. 1, 3). This area is represented on the Basic Geo- logic Map, sheets Daruvar L33-95 (JAMIČIĆ, 1989; JAMIČIĆ et al., 1989) and Orahovica L33-96 (JAMIČIĆ & BRKIĆ, 1988; JAMIČIĆ et al., 1987), and is described by JAMIČIĆ & CRNKO (2009). Crystalline to low-grade parametamorphic rocks from the Slavonian Mountains range from Early Palaeozoic to the Triassic. Within the strongly tectonized low-metamorphic “Radlovac” unit, interpreted as intertidal deposits (RAMOVŠ at al., 1990), a Pennsylvanian (Westphalian) land flora was found in metagreywackes and metasandstones (Fig. 2). The Geologia Croatica 65/3Geologia Croatica 278 source of the clastic material is the uplifted Papuk Mt. with granite and metamorphic rocks. Quartz grains are the most common (approximately 50 % grains), followed by plagi- oclase and micas. Scarce horsetails, ferns and pteridosperms occur within the greywacke (Asterophyllites equisetiformis (SCHLOTHEIM) BRONGNIART, Pecopteris sp., Lavein­ eopteris cf. tenuifolia SCHLOTHEIM, Laveineopteris rar­ inervis (BUNBURY) CLEAL et al. (= Imparipteris attenuata LINDLEY & HUTTON)), together with Cordaites prin ci pa­ lis GERMAR, and palynomorpha: Calamospora, Cordaites and Cyrtospora (BRKIĆ, JAMIČIĆ & PANTIĆ, 1974; JERI- NIĆ et al., 1994) (Table 1). The freshwater bivalve Carboni­ cola was also observed in these deposits. Deposition in the Early Permian was influenced by up- lift processes (JAMIČIĆ, 1989; JAMIČIĆ & CRNKO, 2009). 3. DIsCUssION During the Devonian and Early Carboniferous, the territory of Croatia was part of a deep ocean. Pelagic fossils (radio- larians, conodonts and/or spores) have been discovered in the Dinarides (Gorski Kotar, Medvednica and Banovina) and Tisia (Slavonian Mts.). Uplift processes enabled the formation of the Bashki- rian-Moscovian carbonate platforms at the western Palae- otethys shelf (MERINO-TOMÉ et al., 2009), including the area of Velebit Mt. and the Lika Region. Intense erosion of the Variscides at the end of the Moscovian enabled massive siliciclastic input into the marine basin. Deposits at all Croatian Dinaride localities exhibit this environmental change. Nutrients derived from land to the shelf areas, to- gether with terrestrial debris, resulted in increased biodiver- sity of the marine flora and fauna in the Kasimovian and Gzhelian. Uplifted areas were colonised by land flora. Palaeogeographic reconstructions of the Carboniferous period presume the position of the Dinaride localities along the shelf of Northern Gondwana (DiMICHELLE et al., 2005; VOZAROVA et al., 2009) (Fig. 3). A diverse megaflora from Velebit Mt. was found in shale, siltite and thin coal intercalations of Late Kasimovian-Gzhe- lian age (Fig. 2). It consists of scarce lycopsids and horse- tails, and common and well preserved ferns, pteridosperms and cordaitales (Table 1). NĔMEJC (1936) suggested a Stephanian age for the described collection, which is in ac- cordance with the age of marine fossils. NĔMEJC also pointed out the lack of conifers in the Velebit flora. Such vegetation might be related to a local precipitation pattern. The prevalence of ferns and pteridosperms over lycopods and horsetails reflects global climate trends in the area (CLEAL et al., 2011). Plant fossils are well preserved, with no traces of perturbations, due to the sheltered environment and lack of transport (TENCHOV, 2011, pers. comm.). Ma- rine foraminifera, bivalves and gastropods from this area are widely spread along Euramerican shelves (KOCHANSKY- DEVIDÉ, 1955; RUKAVINA, 1973; BALAŽ, 1981), whereas the calcareous algae are partly endemic in character (KOCHANSKY-DEVIDÉ, 1970). Distribution of the marine fauna was controlled by the anticlockwise ocean circulation. Late Palaeozoic deposits in the Gorski Kotar are domi- nantly clastic and appear as scattered, tectonically outlined patches. Deposition by turbidite currents took place at the shelf slope. The land flora is present only in the form of de- tritus, and Pennsylvanian marine fossils can be compared to those from Velebit Mt. The peculiar position of the NW Croatian mountains: Medvednica, Samoborska Gora and Marijagorička Brda has been discussed by many geologists. These mountains are positioned opposite to the Dinaric strike, but they have some characteristics of the Internal Dinarides. PAMIĆ and TOMLJENOVIĆ (1998) proposed the name Zagorje-Mid- Transdanubian Zone for this belt (Fig. 1). The Palaeozoic sedimentary succession of Mt. Medvednica can be inter- preted as a low-metamorphic turbidite sequence. Pennsylva- Figure 3: Late Variscan palaeogeogra- phy of the Circum Pannonian Region (after VOZAROVA et al., 2009) with the presumed position of Croatian Carbo- niferous terrains. Jasenka sremac: Influence of terrestrial sedimentation in Pennsylvanian rocks of Croatia Geologia Croatica 279 nian uplift was followed by colonization of the first shelf biota – crinoids, stromatoporids and bryozoans (KO- CHANSKY-DEVIDÉ, 1981), comparable with marine fau- nas from the Euramerican shelf palaeoprovince. The cono- dont genus Idiognathoides (ĐURĐANOVIĆ, 1968, 1973) has also been observed in North America and Northern Eu- rope. Farther westwards, the terrestrial influence is more pro- nounced, and sporadic occurrences of land megaflora, Ca­ lamites cf. carinatus and Sigillaria, were reported from the Marijagorička Brda Hills and Samoborska Gora Mt. (JENKO, 1944; HERAK, 1956). The predominantly clastic deposits from these two mountains are not metamorphosed and exhibit different characteristics from the SE parts of Medvednica Mt. Lack of marine fossils does not allow pre- cise zonation, but Calamites carinatus is known from the Namurian-Westphalian of Euramerica. The Banovina Region and Trgovska Gora Mt. represent a prolongation of the ore-bearing Sana-Una Unit and are in- terpreted as the Internal Dinarides. In a regional reconstruc- tion (e.g. VOZAROVA et al., 2009), they are situated near the Gondwana shelf edge, towards the Palaeotethys deep ba- sin (Fig. 3). Turbidite deposition during the Mississippian probably took place on the marginal slope. During the Na- murian and Westphalian this area was uplifted. The calcare- ous alga Dvinella, a cosmopolitan genus of the Northern Hemisphere, inhabited shelves surrounding the uplifted is- lands and produced biogenic bafflestone-type limestone. Emergent areas were colonized by lycopsids (Stigmaria fi­ coides), horsetails (Calamites suckowi) and pteridosperms (Alethopteris aquilina, Neurodontopteris auriculata, Taen­ iopteris cf. haidingeri) (Table 1). The same taxa occur in the Pennsylvanian of Northern America and Europe (Czech Re- public, France, Hungary) (GULYAS-KIS, CS., 2003; ZO- DROW et al, 2006). ZODROW et al. (2006) suggest the origin of the marattialen fern Acitheca in North America and Western Europe in the middle Pennsylvanian, with later ex- pansion into Eastern Europe, Caucasus, and into the Permian of China. A wide stratigraphic range, from the middle Penn- sylvanian into the Permian, is also reported for Neurodon­ topteris auriculata (BOYARINA, 2010). Nevertheless, the presence of lycopods and horsetails would suggest a prob- able Middle Pennsylvanian (Stephanian A?) age for this flora. Moslavačka Gora Mt. and Papuk Mt. in Slavonian Mts. belong to the entirely different Tisia Unit (Figs. 1–3). Uplift in the area took place during the Mississippian, and the prom- inent influence of igneous rocks and metamorphism is typi- cal for the area. Determined plant fossils include Asterophyl­ lites equisetiformis, Laveineopteris rarinervis, L. cf. tenuifolia and Cordaites principalis. They differ from the described Dinaride floras in age (Westphalian) and compo- sition (BRKIĆ et al., 1974). 4. CONCLUsION Pennsylvanian deposition in Croatia was strongly influenced by terrestrial input in the marine (Western Palaeotethys) ba- sin, due to the Variscan orogeny and intense erosion of the Hercynian Mountains. Some of the uplifted areas were soon colonised with land flora. Remnants of the Pennsylvanian megaflora occur at Croatian localities from different tectonic units: the External Dinarides, Internal Dinarides and Tisia. Pennsylvanian vegetation in the Dinarides was fern dominated, with an additional cordaite dryland flora in the area of Velebit Mt. and the Lika Region. A precise age is not always clear, due to the lack of index fossils. Fossil horsetails from the Marijagorička Brda Hills are probably the oldest terrestrial plants in the region, belonging to the Namurian or Westphalian. Pteridosperms and ferns from Trgovska Gora, together with scarce lycopods and horsetails could be compared with Stephanian A vegetation in Euramerica. Plant fossils from Velebit Mt. and Lika Region are the most diverse and well preserved, with no traces of transport. Lycopods, horsetails, ferns, pteridosperms and cordaitales were found in this area, while primitive conifers are missing. The age of the Velebit flora is estimated to be Stephanian B or C (Kasimovian-Gzhelian). Plant remnants in Gorski Kotar are in form of debris, due to the transport by turbidity currents. The Tisia Megaunit with the Papuk and Moslavačka Gora Mts. was dislocated from the Dinarides. A Westphal- ian flora from this region is similar to the flora of Eastern America and Central Europe. 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