AB STRA CT The mollusc fauna from the Pliocene Viviparus beds of Vukomeričke Gorice hills in central Croatia was investigated at four sites in the region of Kravarsko, S of Zagreb. The region represents a Pleistocene horst-anticline at the south- ern margin of the Sava depression. Sediments are dominated by clay, bearing some sand, gravel and lignite interca- lations. The molluscs, comprising 11 gastropod and 2 bivalve species, seven of which (76.9%) are endemic to the region, prove that the studied deposits were derived from the ancient Lake Slavonia. The taxonomic revisions include the introductions of Viviparus kochanskyae n. sp. for specimens from Lake Slavonia previously identified as V. fuch­ si NEUMAYR, 1872 and Prososthenia? praeslavonica n. nom. replacing the primary homonym Hydrobia vitrella BRUSINA, 1897 non STEFANESCU, 1896. Recognized as an independent phase in the geodynamic evolution of the Pannonian Basin, the new regional stage Cernikian is introduced for the succession, defined by the complete dep- ositional sequence of the Viviparus beds. Two stratigraphic horizons detected in the studied sites are constrained by the Lower Cernikian Viviparus kochanskyae and the Upper Cernikian Viviparus hoernesi zones and remain in good agreement with previous regional data. The historical timeline for Lake Slavonia is enabled through several zonal markers calibrated to the Geological Time Scale in the Dacian Basin. Accordingly, the Early Cernikian transgression dates to c. 4.3 Ma, the Late Cernikian transgression to c. 3.1 Ma, indicating strong alteration of the lacustrine depo- sitional settings during the Pliocene, most likely related to changes in the regional climate. Interestingly, the second transgression of Lake Slavonia is marked by the evolution of strongly sculptured viviparid shells and coincides with the Pliocene Climate Optimum. Keywords: Lake Slavonia, Pliocene, Paludina beds, mollusc taxonomy, stratigraphy  1. INTRODUCTION The climatic and geodynamic settings during the Pliocene provided conditions facilitating extended lacustrine environ- ments in southeastern Europe (NEUBAUER et al., 2015a, c). The resulting long-lived palaeo-lakes such as Lakes Slavo- nia, Metohia, Transylvania and Dacia were all characterized by explosive adaptive radiations of viviparid snails (HARZ- HAUSER & MANDIC, 2008; NEUBAUER et al., 2015a). This phenomenon allowed NEUMAYR & PAUL (1875) in their famous, pioneering study on Lake Slavonian molluscs to establish a regional biostratigraphy, enabling an excellent stratigraphic control of those deposits stretching over more than 600 km along the southern margin of the Pannonian Basin. The present investigation deals with the corresponding mollusc record of Lake Slavonia (Figure 1). The samples originate from the region of Kravarsko, which is the type lo- cality of several species described by BRUSINA (1874a, b, Geologia Croatica 68/3 179–207 9 Figs. 3 Tabs. Zagreb 2015 Stratigraphic and palaeogeographic significance of lacustrine molluscs from the Pliocene Viviparus beds in central Croatia  Oleg Mandic1*, Tomislav Kurečić2, Thomas A. Neubauer1 and Mathias Harzhauser1 1 Geological-Palaeontological Department, Natural History Museum Vienna, Burgring 7, 1010 Wien, Austria; (corresponding author: Oleg Mandic (oleg.mandic@nhm-wien.ac.at)) 2 Croatian Geological Survey, Sachsova 2, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia doi:10.4154/gc.2015.15 Geologia CroaticaGeologia Croatica Geologia Croatica 68/3Geologia Croatica 180 Figure 1: Map illustrating the recon­ structed extent of the Pliocene Lake Slavonia (light blue) adapted from NEUBAUER et al. (2015a); Viviparus beds (dark blue) are redrawn from the geological map of the Croatian Geological Survey M 1:300,000; Pan­ nonian basin infill (gray) is redrawn from the previous map and from the Yugoslavian geological map M 1:500,000; SRTM topographic mo­ del is the ArcGIS World Shaded Relief map by ESRI. White dots indicate stu­ died localities and the type localities of the Cernikian defined in the pre­ sent study. By the end of the Middle Miocene, the Paratethys Sea retreated and the remaining brackish Lake Pannon gave rise to spectacular endemic mollusc radiation in the Late Miocene (MÜLLER et al., 1999; HARZHAUSER & MANDIC, 2008; NEUBAUER et al., 2015a, c). Isolation lasted up to 6.04 Ma when the connection with the Dacian Basin becomes estab- lished during the early Pontian (STOICA et al., 2013), fol- lowed by the migration of the endemic fauna into the Eastern Paratethys (STEVANOVIĆ et al.,1990). With the onset of the Pliocene, Lake Pannon was largely infilled by sediment due to the prograding river systems of the palaeo-Danube and palaeo-Tisza and became restricted in its ultimate phase to NE Croatia and N Serbia (MAGYAR et al., 1999, 2013; UHRIN & SZTANÓ, 2012). During a new period of isola- tion from the Dacian Basin in the late Dacian, it became re- placed by the freshwater environment of Lake Slavonia (STEVANOVIĆ et al.,1990; MARINESCU & PAPAIANO- POL, 1995). The initiation of Lake Slavonia is marked by a major extinction event of brackish water dwellers such as Congeria rhomboidea HÖRNES, 1870, Phyllocardium planum (DE- SHAYES, 1838) or Prosodacnomya? vodopici (BRUSINA, 1902) (NEUMAYR & PAUL, 1875; STEVANOVIĆ et al., 1990). The succession documenting the rapid endemic ra- diation of viviparid snails is consequently termed the Vivi­ parus beds. The Lake Slavonia deposits extend from the studied region to westernmost Romania, infilling the Sava, Slavonian-Syrmian, Bačka and Banat depressions of the southern Pannonian Basin (Figure 1). The threefold strati- graphic classification into the lower, middle and upper Vivi­ parus beds is well established throughout the region, sup- ported by the biostratigraphic zonation of Viviparus species (NEUMAYR & PAUL, 1875; PENECKE,1884; JENKO, 1944; OŽEGOVIĆ, 1944; TAKŠIĆ, 1954; MARINESCU & PAPAIANOPOL, 1995; LUBENESCU & LUBENESCU, 2008). The upper boundary is marked by the establishment of alluvial depositional settings marked by the Pleistocene Corbicula beds in the Slavonian-Syrmian, Bačka and Banat depressions, dated to ~2 Ma (GAUDENYI et al., 2013, 2015). The investigated region (Figure 1) represents the south- ern margin of the Sava depression, a NW-SE striking exten- sional structure filled by more than 5 km of predominantly siliciclastic Neogene deposits (TROSKOT-ČORBIĆ et al., 2009). The sedimentary infill of the Sava depression (Figure 1897, 1902). Situated in central Croatia, in the close vicinity of Zagreb, it represents the western most extent of the pal- aeo-lake. Freshwater deposits alternate therein with alluvial series, providing an approximately 400 m thick Plio cene con- tinental succession (GALOVIĆ, 1952). The series is usually referred to in the literature as the “Paludina beds” (KRSTIĆ, 2003; POPOV et al., 2004). Paludina FÉRUSSAC, 1812, however, is a junior synonym of Viviparus MON TFORT, 1810, which is why we use the term “Viviparus beds” in the present study. Note that this is only an informal lithostrati- graphic unit according to the international stratigraphic code (SALVADOR, 1994). The aim of the study is to investigate and document the taxonomic inventory of the region, to update the taxonomy of the identified species, and to evaluate the resulting biostrati- graphic and palaeo biogeographic patterns for Lake Slavonia and the neighbouring palaeo-lakes. Additionally, the outdated Late Miocene to Pliocene stratigraphic nomenclature of the Sava depression sedimentary series is revised and a new stage name is introduced, constrained by the depositional duration of the Viviparus beds and Lake Slavonia, respectively. 2. SOUTHERN PANNONIAN BASIN AND SAVA DEPRESSION The Pannonian back-arc basin is a large Neogene extensio- nal structure located between the Alpine, Dinaride and Car- pathian fold-and-thrust belts in central and SE Europe (SCHMID et al., 2008; USTASZEWSKI et al., 2014). Its formation is bound to the rapid Miocene roll-back of the Carpathian (and probably Dinaride) slab attached to the Eu- ropean continent, and to the Adriatic microplate, respec- tively (MATENCO & RADIVOJEVIĆ, 2013). The initiation of the synrift phase is marked by the first alluvial and lacus- trine deposition in its southern domain dated to ~18 Ma (Early Miocene). Its marine ingression by the Central Para- tethys clearly followed later at ~15 Ma in the Middle Mio- cene (ĆORIĆ et al., 2009; MANDIC et al., 2012) (Figure 2). In northeastern Croatia, the post-rift deposition had already begun at ~13.8 Ma in the late Badenian and continued throughout the middle–late Miocene (PAVELIĆ, 2001). The area of north Croatia experienced strong compressional up- lifting in the Pliocene and Pleistocene that caused erosion and reworking of the Miocene deposits and exhumation of the pre-Miocene basement (PAVELIĆ, 2001). Mandic et al.: Stratigraphic and palaeogeographic significance of lacustrine molluscs from the Pliocene Viviparus beds in central Croatia Geologia Croatica 181 Figure 2: Chronostratigraphic cor­ re lation table for the late Neogene indicating the stratigraphic posi­ tions of the units referred to in the present study. Standard chronostra­ tigraphy derives from HILGEN et al. (2012). Compilation of Paratethys re gional stages is adapted from NEU BAUER et al. (2015b). Palaeoge­ ographic connection events are mark ed by arrows. The Cernikian is a new Pannonian Basin stage defin­ ed in the present study. tion of Lake Slavonia. In the Sava depression, the Pannonian is four-fold, composed of the Radix cro­ atica, Congeria banatica, Paradacna abichi and Congeria rhomboidea beds (JENKO, 1944; LUČIĆ et al., 2001). Hitherto, the P. abichi and the C. rhom­ boidea beds were correlated with the Pontian East- ern Paratethys stage (STEVANOVIĆ, 1951; STE- VA NO VIĆ et al., 1990; LUČIĆ et al., 2001). However, such correlation is shown to be incorrect. In the Pannonian Basin, volcanic ash on top of the lower “Pontian” deposits in the vicinity of Tihany (central Hungary), correlates with the top of the P. abichi beds, revealing an 40Ar/39Ar calibration point of 7.95 Ma (WIJBRANS et al., 2007; MAGYAR & GEARY, 2012; SZTANÓ et al., 2013). Such an age significantly predates the Pontian interval, which is constrained in the northern Black Sea Basin to 6.04– 5.60 Ma (KRIJGSMAN et al., 2010). To avoid the pitfalls of erroneous correlations in the future and to stabilize the regional chronostratigraphic sche mes, the usage of units defined outside the respective geodynamic complex should be rejected. Yet, the third depositional megacycle of the Sava depression (Figure 3), marked by the deposition of Figure 3: Revised regional stratigraphic scheme of the Sava Ba­ sin (modified after SAFTIĆ et al., 2003). Those authors place the synrift/postrift boundary at the transition of the middle to late Miocene. Yet, in the eastern Sava depression this boundary cor­ relates with the middle Badenian as documented by PAVELIĆ (2001). MATENCU & RADIVOJEVIĆ (2012) demonstrated that the synrift phase continues in some regions of the southern Panno­ nian Basin well into the Pannonian, whereas the postift phase may start already in the early Badenian. 3) shows three depositional megacycles separated by com- pressional phases dated to the late Middle Miocene, the Mio- cene-Pliocene transition and the early Pleistocene (SAFTIĆ et al., 2003). The first cycle comprises up to 2 km of Middle Miocene marine deposits of the Central Paratethys, the sec- ond cycle represents up to 2.5 km of Upper Miocene brack- ish water deposits of Lake Pannon, and the third cycle in- cludes up to 0.9 m of freshwater deposits of the Pliocene Lake Slavonia (OŽEGOVIĆ, 1944; SAFTIĆ et al., 2003). Pleistocene to Holocene alluvial, marsh and aeolian deposits seal the succession. 3. REVISION OF THE STRATIGRAPHIC NOMENCLATURE AND THE NEW REGIONAL STAGE CERNIKIAN In terms of regional stratigraphic nomenclature, the com- plete second megacycle of the Sava depression infill corre- sponds to the Pannonian stage (Figure 3). Its lower boundary corresponds to the formation of Lake Pannon, coinciding with the major extinction of Sarmatian marine species (Sar- matian–Pannonian extinction event of HARZHAUSER & PILLER, 2007). Its upper boundary is defined by the forma- Geologia Croatica 68/3Geologia Croatica 182 the Viviparus beds during the Pliocene and Pleistocene, has also been correlated with the Dacian and/or Romanian re- gional stages of the Dacian Basin (JENKO, 1944; LUČIĆ et al., 2001; POPOV et al., 2004; MALVIĆ, 2012). However, due to tectonic inversion, Lake Slavonia represents a fully inde- pendent palaeogeographic unit from the early Pliocene, show- ing depositional dynamics different to those of the Dacian Ba- sin (SAFTIĆ et al., 2003; SZTANÓ et al., 2013; STOICA et al., 2013; VAN BAAK et al., 2015). Considering the enormous thickness of the Viviparus beds along with their well-estab- lished stratigraphic subdivision (e.g., PENECKE, 1884; JENKO, 1944; OŽEGOVIĆ, 1944; TAKŠIĆ, 1954), and fol- lowing the example from the Dacian Basin (ANDREESCU & PAPAIANOPOL, 1975; ANDREESCU, 1975; PAPAIANO- POL et al., 2003), we recognize a practical need for the intro- duction of a new and independent chronostratigraphic unit. Thus, we herewith introduce the Cernikian new regional stage (Figure 2). The stage name derives from the village of Cernik near the boundary stratotype, as defined below (Fig- ure 1 and 3). The stratigraphic content of the new regional stage corresponds to the Viviparus beds as defined by NEU- MAYR & PAUL (1875). Its duration equals their maximum depositional extent, i.e., it corresponds to the duration of Lake Slavonia. The stage is threefold as defined by its fossil content. Hence, the Lower Cernikian or Lower Viviparus beds include the V. neumayri and V. kochanskyae zones; the Middle Cernikian or Middle Viviparus beds comprise the V. bifarcinatus, V. stricturatus and V. nothus zones; and the Up- per Cernikian or Upper Viviparus beds include the V. sturi, V. hoernesi, V. zelebori and V. vukotinovici zones. The section NE of Cernik (Figure 1) is composed of marly clay with lignite seams bearing V. neumayri. It is superposed on the topmost Pannonian sand and is proposed as the bound- ary stratotype for the Cernikian (NEUMAYR & PAUL, 1875, p. 9, fig. 4). The most complete succession occurring in the valley N of Malino (Figure 1) including Lower, Middle and Upper Viviparus beds, described in detail in NEUMAYR & PAUL (1875, p. 10-11, fig. 6), represents the type section (“ho- lostratotype”). A highly instructive, artificially outcropped sec- tion, showing a complete development of the Viviparus beds is described by OŽEGOVIĆ (1944) from the Gojlo anticline (Figure 1) E of Kutina in NE Croatia (“faciostratotype”). There, the 900-m-thick Cernikian interval is composed largely of greenish clay and fine-sand with abundant viviparids. The 200-m-thick Lower Cernikian and the 600-m-thick Upper Cernikian interval contain 0.1 to 2-m-thick coal seams. 4. VUKOMERIČKE GORICE HORST-ANTICLINE The investigated samples are from a 12 km² area large, 7.8 km long, and NW-SE striking region around Kravarsko. This vil- lage and municipality is located 30 km S of Zagreb in Croatia (Figure 1). The region is located on the NE flank of slightly elevated, forested countryside termed Vukomeričke Gorice, representing a large-scale horst-anticline composed of several smaller anticlines, uplifted in the Pleistocene along parallel longitudinal faults (PIKIJA, 1987a). Its surface is composed of the Viviparus beds, which are partly overlain by periglacial deposits at the northeastern margin (PIKIJA, 1987b). The basement, detected in wells at a depth of 863 m (Well Du- branec 2; GALOVIĆ, 1952), consists of Palaeozoic green quartz-chlorite schists and belongs to the Internal Dinaride Jadar-Kopaonik thrust sheet (SCHMID et al., 2008). It is di- rectly overlain by Badenian biogene limestones. Upwards, the succession comprises Sarmatian marls and sandstones, Pan- nonian marls and Cernikian clays (Figure 3). The Cernikian interval attains thicknesses of 200 to 450 m with inclinations of 2° to 12°. In the Kravarsko area, the Middle Cernikian was not discovered either by drilling or surface mapping (GALOVIĆ, 1952; GAGIĆ & SOKAČ, 1970; JURKOVIĆ, 1993). The Lower Cernikian, is repre- sented here only by the V. kochanskyae zone, and is domi- nated by plastic clay, bearing some sand packages and up to 3.8 m thick coal seams consisting of reed- and wood-like plant material (STUR, 1863; FARKAŠ-VUKOTINOVIĆ, 1863; JURKOVIĆ, 1993; ŠEBEČIĆ, 2010). Above an in- distinct unconformity, the Upper Cernikian shows an ero- sional contact with some faunal reworking. Sandy clays al- ternate and there are few lignite seams, and local coarse to fine grained gravel packages. The V. sturi, V. hoernesi and V. vukotinovici zones were detected in the Upper Cernikian. The initial work on the mollusc fauna of the Vukomeričke Gorice hills was carried out by PILAR (1873) and BRUSINA (1874a, b, 1884, 1885, 1896, 1897, 1902). KOCH (1917) provided the last census of the fauna recording 41 species altogether, although his list lacked the Middle Cernikian zonal markers. GAGIĆ & SOKAČ (1970) studied the ostra- cods from the drill cores. The faunal composition suggested a vegetated lake bottom in shallow sublittoral water-depths of 10 m or less, and a Pliocene to Pleistocene age for the Cernikian deposits. 5. LOCALITIES AND SAMPLES From each locality one sample was analyzed, coded as Kra- I, VGK-39, VGK-38 and VGK-35 (Figure 1). Kra-I is located 1.73 km NW of the Holy Cross church in Kravarsko, SW of the houses termed Povoljnaki, at 192 m a.s.l., on the slope below the main road (45.595525°N 16.038053°E). The outcrop area is an active landslide later- ally extending about 50 m. Except for a 3.4 m thick interval exposed at the northern limit of the landslide area, the bed- ding is largely disturbed. The former outcrop is dominated by a structure-less, grayish to yellowish clayey silt, with scat- tered plant remains. A 1.15 m thick unit of gray homogenous clay is intercalated in the lower part of the interval. The top- most 25% of this package displays fine-scale banding due to the intercalation of fine and medium grained sand. The sam- pled mollusc concentration occurs in the land-slide area, lat- erally to the outcrop, being strongly deformed and disjointed. It acted apparently as an inhomogeneity surface with the original stratigraphic position on top of the undisturbed in- terval (Figure 4). VGK-39 is located within Kravarsko, 330 m NW of the Holy Cross church, at 215 m a.s.l. on the same slope as the Mandic et al.: Stratigraphic and palaeogeographic significance of lacustrine molluscs from the Pliocene Viviparus beds in central Croatia Geologia Croatica 183 previous locality, 80 m W of the road junction (45.588015°N 16.044973°E). This locality has no exposed section. The sample was taken from a shell accumulation entirely dis- turbed by the land-slide very similar to Kra-I. VGK-38 is located 3 km NE of Donji Hruševac, 7.3 km SE of the previous sample point, in the Veliki Burdelj wood, 230 m NW of the path to Brenčići, in the trench of the NE flowing ephemeral stream at 152 m a.s.l. (45.551984°N 16.084993°E). The collected gastropod shell originated from debris accumulated by the stream. The shells derive from an unknown position within the Cernikian deposits exposed along the trench in upstream direction. The distance to the stream head of only 260 m makes longer transport improbable. VGK-35 is located 2.7 km WSW of VGK-39, beside the path in the wood SWS of Novo Brdo at 165 m a.s.l. (45.582877°N 16.021478°E). The small outcrop exposes 1.6 m of yellowish macrofossil free sand in its lower part. A 0.8 m thick fining upward interval of sandy to clayey silt follows (with an erosive boundary) in the upper part of the section. The sample comes from the initial 10 cm of the latter inter- val bearing poorly preserved, non-ori- ented mollusc shells suspended in a sandy silt matrix (Figure 4). 6. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 6.1. Taxonomy, palaeoecology and stratigraphy The taxonomic revision provides sev- eral updates for the fauna (Table 1). Vi­ viparus kochanskyae is introduced as a new species for the zonal marker of the Lower Cernikian, a taxon formerly identified as Viviparus fuchsi (NEU- MAYR, 1872), which, however, is re- stricted to the Pannonian Basin. Three species, Microcolpia friedeli, Prosost­ henia? slavonica and Potomida seljani are newly combined in agreement with modern systematics (see taxonomy be- low). The cross-checking of the litera- ture allowed a precise stratigraphic and palaeo biogeographic evaluation of the record (Tables 2 to 3). Except for Litho­ glyphus decipiens, Bithynia vukoti­ novici and Theodoxus semiplicatus, all other taxa are approved and appear to be restricted to Lake Slavonia (Table 3). Altogether, the samples contain 13 la- custrine species, comprising 2 bivalve and 11 gastropod species (Table 1). As ex- pected for the Viviparus beds, viviparids are the most diverse (4 species), followed by melanopsids and hydrobiids (2 species each). Further families (valvatids, ner- Table 1: Species identified in the studied samples. The previously unknown species from central Croatia are marked by asterisks. Class Family Species Kr a­ I VG K­ 39 VG K­ 38 VG K­ 35               Gastropoda Valvatidae Valvata subcarinata x x Neritidae Theodoxus semiplicatus x x Viviparidae Viviparus kochanskyae n. sp. x x Viviparus hoernesi x Viviparus aulacophorus* x Viviparus dezmanianus x Melanopsidae Melanopsis clavigera* x Microcolpia friedeli x x Bythiniidae Bythinia vukotinovici x x Hydrobiidae Prososthenia? slavonica* x Lithoglyphus decipiens* x x Bivalvia Sphaeridae Pisidium solitarium* x   Unionidae Potomida seljani   x     Figure 4: The studied sections. Arrow marks the mollusc sample. Geologia Croatica 68/3Geologia Croatica 184 Table 2: Stratigraphic distribution of the identified taxa in the revised Lake Slavonia chrono­ and biostratigraphic scheme. Integrating results by NEU­ MAYR & PAUL (1875) and PENECKE (1884), the Lake Slavonia viviparid gastropod zones are defined here by the first appearance of the name­giving tax­ on. Except for V. neumayri and V. stricturatus, all are confined to their respective zones. Horizons identified in the studied region are marked in bold. Substage Lineage Zone Viviparus Va lv at a su bc ar in at a Th eo do xu s s em ip lic at us Vi vi pa ru s k oc ha ns ky ae n . s p. Vi vi pa ru s h oe rn es i Vi vi pa ru s a ul ac op ho ru s Vi vi pa ru s d ez m an ia nu s M el an op sis cl av ig er a M ic ro co lp ia fr ie de li By th in ia v uk ot in ov ic i Pr os os th en ia ? s la vo ni ca Li th og ly ph us d ec ip ie ns Pi sid iu m so lit ar iu m Po to m id a se lja ni Upper Cernikian vukotinovici ? x   x x zelebori ? x x   x x I hoernesi ? x X (X) X   I x I sturi   ? x       x     ? x x   I Middle Cernikian notha ? x x ? x x I stricturatus ? x x x x x I bifarcinatus   ? x             ? x x   I Lower Cernikian kochanskyae X X X X X X X X X X neumayri           x       ?   x     X: present study x: literature data ?: literature data on Valvata piscinalis and Bythinia tentaculata I: interpolated Table 3: Stratigraphic (epoch) and geographic (palaeolake or region) distribution of the species identified in the studied samples; X ­ present, (­) ­ absent (previously misidentified), ? ­ identification uncertain. Species Miocene Pliocene Pleistocene   Br es se Fr an kf ur t D in ar id es M et oh ia La ke P an no n La ke D ac ia Bl ac k Se a   M et oh ia Br as ov N E Cr oa tia La ke D ac ia Bl ac k Se a Ae ge an   Br es se Ro m e Pa nn on . B . Bl ac k Se a Ae ge an Valvata subcarinata (­) (­) (­) X (­) Theodoxus semiplicatus (­) X X X (­) (­) Viviparus kochanskyae n. sp. (­) (­) (­) (­) (­) X (­) (­) (­) (­) Viviparus hoernesi X (­) Viviparus aulacophorus X Viviparus dezmanianus X (­) ? Melanopsis clavigera X (­) (­) Microcolpia friedeli (­) X (­) Bythinia vukotinovici X X X X Prososthenia? slavonica (­) (­) (­) X (­) (­) (­) Lithoglyphus decipiens X X X X (­) (­) X X X (­) Pisidium solitarium X Potomida seljani                                         itids, bithyniids, unionids and sphaeriids) are represented by only one species each. The highest number of species (10) is recorded from VGK-39, and they are also the best preserved. Material from sample Kra-I exhibits limonite colouring and partial leach- ing and contains a smaller number of species (6), all present in the previous sample. The difference in composition is probably only a taphonomic feature. This is supported by the presence of V. kochanskyae in both samples, which is a zonal marker restricted to the upper part of the Lower Cernikian. Mandic et al.: Stratigraphic and palaeogeographic significance of lacustrine molluscs from the Pliocene Viviparus beds in central Croatia Geologia Croatica 185 In sample VGK-39, the melanopsid Microcolpia friedeli is the most frequent species, followed by the hydrobiid Prososthenia? slavonica. Melanopsids are generalists occurring in lakes and rivers, tolerating even slightly brackish condi- tions (GLAUBRECHT, 1996; BANDEL, 2000). Hydrobiids are present in different types of environments, and are usually well adapted to littoral mud flat settings (GLÖER, 2002; NEUBAUER et al., 2013a, b). Valvata piscinalis, which may represent an ecological counterpart of V. subcarinata, prefers fresh- and hard-water lake settings with a rich vegetation cover (ØKLAND, 1990). Theodoxus danubialis, as a potential counterpart of T. semiplica­ tus, is most abundant in fluvial environ- ments but is also found in lakes (JURIŠIĆ- POLŠAK, 1979; WELTER-SCHULTES, 2012). Bythinia is a generalist, living in stagnant and moderately running waters on detritus-rich substrates (GLÖER, 2002). Viviparids are pure freshwater dwellers (WELTER-SCHULTES, 2012). Some Eu- ropean species prefer rivers, others settle in lakes. In Lake Geneva, they are highly abundant in the shallow, littoral zone (GLÖER, 2002). With respect to the ecological requirements of the mollusc species, from the dominantly muddy sediment and the lignites, a calm, littoral setting of a freshwater lake can be inferred for the samples, which is in agreement with previous ostracod data (GAGIĆ & SOKAČ, 1970). Due to the generally poor preservation, the sample from Novo brdo (VGK-35) revealed only two species (Ta- ble 1), both of which are absent in Kravarsko. Viviparus hoernesi is a zonal marker of the Upper Cernikian, Melan­ opsis clavigera is restricted to the V. hoernesi and V. zele­ bori zones (PENECKE, 1884). This suggests a stratigraphic position within the middle Upper Cernikian. V. dezmani­ anus, identified as a single species from the Burdelj wood (VGK-38), could be of the same age. It has a long strati- graphic range (PENECKE, 1884), concurring among others also with V. hoernesi. This is in agreement with the results of previous investigators reporting both viviparid species as constituents of the Upper Cernikian fauna of the Vukomeričke Gorice hills (GALOVIĆ, 1952; GAGIĆ & SOKAČ, 1970). 6.2. Calibration of the Cernikian to the GTS and the Pliocene Climate Optimum Although representing an isolated lake, at least temporary southward outflow from the Pannonian Basin existed ac- cording to PAPAIANOPOL & MARINESCU (1995), allow- ing some species to migrate to the Dacian Basin (Figure 5 and 6). This facilitates a rough calibration of the Cernikian biostratigraphy to the Dacian and Romanian substages based on shared Viviparus zonal markers (Figure 6). This allows an indirect correlation to the Geological Time Scale (GTS) based on the magnetostratigraphic age model for the Pliocene of the Dacian Basin of VAN BAAK et al. (2015). This model calibrates the Upper Dacian (Parscovian) base to 4.5 Ma, the Figure 5: Stratigraphic correlation of the Lake Slavo­ nia stratigraphic units with the Dacian Basin chrono­ stratigraphy after VAN BAAK et al. (2015). Calibration of Viviparus biozones is based mainly on LUBENESCU & LUBENESCU (2008) and own data (see text). Stand­ ard chronostratigraphy follows HILGEN et al. (2012). Note the indicated position of the two stratigraphic levels identified in the studied sites and the one mil­ lion year gap between them. This agrees with previ­ ously published results showing the absence of mid­ dle Viviparus beds in western Lake Slavonia. This implies a 1 myr long retreat of the Lake Slavonia east­ wards with subsequent short­term flooding during the Pliocene Climate Optimum. Geologia Croatica 68/3Geologia Croatica 186 Lower Romanian (Sienisian) base to 4.2 Ma, the Middle Ro- manian (Pelendavian) base to 3.6 Ma and the Upper Roma- nian (Valachian) base to 3.1 Ma. The calibration presented in Figure 5 is based on a lit- erature review: LUBENESCU & LUBENESCU (2008) showed V. stricturatus and V. sturi to be restricted to the Pe- lendavian of the Dacian Basin. ANDREESCU et al. (2013) presented V. bifarcinatus as a zonal marker of the same sub- stage. VAN BAAK et al. (2015) used the first appearance of V. stricturatus as a marker of the base of the Pelendavian. LUBENESCU & LUBENESCU (2008) reported V. pilari and V. rudis as being restricted to the Valachian. The latter species are restricted in the Pannonian Basin to the V. hoer­ nesi zone (PENECKE, 1884). The correlation of the Cerni- kian base with the base of the Parscovian follows PAPA- IANOPOL et al. (2003). According to the presented correlation, the Cernikian spans the interval from 4.5 Ma to 2.0 Ma. The lower bound- ary of the Middle Cernikian is correlated to 4.2 Ma, the base of the Upper Cernikian corresponds to 3.3 Ma, approxi- mately coinciding with the start of the Pliocene Climate Op- timum (PCO). The period between 4.3 and 2.7 Ma represents a general warm phase during the Pliocene, culminating be- tween 3.3 and 2.9 Ma. At that time, polar temperatures in- creased by up to 10°C, the ice caps melted rapidly and global sea level was about 25 m higher than today (FOLLAND et al., 1990; RAYMO et al., 1996; FEDOROV et al., 2013; WILLEIT et al., 2013). Interestingly, the increase of shell sculpture in lineages of the Lake Slavonia viviparids pa- ralells the warming trend during the PCO (Figure 6). There- after, generally weaker sculptured species of the V. vukoti­ novici zone followed (NEUMAYR & PAUL, 1875). 6.3. Implications for the history of Lake Slavonia The biostratigraphic framework described above allows cor- relation of the studied sites with the Lower and Upper Cerni- kian (Figure 5). This fully agrees with previous results by GALOVIĆ (1952) and GAGIĆ & SOKAČ (1970) confirm- ing that the Middle Cernikian is missing in the Vukomeričke Gorice hills. Considering that the area represents the west- ernmost extent of Lake Slavonia and in respect to the general eastward fluvial flow direction in the Pannonian Basin, im- portant implications for the history of Lake Slavonia can be drawn. In particular, the distribution pattern in the mollusc as- semblages proved that two main flooding events of Lake Slavonia occurred in the investigated area, correlating with the Viviparus kochansyki zone and the Viviparus hoernesi zone. The first flooding coincided with the start of relatively warm climate conditions in the region (Figure 6). Lake Sla- vonia had already at c. 4.3 Ma a distinctly larger surface than Lake Pannon in its final phase in the early Pliocene at c. 4.5 Ma (MAGYAR et al., 1999) (Figure 1). In contrast, the Mid- dle Cernikian seems to represent a generally arid climate phase in the region, resulting in the retreat of Lake Slavonia from the Vukomeričke Gorice hills. The second ingression at c. 3.1 Ma coincided with the PCO (FEDOROV et al., 2013; WILLEIT et al., 2013), followed apparently by the re- establishment of humid conditions and a further increase in the size of Lake Slavonia (Figure 5). MARINESCU & PAPAIANOPOL (1995) reconstructed Lake Slavonia rather as a system of lakes connected by riv- ers. Such a scenario was certainly possible for the time of the Middle Cernikian arid spell reflected by a more than 1 Ma long interruption of lacustrine deposition in the Vukomeričke Gorice hills. The renewed rise of the lake in- dicates that Lake Slavonia was not simply filled from the west to the east like the Miocene Lake Pannon (MAGYAR et al., 2013). Instead, active subsidence in the southern Pan- nonian Basin provided accommodation space for terrestrial input and allowed the persistent existence of lacustrine con- ditions throughout the Pliocene and the earliest Pleistocene (SAFTIĆ et al., 2003). Previous authors (GALOVIĆ, 1952; GAGIĆ & SOKAČ, 1970) indicated the presence of the zonal marker V. vukotinovici in the Vukomeričke Gorice hills with FOD at ~2.5 Ma. Therefore, the tectonic inversion could not have started prior to that time. A connection to the Dacian Basin as suggested by MA- RINESCU & PAPAIANOPOL (1995) is corroborated by the high similarities between the mollusc faunas. Following the Figure 6: Palaeogeographic map of the Pliocene after NEUBAUER et al. (2015a) indicating lakes from where the species observed at the Vukomeričke Gorice hills were previously reported. Note that most of these occurrences are proven to be erroneous after the present revision (see Table 3). Mandic et al.: Stratigraphic and palaeogeographic significance of lacustrine molluscs from the Pliocene Viviparus beds in central Croatia Geologia Croatica 187 synopsis of NEUBAUER et al. (2015a), 50 of the 163 spe- cies (30.7%) recorded for Lake Slavonia are also known from Lake Dacia (Figure 6). It is therefore likely that temporary one-way connections existed through outflow from the Pan- nonian Basin (MARINESCU & PAPAIANOPOL, 1995). 7. CONCLUSION The Pliocene Viviparus beds of the Vukomeričke Gorice hills in central Croatia represent the topmost sequence-strati- graphic megacycle of the Sava depression sedimentary infill. This interval represents an independent phase of the geody- namic evolution of the Pannonian Basin. For that reason, a new regional stage termed the Cernikian is introduced here, defined by the depositional cycle comprising the Viviparus beds. The cycle is linked to the development of a freshwater lake termed Lake Slavonia. Its deposits transgressively over- lie Pannonian brackish-water deposits of Lake Pannon, pre- viously referred to the Pontian. The Pontian stage, however, is clearly older and was defined in a completely different geodynamic area. Therefore, regional stages such as the Pon- tian, Dacian and Romanian should only be used in the re- spective type areas and must not be applied to the southern Pannonian Basin. The investigated mollusc fauna from the region of Kra- varsko, including 13 freshwater lacustrine species, is domi- nated by gastropods (11 species). The taxonomic update of the fauna resulted in several revisions. The widely used name Viviparus fuchsi NEUMAYR, 1872 refers to a distinct spe- cies from Lake Pannon. Therefore, we introduce the new species Viviparus kochanskyae n. sp. for specimens from Lake Slavonia previously identified with V. fuchsi. The former “Viviparus fuchsi zone” is consequently re-named to the “Viviparus kochanskyae zone”. Hydrobia slavonica vit­ rella BRUSINA, 1897, from the Pannonian of Grgeteg in Syrmia is preoccupied by the Sarmatian species Hydrobia vitrella STEFANESCU, 1896. Therefore, we introduce Prososthenia? praeslavonica n. nom. Three species are newly combined: Microcolpia friedeli (BRUSINA, 1885), Potomida seljani (BRUSINA, 1902) and Prososthenia? sla­ vonica (BRUSINA, 1874). The fauna shows an excellent match with the Viviparus beds of NE Croatia proving it as a fully integrated constitu- ent of the long-lived Lake Slavonia. The biostratigraphy of Lake Slavonia is well established, based on the rapid en- demic evolution of viviparid gastropods. Two stratigraphic horizons detected in the studied sites support previous re- gional subdivisons. These are the Lower Cernikian Viviparus kochanskyae zone and the Upper Cernikian Viviparus hoer­ nesi zone. The lack of the Middle Cernikian in the Vukomeričke Gorice hills indicates strong alteration of the lacustrine depositional settings in the Pliocene of the south- ern Pannonian Basin. Considering that the subsidence was constant within the respective megacycle, the inferred pat- tern is best explained by the Middle Cernikian arid spell re- flected by back-stepping of the lake. The timing of the latter event is enabled through several zonal markers calibrated to the Geological Time Scale in the Dacian Basin, indicating where some species of Lake Sla- vonia migrated via rivers. Accordingly, the Early Cernikian lacustrine transgression dates to c. 4.3 Ma and the base of the Late Cernikian to c. 3.1 Ma, proving a more than 1 Ma long depositional hiatus for the region. Interestingly, the sec- ond lacustrine transgression of Lake Slavonia is marked by the evolution of strongly sculptured viviparid shells and co- incides exactly with the Pliocene Climate Optimum. 8. SYSTEMATIC PALAEONTOLOGY Gastropod systematics follows BOUCHET & ROCROI (2005) and the WoRMS database. Systematics of the bi- valves follows BOUCHET & ROCROI (2010) and GRAF & CUMMING (2007, 2014). Abbreviations: LVB – Lower Viviparus beds MVB – Middle Viviparus beds UVB – Upper Viviparus beds NHM – Natural History Museum GBA – Geological Survey Vienna, Austria Class Gastropoda CUVIER, 1795 Subclass Heterobranchia GRAY, 1840 Superfamily Valvatoidea GRAY, 1840 Family Valvatidae GRAY, 1840 Genus Valvata O. F. MÜLLER, 1774 Type species: Valvata cristata O.F. MÜLLER, 1774; Recent, Europe; type by monotypy. Valvata subcarinata BRUSINA, 1878 Figures 7.1-4 1869 Valvata piscinalis LAMARCK – NEUMAYR, p. 378, pl. 13, fig. 11 [pars; non Nerita piscinalis O. F. MÜLLER, 1774; non Vienna Basin occurrences]. 1874a Valvata piscinalis MÜLLER – BRUSINA, p. 88-89 [pars; non Nerita piscinalis O. F. MÜLLER, 1774; non Vienna Basin occurrences]. 1874b Valvata piscinalis MÜLLER – BRUSINA, p. 71 [pars; non Nerita piscinalis O. F. MÜLLER, 1774; non Vienna Basin occurrences]. 1875 Valvata piscinalis MÜLLER – NEUMAYR & Paul, p. 78, pl. 9, fig. 18 [pars; non Nerita piscinalis O. F. MÜLLER, 1774; non Vienna Basin occurrences]. *1878 Valvata subcarinata, BRUSINA – BRUSINA, p. 352- 353. 1884 Valvata piscinalis MÜLLER – PENECKE, p. 36 [pars; non Nerita piscinalis O. F. MÜLLER, 1774; non Vienna Basin occurrences]. 1884 Valvata subcarinata BRUS. – PENECKE, p. 36. 1884 Valvata Hörnesi nov. form. – PENECKE, p. 38, pl. 10, fig. 3. 1897 Valvata subcarinata BRUS. – BRUSINA, p. 25, pl. 13, figs. 32-39. Geologia Croatica 68/3Geologia Croatica 188 Figure 7: Pliocene lacustrine gastropods (Valvatidae, Neritidae and Viviparidae) from the Pliocene of the Kravarsko re­ gion.1-4 – Valvata subcarinata BRUSINA, 1878; 1­2 – VGK­39 sample no. 36; 3­4 – Kra­I sample no. 26. 5-10 – Theodoxus semiplicatus (NEUMAYR in HERBICH & NEUMAYR, 1875); 5­6 – VGK­39 sample no. 34; 7­8 – VGK­39 sample no. 34; 9­10 – Kra­I sample no. 25. 11-12 – Viviparus aulacophorus BRUSINA, 1874; VGK­39 sample no. 31.13 – Viviparus dezmani- anus BRUSINA, 1874; 13 – VGK­38 sample no. 19. 14-17 – Viviparus kochanskyae n. sp.; 14­15 – VGK­39 sample no. 37; 16­17 – Kra­I sample no. 27.18-19 – Viviparus hoernesi NEUMAYR, 1869; 18­19 – VGK­35 sample no. 29. 1928 Valvata (Cincinna) subcarinata BRUSINA – WENZ, p. 2450 [pars; regarding only Slavonian occurrences]. non 1932 Valvata (Cincinna) piscinalis subcarinata BRUS. – JEKELIUS, p. 64, pl. 5, figs. 25-27. 1974 Valvata (Cincinna) subcarinata BRUSINA – MILAN et al., p. 145. 2014 Valvata subcarinata BRUSINA, 1878 – HASZPRU- NAR, p. 100. Material: VGK-39 (3 specimens from sample no. 16, 3 specimens from sample no. 36, and 11 specimens from sam- ple no. 40), and Kra-I (3 specimens from sample no. 5, and 2 specimens from sample no. 26). Dimensions: Height x width – 4.2 x 4.7 mm (Figs. 5.1- 2); 4.4 x 4.7 mm (Figs. 5.3-4). Description: Glossy, trochiform shell, slightly wider than high (W/H=0.92), with 4.5 rounded whorls rapidly and continuously increasing in diameter, delineated by deep su- tures. Last whorl attains 87% of total shell height. Aperture is subcircular,weakly oblique, slightly angulated adapically at the contact with the last whorl. Peristome is sharply edged. Umbilicus narrow and deep. Shell covered with fine, non- projecting growth lines and fine axial undulations marking the growth stops. Protoconch low trochiform, attaining little more than one whorl, showing fine spiral microsculpture typical for valvatids. Remarks: Valvata subcarinata BRUSINA, 1878 was introduced as a replacement name for Valvata piscinalis NEUMAYR, 1869 non MÜLLER, 1774 [although errone- ously indicated as “non LAMARCK”] (HASZPRUNAR, 2014). The indication of a “holo- type” of V. subcarinata by MI- LAN et al. (1974) for a specimen illustrated by BRUSINA (1897, pl. 13, figs. 32-34; Coll. NHM Zagreb Inv. No. 2117-763/1) from Čaplja is incorrect. The eleven specimens from Sv. Linart (= St. Leonhardt, church NW Cernik) studied by NEUMAYR (1869) are syntypes and no holo- type or lectotype exists at present. To settle this issue, we herewith designate the specimen illus- trated by NEUMAYR (1869, pl. 13, fig. 11; Coll. GBA Inv. No. 1869/001/0069) as the lectotype. NEUMAYR & PAUL (1875) as- signed the locality to the LVB V. fuchsi [= kochanskyae] zone. Mandic et al.: Stratigraphic and palaeogeographic significance of lacustrine molluscs from the Pliocene Viviparus beds in central Croatia Geologia Croatica 189 For a long time, this species was considered conspe- cific with specimens from the Pannonian of Moosbrunn in the Vienna Basin identified by HÖRNES (1856) as Valvata piscinalis MÜLLER, 1774 (NEUMAYR, 1869; BRUSINA, 1874a,b; NEUMAYR & PAUL, 1875). Even after BRU SINA (1878) introduced V. subcarinata as a new species restricted to Lake Slavonia sediments, this error was carried forward by WENZ (1928). PAPP (1953, pl. 5, fig. 2) was the first to recognize this mistake and related the distinctly older Austrian occurrence with the Pannonian species Valvata obtusaeformis LÖRENTHEY, 1906 stating its different out- line due to a much slower increase of the spire’s diameter. After BANDEL (2010), the latter species might be related to the valvatoid hydrobiid genus Jekeliella BANDEL, 2010. The Recent Valvata piscinalis MÜLLER, 1774 differs in its lower spire, the wider umbilicus and the missing pos- terior notch at the aperture, which is well-developed in specimens from the type locality and the present material from Kravarsko. BRUSINA (1874a, b) mentioned “two to three” specimens out of 35 from Kravarsko that develop a sharp median spiral keel, restricted to the early whorls. This is not developed in our material. Though BRUSINA (1897) illustrated just those keeled specimens as representatives of V. subcarinata, he still considered the more frequent non- keeled morphotype as conspecific. We follow this approach and treat both morphologies as belonging to the same spe- cies. PENECKE (1884), in contrast, used a different concept of V. subcarinata for his material. He restricted it to the keeled morphotype found in the LVB at Malino and Čaplja. For the keeled specimens from the UVB at Repušnica and Čaplja, he introduced V. hoernesi as new species, which later was considered a juvenile specimen of V. subcarinata by BRUSINA (1897). Consequently, he continued to iden- tify the non-keeled morphologies with the Recent Valvata piscinalis, claiming its presence in all stratigraphic hori- zons of Lake Slavonia. He erroneously synonymized V. sulekiana BRUSINA, 1874 with V. piscinalis, which dif- fers clearly in its strongly flattened spire. The stratigraphically older specimens from the Late Miocene Metohia Basin in Kosovo, erroneously identified as V. subcarinata by MILOŠEVIĆ (1984), differ in a nar- rower spire and smaller aperture. Specimens from the Da- cian of the Braşov Basin, referred to V. subcarinata by JEKELIUS (1932), expose several weak to prominent spi- ral keels and thus represent a different species. Distribution: Restricted to the Viviparus beds of cen- tral Croatia (Prvonožina), NE Croatia (Ciglenik, Gromačnik, Ma lino, Novska, Repušnica, Bečic, Sv. Linart, Sibinj, Čap- lja). The occurrence of the present species in the Pliocene (?) of the Marija Gorica hills in NW Croatia is based on a record of Valvata cf. piscinalis in GORJANOVIĆ-KRAM- BERGER (1892). This record was treated by BRUSINA (1902, pl. 13, fig. 34) as Valvata sp., which was apparently overlooked by WENZ (1926) who considered it as synonym of V. subcarinata. Subclass Neritimorpha GOLIKOV & STAROBOGATOV, 1975 Order Cycloneritimorpha FRÝDA, 1998 Superfamily Neritoidea RAFINESQUE, 1815 Family Neritidae RAFINESQUE, 1815 Genus Theodoxus MONTFORT, 1810 Type species: Theodoxus lutetianus MONTFORT, 1810 (currently considered as a synonym of Theodoxus fluviatilis (LINNAEUS, 1758)); Recent, Europe; type by original des- ignation. Theodoxus semiplicatus (NEUMAYR in HERBICH & NEUMAYR, 1875) Figures 7.5-10 ? 1873 N.[eritina] Danubialis, PFR. – PILAR p. 112, 132, 176. 1874a Neritina danubialis var. sagittifera – BRUSINA, p. 91 [nomen nudum]. 1874b Neritina danubialis var. sagittifera – BRUSINA, p. 73 [nomen nudum]. ? 1874a Neritina danubialis C. PFEIFFER – BRUSINA, p. 90 [non C. PFEIFFER, 1828]. ? 1874b Neritina danubialis C. PFEIFFER – BRUSINA, p. 72 [non C. PFEIFFER, 1828]. *1875 Neritina semiplicata SANDB. – HERBICH & NEU- MAYR, p. 412-413 [pars; excl. synonyms]. 1875 Neritina danubialis var. sagitiffera BRUS. – NEU- MAYR & PAUL, p. 35 [nomen nudum]. 1884 Neritina sagittifera BRUSINA – BRUSINA, p. 89-90. 1884 Theodoxus semiplicatus NEUMAYR – BRUSINA, p. 101-102. 1884 Neritina semiplicata SANDBERGER – PENECKE, p. 17, pl. 10, figs. 30-35. ? 1884 Theodoxus danubialis C. PFEIFFER – BRUSINA, p. 100-101. 1896 Neritina (Theodoxus) semiplicata NEUMAYR – STE- FANESCU, p. 115-116, pl. 10, figs. 70-72. 1897 Neritodonta sagittifera BRUS. – BRUSINA, p. 26, pl. 14, figs. 23-24. 1902 Neritodonta sagittifera BRUS. – BRUSINA, pl. 15, figs. 39-40. 1902 Theodoxus semiplicatus (NEUM.) – BRUSINA, pl. 15, figs. 65-71. 1902 Neritodonta sp. – BRUSINA, pl. 15, figs. 59-61. ? 1902 Theodoxus danubialis? (C. PFEIFF.) – BRUSINA, p. 15, figs. 50-52. 1929b Theodoxus (Calvertia) sagittiferus (BRUSINA) – WENZ, p. 2976. 1929b Theodoxus (Theodoxus) semiplicatus (NEUMAYR) – WENZ, p. 3005-3006. ? 1929b Theodoxus (Theodoxus) cf. danubialis (C. PFEIF- FER) – WENZ, p. 2993-2994. 1932 Theodoxus semiplicatus (NEUMAYR) – JEKELIUS, p. 56-58, pl. 1, figs. 1-60, pl. 2, figs. 1-65, pl. 3, figs. 1-50, pl. 23, figs. 1-14. Geologia Croatica 68/3Geologia Croatica 190 plicatus NEUMAYR in HERBICH & NEUMAYR, 1875, T. transversalis PFEIFFER, 1828 and T. militaris NEUMAYR, 1869. While this was not followed by BRUSINA (1897, 1902) and WENZ (1928), JURIŠIĆ-POLŠAK (1979) con- firmed PENECKE’s classification in her revision of the Neo- gene Croatian neritids, detecting again only three species, although splitting them into eight subspecies. These are T. transversalis (incl. T. t. transversalis, T. t. amethystinus, T. t. slavonicus), T. semiplicatus (incl. T. s. semiplicatus, T. s. capillaceous), and T. militaris (T. m. militaris, T. m. decosta­ tus, T. m. oblongus). In the corresponding deposits of Vuko- meričke Gorice hills she detected only T. danubialis and T. transversalis. T. militaris clearly differs from the present spe- cies by its axial ribs. T. transversalis (sensu JURIŠIĆ-POL- ŠAK, 1979) is characterized by transverse colour-bands which are absent in our material. T. semiplicatus is characterized by fine denticles on the callus pad, distinguishing it clearly from T. danubialis. A tooth beneath the muscle insertion can be absent or present in T. semiplicatus (JURIŠIĆ-POLŠAK, 1979). In our speci- mens it is completely absent, making them similar in this respect to T. danubialis. The fact that a faint dentation of the columellar pad can easily remain undetected, the previous T. danubialis records from the Vukomeričke Gorice hills by PILAR (1873), BRUSINA (1874a, b) and JURIŠIĆ-POL- ŠAK (1979) require closer inspection. JEKELIUS (1932) provided an excellent description and illustrations of numerous specimens of T. semiplicatus from several localities of the Dacian of the Braşov Basin. In con- trast, the record from the Pleistocene of SE Hungary by HA- LAVÁTS (1888), later referred to by WENZ (1929b), has been revised by KROLOPP (1976b) as T. prevostianus (PFEIFFER, 1828). The much older records from the Maeo- tian of SW Ukraine, SW Moldavia, and Romania by RO- SHKA (1973), GOZHIK & PRYSJAZHNJUK (1978), GOZ- HIK & DATSENKO (2007), and STOICA et al. (2007) are possibly based on erroneous identifications. The alleged occurrence in the “Pliocene” of Bresnica in Serbia mentioned by JURIŠIĆ-POLŠAK (1979) is most likely based on “Neritodonta sp.” of BRUSINA (1902, pl. 15, figs. 53-55). The latter species was collected from lacus- trine deposits at the Bresnica brook near Kragujevac, con- sidered as Langhian (Middle Miocene) in age (PAVLOVIĆ, 1931; JOVANOVIĆ, 2012). The species actually represents Theodoxus brusinai (PAVLOVIĆ, 1931), differing from the present species in its more rounded outline. “Neritina semi­ plicata” sensu HOERNES (1877) from the Late Messinian (�AGATAY et al., 2006) or Early Pliocene (MELINTE-DO-�AGATAY et al., 2006) or Early Pliocene (MELINTE-DO-et al., 2006) or Early Pliocene (MELINTE-DO- BRINESCU et al., 2009) Mactra beds of İntepe in NW Tur- key is a misidentification. Theodoxus sp. from the Miocene Lake Rein in Styria is similar but lacks the crenulation (HARZ HAUSER et al., 2014). Distribution: LVB to UVB of Lake Slavonia in central Croatia (Kravarsko – the present study); Norteastern Croatia (Čaplja, Cernik, Kindrovo, Sibinj, Malino, Gromačnik, Ci- gle nik, Duboki dol, Repušnica, Kovačevac), NW Serbia (Če- rević) and W Romania (Giulvaz); Dacian of the Braşov Ba- 1944 Theodoxus (Calvertia) sagittiferus (BRUSINA) – JENKO, p. 114. 1974 Theodoxus (Calvertia) sagittiferus (BRUSINA) – MI- LAN et al., p. 110. 1979 Theodoxus (Theodoxus) semiplicatus semiplicatus (PE- NECKE) [sic] – JURIŠIĆ-POLŠAK, p. 27, pl. 9, figs. 5-8. ? 1979 Theodoxus (Theodoxus) danubialis (PFEIFFER) – JURIŠIĆ-POLŠAK, p. 29, pl. 9, figs. 3-4. 2008 Theodoxus (Theodoxus) semiplicatus NEUMAYR – LUBENESCU & LUBENESCU, p. 81, fig. 1.7-9. Material: VGK-39 (3 specimens from sample no. 14, 9 specimens from samples no. 34), and Kra-I (3 specimen from sample no. 4, and 4 specimens from samples no. 25). Dimensions: Height x width – 5.8 (first whorl broken) x 5.6 mm (Figs. 5.5-6), 6.2 x 5.4 mm (Figs. 5.7-8), 6.6 x 7.3 mm (Figs. 5.9-10). Description: Solid shell, consisting of 2.75 whorls. Spire consists of two flattened whorls (always eroded in the present material). Depending on the shell’s growth angle, the spire may be distinct or be fully covered by the last whorl. Last whorl increases strongly in diameter, producing an oval shape in outline. Aperture is semicircular, slightly inclined toward the columella, with sharp lateral margin. Callus pad is well demarcated, slightly concave, smooth, bearing very fine den- ticles at its adapertural edge. Colouring is dominantly ex- pressed by black, axial zig-zag and wavy bands. In a few spec- imens the bands are fused, so that only a few lunate spots remain white. Remarks: T. semiplicatus NEUMAYR in HERBICH & NEUMAYR, 1875 from Vârghiş and Araci (Dacian, Braşov Basin, W Romania) was made available through a lapsus calami for T. semidentatus SANDBERGER, 1875 (see foot- note in HERBICH & NEUMAYR, 1875, p. 413). The latter species had been introduced for a misidentified species from the Middle Miocene of Ribarić in the Drniš Basin, SE Croatia. Not realizing that the Middle Miocene species is distinct from the Pliocene one, HERBICH & NEUMAYR (1875) mentioned “T. semiplicatus” (instead of T. semidenta­ tus) also from the Dacian of the Braşov Basin. As they explic- itly referred the misspelled species name to a different speci- men, both names are valid. BRUSINA (1884) was the first to recognize that these two names refer to different species. Although citing 57 syntypes from Čaplja near Podvinje in Slavonia (NE Croatia), BRUSINA (1874a) did not pro- vide any description or illustration of his new subspecies T. danubialis sagittiferus. This species-group name is therefore a nomen nudum, a fact first recognized by JURIŠIĆ-POL- ŠAK (1979). Nevertheless, NEUMAYR & PAUL (1875) also foun d it at Čaplja, in beds belonging to the V. hoernesi zone, and accepted it as an available name. BRUSINA (1884) el- evated the name to the species rank and provided a morpho- logical description and therefore made it available. PENECKE (1884) revised the neritid record of the cen- tral Lake Slavonia accepting only three species, i.e., T. semi­ Mandic et al.: Stratigraphic and palaeogeographic significance of lacustrine molluscs from the Pliocene Viviparus beds in central Croatia Geologia Croatica 191 sin in central Romania (e.g., Araci (=Arpatac), Vârghiş) and of Lake Dacia (e.g., Breasta) (PENECKE, 1884; JEKELIUS, 1932; JURIŠIĆ-POLŠAK, 1979). Subclass Caenogastropoda COX, 1959 Order Architaenioglossa HALLER, 1890 Superfamily Viviparoidea GRAY, 1847 Family Viviparidae GRAY, 1847 Subfamily Viviparinae GRAY, 1847 Genus Viviparus MONTFORT, 1810 Type species: Viviparus fluviorum MONTFORT, 1810 (currently considered as a synonym of Viviparus viviparus (LINNAEUS, 1758)); Recent, northern Eurasia, Europe, Ana tolia and Northern America; type by original designa- tion. Viviparus aulacophorus BRUSINA, 1874 Figures 7.11-12 *1874a Vivipara aulacophora BRUSINA – BRUSINA, p. 88, pl. 2, figs. 14-15. 1874b Vivipara aulacophora BRUSINA – BRUSINA, p. 70, pl. 2, figs. 14-15. 1875 Vivipara aulacophora BRUS. – NEUMAYR & PAUL, p. 66. 1884 Vivipara Rudolphi nov. form. – PENECKE, p. 29, pl. 9, fig. 14. 1897 Vivipara aulacophora BRUS. – BRUSINA, p. 24, pl. 12, figs. 23-24. 1902 Vivipara aulacophora BRUS. – BRUSINA, pl. 12, fig. 7. 1928 Viviparus aulacophorus (BRUSINA) – WENZ, p. 2293 [pars; excluding records of Vivipara anthracophila = V. leiostracus]. 1974 Viviparus aulacophorus BRUSINA – MILAN et al., p. 148. Material: VGK-39 (3 specimens from sample no. 10, and 3 specimens from sample no. 31). Dimensions: Height x width – 16.4 x 9.8 mm (Figs. 5.11-12), 34.2 x 22.9 mm (specimen illustrated by BRUSINA, 1902). Description: Slender shell, consisting of 5 convex whorls. Shell width attains about 60% of total height; suture not very deep but distinct. Last whorl attains 70% of total shell height. The junction between the whorls is irregular, slightly gaping. Protoconch is eroded, apex is blunt. Whorls increase more strongly in height than diameter, resulting in a drop-shaped shell outline. Aperture is oval to slightly drop- shaped, with a weak posterior notch. Peristome is sharp; um- bilicus is narrow and slit-like. Shell surface is glossy, bear- ing numerous fine, weakly but irregularly undulated spiral grooves; crossed by growth lines they partially produce a fine reticulate pattern. Remarks: When describing the species, BRUSINA (1874a) had only a single specimen from Cernik (Sv. Linart) N of Nova Gradiška at hand. The specimen, with a height of 30 mm and a width of 20 mm, represents a holotype by mo- notypy (ICZN Art. 73.1.2) and is stored in the NHM Zagreb (Inv. No. 3215-861; MILAN et al., 1974). Following the de- tailed geological description of the area by NEUMAYR & PAUL (1875), the deposits at the type locality may be ascribed to the V. neumayri zone. Viviparus rudolphi PENECKE, 1884 from the V. ko­ chanskyae zone of Malino was previously recognized by BRU SINA (1897) as a synonym of V. aulacophorus. WENZ (1926) erroneously synonymized the nomen nudum “V. anthra cophilus” as given in NEUMAYR & PAUL (1875) with V. aulacophorus. He apparently overlooked the correction note in NEUMAYR & PAUL (1875, p. 106), where they clearly indicate it as an error pro V. leiostracus. Following ICZN Art. 32.4 and 32.5, the name anthracophilus clearly represents an inadvertent error and is thus unavailable. The specimen given as “Viviparus neumayri trans V. suessi” in NEUMAYR & PAUL (1875, pl. 4, fig. 4) from the UVB of Novska seems to show a very fine spiral sculpture too, but has a much lower spire. Viviparus pauli BRUSINA, 1874 and V. dautzenbergi BRUSINA, 1902 are both larger than the present species and develop a much more prominent spiral sculpture (see also BRUSINA, 1897). Viviparus pauli has been listed from Kravarsko by BRUSINA (1874a, b) but could not be detected in the course of our investigation. Distribution: Restricted to the LVB of Lake Slavonia from Kravarsko in the west via Nova Gradiška (Cernik/Sv. Linart, Rešetari/Jukićev jarak) up to Malino in the east (BRUSINA, 1874a, b; NEUMAYR & PAUL, 1875; PE- NECKE, 1884). It was previously unknown from Kravarsko (KOCH, 1917). Viviparus dezmanianus BRUSINA, 1874 Figure 7.13 1869 Vivipara rudis nov. sp. – NEUMAYR, p. 375, pl. 14, fig. 11 [pars; non fig. 5]. *1874a Vivipara Dežmaniana BRUSINA – BRUSINA, p. 81-82, pl. 2, figs. 7. 1874a [Vivipara Dežmaniana] var. complanata BRUS. – BRUSINA, p. 81-82, pl. 2, fig. 6. 1874b Vivipara Dežmaniana BRUSINA – BRUSINA, p. 64- 65, pl. 2, figs. 7. 1874b [Vivipara Dežmaniana] var. complanata BRUS. – BRUSINA, p. 64-65, pl. 2, fig. 6. 1875 Vivipara Dežmaniana BRUS. – NEUMAYR & PAUL, p. 67, pl. 6, figs. 9-10, 16-18. 1884 Vivipara Dežmanniana [sic] BRUS. – PENECKE, p. 30. 1928 Viviparus dežmanianus dežmanianus (BRUSINA) – WENZ, p. 2312-2314. 1974 Vivipara dezmanianus (BRUSINA) – MILAN et al., p. 146, 148. Material: VGK-38 (1 specimen from sample no. 19). Dimensions: Height x width – 29.6 x 18.5 mm (Fig. 5.13). Geologia Croatica 68/3Geologia Croatica 192 Descriptions: Solid shell, large, broadly drop-shaped, comprising 5.25 whorls; width attains about 65% of height. Protoconch is not preserved. First three whorls are weakly convex and separated by shallow sutures, producing a point ed, conical apex. Thereafter whorls expand more strongly in height than width, resulting in an overall drop- shaped outline. From the third whorl onwards, whorls expose markedly stepped outlines with flanks sub-parallel to the axis, a narrow sutural ramp and incised, slightly gaping su- tures. Angulation between ramp and flank starts rounded, but becomes progressively more strongly angled and sharper. Ramps dip by 30° to 60°. Flanks are initially slightly convex and then straight, up to slightly concave on the last whorl; a central spiral furrow emerges on the last two whorls. A sec- ond angulation is present at the transition between whorl flank and base; it becomes visible only on the last two whorls. Base of the last whorl is weakly convex. Last whorl attains about 80% of the total shell height. Aperture is fragmented, but obviously broadly drop-shaped, posteriorly slightly nar- rowed. Peristome is sharp in its preserved columellar part. Umbilicus is closed. Growth lines are distinct, opisthocline. Remarks: BRUSINA (1874a) introduced this species including a specimen of the syntype series of V. rudis NEU- MAYR, 1869. It is not clear from the discussion whether he considered V. dezmanianus as a replacement name of NEU- MAYR’s specimen or simply wanted to include it in the new species. Therefore, all specimens studied by BRUSINA (1874a) and the single specimen from NEUMAYR (1869) are syntypes of V. dezmanianus. The specification of a “hol- otype” by MILAN et al. (1974), referring to the specimen from Kovačevac (Coll. NHM Zagreb Inv. No. 4272-1912/1) that was illustrated in BRUSINA (1874a, b), is incorrect. To settle this issue we designate the same specimen herewith as a lectotype. We follow NEUMAYR & PAUL (1875) and WENZ (1926) and consider V. complanatus BRUSINA, 1874 as conspecific with V. dezmanianus. Its type series comprises 127 specimens from Čaplja. It attains only 75% of the height of the typical morphotype and the keels are less pronounced, resulting in rather straight-sided whorl flanks (as in our spec- imens). These minor variations are considered to be within the range of intraspecific variability. In their revision of the viviparids from the Pliocene of the Dacian Basin, LUBENESCU & ZAZULEAC (1985) re- jected the presence of V. dezmanianus in Lake Dacia. They treated the identifications of COBĂLCESCU (1883) and WENZ (1942) as V. pseudo dezmanianus LUBENESCU & ZAZULEAC, 1985, whereas the specimens from the Sieni- sian by PORUMBARU (1881), FONTANNES (1887) and STEFANESCU (1896) were referred to V. dezmanianus dac­ icus LUBENESCU & ZAZULEAC, 1985. As noticed by NEUBAUER et al. (2014a), the latter taxon is a junior syn- onym of V. dezmanianus turbureensis FONTANNES, 1887. Whether or not V. dezmanianus turbureensis is really related to V. dezmanianus needs a more detailed assessment of the type material. According to TABOYAKOVA (1964), the record of V. dezmanianus from the late Pliocene to Pleistocene of the Rioni Bay in Georgia (e.g., WENZ, 1926) actually represents Viviparus nataliae MIKHAYLOVSKIY, 1913. The species is, however, still listed from that region by ANISTRATENKO & GOZHIK (1995). A more thorough taxonomic revision of those records is required to confirm or reject this claim. Distribution: Restricted to the MVB and UVB of NE Croatia. This is its first record from central Croatia. NEU- MAYR & PAUL (1875) restrict the species at Sibinj, Slo- bodnica, Gromačnik, Ciglenik, Podvinje-Čaplja trench, Repušnica and Novska to the V. stricturatus and V. nothus zones (as applicable). PENECKE (1884) in turn listed the species from the V. stricturatus to V. hoernesi zone at Ci gle- nik, Malino, Sibinj and Podvinje-Čaplja trench. Viviparus hoernesi NEUMAYR, 1869 Figures 7.18-19 *1869 Vivipara Hörnesi nov. sp. – NEUMAYR, p. 376, pl. 14, fig. 14 [pars; non fig. 13]. 1874a Vivipara Hörnesi NEUMAYR – BRUSINA, p. 84-85. 1874b Vivipara Hörnesi NEUMAYR – BRUSINA, p. 67-68. 1875 Vivipara Hörnesi NEUM. nov. form. – NEUMAYR & PAUL, p. 56-57, pl. 4, fig. 21. 1884 Vivipara Hörnesi NEUM. – PENECKE, p. 28. 1896 Vivipara Hörnesi NEUM. – BRUSINA, p. 135. 1917 Vivipara Hörnesi NEUM. – KOCH, p. 12. 1928 Viviparus hörnesi (NEUMAYR) – WENZ, p. 2326- 2328. Material: VGK-35 (2 specimens from sample no. 9, 1 specimen from sample no. 18, and 2 specimens from sample no. 29). Dimensions: Height x width (of fragmented specimen) – 17.0 x 13.3 mm (Figs. 5.18-19). Description: Solid, glossy shell, conical, with 5 whorls, with the last whorl attaining about 80% of the total height. Protoconch is not preserved. Apex is blunt. On the second whorl a prominent angulation emerges, forming a straight, near horizontal subsutural ramp. Angulation successively passes into a marked, sharp keel. A second sharp keel bear- ing irregular, elongated nodes emerge at the transition be- tween whorl flank and base and are visible only on the last whorl. Whorl flank between keels is regularly concave. Be- low the lower keel, 2 weak and thin keels cover the base of the last whorl. Base is straight. Aperture is not preserved but apparently sub-oval; umbilicus is completely covered. Remarks: The type series includes a large number of specimens from the Bukovica valley N of Novska (as are all the illustrated specimens), Repušnica and Gradiška. We des- ignate herewith the specimen illustrated in NEUMAYR (1869, pl. 14, fig. 14), stored in the collection of the GBA (Inv. No. 1869/001/0055), as the lectotype. The type stratum in Bukovica belongs to the V. hoernesi zone, which the spe- cies is restricted to. Mandic et al.: Stratigraphic and palaeogeographic significance of lacustrine molluscs from the Pliocene Viviparus beds in central Croatia Geologia Croatica 193 NEUMAYR in NEUMAYR & PAUL (1875) separated the specimen of NEUMAYR (1869) illustrated on Pl. 14, fig. 13 as the new species V. ornata, based on the absence of nodes on the keels. PENECKE (1884) stated that these two species rather form a morphological continuum and a dis- tinction is possible only between extreme morphotypes, which we do not follow. WENZ (1928) also lists the species from Craiova in the Dacian Basin, which needs a careful re-examination. LUBENESCU & LUBENESCU (2008) did not list this species in their comparison between Dacian and Pannon- ian basin molluscs. Distribution: Restricted to the UVB of Lake Slavonia – central Croatia (Farkašić, Hrastovica near Petrinja, Kra- varsko), northeastern Croatia (Bečic, Brestača, Čaplja bei Podvinje, Bukovica, Giglenik, Gradiška, Gromačnik, Ma- lino, Novska, Repušnica, and Sibinj), northwestern Serbia (Novi Sad – Petrovaradin) (NEUMAYR & PAUL, 1875; BRUSINA, 1874a, b; PENECKE, 1884; KOCH, 1917; WENZ, 1928). Viviparus kochanskyae n. sp. Figures 7.14-17 1869 Vivipara concinna SOW. – NEUMAYR, p. 373, pl. 14, fig. 4 [non Paludina concinna SOWERBY, 1812; non Paludina concinna sensu HÖRNES, 1856]. 1873 Vivipara Fuchsi, NEUMAYR – PILAR, p. 110 [non Vivipara Fuchsi NEUMAYR, 1872]. 1874a Vivipara Fuchsi NEUMAYR – BRUSINA, p. 75 [non Vivipara Fuchsi NEUMAYR, 1872]. 1874b Vivipara Fuchsi NEUMAYR – BRUSINA, p. 59 [non Vivipara Fuchsi NEUMAYR, 1872]. 1875 Paludina loxostoma SANDBERGER – SAND- BERGER, p. 691-692. 1875 Vivipara Fuchsi NEUMAYR – NEUMAYR & PAUL, p. 58, pl. 5, fig. 5 [non Vivipara Fuchsi NEUMAYR, 1872]. 1884 Vivipara Fuchsi NEUM. – PENECKE, p. 29 [non Vi­ vipara Fuchsi NEUMAYR, 1872]. 1917 Vivipara Fuchsi NEUM. – KOCH, p. 12 [non Vivipara Fuchsi NEUMAYR, 1872]. 1928 Viviparus fuchsi (NEUMAYR) – WENZ, p. 2318-2321 [non Vivipara Fuchsi NEUMAYR, 1872; pars; regard- ing only Slavonian occurrences]. Material:VGK-39 (2 specimens from sample no. 17, 1 specimen from sample no. 20, 1 specimen from sample no. 37) and Kra-I (3 specimens from sample no. 6, and 1 speci- men from sample no. 27). Etymology: In honour of the Croatian palaeontologist Vanda KOCHANSKY-DEVIDÉ (1915-1990) for her contri- bution to Neogene malacology. Diagnosis: Broadly ovoid, solid shell of moderate size comprising 4-5 whorls, which expand more rapidly in height than diameter, with flanks initially convex, then flattened on the last two whorls. Type specimen: We designate the specimen illustrated by NEUMAYR (1869) as the holotype (Coll. NHM Vienna Inv. No. 1855/0035/0052). Type locality Nova Gradiška [=Cernik] was referred to LVB by NEUMAYR & PAUL (1875). Dimensions: Height x width – 28.3 x 19.3 mm (largest specimen, last quarter of the last whorl is missing, VGK- 39 sample no. 20), 23.2 x 15.8 mm (fragmented, Figs. 5.14- 15), Height x width – 16.5 x 13.3 mm (fragmented, Figs. 5.16-17). Description: Smooth, solid shell, broadly ovoid, with 4.75 whorls and narrow umbilicus. Shell width attains about 70% of its height. Protoconch not preserved in the present material. Whorls expand rapidly in height and diameter, with the last one attaining c. 75-80% of total height. Early whorls slightly convex, not stepped, separated by distinct but shallow suture. Flanks of the last two whorls flattened, passing into marked convexity below. Base is straight, in- clined by about 45°. The latter is not fully preserved in our material; appears to be drop-shaped. Fine growth lines cover the shell. Remarks: The alleged presence of “Viviparus fuchsi” in the Viviparus beds of Croatia traces back to a series of misidentifications and nomenclatural mistakes. It started with a misidentification of NEUMAYR (1869), who mentioned “Vivipara concinna” from Nova Gradiška in NE Croatia, ap- parently referring to the identification and illustrations from HÖRNES (1856, p. 581, pl. 47, fig. 17). That author, how- ever, had described a much older species from the middle Pannonian of Moosbrunn in the Vienna Basin. Despite su- perficial similarities, the single Slavonian specimen differs in the less stepped spire and the characteristically flattened whorl flanks passing into the marked convexity towards the base. Beyond that, neither of these species is Viviparus concinnus (SOWERBY, 1812), which is yet another species from the Paleogene of southern England. Recognizing this, NEUMAYR (1872) introduced the new name Viviparus fuchsi in a short note on the Viviparus beds, yet explicitly referring it to “V. concinna HÖRNES non SOW.”. Despite his clear intention to introduce the name for the Slavonian species, V. fuchsi is still a replacement name for HÖRNES’ misidentified specimens from Moosbrunn and not for the Slavonian species. Obviously unaware of NEUMAYR’s (1872) new name, SANDBERGER (1875) introduced “Paludina loxostoma” as replacement name for the species described by HÖRNES (1856). Although SANDBERGER (1875) also gives NEU- MAYR’s record from the Viviparus beds in the synonymy list and mentions its occurrence in Nova Gradiška, it is entirely clear from the discussion that P. loxostoma was intended solely as a replacement for HÖRNES’ material. He even listed the record of Viviparus fuchsi by BRUSINA (1874a, b) in the syn- onymy list, but, for whatever reason, did not consider it a valid Geologia Croatica 68/3Geologia Croatica 194 name. Paludina loxostoma SANDBERGER, 1875 is therefore an objective junior synonym of Viviparus fuchsi NEUMAYR, 1872. It was later also considered synonymous by NEUMAYR & PAUL (1875) and WENZ (1928). Based on illustrations of NEUMAYR & PAUL (1875), PAPP (1953) was the first to recognize the differences between the Pannonian and Slavonian species, but wrongly concluded that V. fuchsi is restricted to the Viviparus beds and V. loxos­ tomus is the correct name of the Pannonian species. Therefore, V. fuchsi was not mentioned from the Pannonian Basin by later authors (e.g., STRAUSZ, 1942; BARTHA, 1977; STEVA- NOVIĆ et al., 1990; HARZHAUSER & BINDER, 2004). In summary, V. fuchsi NEUMAYR, 1872 and V. loxos­ tomus (SANDBERGER, 1875) refer to the same species from the Late Miocene of the Pannonian Basin, whereas the Slavonian species, usually referred to as “Viviparus fuchsi”, actually has no name. Therefore, we introduce Viviparus ko­ chanskyae as a new species. Consequently, also the former “Viviparus fuchsi zone” has to be re-named the “Viviparus kochanskyae zone”. “Viviparus fuchsi” from the Late Miocene Lake Bresse- Valence in SE France originates from a misidentification by DELAFOND & DEPÉRET (1893). The French specimens have well-rounded, convex whorls and correspond well to Viviparus dresseli (TOURNOUËR, 1875), described from the surroundings of Lyon, a species they give in the synon- ymy list of V. fuchsi. Specimens of “Viviparus fuchsi” iden- tified from the Akchagylian (Late Pliocene) of the Syzran region in western Samara/Russia by PAVLOV (1925) and from the Pontian of the Danube delta region in SE Ukraine by GOZHIK (2002) and GOZHIK & DATSENKO (2007) have convex whorls instead of the typically flattened ones and represent other, yet undetermined species. Viviparus kochanskyae seems to be absent in the Dacian Basin. It is not listed (as V. fuchsi) in the monograph on its viviparid snails by LUBENESCU & ZAZULEAC (1985). The Pontian record at Ploieşti by WENZ (1928) dates back to a list of PILIDE (1877), reproduced also by STEFA- NESCU (1897, p. 61). Viviparus fuchsi identified by BERE- GOV (1940) from the Maeotian and Dacian of Bulgaria was shown by LUBENESCU & ZAZULEAC (1985) to represent V. incertus sensu MACAROVICI, 1940. The latter species name was recently recognized to be a primary homonym of V. incertus FUCHS, 1877 by NEUBAUER et al. (2014a), who introduced V. wesselinghi as a replacement name. JEKELIUS (1932) reported V. fuchsi species from Da- cian deposits of the Galat brook near Aita Seacă and Ebhát határ near Hăghig in the Braşov basin, but without provid- ing any illustrations or description. This record still needs to be verified. The alleged lineage leading from Viviparus fuchsi to V. leiostracus in the Pliocene of Kos as described by NEU- MAYR (1880a) is based on misidentifications of V. calverti (WILLMANN, 1981, p. 151). The record of V. fuchsi from the Plio-Pleistocene of Patras, Greece, by OPPENHEIM (1894, p. 820), who did not provide description or illustra- tions, needs re-examination. Distribution: Restricted to the LVB (W to E) of Vuko- meričke Gorice S of Zagreb / central Croatia (Prvonožina, Dubranec, Kravarsko), Slavonia / NE Croatia (Repušnica W Kutina, Novska, Cernik N Nova Gradiška, Bečic, Malino, Sibinj, Podvinje – Čaplja N Slavonski Brod) and Syrmia / NW Serbia (Čerević E Novi Sad) (BRUSINA, 1874a, b; NEU MAYR & PAUL, 1875; PENECKE, 1884; KOCH, 1917; WENZ, 1928). Order unassigned Superfamily Cerithioidea FLEMING, 1822 Family Melanopsidae ADAMS & ADAMS, 1854 Genus Melanopsis FÉRUSSAC in FÉRUSSAC & FÉRUSSAC, 1807 Type species: Melania costata OLIVIER, 1804; Recent, Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East; type by subsequent designation by GRAY (1847). Melanopsis clavigera NEUMAYR in NEUMAYR & PAUL, 1875 Figures 8.9-10 *1875 Melanopsis clavigera NEUM. nov. form – NEU- MAYR & PAUL, p. 41, pl. 7, figs. 13-14. 1884 Melanopsis clavigera NEUM. – PENECKE, p. 22. non 1890 Melanopsis clavigera NEUMAYR – OPPENHEIM, p. 591. non 1891 Melanopsis clavigera NEUMAYR – OPPENHEIM, p. 466, pl. 26, fig. 4. 1897 Melanopsis clavigera NEUM. – BRUSINA, p. 7, pl. 5, fig. 19. ? 1897 Melanopsis clavigera cesticillus BRUS.n. for. – BRUSINA, p. 7, pl. 5, fig. 20. ? 1902 Melanopsis clavigera cesticillus BRUS. – BRUSINA, pl. 6, fig. 41. 1929a Melanopsis clavigera clavigera NEUMAYR – WENZ, p. 2694-2695 [pars; regarding only Slavonian records]. ? 1929a Melanopsis clavigera cesticillus BRUSINA – WENZ, p. 2695-2696. ? 1974 Melanopsis clavigera cesticillus BRUSINA – MI- LAN et al., p. 88. Material: VGK-35 (3 specimens from sample no. 8, and 2 specimens from sample no. 28). Dimensions: Height x width (of fragmented specimen) – 20.8 x 10.1 mm (Figs. 6.9-10). Descriptions: Solid shell with slender to bulky conical, coeloconoid to ovoid outline and up to 9 whorls. Shell width attains about 50% of height. Whorls are separated by narrow, irregular sutures. Protoconch unknown. Sculpture starts on the second teleoconch whorl, comprising about 8 slightly proso- cline axial ribs, extending across entire whorl height. Number of ribs is roughly constant throughout ontogeny – ribs increase constantly in strength and are more or less continuous on suc- cessive whorls. On the last whorls, the ribs bear weak nodes near the upper suture. Nodes become successively stronger, Mandic et al.: Stratigraphic and palaeogeographic significance of lacustrine molluscs from the Pliocene Viviparus beds in central Croatia Geologia Croatica 195 producing a markedly stepped shell outline for the last 3 whorls. Rib portions above and below nodes are concave. On the last 2-3 whorls, nodes are laterally connected via weak, concave keels. On the last whorl, ribs bear an additional elon- gate axial convexity marking the angulation between whorl flank and the straight base. In one specimen, each rib bears two nodes; in two other specimens, no nodes are developed at all. The last whorl attains about two thirds of the total shell height. The aperture is slender, elongated and has a thickened callus pad; it lacks a columellar fold. Peristome and siphonal canal are not fully preserved. Fine growth lines are visible at the exterior surface of the shell. Remarks: BRUSINA (1897) introduced the new sub- species Melanopsis clavigera cesticillus for a specimen from Kozarica near Novska, but did not provide a description or discussion. From the illustrations he provided, it seems he based the distinction on the absence of ribs and nodes on the last two whorls. A specimen of M. clavigera cesticillus from the same locality illustrated in BRUSINA (1902) shows a prominent keel, bearing irregular, bulbous knobs. As we are currently not aware of any morphotype representing a mor- phological transition to the typical M. clavigera, a taxonomic separation appears reasonable. The record of Melanopsis clavigera by OPPENHEIM (1891) from the early Pliocene of Megara in Greece is clearly a misidentification. The Greek species is much more gracile and bears finer and sharper ribs with three rows of small no- des. Due to its weak spiral keel it does not show the stepped Figure 8: Pliocene lacustrine gastro­ pods (Melanopsidae, Bithyniidae, Hy­ drobiidae and Lithoglyphidae) from the Pliocene of the Kravarsko region. 1-8 – Microcolpia friedeli (BRUSINA, 1885); 1­2 – VGK­39 sample no. 33; 3­4 – Kra­I sample no. 23; 5­6 – VGK­39 sample no. 33; 7­8 – Kra­I sample no. 24. 9-10 – Melanopsis clavigera NEU­ MAYR in NEUMAYR & PAUL, 1875; VGK­ 35 sample no. 28. 11-14 – Bithynia vu- kotinovici (BRUSINA, 1874); 11­12 – Kra­I sample no. 21; 13­14 – VGK­39 sample no. 30. 15-16 – Pro sosthenia? slavonica (BRUSINA, 1874); VGK­39 sample no. 38. 17-20 – Lithoglyphus decipiens BRUSINA, 1885; 17­18 – VGK­ 39 sample no. 32; 19­20 – Kra­I sample no. 22. morphology typical of Melan­ opsis clavigera. It is also very like ly that the Pleistocene re- cord from Stamná in W Greece by OP PENHEIM (1890), which lacks an illustration, can be ruled out as being conspecific with the present species. Distribution: Pliocene UVB in Ciglenik, Gromačnik, Gro ma čnik-Sibinj road, Ko va- čevac E Nova Gradiška, Sla- von ski Brod (Čaplja and Čap- lja-Podvinje trench). This is its first record fro m central Croatia. Geologia Croatica 68/3Geologia Croatica 196 Genus Microcolpia BOURGUIGNAT, 1884 Type species: Melanopsis acicularis FÉRUSSAC, 1823; Re cent, Europe; type by subse quent designation by COSS MANN (1909) [misspelt as “Microcalpia”]. Microcolpia friedeli (BRUSINA, 1885) n. comb. Figures 8.1-8 1869 Melanopsis acicularis FERUSSAC – NEUMAYR, p. 370, pl. 13, fig. 6 [non Melanopsis acicularis FÉRUS- SAC, 1823]. 1874a Melanopsis acicularis FÉRUSSAC – BRUSINA, p. 37 [pars; only regarding locality Kravarsko]. 1874b Melanopsis acicularis FÉRUSSAC – BRUSINA, p. 24 [pars; only regarding locality Kravarsko]. 1875 ?Melanopsis acicularis FER. – NEUMAYR& PAUL, p. 48-49 [non Melanopsis acicularis FÉRUSSAC, 1823]. *1885 Melanopsis Friedeli BRUS. – BRUSINA, p. 160. 1896 Melanopsis Friedeli BRUS. – BRUSINA, p. 120. 1897 Melanopsis Friedeli BRUS. – BRUSINA, p. 8, pl. 6, figs. 5-8. 1917 Melanopsis Friedeli BRUSINA – KOCH, p. 11. 1929a Melanopsis friedeli BRUSINA – WENZ, p. 2725-2726. 1974 Melanopsis friedeli BRUSINA – MILAN et al., p. 91. non 2003 Melanopsis friedeli BRUSINA, 1897 – PANĂ, p. 319, pl. 9, figs. 14-16. Material: VGK-39 (3 specimens from sample no. 12, and 4 specimens from sample no. 33) and Kra-I (3 specimens from sample no. 3, 3 specimens from sample no. 23, and 5 specimens from sample no. 24). Dimension: Height x width – 16.8 x 5.8 mm (Figs. 6.3- 4), 17.4 x 6.7 mm (Figs. 6.7-8). Description: Glossy, slender shell, elongate, with up to 9 whorls, and width attaining about 58% of height. Whorls are weakly convex to straight in cross-section; sutures are shal- low; the resulting outline is almost perfectly conical. Shell base is slightly concave. Last whorl attains 55-60% of the to- tal shell height. Some specimens with convex whorls develop weak, slender, irregularly spaced, opisthocyrt ribs on the last 3-4 whorls, with the point of maximum convexity in the mid- dle. Ribs on the last whorl are sigmoidal, parallel with the growth lines. Aperture is oval, with moderately thickened cal- lus. Colouring occasionally present as yellow to orange quad- ratic spots, arranged in a loose chequer-board like pattern. Remarks: As already stated in BRUSINA (1885), this species might be closely related to Microcolpia acicularis (FÉRUSSAC, 1823), which is the type species of Microcol­ pia BOURGUIGNAT, 1884. The original description by BRUSINA (1885) was a rectification of erroneous identifi- cations of specimens from Kravarsko and Podvornica with M. acicularis by BRUSINA (1874a, b). BRUSINA (1897) provided an excellent illustration of one complete specimen from the Viviparus beds of Podvornica, which was desig- nated as a neotype by MILAN et al. (1974) (Coll. NHM Za- greb Inv. No. 2998-664). However, this designation is insuf- ficient according to ICZN Art. 75.3. It is entirely unclear whether the original type material of BRUSINA (1885) has been lost or was later illustrated by BRUSINA (1897). There- fore, no type exists at present. The exact geographic position of the Podvornica local- ity is uncertain. MILAN et al. (1974) indicated it to be ESE of Kutina, while JURIŠIĆ-POLŠAK (1979) positioned it N of Kravarsko. Its actual position could not be verified from additional literature. The partly enormous intraspecific variation of Microcol­ pia species has recently been demonstrated by morphometric analysis for a Late Pleistocene to Holocene Microcolpia spe- cies flock from the Peţea thermal spring in Romania (NEU- BAUER et al., 2014b). Melanopsis astathmeta BRUSINA, 1897 from the LVB of Novska (=M. decollata sensu PE- NECKE, 1884 non STOLICZKA, 1862) is very similar to the non-ribbed morphotype of M. friedeli. It is slightly broader, has a larger last whorl and a more expanded aperture (cf. BRUSINA, 1897). Nevertheless, it is clearly a specimen of Microcolpia. Melanopsis sandbergeri NEUMAYR, 1869 from the LVB (?) of Repušnica has a bulkier last whorl and a dis- tinct fasciole on the neck. M. recurrens NEUMAYR in NEU- MAYR & PAUL, 1875 (= M. decollata sensu NEUMAYR, 1869 non STOLICZKA, 1862) from Repušnica differs in its slightly stepped whorls with deeper sutures. The identification of Melanopsis cf. friedeli from the Portaferrian (latest Pannonian) of Beočin (N Serbia) by KOCH (1902) has not recently been confirmed (STE VA NO- VIĆ et al., 1990) and remains doubtful. The record by PANĂ (2003) from the Sienisian of Valea Fântânei in the Dacian Basin is a misidentification. The illustrated specimens are shorter, have higher apical angles and more convex outlines. Distribution: Lake Slavonia deposits in central Croatia at Podvornica, Kravarsko and Prvonožina; occurrences in the LVB of northern Serbia (Krivci/Sremski Karlovci) could not been approved and need careful re-examination. Order Littorinimorpha GOLIKOV & STAROBOGATOV, 1975 Superfamily Truncatelloidea Gray, 1840 Family Bithyniidae GRAY, 1857 Genus Bithynia LEACH in ABEL, 1818 Type species: Helix tentaculata LINNAEUS, 1758; Re- cent, Europe; type by subsequent designation by HER R- MANN SEN (1846). Bithynia vukotinovici BRUSINA, 1874 Figures 8.11-14 1873 B.[ythinia] Vukotinovići, BRUS. – PILAR, p. 109, 176 [nomen nudum]. *1874a Bythinia Vukotinovići BRUSINA – BRUSINA, p. 69, pl. 5, figs. 13-14 [erroneously as “Vukotiuovići” in plate captions]. 1874b Bythinia Vukotinovići BRUSINA – BRUSINA, p. 51- 52, pl. 5, figs. 13-14 [erroneously as “Vukotiuovići” in plate captions]. Mandic et al.: Stratigraphic and palaeogeographic significance of lacustrine molluscs from the Pliocene Viviparus beds in central Croatia Geologia Croatica 197 ? 1875 Bythinia tentaculata L. – NEUMAYR & PAUL, p. 73 [non Helix tentaculata LINNAEUS, 1758]. 1875 Bythinia Vukotinovići BRUS. – NEUMAYR & Paul, p. 17, 74. ? 1881 Bythinia Rumana, PORUMBARU – PORUMBARU, p. 38, pl. 9, figs. 5-5a. ? 1881 Bythinia Vukotinovici (BRUS.) – PORUMBARU, p. 37, pl. 9, figs. 4-4a. 1883 Bythinia tentaculata LINNÉ – COBĂLCESCU, p. 140, pl. 13, figs. 14a-b [non Helix tentaculata LINNAEUS, 1758]. 1885 Bythinia Vukotinovići BRUS. – BRUSINA, p. 162. ? 1884 Bythinia tentaculata LINNÉ – PENECKE, p. 33 [non Helix tentaculata LINNAEUS, 1758]. 1896 Bythinia Vucotinovici [sic] STEFANESCU p. 108, pl. 10, figs. 22-27. 1917 Bythinia Vukotinovići BRUS. – KOCH, p. 15. 1928 Bulimus vukotinovici vukotinovici (BRUSINA) – WENZ, p. 2258-2259. 1932 Bulimus vukotinovici (BRUSINA) – KREJCI-GRAF & WENZ, p. 110. 1942 Bulimus (Bulimus) vukotinovici (BRUSINA) – WENZ, p. 52, pl. 16, figs. 243-248. 1961 Bythinia vucotinovici [sic] BRUS. – BOGACHEV, p. 304, pl. 49, pl. 16-19. 1972 N. [eumayria] vukotinovici (BRUSINA) – GIROTTI, p. 126-127, figs. 14-15. 1974 Bulimus (Bulimus) vukotinovici (BRUSINA) – MILAN et al., p. 64. 1997 Bulimus (Bulimus) vukotinovici (BRUSINA) – PAPA- IANOPOL & POPESCU, p. 200, 205, pl. 5, fig. 10. non 2003 Bulimus (Bulimus) vukotinovici (BRUSINA) 1874 – PANĂ, 312-313, pl. 8, fig. 1. 2003 Bulimus (Bulimus) vukotinovici (BRUSINA, 1874) – PAPAIANOPOL & MARINESCU, p. 270-271, pl. 7, fig. 5. 2006 Bulimus (Bulimus) vukotinovici (BRUSINA) – PAPA- IANOPOL, p. 80, pl. 1, figs. 6-8. 2007 Bithynia vucotinovici [sic] BRUSINA – GOZHIK & DATSENKO, p. 83, pl. 75, figs. 2-5, pl. 76, figs. 1-2. Material: VGK-39 (3 specimens from sample no. 30) and Kra-I (2 specimens from sample no. 1, and 1 specimen from sample no. 21). Dimensions: Height x width – 12.6 x 8 mm (Figs. 5.11- 12), 13.3 x 7.6 mm (Figs. 6.13-14). Description: Glossy, solid shell, broad conical, with width attaining about 60% of height, consisting of 5 convex to near straight-sided whorls. Protoconch is not preserved; early whorls convex to angulated, separated by shallow sutures. Last whorl height attains about 75% of total shell height; grows more strongly in an anterior direction in adult specimens, the point of maximum convexity of the whorls shifting downwards and producing a deeper suture. Base is weakly convex to straight. Aperture is oblique, ovoid, rounded anteriorly, and more or less pointed posteriorly. Peristome slightly thickened, adjoined interiorly by a shallow furrow for the operculum. In lateral view, aperture is inclined to the axis with about 10°. Umbilicus covered or narrowed, slit-like. Shell is covered by opisthocline to slightly opisthocyrt growth lines, which some- times become stronger and form small riblets. Additionally, shell surface occasionally bears irregular spiral wrinkles. Remarks: The syntype series of BRUSINA (1874a) com- prises shells from the Pliocene of Kravarsko (church) in central Croatia and from Podvinje (Čaplja) in northeastern Croatia. Ad- ditionally, he had a few opercula from Bečic as well, which he assigned to the present species. MILAN et al. (1974) errone- ously considered the syntype illustrated by BRUSINA (Coll. NHM Zagreb Inv. No. 3852-1492/1) as the holotype, which ac- cording to ICZN Art. 74.5 does not classify as a valid lectotype designation. Therefore, following the ICZN formal provisions of Art. 74.7, we designate this specimen, illustrated in BRUSINA (1874a, pl. 5, figs. 13-14), as the lectotype. Type locality is the slope beneath the church in Kravarsko; the type stratum belongs to the LVB V. kochanskyae zone. The differences to B. tentaculata are the larger size and the shape of the whorls with maximum convexity in a more abapical position. PILAR (1873) discovered the present spe- cies in the wood between Dubranec and Dragonošci together with Theodoxus sagittiferus [= T. semiplicatus], Viviparus­ fuchsi [= V. kochanskyae], and Microcolpia friedeli (among others), which could imply the same stratigraphic position as for Kravarsko. NEUMAYR & PAUL (1875) observed N. vu­ kotinovici in the V. stricturatus zone of Gromačnik in NE Croatia and detected B. tentaculata in LVB (Cernik, Čaplja, Gornji Raić) and MPB (Gromačnik). PENECKE (1884) only distinguished B. tentaculata in the Pliocene of northeastern Croatia, particularly in the Čaplja trench (LVB, UVB), Malino (LVB-UVB) and Sibinj (MVB). Interestingly, BRUSINA (1885) doubted the presence of B. tentaculata in Slavonia, but (in contrast to WENZ, 1928) did not synonymize the respec- tive identifications with B. vukotinovici. This is probably be- cause the latter identifications were never documented by an illustration. A reinvestigation of the material from the Pliocene of northeastern Croatia is necessary to solve the species-level content of the Bithyniidae there. From central Croatia, KOCH (1917) reported only the presence of B. vukotinovici (Prvo- nožina, Dubranjec, and Kravarsko) and considered B. tentac­ ulata to be absent there. PORUMBARU (1881) was the first who identified B. vukotinovici from the Pliocene of Creţeşti and Podari in the Dacian Basin. From Creţeşti he also described the new spe- cies Bithynia rumana. His illustrations show quite bulky specimens indicating that neither identification represents B. vukotinovici. COBĂLCESCU (1883) only recognized B. ten­ taculata from the coeval deposits of Cârlig representing a quite slender phenotype. STEFANESCU (1896) subse- quently discovered B. vukotinovici in the Pelendavian of Breasta and Bucovăţ, illustrating slender specimens clearly resembling the lectotype. He synonymized B. rumana with B. vukotinovici, but did not include B. tentaculata of COBĂLCESCU (1883). WENZ (1928) was the first to syn- onymize the latter identification with B. vukotinovici, but still considered B. rumana as separate species. Note that GI- Geologia Croatica 68/3Geologia Croatica 198 ROTTI (1972) again synonymized the latter species with B. vukotinovici, which is followed herein. Distribution: Lake Slavonia deposits of central Croatia (LVB of Kravarsko, LVB? of Dubranec and Prvonožina) and northeastern Croatia (LVB? of Podvinje/Čaplja, MVB of Gromačnik and other questionable localities as listed below); Pelendavian deposits of the Dacian Basin in Romania, Si- enisian to Pelendavian equivalents (late Kimmerian) of SW Moldavia and of SW Ukraine. WENZ (1942) discovered it was restricted to the Roma- nian (“Levantin”) of the Dacian basin and illustrated speci- mens from Bucovăţ, Valea Seacă and Valea Budurească. PA- PAIANOPOL & POPESCU (1997) and PAPAIANOPOL et al. (2003) considered B. vukotinovici to be a biostratigraphic marker of the Pelendavian. Finally, PAPAIANOPOL & MACALEŢ (2006) confirmed the former stratigraphic range and illustrated additional specimens from Greaca, Podari, and Călugăreni. The record from the Sienisian of Carriere Rosia by PANĂ (2003) is based on a misidentification. Except for Romania, the presence of B. vukotinovici in the Lake Dacia deposits was also listed from the “Levantin” of Giurgiuleşti in SW Moldavia by MACAROVICI (1940). Beyond that, GOZHIK & DATZENKO (2007) documented it from the adjacent SW Ukraine ranging there from the late Pliocene (uppermost Kimmerian) to the early Pleistocene. In the Pleistocene, the species concurs with B. tentaculata. Its presence in the Kuyalnikian of Odessa was documented by BOGACHEV (1961). Its record from the Pleistocene of the Taman Peninsula in SW Russia by VASSOEVICH (1928) was not accompanied by an illustration and cannot be approved. Family Hydrobiidae STIMPSON, 1865 Genus Prososthenia NEUMAYR, 1869 Type species: Prososthenia schwartzi NEUMAYR, 1869; Middle Miocene, Croatia; type by subsequent desig- nation by CLESSIN (1880). Remark: The present species closely resembles species from the Pliocene of Italy, which were treated as Prososthe­ nia by SCHLICKUM (1972) and ESU & GIROTTI (1975). Most probably, these species do not represent Prososthenia, considering the morphological differences from its type spe- cies, which is smaller, bulkier and strongly sculptured. A re- vision of this group, however, is beyond the scope of the present study. Prososthenia? slavonica (BRUSINA, 1874) n. comb. Figure 8.15-16 *1874a Hydrobia Slavonica BRUSINA – BRUSINA, p. 65, pl. 4, figs. 13-14. 1874b Hydrobia Slavonica BRUSINA – BRUSINA, p. 48, pl. 4, figs. 13-14. 1875 Hydrobia slavonica BRUS. – NEUMAYR & PAUL, p. 77. 1884 Hydrobia slavonica BRUS. – PENECKE, p. 35. 1884 Hydrobia tenuis nov. form. – PENECKE, p. 35, pl. 10, figs. 4a-c. non 1888 Hydrobia slavonica, BRUSINA – HALAVÁTS, p. 177-178, pl. 31, fig. 8. non 1889 Hydrobia slavonica BRUS. – TUCCIMEI, p. 120, pl. 2, fig. 13. non 1893 Hydrobia slavonica – DELAFOND & DEPÉRET, p. 130, 154, pl. 7, fig. 35, pl. 9, figs. 33-35. 1897 Hydrobia? slavonica BRUS. – BRUSINA, p. 19, pl. 9, figs. 22-23, 26-27. 1902 Hydrobia? slavonica – BRUSINA, pl. 9, figs. 1-2. non 1914 Hydrobia slavonica, BRUS. – HALAVÁTS, p. 219. non 1922 Hydrobia cf. slavonica – WENZ, p. 42-43, 64, pl. 3, fig. 24. non 1925 Hydrobia slavonica BRUSINA – FISCHER & WENZ, p. 225-226, pl. 7, figs. 1-6. 1926 Hydrobia slavonica BRUSINA – WENZ, p. 1935-1936 [pars; excl. Hungarian, Romanian, German and Italian occurrences]. non 1977 Hydrobia slavonica BRUSINA – SCHLICKUM & PUISSÉGUR, p. 275, pl. 24, fig. 6. non 1978 Hydrobia slavonica BRUSINA – SCHLICKUM & PUISSÉGUR, p. 5, pl. 1, fig. 7. Material: VGK-39 (22 specimens from sample no. 38, 23 specimens from sample no. 41, and >30 specimens from sample P1). Dimensions: height x width – 5.5 x 2.0 mm (largest specimen of sample 38, Figs. 6.15-16): 3.4 x 1.9 mm (larg- est specimen of sample 41). Description: Glossy, slender drop-shaped shell, com- prising up to 7 low convex whorls, and width attaining about 35% of shell height. Shell outline is variable in width, in- cluding wider and slender morphologies. Apex is slightly inflated, blunt, with highly convex initial two whorls. The following three whorls are weakly convex and form a regu- lar conical outline; they are separated by distinct, moderately deep to shallow sutures. Shell height increases faster than the diameter, producing the typically drop-shaped appear- ance. In later ontogeny whorl flanks are sub-parallel to the axis, weakly convex, often centrally flattened, with slightly deeper sutures than before. The last whorl forms about 55% of the total shell height, is globose with a slightly convex shell base. Umbilicus is covered or very narrow. Aperture is ovate to drop-shaped, oblique. Posterior shell portion of the aperture is thickened and attached to the base of the preced- ing whorl. Shell is covered with orthocline growth lines. A weak subsutural band is present in a few specimens. Remarks: BRUSINA (1874a, b) based this species on specimens from the localities of Bečic, Podvinje (Čaplja) and Sibinj in Slavonia (NE Croatia). We designate herewith the specimen from Čaplja illustrated by BRUSINA (1874a, pl. 4, figs. 13-14) and stored at the NHM Zagreb (Inv. No. 3051-697) as the lectotype. Its previous reference as “holo- type” in MILAN et al. (1974) does not constitute a valid lec- totype designation (ICZN Art. 74.5). Mandic et al.: Stratigraphic and palaeogeographic significance of lacustrine molluscs from the Pliocene Viviparus beds in central Croatia Geologia Croatica 199 PENECKE (1884) stated that the typical H. slavonica is absent in his samples from Slavonia and separated shells with flattened whorls as the new species Hydrobia tenuis. This feature is quite variable in populations of H. slavonica, which is why H. tenuis was considered synonymous with H. slavonica by BRUSINA (1897) and WENZ (1922). The il- lustrated specimen derives from the Viviparus stricturatus zone of Sibinj. Hydrobia cf. slavonica sensu WENZ (1922) and Hyd­ robia slavonica sensu FISCHER & WENZ (1925) from the late Burdigalian “Prososthenia beds” (= Praunheim Forma- tion; KÜMMERLE & RADTKE, 2012) of Frankfurt am Main and Bommersheim in Germany (see also WENZ, 1926) superficially resemble the largest specimens from Lake Sla- vonia, but their spire is broader, the aperture is larger, whorls are convex and sutures are deeper. Hydrobia slavonica sensu TUCCIMEI (1889) from the Plio-Pleistocene of Roccantica NE of Rome is a misidenti- fication, being distinctly smaller with a height of only 2.3 mm and having a relatively larger last whorl. It was not men- tioned in the census of the Plio-Pleistocene mollusc fauna from central Italy by ESU & GIROTTI (1975). Hydrobia slavonica reported from the Pleistocene of Lake Bresse is also based on erroneous identifications. The specimen from the lower Pleistocene (MN 17 according to ESU, 1999) of Montagny-lès-Beaune illustrated by SCHLIC- KUM & PUISSÉGUR (1978) has a similar size but more convex whorls and deeper sutures. The same is true for spec- imens from Le Villard near Domsure and Bligny-sur-Ouche illustrated by DELAFOND & DEPERÉT (1893) and the sin- gle specimen reported by SCHLICKUM & PUISSÉGUR (1977) from the middle Pleistocene of Saint-Bernard. The misidentifications from the Dacian of the Braşov Basin locality Vârghiş (HERBICH & NEUMAYR, 1875) and Bodoş (= Budus) (ROTH, 1881) also reported in WENZ (1926) were synonymized by JEKELIUS (1932) with his new species Hydrobia barzaviae. Its presence in the Pleis- tocene Viviparus boeckhi zone of Szentes in SE Hungary re- ported by HALAVÁTS (1888, 1914) was revised by KROL- OPP (1976a, p. 201). After KROLOPP (1976a), the Hydrobia species therein actually represents a new, as yet undescribed species. BRUSINA (1897) introduced Hydrobia slavonica vitrella for specimens from the late Portaferrian (late Pontian) of Grgeteg in Syrmia (NW Serbia). This name is a primary hom- onym of H. vitrella STEFANESCU, 1896, a Sarmatian spe- cies from the Transylvanian Basin. Therefore, we propose Prososthenia? praeslavonica n. nom. as a replacement name for the Serbian species.The syntype from Grgeteg illustrated by BRUSINA is missing in the collection of the NHM Zagreb (MILAN et al., 1974); it may be stored in the Coll. STE VA- NO VIĆ at the NHM Belgrade (pers. comm. Zoran MARKO- VIĆ, NHM Belgrade). H. vitrella STEFANESCU, 1896 dif- fers from BRUSINA’s species in its larger last whorl. With a height of 3.1 mm P. praeslavonicais distinctly smaller than P. slavonica. While WENZ (1926) synonymized it with P. sla­ vonica, STEVANOVIĆ (1951) treated it as an independent subspecies, which he also reported from Sremski Karlovci. Because of the morphological and stratigraphical differences, we consider both taxa as separate species. P. praeslavonica is perhaps the phylogenetic ancestor of P. slavonica. The sys- tematic position of both species within Prososthenia is still questionable, given the highly elongate shell and the thin per- istome (cf. BRUSINA, 1897). Unfortunately, we lack material for P. praeslavonica and do not know about the more diag- nostic features such as protoconch sculpture of either specices, which is why a systematic revision would be based on weak ground and is therefore avoided here. Distribution: It is restricted to Lake Slavonia deposits from Kravarsko in the West to Slavonski Brod (Bečic-Ci- glenik [= Cigelnik], Malino, Sibinj, Slobodnica, and Čaplja) in the East. Its presence is ascertained for the MVB (Sibinj, Malino, Slobodnica) and the UVB (Bečic). The correspond- ing horizon at Čaplja remains unknown at present. Its occur- rences further to the east at Bačko Novo Selo (NE Serbia; MVB and UVB) given by KRSTIĆ & KNEŽEVIĆ (2003) are questionable. Its presence at Kravarsko was previously unknown (KOCH, 1917). The stratigraphic position of the type stratum at Čaplja was not specified by BRUSINA (1874a). According to NEU- MAYR & PAUL (1875), this locality covers the Viviparus­ fuchsi [= kochanskyae], V. hoernesi and V. zelebori zones. Additionally, these authors list H. slavonica from the V. stric­ turatus zones at Slobodnica and the V. sturi zone at Bečic. Malino and Sibinj belong to the V. bifarcinatus zone (PE- NECKE, 1884). Family Lithoglyphidae TRYON, 1866 Genus Lithoglyphus MENKE, 1830 Type species: Paludina fusca PFEIFFER, 1828; Recent, Europe; type by monotypy. Lithoglyphus decipiens BRUSINA, 1885 Figures 8.17-20 1869 Lithoglyphus naticoides FERUSSAC sp. – NEUMAYR, p. 378, pl. 13, fig. 10 [non Paludina naticoides C. PFEIF- FER, 1828]. 1874a Lithoglyphus fuscus ZIEGLER – BRUSINA, p. 67-68 [non Paludina fusca C. PFEIFFER, 1828]. 1874b Lithoglyphus fuscus ZIEGLER – BRUSINA, p. 49-50 [non Paludina fusca C. PFEIFFER, 1828]. 1875 Lithoglyphus fuscus ZIEGLER – NEUMAYR & PAUL, p. 74-75 [non Paludina fusca C. PFEIFFER, 1828]. 1881 Lithoglyphus fuscus, ZIEGLER – PORUMBARU, p. 39, pl. 9, figs. 9, 9a [non Paludina fusca C. PFEIFFER, 1828]. 1883 Lithoglyphus fuscus ZIEGLER – COBĂLCESCU, p. 143-145, pl. 14, figs. 1-8 [non Paludina fusca C. PFEIF- FER, 1828]. 1884 Lithoglyphus fuscus ZIEGLER – PENECKE, p. 34 [non Paludina fusca C. PFEIFFER, 1828]. *1885 L.[ithoglyphus] decipiens BRUS. – BRUSINA, p. 162. 1894 Lithoglyphus Kinkelini – BRUSINA in ENGELHARDT, p. 171 [not seen]. Geologia Croatica 68/3Geologia Croatica 200 1896 Lithoglyphus Neumayri BRUSINA – STEFANESCU, p. 111-112, pl. 10, figs. 52-53, 57. 1897 Lithoglyphus decipiens BRUS. – BRUSINA, p. 23, pl. 12, figs. 8-11. 1902 Lithoglyphus Kinkelini BRUS. – BRUSINA, pl. 11, figs. 59-61. 1928 Lithoglyphus decipiens BRUSINA – WENZ, p. 2272- 2276. 1932 Lithoglyphus acutus decipiens BRUSINA – KREJCI- GRAF & WENZ, p. 114. 1940 Lithoglyphus decipiens BRUSINA – MACAROVICI, p. 325-326, pl. 5, figs. 91-93. 1942 Lithoglyphus acutus decipiens BRUSINA – WENZ, p. 48, pl. 15, figs. 200-205. 1973 Lithoglyphus acutus decipiens BRUSINA – ROSHKA, p. 190-191, pl. 30-31, figs. 442-447. 1974 Lithoglyphus acutus decipiens BRUSINA – MILAN et al., p. 79. 1995 Lithoglyphus decipiens BRUSINA – PAPAIANOPOL & MARINESCU, pl. 46, figs. 5-7. 2003 Lithoglyphus acutus decipiens (BRUSINA) – PANĂ, p. 310, pl. 6, figs. 5-6. Material: VGK-39 (3 specimens from sample no. 11, 3 specimens from sample no. 32, and 17 specimens from sam- ple no. 39), and Kra-I (1 specimen from sample no. 1, 3 spe- cimens from sample no. 2, and 4 specimens from sample no. 22). Dimensions: Height x width – 5.55 x 4.5 mm (Figs. 6.17-18), 7.5 x 5.75 mm (Figs. 6.19-20). Descriptions: Small, solid, bulky shell with up to 4 whorls, and width attaining about 80% of shell height. Apex is blunt. Spire trochiform, stepped, with deep sutures, flattened, subhor- izontal ramps and slightly convex flanks. Blunt angulation present between ramps and flanks. Last whorl large, attaining 83% of shell height, showing straightened, oblique shell base. Aperture is ovate- semicircular, inclined by 45° toward axis. Peristome thickened, slightly protruding anteriorly and poste- riorly, forming a continuum with the callus pad. Umbilicus cov- ered by the latter. Apertural plane pos teriorly inclined. Dense opisthocline growth lines present on glossy exterior shell. Remarks: NEUMAYR (1869) identified his specimen from the LVB of Cernik (Sv. Linart church; STUR, 1862; NEUMAYR & PAUL, 1875) erroneously with the Recent Lithoglyphus naticoides (PFEIFFER, 1828), which has a dis- tinctly lower spire and a bulkier last whorl. The specimen he illustrated on pl. 13, fig. 10 (height x width = 8.0 x 5.3 mm) is stored in the collection of the GBA (Inv. No. 1869/001/ 0068). BRUSINA’s (1874a) specimens derive from a number of localities from the central part of Lake Slavonia as well as from Vlaško Kostanjevlje (= Kostanjevec) in Kravarsko and Farkašić donated to him by Lj. v. FARKAŠ-VU KO TI- NOVIĆ. He claimed these are somewhat smaller in size than those from NE Croatia and identified them as Recent L. fus­ cus PFEIFFER, 1828, which was followed by NEUMAYR & PAUL (1875). The introduction of L. decipiens BRUSINA, 1885 was a text-note referring to all specimens from Slavonia previ- ously misidentified with L. fuscus. Later, BRUSINA (1897) provided synonymy to his new species and illustrated spec- imens from Kovačevac and Malino. The specimen from Ko- vačevac (NHM Zagreb Inv. No. 3090-736) was erroneously referred to as the “holotype” by MILAN et al. (1974). Ac- cording to PENECKE (1884), the sediments at Kovačevac belong to the UVB V. zelebori zone. From the LVB of Malino, NEUMAYR in NEUMAYR & PAUL (1875) described the new species L. histrio which he presumed to be an aberrant variation from L. fuscus sensu BRUSINA. It differs from the present species in its elon- gated, ovoid morphology. L. kinkelini BRUSINA, 1894 from the Portaferrian of Kurd (SE Hungary) – illustrated for the first time in BRU- SINA (1902) – was synonymized by WENZ (1928) with L. decipiens. WENZ (1928) also listed Bithynia brusinai HA- LAVÁTS, 1903 from the latest Pannonian of Kötcse SE Ba- laton (Hungary) as well as L. naticoides sensu HALAVÁTS (1888) from the V. boeckhi zone (Pleistocene) of Szentes in SE Hungary as synonyms of the present species. However, KROLOPP (1976b) approved HALAVÁTS’ original identi- fication, pointing out that L. decipiens is absent in the Pleis- tocene of SE Hungary. The presence of L. decipiens at Kötcse was confirmed by MÜLLER & MAGYAR (1992). STEFANESCU (1896) erroneously introduced Litho­ glyphus neumayri as a new name for the specimens from Slavonia and Romania identified previously with L. fuscus, apparently unware of L. decipiens. He referred the author- ship to BRUSINA, mentioning the corresponding collection label seen at the NHM Zagreb. Moreover, he was apparently unaware of introducing a primary homonym of Lithoglyphus neumayri SINZOV, 1877. Anyway, L. neumayri is an objec- tive junior synonym of L. decipiens. Distribution: The species occurs in numerous localities of Lake Slavonia, ranging from the LVB to the UVB (PE- NECKE, 1884) and Lake Dacia (see below). The oldest re- cords are listed from the Portaferrian (late Pontian sensu STE VANOVIĆ et al., 1990) of Hungary (e.g., Kötcse) and the late Maeotian of SW Ukraine (ROSHKA, 1973). Par- ticularly the Ukrainian record extends the stratigraphic and geographic range of the species enormously, which is why a careful revision of ROSHKA’s material is required. In addition to numerous central Lake Slavonian occur- rences (LVB to UVB), NEUMAYR & PAUL (1875) referred two specimens from the upper Portaferrian Lake Pannon de- posits at Grgeteg and Sremski Karlovci (both NW Serbia) to this species. WENZ (1942) documented specimens from the Pyrgula eugeniae beds (late Dacian; ANDREESCU et al., 2013) of the area around Iordăcheanu/Plavia/Valea Urloii and the late Romanian of Valea Seacă. He listed this species in the Da- cian Basin from the middle Pontian to the late Romanian. PAPAIANOPOL & MARINESCU (1995) illustrated speci- mens from the Getian of Moreni in the Dacian Basin and Parscovian of Tudor Vladimirescu well at the Moesian plat- form (both Romania). PAPAIANOPOL et al. (1995) cited it from two additional – Getian and Parscovian – localities. Fi- Mandic et al.: Stratigraphic and palaeogeographic significance of lacustrine molluscs from the Pliocene Viviparus beds in central Croatia Geologia Croatica 201 nally, PANĂ (2003) illustrated specimens from the Pelenda- vian (middle Romanian) of Plopşoru (Olari) in the Dacian Basin. Additional localities in Romania, where this species was cited from but not more recently documented from, go back to WENZ (1928; Dacian and Romanian), KREJCI- GRAF & WENZ (1932; upper Pontian, Dacian, upper Ro- manian), and PAPAIANOPOL et al. (2003; late Dacian and Parscovian). Records by WENZ (1928) that could not be confirmed are from (1) the Dacian of Araci (=Arpatac) in the Braşov basin, not confirmed by JEKELIUS (1932), (2) the Upper? Miocene from Sarajevo (Lukavica) based on “Lithoglyphus cf. fuscus” in NEUMAYR (1880b), an identification auto- matically related to L. decipiens by WENZ (1928), although it has never been recorded from the Dinarides (e.g., HAR Z- HAUSER & MANDIC, 2008), and (3) the Pliocene of the area around Orahovac (Kosovo) based on “Lithoglyphus fus­ cus” in PAVLOVIĆ (1903). All these occurrences are high ly dubious and have never been described or illustrated. MACAROVICI (1940) illustrated specimens from the Dacian of Dmytrivka in SW Ukraine belonging palaeogeo- graphically to the easternmost part of Lake Dacia. In addi- tion, he recorded this species from numerous other Dacian localities in Moldova as well as in the SW Ukraine. Class Bivalvia LINNAEUS, 1758 Superorder Palaeoheterodonta NEWELL, 1965 Superfamily Unionoidea RAFINESQUE, 1820 Family Unionidae RAFINESQUE, 1820 Subfamily Unioninae RAFINESQUE, 1820 Tribe Anodontini RAFINESQUE, 1820 Genus Potomida SWAINSON, 1840 Type species: Mysca (Potomida) corrugata SWAIN- SON, 1840 (currently considered a junior synonym of Poto­ mida littoralis (CUVIER, 1798)); Recent, Europe and Mid- dle East; type by original designation. Potomida seljani (BRUSINA, 1902) n. comb. Figure 9.1-4 *1902 Unio Seljani BRUS. – BRUSINA, p. 9, pl. 25, figs. 7-8. 1958 Unio seljani BRUSINA – MODELL, p. 224, pl. 4, fig. 3. 1974 Unio seljani BRUSINA – MILAN et al., p. 55. 1981 Unio (Wenziella) seljani BRUSINA 1902 – ŽAGAR- SAKAČ, p. 18, pl. 2, figs. 5, 6, pl. 3, fig. 10. Material: VGK-39 (3 specimens from sample no. 15 and 2 specimens from sample no. 35). Dimensions: Height x length (fragment of the anterior shell) – 30.7 x 28.4 mm (Figs. 7.3-4; 32 x 50 mm recon- structed). Descriptions: Shell thick, moderate in size and con- vexity, elongated with height (reconstructed) attaining about 65% of length. Outline is inequilateral with inflated, prosogyrate umbo shifted anteriorly and projecting over the hinge line. Anterior and ventral margins are rounded; posterior margin is not preserved, possibly sub-rectangular. Transverse keel is present posterioventrally. Shell wall is nacreous, lamellate, maximum of 4 mm thick. Exterior sur- face bears coarse, irregularly undulated to zigzag-patterned concentric lirae in the first 8 mm of ontogeny. Afterwards, the shell exterior is smooth, apart from projecting growth constrictions and very fine growth lines. Hinge comprises one massive, trigonal pseudocardinal on the right valve, subdivided by vertical grooves, adjoined by two elongated, pseudocardinals on the left valve. Anterior adductor scar is deep and rugose. Remarks: The holotype by monotypy is one fragmented left valve from Kravarsko (Burdelj wood) with a missing posterior shell portion and centrally fragmented hinge (NHM Figure 9: Pliocene lacustrine bivalves (Unio­ nidae and Sphaeridae) from the Pliocene of the Kravarsko region. 1-2 – Potomida seljani (BRUSINA, 1902); 1­2 – VGK­39 sample no. 35; 3­4 – VGK­39 sample no. 35. 5-6 – Pisidium solitarium NEUMAYR, 1875; 5­6 – VGK­39 sam ple no. 13. Geologia Croatica 68/3Geologia Croatica 202 Zagreb Inv. No. 2846/493; height of 28.5 mm, length of 36.0 mm, convexity of 10.5 mm). Originally made available by illustration, ŽAGAR-SAKAČ (1981) provided a detailed de- scription, recombining the species with the genus Wenziella MODELL, 1958. The latter is a junior synonym of Potomida SWAINSON, 1840 after GRAF & CUMMINGS (2014). Distribution: Known only from the Pliocene of Kravar- sko in central Croatia. Superorder Heterodonta NEUMAYR, 1883 Order Venerida GRAY, 1854 Superfamily Sphaerioidea DESHAYES, 1855 Family Sphaeriidae DESHAYES, 1855 Subfamily Pisidiinae GRAY, 1857 Genus Pisidium PFEIFFER, 1821 Type species: Tellina amnica MÜLLER, 1774; Recent, Northern Hemisphere; type by subsequent designation by GRAY (1847). Pisidium solitarium NEUMAYR in NEUMAYR & PAUL, 1875 Figure 9.5-6 *1875 Pisidium solitarium NEUM. nov. form. – NEUMAYR & PAUL, p. 26, pl. 8, fig. 35. 1884 P[isidium]. solitarium NEUM. – PENECKE, p. 16. 1897 Pisidium solitarium NEUM. – BRUSINA, p. 35, pl. 21, figs. 11-14. Material: VGK-39 (3 specimens from sample no. 13, and 1 specimen from sample P1). Dimensions: Height x length – 6.5 x 7.6 mm (Figs. 7.5-6). Descriptions: Shell ovoid, fragile, inequilateral, poste- rioventrally elongated with length attaining 85% of height, with umbo shifted posteriorly, and the anterior part strongly protruded. Moderately convex, with convexity attaining 32% of total height, and with dorsally shifted point of maximum convexity. Opisthogyrate umbo is slightly projecting over the hinge line. Anterior margin strongly convex, other mar- gins are weakly convex. Exterior shell surface bears regular, projecting sharp-topped commarginal lirae interrupted by concave growth constrictions (two in specimen on Figures 9.5-6). Adductor scars are of similar medium size but of dif- ferent shapes. The posterior one is subcircular, anterior one narrowly ovate inclined toward the umbo. Pallial line is in- tegripalliate. Right hinge has elongated lateral teeth, two massive anteriorly and two slender posteriorly. Cardinal teeth are much smaller but distinct, elongated, inclined, joined be- neath the umbo, the posterior one longer than the anterior. Remarks: Holotype by monotypy is a single left valve (height x length = 12.9 x 10.2 mm) from the V. vukotinovici zone of Novska illustrated by NEUMAYR & PAUL (1875) on pl. 8, fig. 35 and stored in the GBA (Inv. No. 1875/002/ 0028). BRUSINA (1897) illustrated for the first time a right valve and additionally a hinge detail of the left valve of the species from the type locality. Pisidium slavonicum NEUMAYR in NEUMAYR & PAUL, 1875 exhibits a similar shell sculpture but is larger, stronger postero-ventrally elongated, with a less robust and weaker arched hinge. Likewise, P. clessini NEUMAYR in NEUMAYR & PAUL, 1875 (MVB-UVB) has a comparable sculpture, but its hinge is not that robust and arched (e.g., BRUSINA, 1897, pl. 21, figs. 22-26). The record of P. solitarium by CAPELLINI (1880) from the late Miocene of Italy is a misidentification and does not even match at the genus level, showing a completely differ- ent hinge type. Note that Pisidium solitarium sensu PRIME (1870) is a nomen nudum introduced in a synonymy list of “Pisidium henslowianum, Jenyns” (=Pisidium henslowanum (SHEPPARD, 1825)) and therefore no senior homonym. Distribution: Pliocene Viviparus beds of northeastern (UVB of Novska; NEUMAYR & PAUL, 1875) and central Croatia (LVB of Kravarsko; this study). ACKNOWLEDGMENT Our thanks go to D. PAVELIĆ and V. ANISTRATENKO for the thorough reviews of the manuscript. This study contribu- tes to the project “Freshwater systems in the Neogene and Quaternary of Europe: Gastropod biodiversity, provinciality, and faunal gradients” financed by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF project no. P25365-B25) and to the project “Basic Geological Map of Republic of Croatia 1:50 000” financed by the Ministry of Science, Education and Sports of the Re- public of Croatia (project no. 181-1811096-1093). REFERENCES ABEL, C. (1818): Narrative of a journey in the interior of China, and of a voyage to and from that country, in the years 1816 and 1817; containing an account of the most interesting transactions of Lord Amherst’s em- bassy to the court of Pekin, and observations on the countries which it visited. Illustrated by maps and other engravings.– Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme and Brown, London, xvi + 420 p. ADAMS, H. & ADAMS, A. (1853–1858): The genera of Recent Mollusca arranged according to their organizations.– Van Voorst, London, 2 vol. of text (661 p.), 1 vol. of plates. ANDREESCU, I. (1975): Romanian.– In: STEININGER, F.F. & NEVESSKAYA, L.A. (eds.): Stratotypes of Mediterranean Neogene Stages, Vol. 2. Committee on Mediterranean Neogene Stratigraphy / VEDA, Bratislava, 131–138. ANDREESCU, I., CODREA, V., LUBENESCU, V., MUNTEANU, T., PET- CULESCU, A., STIUCA, E. & TERZEA, E. (2013): New developments in the Upper Pliocene-Pleistocene stratigraphic units of the Dacian Ba- sin (Eastern Paratethys), Romania.– Quatern. Int., 284, 15–29. doi: 10.1016/j.quaint.2012.02.009 ANDREESCU, I. & PAPAIANOPOL, I. (1975): Dacian.– In: STEININGER, F.F. & NEVESSKAYA, L.A. (eds.): Stratotypes of Mediterranean Neo- gene Stages, Vol. 2. Committee on Mediterranean Neogene Stratigraphy / VEDA, Bratislava, 57–70. ANISTRATENKO, V.V. & GOZHIK, P.F. (1995): Mollyuski semeystv Ner- itidae, Viviparidae, Lithoglyphidae i Pyrgulidae (Gastropoda, Pectini- branchia) iz kimmeriyskikh otlozheniy Abkhazii.– Vestnik Zoologii, 1, 3–13. BANDEL, K. (2000): Speciation among the Melanopsidae (Caenogastropo- da). Special emphasis to the Melanopsidae of the Pannonian Lake at Mandic et al.: Stratigraphic and palaeogeographic significance of lacustrine molluscs from the Pliocene Viviparus beds in central Croatia Geologia Croatica 203 Pontian time (Late Miocene) and the Pleistocene and Recent of Jordan. – Mitt. Geol.-Paläont. Inst. Univ. Hamburg, 84, 131–208. BANDEL, K. (2010): Valvatiform Gastropoda (Heterostropha and Caenogas- tropoda) from the Paratethys Basin compared to living relatives, with description of several new genera and species.– Freiberger Forschung- shefte, C 536/18, 91–155. BARTHA, F. (1977): A balatonszentgyörgyi téglagyári fejtö felsőpannóniai rétegeinek molluszka faunája.– Földtani Közlöny, 107, 130–149. BEREGOV, R. (1940): Le Pliocène du district du Lom (Études strati- graphiques et paléontologiques) [in Bulgarian].– Revue de la Société géologique bulgare, 11, 347–395. BOGACHEV, V.V. (1961): Materialy k istorii presnovodnoi fauny Evrazii.– Izdatel'stvo Akademii Nauk Ukrainski SSR, Kiev, 403 p. BOUCHET, P. & ROCROI, J.-P. (2005): Classification and Nomenclator of Gastropod Families. Malacologia, 47/1-2, 1–397. BOUCHET, P. & ROCROI, J.-P. (2010): Nomenclator of Bivalve Families; with a classification of bivalve families by R. BIELER, J.G. CARTER & E.V. COAN.– Malacologia, 52, 1–184. BOURGUIGNAT, J.R. (1884): Histoire des mélaniens du système Europé- en.– Ann. Malacol., 2, 1–168. BRUSINA, S. (1874a): Fossile Binnen-Mollusken aus Dalmatien, Kroatien und Slavonien nebst einem Anhange.– Actienbuchdruckerei, Agram, 138 p. BRUSINA, S. (1874b): Prilozi paleontologiji hrvatskoj ili kopnene i slatko- vodne terciarne iskopine Dalmacije, Hrvatske i Slavonije.– Rad Jugos- lavenske akademije znanosti i umjetnosti, 28, 1–109. BRUSINA, S. (1878): Molluscorum fossilium species novae et emendatae, in tellure tertiaria Dalmatiae, Croatiae et Slavoniae inventae.– J. Con- chyliol., 26, 347–356. BRUSINA, S. (1884): Die Neritodonta Dalmatiens und Slavoniens nebst al- lerlei malakologischen Bemerkungen.– Jb. Dtsch. Malakozool. Ges., 11, 17–120. BRUSINA, S. (1885): Bemerkungen über rumänische Paludinenschichten mit Bezug auf Prof. Cobalcescus Werk ‘Studii geologice si palaeonto- logice asupra unor Teramuri Tertiare din unile Parti ale Romaniei’.– Verh. geol. R.-A., 6, 157–163. BRUSINA, S. (1896): Neogenska zbirka iz Ugarske, Hrvatske, Slavonije I Dalmacije na Budimpestanskoj izlozbi.– Hrvatsko Naravoslovno Društvo, 9, 98–150. BRUSINA, S. (1897): Gragja za neogensku malakološku faunu Dalmacije, Hrvatske i Slavonije uz neke vrste iz Bosne i Hercegovine i Srbije.– Dje- la Jugoslavenske akademije znanosti i umjetnosti, 18, 1–43. BRUSINA, S. (1902): Iconographia molluscorum fossilium in tellure tertiario Hungariae, Croatiae, Slavoniae, Dalmatiae, Bosniae, Hercegovinae, Ser- biae et Bulgariae inventorum. Atlas.– Officina Soc. Typographicae, Agram, 30 pls. �AGATAY, M.N., GÖRÜR, N., FLECKER, R., SAKIN�, M., TÜNOGLU, C., ELLAM, R.M., KRIJGSMAN, W., VINCENT, S.J. & DIKBAS, A. (2006): Paratethyan - Mediterranean connectivity in the Sea of Marma- ra region (NW Turkey) during the Messinian.– Sed. Geol., 188–189, 171–187. CAPELLINI, G. (1880): Gli strati a Congerie e la formazione gessoso-solf- ifera nella provincia di Pisa e nei dintorni di Livorno.– Atti della Reale Accademia dei Lincei, Ann. 277, Memorie, Ser. 3, 5, 375–427. CLESSIN, S. (1880): Studien über die Familie der Paludinen.– Malakozool. Bl., N. F., 2, 161–196. COBĂLCESCU, G. (1883): Studii geologice şi paleontologice asupra unor tărâmuri terţiare din unele părţi ale României.– Memoriile Geologice ale Scólei Militare din Iaşi, 1, 1–161. ĆORIĆ, S., PAVELIĆ, D., RÖGL, F., MANDIC, O., VRABAC, S., AVANIĆ, R., JERKOVIĆ, L. & VRANJKOVIĆ, A. (2009): Revised Middle Mi-(2009): Revised Middle Mi-Revised Middle Mi- ocene datum for initial marine flooding of North Croatian Basins (Pan- nonian Basin System, Central Paratethys).– Geol. Croat., 62/1, 31–43. COSSMANN, M. (1909): Essais de Paléoconchologie Comparée. Huitième Livraison.– Privately published, Paris, 248 p. COX, L.R. (1960): Thoughts on the classification of the Gastropoda.– Proc. Malacol. Soc. London, 33, 239–261. CUVIER, G. (1795): Second mémoire sur l’organisation et les rapports des animaux à sang blanc, dans lequel on traite de la structure des mol- lusques et de leur division en ordre, lu à la société d’Histoire Naturelle de Paris, le 11 prairial an troisième.– Magazin Encyclopédique, ou Jour- nal des Sciences, des Lettres et des Arts, 2, 433–449. CUVIER, G. (1798): Tableau élémentaire de l’Histoire naturelle des ani- maux.– Baudoin, Paris, 710 p. DELAFOND, F. & DEPÉRET, C. (1893): Études des Gítes minéraux de la France. Les terrains tertiaires de la Bresse et leurs gîtes de lignite et de minerais de fer.– Imprimerie Nationale, Paris, 332 p. DESHAYES, G.P. (1838): Description des coquilles fossiles recueillies en Crimée par M. de Verneuil, et observations générales à leur sujet.– Mém. Soc. Géol. France, sér. 1, 3, 37–69. DESHAYES, G.P. (1855): Catalogue of the Conchifera or bivalve shells in the collection of the British Museum. Part 2, Petricoladae (concluded); Corbiculadae.– British Museum, London, 217–292 p. ENGELHARDT, H. (1894): Flora aus den unteren Paludinenschichten des Caplagrabens bei Podvin in der Nähe von Brood (Slavonien).–Abh. Senckenberg. Naturforsch. Ges., 18/2, 169–207. ESU, D. (1999): Contribution to the knowledge of Neogene climatic changes in western and central Europe by means of non-marine molluscs.– In: AGUSTÍ, J., ROOK, L. & ANDREWS, P. (eds.): Hominoid Evolution and Climatic Changes in Europe, 1. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 328–354. ESU, D. & GIROTTI, O. (1975): La malacofauna continentale del Plio-Pleis- tocene dell’Italia centrale. I. Paleontologia.– Geol. Rom., 13, 203–294. FARKAŠ-VUKOTINOVIĆ, L.V. (1863): Ueber das Vorkommen der Kohle in Croatien.– Jb. k. k. Geol. R.-A., 13/4, 530–532. FEDOROV, A.V., BRIERLEY, C.M., LAWRENCE, K.T., LIU, Z., DEKANS, P.S. & RAVELO, A.C. (2013): Patterns and mechanisms of early Pliocene warmth.– Nature, 496, 44–49. FÉRUSSAC, A.E.J.P.J.F.d‘A.d. (1812): Sur des Terreins d‘eau douce observés en divers lieux, et sur les Fossiles terrestres et fluviatiles.– Annales du Muséum National d‘Histoire Naturelle, 19, 242–256. FÉRUSSAC, A.E.J.P.J.F.d‘A.d. (1823): Monographie des espèces vivantes et fossiles du genre mélanopside, Melanopsis, et observations géologiques à leur sujet.– Mémoires de la Société d’Histoire Naturelle de Paris, 1, 132–164. FÉRUSSAC, J.B.L.d'A.d. & FÉRUSSAC, A.E.J.P.J.F.d'A.d. (1807): Essai d'une méthode conchyliologique appliquée aux mollusques fluviatiles et terrestres d'après la considération de l'animal et de son test. Nouvelle édition augmentée d'une synonymie des espèces les plus remarquables, d'une table de concordance systématique de celles qui ont été décrites par Géoffroy, Poiret et Draparnaud, avec Müller et Linné, et terminée par un catalogue d'espèces observées en divers lieux de la France.– De-De- lance, Paris, xvi + 142 p. FISCHER, K. & WENZ, W. (1925): Die Prososthenienschichten von Frank- furt a. M.-Praunheim und ihre Fauna.– Arch. Molluskenkd., 57, 222– 233. FLEMING, J. (1822): The philosophy of zoology, a general view of the struc- ture, functions and classification of animals, 2.– Constable & Co., Ed- inburgh, 618 p. FOLLAND, C.K., KARL, T.R. & VINNIKOV, K. YA. (1990): Observed cli- mate variations and change.– In: HOUGHTON, J.T., JENKINS, G.J. & EPHRAUMS, J.J. (eds.): Climate Change: The IPCC Scientific Assess- ment, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 195–238. FONTANNES, F. (1887): Contribution a la faune malacologique des terrains néogènes de la Roumanie.– Archives du Musèum d‘Histoire naturelle de Lyon, 4, 321–365. FRÝDA, J. (1998): Higher classification of the Palaeozoic gastropods inferred from their early shell ontogeny.– In: BIELER, R. & MIKKELSEN, P.M. (eds.): 13th International Malacological Congress, Abstracts. Washing-Washing- ton, D.C., 108. FUCHS, T. (1877): Studien über die jüngeren Tertiärbildungen Griechen- lands.– Denkschr. kaiserl. Akad. Wiss., math.-naturwiss. Cl., 37/2, 1–42. GAGIĆ, N. & SOKAČ, A. (1970): Fauna ostracoda Paludinskih naslaga Vukomeričkih Gorica.– VII kongres geologa Jugoslavije, 1, 131–149. GALOVIĆ, S. (1952): O rezultatima dubokog istražnog bušenja na strukturi Dubranec.– Nafta, 11, 360–362. GAUDENYI, T., NENADIĆ, D. JOVANOVIĆ, M. & BOGIĆEVIĆ, K. (2013): The stratigraphical importance of the Viviparus boeckhi Horizon of Serbia.– Quatern. Int., 292, 101–112. Geologia Croatica 68/3Geologia Croatica 204 GAUDENYI, T., NENADIĆ, D., STEJIĆ, P., JOVANOVIĆ, M. & BOGIČEVIĆ, K. (2015): The stratigraphy of the Serbian Pleistocene Corbicula beds.– Quatern. Int., 357, 4–21. GIROTTI, O. (1972): Il genere Neumayria Stefani 1877 (Gastropoda, Proso- branchia).– Geol. Rom., 11, 115–136. GLAUBRECHT, M. (1996): Evolutionsökologie und Systematik am Beispiel von Süß- und Brackwasserschnecken (Mollusca: Caenogastropoda: Ce- rithioidea): Ontogenese-Strategien, Paläontologische Befunde und Zoo- geographie.– Backhuys, Leiden, 499 p. GLÖER, P. (2002): Süßwassergastropoden Nord- und Mitteleuropas. 2. Auf- lage.– ConchBooks, Hackenheim, 327 p. GOLIKOV, A.N. & STAROBOGATOV, YA. I. (1975): Systematics of proso- branch gastropods.– Malacologia, 15, 185–232. GORJANOVIĆ-KRAMBERGER, K (1892): Das Vorkommen der Paludi- nenschichten in den Maria-Goricaer Hügeln in Croatien.– Verh. k. k. Geol.R.-A., 1892, 108–110. GOZHIK, P.F. (2002): Pontychni presnovodni molyusky pivdnya Ukrainy i Moldovy.– Privately published, Kiev, 96 p. GOZHIK, P.F. & DATSENKO, L.N. (2007): Presnovodnyye Mollyuski pozd- nego kaynozoya yuga Vostochnoy Yevropy. Chast’ II.–Natsional’naya Akademiya Nauk Ukrainy, Institut Geologicheskikh Nauk, Kiev, 253 p. GOZHIK, P.F. & PRYSJAZHNJUK, V.A. (1978): Presnovodnye i nazemnye molliuski miotsena Pravoberezhnoi Ukrainy.– Ed. AN Ukdr SSR (Nau-Ed. AN Ukdr SSR (Nau- kova Dumka), Kiev, 173 p. GRAF, D.L. & CUMMINGS, K.S. (2007): Review of the systematics and global diversity of freshwater mussel species (Bivalvia: Unionoida).– J. Moll. Stud., 73, 291–314. GRAF, D.L. & CUMMINGS, K.S. (2014): The Freshwater Mussels (Unio- noida) of the World (and other less consequential bivalves), updated 15 November 2014. MUSSEL Project Web Site, http://www.mussel- project.net/. GRAY, J.E. (1840): Shells of molluscous animals.– In: ANONYMOUS (ed.): Synopsis of the contents of the British Museum. G. Woodfall, London, 105–152. GRAY, J.E. (1847): A list of the genera of recent Mollusca, their synonyms and types.– Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 5, 129–219. GRAY, J.E. (1854): A revision of the arrangement of the families of bivalve shells (Conchifera).– Annals and Magazine of Natural History (series 2), 13/77, 408–418. GRAY, J.E. (1857): A manual of the land and fresh-water shells of the British Islands, ed. W. Turton.– Longman, Brown, Green, Longmans, and Rob- ert, London, i–xvi + 335 p. HALAVÁTS, G.v. (1903): Die Fauna der pontischen Schichten in der Um- gebung des Balatonsees.– Resultate der wissenschaftlichen Erforschung des Balatonsees, 1/1, 1–80. HALAVÁTS, G.V. (1914): Die Bohrung in Nagybecskerek.– Mitt. Jb. kgl. ung. geol. R.-A., 22/2, 187–222. HALAVÁTS, J. (1888): Der artesische Brunnen von Szentes.– Mitt. Jb. kgl. ung. geol. R.-A, 8/6, 165–194. HALLER, B. (1892): Die Morphologie der Prosobranchier.– Morphologi- sches Jahrbuch, 18/3, 451–543. HARZHAUSER, M. & BINDER, H.(2004): Pannonian Molluscs from the classical sections Richardhof and Eichkogel in the Vienna Basin (Aus- tria, Late Miocene).– Arch. Molluskenkd., 133, 1–57. HARZHAUSER, M. & MANDIC, O. (2008): Neogene lake systems of Cen- tral and South-Eastern Europe: Faunal diversity, gradients and interrela- tions.– Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol.Palaeoecol., 260, 417–434. doi: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2007.12.013 HARZHAUSER, M., NEUBAUER, T.A., GROSS, M.& BINDER, H. (2014): The early Middle Miocene mollusc fauna of Lake Rein (Eastern Alps, Austria).– Palaeontogr. Abt. A, 302/1-6, 1–71. HARZHAUSER, M. & PILLER, W.E. (2007): Benchmark data of a chang- ing sea. – Palaeogeography, Palaeobiogeography and Events in the Cen- tral Paratethys during the Miocene.– Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Pal- aeoecol., 253, 8–31. HASZPRUNAR, G. (2014): A nomenclator of extant and fossil taxa of the Valvatidae (Gastropoda, Ectobranchia).– Zoo Keys, 377, 1–172. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.377.6032 HERBICH, F. & NEUMAYR, M. (1875): Beiträge zur Kenntnis fossiler Bin- nenfaunen. VII. Die Süsswasserablagerungen im südöstlichen Sieben- bürgen.– Jb. k. k. Geol. R.-A., 25, 401–431. HERRMANNSEN, A.N. (1846): Indicis generum malacozoorum primordia. Nomina subgenerum, generum, familiarum, tribuum, ordinum, classi- um; adjectis auctoribus, temporibus, locis systematicis atque literariis, etymis, synonymis. Praetermittuntur Cirripedia, Tunicata et Rhizopoda. Vol. I.– Fischer, Cassellis, xxvii + 637 p. HILGEN, F.J., LOURENS, L.J. & VAN DAM, J.A. (2012): The Neogene Period.– In: GRADSTEIN, F.M., OGG, J.G., SCHMITZ, M. & OGG, G. (eds.): A Geologic Time Scale 2012. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 923–978. HOERNES, R. (1877): Ein Beitrag zur Kenntniss fossiler Binnenfaunen. (Süsswasserschichten unter den sarmatischen Ablagerungen am Mar- marameere.).– Sitzber. Akad. Wiss., Math.-naturwiss. Cl., 74, 7–34. HÖRNES, M. (1851-1856): Die fossilen Mollusken des Tertiär-Beckens von Wien. I. Univalven.– Abh. k. k. Geol. R.-A., 3, 1–736. HÖRNES, M. (1870): Die fossilen Mollusken des Tertiär-Beckens von Wien. II. Bivalven.– Abh. k. k. Geol.R.-A., 4, 1–479. JEKELIUS, E. (1932): Die Molluskenfauna der Dazischen Stufe des Beckens von Brasov.– Memorille Institutului geologic al Romaniei, 2, 1–118. JENKO, K. (1944): Stratigrafski i tektonski snošaj Pliocena južnog pobočja Požeške gore i Kasonje brda.– Vjestnik Hrvatskog državnog geoložkog zavoda i Hrvatskog državnog geoložkog muzeja, 2/3, 89–159. JOVANOVIĆ, G. (2012): Srpsko jezero.– Narodni muzej Kruševac / Prirodnjački muzej Beograd, Kruševac, 59 p. JURIŠIĆ-POLŠAK, Z. (1979): Miocenske i pliocenske neritide u Hrvatskoj.– Palaeontologia Jugoslavica, 22, 1–50. JURKOVIĆ, I. (1993): Mineraline sirovine sisačkog područja.– Rudarsko- geološko-naftni zbornik, 5, 39–58. KOCH, A. (1902): Neuere Beiträge zu den geo.oaläontologischen Verhältnis- sen de Beocsiner Cementmergels.– Földtani Közlöny, 32, 271–280, 167–322. KOCH, F. (1917): Levantinska fauna Vukomeričkih gorica.– Glasnik hrvat- skoga prirodoslovnoga društva, 29, 7–17. KREJCI-GRAF, K. & WENZ, W. (1932): Stratigraphie und Paläontologie des Obermiozäns und Pliozäns der Muntenia (Rumänien).– Z. Dtsch. Geol. Ges., 83, 65–163. KRIJGSMAN, W., STOICA, M., VASILIEV, I. & POPOV, V.V. (2010): Rise and fall of the Paratethys Sea during the Messinian Salinity Crisis.– Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 290, 183–191. KROLOPP, E. (1976a): Alföldi fúrások Zsigmondy-Halaváts-féle Mollusca anyagának revíziója. I. Aszentesi artézikút-fúrás.– Magyar Állami Föld- tani Intézet Évi Jelentése, 1973, 195–218. KROLOPP, E. (1976b): Alföldi mélyfúrások Zsigmondy-Halaváts-féle Mol- lusca anyagának revíziója. II. A hódmezővásárhelyi, szegedi, szarvasi és kecskeméti artézikút-fúrások.– Magyar Állami Földtani Intézet Évi Jelentése, 1974, 133–156. KRSTIĆ, N. (2003): Paludinian Beds of Voivodina.– In: PAPAIANOPOL, I., MARINESCU, F., KRSTIĆ, N. & MACALEŢ, R. (eds.): Chronostra- tigraphie und Neostratotypen. Neogen der Zentrale Paratethys, Bd. X, Pl2. Romanien. Editura Academiei Române, Bucuresti, 77–81. KRSTIĆ, N. & KNEŽEVIĆ, S. (2003): Succession of the Fauna of the Paludinian Beds.– In: PAPAIANOPOL, I., MARINESCU, F., KRSTIĆ, N. & MACALEŢ, R. (eds.): Chronostratigraphie und Neostratotypen, Bd. X, Pl2. Romanien. Editura Academiei Române, Bucuresti, 83–92. KÜMMERLE, E. & RADTKE, G. (2012): Die Fossilien des Tertiärmeeres im Hanauer Becken.– Jahresberichte der Wetterauischen Gesellschaft für die gesamte Naturkunde zu Hanau, 162, 59–77. LINNAEUS, C. (1758): Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, syno- nymis, locis. Editio decima, reformata. Tomus 1.– Laurentius Salvius, Holmiae, 824 p. LÖRENTHEY, I. (1906): Beitrage zur Fauna und stratigraphischen Lage der pannonischen Schichten in der Umgebung des Balatonsees.– Resultate der wissenschaftlichen Erforschung des Balatonsees, Bd. 1, Teil 1. An- hang 4, 1–216. LUBENESCU, V. & LUBENESCU, D. (2008): Neogenul superior - strate cu Paludine din Romania.– Studii si Cercetari de Geologie, 51–53, 77–88. Mandic et al.: Stratigraphic and palaeogeographic significance of lacustrine molluscs from the Pliocene Viviparus beds in central Croatia Geologia Croatica 205 LUBENESCU, V.& ZAZULEAC, D. (1985): Les Viviparidés du Néogène supérieur du Bassin Dacique.– Mémoires - L‘Institut de Géologie et de Géophysique, 32, 77–136. LUČIĆ, D., SAFTIĆ, B., KRIZMANIĆ, K., PRELOGOVIĆ, E., BRITVIĆ, V., MESIĆ, I. & TADEJ, J. (2001): The Neogene evolution and hydro- carbon potential of the Pannonian Basin in Croatia.– Mar. Petrol. Geol., 18, 133–147. MACAROVICI, N. (1940): Recherches géologiques et paléontologiques dans la Bessarabie méridionale (Roumanie).– Annales scientifiques de l‘Université de Jassy, 36/1, 177–422. MAGYAR, I., GEARY, D.H. & MÜLLER, P. (1999): Paleogeographic evo- lution of the Late Miocene Lake Pannon in Central Europe.– Palaeoge- ogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 147, 151–167. MAGYAR, I. & GEARY, D.H. (2012): Biostratigraphy in a late Neogene Caspian-Type Lacustrine Basin: Lake Pannon, Hungary.– In: BAGANZ, O.W., BARTOV, Y., BOHACS, K. & NUMMEDAL, D. (eds): Lacus- trine sandstone reservoirs and hydrocarbon systems. AAPG Memoir, 95, 255–264. MAGYAR, I., RADIVOJEVIC, D., SZTANÓ, O., SYNAK, R., UJSZÁSZI, K. & PÓCSIK, M. (2013): Progradation of the paleo-Danube shelf margin across the Pannonian Basin during the Late Miocene and Early Pliocene.– Global Planet. Change, 103, 168–173. doi: 10.1016/j.glo-– Global Planet. Change, 103, 168–173. doi: 10.1016/j.glo- placha.2012.06.007 MALVIĆ, T. (2012): Review of Miocene shallow marine and lacustrine dep- ositional environments in Northern Croatia.– Geol. Quarterly, 56/3, 493– 504. MANDIC, O., DE LEEUW, A., BULIĆ, J., KUIPER, K., KRIJGSMAN, W. & JURIŠIĆ-POLŠAK, Z. (2012): Paleogeographic evolution of the Southern Pannonian Basin: 40Ar/ 39Ar age constraints on the Miocene continental series of Northern Croatia.– Int. J. Earth Sci., 101/4, 1033– 1046. MARINESCU, F. & PAPAIANOPOL, I. (eds)(1995): Chronostratigraphie und Neostratotypen, Bd. IX, Pl1. Dacien.– Editura Academiei Române, Bucuresti, 530 p. MATENCO, L. & RADIVOJEVIĆ, D. (2013): On the formation and evolu- tion of the Pannonian Basin: Constraints derived from the structure of the junction area between the Carpathians and Dinarides.– Tectonics, 31, 1944–9194. MELINTE-DOBRINESCU, M.C, SUC, J.-P., CLAUZON, G., POPESCU, S.M., MEYER, B., ARMIJO, R., BILTEKIN, D., �AĞATAY, N., UCARKUS, G., JOUANNIC, G., FAUQUETTE, S. & �AKIR, Z. (2009): The Messinian Salinity Crisis in the Dardanelles region: chron- ostratigraphic constraints.– Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 278, 24–39. MENKE, C.T. (1828): Synopsis methodica molluscorum generum omnium et specierum earum, quae in museo Menkeano adservantur; cum syno- nymia critica et novarum specierum diagnosibus.– Gelpke, Pyrmonti, xii + 91 p. MIKHAYLOVSKIY, G.P. (1913): Istoricheskaya geologiya: kurs, chitannyy studentam imperatorskogo Yur’yevskogo universiteta. Vyp.1.– Tipo- grafiya Trenke i Fyusno, St. Petersburg, 356 p. MILAN, A., SAKAČ, K. & ŽAGAR-SAKAČ, A. (1974): Katalog originala tipova vrsta pohranjenih u Geološko-paleontološkom muzeju u Zagre- bu.– Geološko-paleontološki muzej u Zagrebu, Zagreb, 186 p. MILOŠEVIĆ, V.M. (1984): Prilog poznavanju fosilnih gastropoda iz famili- je Valvatidae iz slatkovodnih sedimenata Metohijske kotline (neogen).– Glasnik Prirodnjačkog Muzeja, ser. A, 39, 167–184. MODELL, H. (1958): Die tertiären Najaden des ungarischen Beckens.– Ge-Ge- ol. Jb., 75, 197–250. MONTFORT, P.D.d. (1810): Conchyliologie systématique et classification méthodique de coquilles; offrant leurs figures, leur arrangement générique, leurs descriptions caractéristiques, leurs noms; ainsi que leur synonymie en plusieurs langues. Ouvrage destiné ŕ faciliter l‘étude des coquilles, ainsi que leur disposition dans les cabinets d‘histoire naturelle. Coquilles univalves, non cloisonnées.2.– Schoell, Paris, 676 p. MÜLLER, O.F. (1773–1774): Vermium terrestrium et fluviatilium historia, seu animalium Infusoriorum, Helminthicorum et Testaceorum non ma- rinorum succincta historia.– Heineck & Faber, Havniae et Lipsiae, xxx- iii + 135, xxxvi + 214 p. MÜLLER, P., GEARY, D.H. & MAGYAR, I. (1999): The endemic molluscs of the Late Miocene Lake Pannon: their origin, evolution, and family- level taxonomy.– Lethaia, 32, 47–60. MÜLLER, P. & MAGYAR, I. (1992): A Prosodacnomyák rétegtani jelentősége a Kötcse környéki pannóniai s.l. üledékekben.– Földtani Közlöny, 122/1, 1–38. NEUBAUER, T.A., GEORGOPOULOU, E., KROH, A., HARZHAUSER, M., MANDIC, O. & ESU, D. (2015b): Synopsis of European Neogene freshwater gastropod localities: updated stratigraphy and geography.– Palaeontol. electron., 18.1.3T: 1–7. NEUBAUER, T.A., HARZHAUSER, M., GEORGOPOULOU, E., KROH, A. & MANDIC, O. (2015c): Tectonics, climate, and the rise and demise of continental aquatic species richness hotspots.– Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 112/37, 11478–11483. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1503992112 NEUBAUER, T.A., HARZHAUSER, M., GEORGOPOULOU, E., MAN- DIC, O. & KROH, A. (2014a): Replacement names and nomenclatural comments for problematic species-group names in Europe‘s Neogene freshwater Gastropoda.– Zootaxa, 3785/3, 453–468. doi: 10.11646/ zootaxa.3785.3.7 NEUBAUER, T.A., HARZHAUSER, M., GEORGOPOULOU, E. & WRO- ZYNA, C. (2014b): Population bottleneck triggering millennial-scale morphospace shifts in endemic thermal-spring melanopsids.– Palaeo- geogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 414, 116–128. doi: 10.1016/j.pal- aeo.2014.08.015 NEUBAUER, T.A., HARZHAUSER, M., KROH, A., GEORGOPOULOU, E. & MANDIC, O. (2015a): A gastropod-based biogeographic scheme for the European Neogene freshwater systems.– Earth-Sci. Rev., 143, 98–116. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2015.01.010 NEUBAUER, T.A., MANDIC, O. & HARZHAUSER, M. (2013a): The Mid- dle Miocene freshwater mollusk fauna of Lake Gacko (SE Bosnia and Herzegovina): taxonomic revision and paleoenvironmental analysis.– Fossil Record, 16, 77–96. doi: 10.1002/mmng.201300003 NEUBAUER, T.A., MANDIC, O., HARZHAUSER, M. HRVATOVIĆ, H. (2013b): A new Miocene lacustrine mollusc fauna of the Dinaride Lake System and its palaeobiogeographic, palaeoecologic, and taxonomic implications.– Palaeontology, 56/1, 129–156. doi: 10.1111/ j.1475- 4983.2012.01171.x NEUMAYR, M. (1869): II. Beiträge zur Kenntniss fossiler Binnenfaunen.– Jb. k. k. geol. R.-A., 19, 355-382, Wien. NEUMAYR, M. (1872): Die geologische Stellung der slavonischen Palu- dinenthone.– Verh. k. k. Geol. R.-A., 1872/4, 69. NEUMAYR, M. (1880a): Über den geologischen Bau der Insel Kos und über die Gliederung der jungtertiären Binnenablagerungen des Archipels.– Denkschr. kaiserl. Akad. Wiss., math.-naturwiss. Cl., 40/1, 213–314. NEUMAYR, M. (1880b): V. Tertiäre Binnenmollusken aus Bosnien und der Hercegovina.– Jb. k. k. geol. R.-A., 30/2, 463–486. NEUMAYR, M. (1883): Zur Morphologie des Bivalvenschlosses.– Sitzber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 88, 385–419. NEUMAYR, M. & PAUL, C. M. (1875): Congerien- und Paludienschichten Slavoniens und deren Faunen. Ein Beitrag zur Descendenz-Theorie.– Abh. k. k. Geol. R.-A., 7/3, 1–106. NEWELL, N.D. (1965): Classification of the Bivalvia.– American Museum Novitates, 2206, 1–25. ØKLAND, J. (1990): Lakes and snails. Environment and Gastropoda in 1,500 Norwegian lakes, ponds and rivers.– Backhuys, Oegstgeest, 516 p. OLIVIER, G.A. (1804): Voyage dans l'Empire Othoman, l'Égypte et la Perse, fait par ordre du gouvernement, pendant les six premières années de la République. Tome second.– Agasse, Paris, 466 p. OPPENHEIM, P. (1890): Neue oder wenig gekannte Binnenschnecken des Neogen im Peloponnes und im südlichen Mittel-Griechenland.– Z. Dtsch. Geol. Ges., 42/3, 588–592. OPPENHEIM, P. (1891): Beiträge zur Kenntniss des Neogen in Griechen- land.– Z. Dtsch. Geol. Ges., 43, 421–487. OPPENHEIM, P. (1894): II. Tertiäre Fossilien.– In: PHILIPPSON, A. & OP-– In: PHILIPPSON, A. & OP- In: PHILIPPSON, A. & OP- PENHEIM, P. Tertiär und Tertiärfossilien in Nord-Griechenland, sowie in Albanien und bei Patras im Peloponnes.– Z. Dtsch. Geol. Ges., 46, 806–822. OŽEGOVIĆ, F. (1944): Prilog geologiji mladeg terciara na temelju podataka iz novijih dubokih bušotina u Hrvatskoj.– Vjestnik Hrvatskog državnog Geologia Croatica 68/3Geologia Croatica 206 geoložkog zavoda i Hrvatskog državnog geoložkog muzeja, 2/3, 391– 491. PANĂ, I. (2003): Les nannogastropodes.– In: PAPAIANOPOL, I., MARI-– In: PAPAIANOPOL, I., MARI- In: PAPAIANOPOL, I., MARI- NESCU, F., KRSTIĆ, N.& MACALEŢ, R. (eds.): Chronostratigraphie und Neostratotypen. Neogen der Zentrale Paratethys, Bd. X, Pl2. Rom-X, Pl2. Rom- anien. Editura Academiei Române, Bucuresti, 296–349. PAPAIANOPOL, I. & POPESCU, D.C. (1997): La faune des mollusques du Romanien de Greaca (Plate-forme Moesienne, Bassin Dacique, Roum- anie).– Acta Palaeontologica Romaniae, 1, 197–210. PAPAIANOPOL, I. & MACALEŢ, R. (2006): Les espèces du genre Bulimus (Gastropoda, Mesogastropoda) du Néogène Supérieur (l’interval Pont- ien-Romanien) du Bassin Dacique.– Acta Palaeontologica Romaniae, 78A, 77–110. PAPAIANOPOL, I. & MARINESCU, F. (1995): Faune de mollusques da- ciens du Bassin Dacique.– In: MARINESCU, F. & PAPAIANOPOL, I. (eds.): Chronostratigraphie und Neostratotypen, Bd. IX, Pl1. Dacien. Editura Academiei Române, Bucuresti, 130–267. PAPAIANOPOL, I. & MARINESCU, F. (2003): Les gastropodes.– In: PA- PAIANOPOL, I., MARINESCU, F., KRSTIĆ, N. & MACALEŢ, R. (eds.): Chronostratigraphie und Neostratotypen, Bd. X, Pl2. Romanien. Editura Academiei Române, Bucuresti, 262–295. PAPAIANOPOL, I., MARINESCU, F., KRSTIĆ, N. & MACALEŢ, R. (eds) (2003): Chronostratigraphie und Neostratotypen, Bd. X, Pl2. Roman- ien.– Editura Academiei Române, Bucuresti, 527 p. PAPAIANOPOL, I., MARINESCU, F. &MACALEŢ, R. (1995): Stratotypes, faciostratotypes, stratotypes de limite.– In: MARINESCU, F. & PAPA- IANOPOL, I. (eds.): Chronostratigraphie und Neostratotypen, Bd. IX, Pl1. Dacien. Editura Academiei Române, Bucuresti, 101–125. PAPP, A. (1953): Die Molluskenfauna des Pannon des Wiener Beckens.– Mitt. Geol. Ges. Wien, 44/1951, 85–222. PAVELIĆ, D. (2001): Tectonostratigraphic model for the North Croatian and North Bosnian sector of the Miocene Pannonian Basin System.– Basin Res., 13, 359–376. PAVLOV, A.P. (1925): Dép�ts néogènes et quaternaires de l'Europe méridi- Dép�ts néogènes et quaternaires de l'Europe méridi-néogènes et quaternaires de l'Europe méridi- onale et orientale. Stratigraphie comparée des couches d'eau douce.– Mémoires de la Section Géologique de la Société des Amis des Sciences Naturelles, d’Anthopologie et d’Ethnographie, 5, 1–215. PAVLOVIĆ, P.S. (1903): Građa za poznavanje tercijara u Staroj Srbiji.–Ann. Geol. Penins. Balk., 6/1, 155–189. PAVLOVIĆ, P.S. (1931): O fosilnoj fauni mekušaca iz Skopske Kotline.– Glasnik Skopskog naučnog društva, Odeljenje prirodnih Nauka, 9/3, 1–28. PENECKE, K.A. (1884): Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Fauna der slavonischen Paludienschichten - II. Congeria, Pisidium, Cardium und die Gastero- poden.– Beitr. Paläont. Österreich-Ungarns, 4/1, 15–44. PFEIFFER, C. (1821): Naturgeschichte deutscher Land- und Süsswasser- Mollusken. Erste Abtheilung.– Landes-Industrie-Comptoir, Weimar, x + 134 p. PFEIFFER, C. (1828): Naturgeschichte deutscher Land- und Süsswasser- Mollusken. Dritte Abtheilung.– Landes-Industrie-Comptoir, Weimar, vi + 84 p. PIKIJA, M. (1987a): Osnovna geološka karta SFRJ 1:100000, list Sisak 33- 93 [Basic Geological Map of SFRY 1:100000, Sisak sheet – in Croati- an].– Geološki zavod, Zagreb, Savezni geološki zavod, Beograd. PIKIJA, M. (1987b): Osnovna geološka karta SFRJ 1:100000. Tumač za list Sisak L33 -93 [Basic Geological Map of SFRY 1:100000, Geology of the Sisak sheet – in Croatian].– Geološki zavod, Zagreb, Savezni geološki zavod, Beograd, 55 p. PILAR, D. (1873): Trečegorje i podloga mu u Glinskom Pokuplju.– Rad Ju- goslavenske akademije znanosti i umjetnosti, 25, 53–179. PILIDE, C.D. (1877): Über das Neogen-Becken nördlich von Ploesci (Wala- chei).– Jb. k.k. Geol. R.-A., 27, 131–142. POPOV, S.V., RÖGL, F., ROZANOV, A.Y., STEININGER, F.F., SHCHER- BA, I.G. & KOVÁC, M. (2004): Lithological-Paleogeographic maps of Paratethys. 10 Maps Late Eocene to Pliocene.– Cour. Forsch.-Inst. Senckenb., 250, 1–46. PORUMBARU, R.C. (1881): Étude géologique des environs de Craiova, par- cours Bucovatzu-Cretzesci. Première partie.– Gauthier-Villars, Im- primeur-Libraire, Paris, 42 p. PRIME, T.(1870): Catalogue of the Recent species of the family Corbicula- dae.– Am. J. Conchol., 5, 127–187. RAFINESQUE, C.S. (1815): Analyse de la nature ou tableau de l‘univers et des corps organisés.– Privately published, Palerme, 223 p. RAFINESQUE, C.S. (1820): Monographie des coquilles bivalves fluviatiles de la Riviere Ohio, contenant douze géneres et soixante-huit espèces.– Annales générales des sciences Physiques, a Bruxelles, 5, 287–322. RAYMO, M.E., GRANT, B., HOROWITZ, M. & RAU, G.H. (1996): Mid- Pliocene warmth: stronger greenhouse and stronger conveyor.– Marine Micropaleont., 27, 313–326. ROSHKA, V.KH. (1973): Mollyuski meotica severo-zapadnogo prichernomor'ya.– Shtiintsa, Kishinev, 284 p. ROTH, L.V. (1881): Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Fauna der neogenen Süsswas- ser-Ablagerungen im Széklerlande.– Földtani Közlöny, 11, 13-24, 64– 76. SAFTIĆ, B., VELIĆ, J., SZTANÓ, O., JUHÁSZ, G. & IVKOVIĆ, Ž. (2003): Tertiary Subsurface Facies, Source Rocks and Hydrocarbon Reservoirs in the SW Part of the Pannonian Basin (Northern Croatia and South- Western Hungary).– Geol. Croat., 56/1, 101–122. SALVADOR, A. (1994): International Stratigraphic Guide. A Guide to Strati- graphic Classification, Terminology, and Procedure.– Geological Soci-Geological Soci- ety of America, Boulder, 214 p. SANDBERGER, C.L.F. (1870-1875): Die Land- und Süßwasser-Conchylien der Vorwelt.– C. W. Kreidel, Wiesbaden. Livr. 11, 353-1000 p. (1875). SCHLICKUM, W.R. (1972): Zur Systematik fossiler Hydrobiiden 2.– Arch. Molluskenkd., 102, 93–95. SCHLICKUM, W.R. & PUISSÉGUR, J.-J. (1977): Die Molluskenfauna des Altpleistozäns von St. Bernard (Département C�te-d’Or).– Arch. Mol- luskenkd., 107/4/6, 273–283. SCHLICKUM, W.R. & PUISSÉGUR, J.-J. (1978): Die Molluskenfauna der Schichten mit Viviparus burgundinus und Pyrgula nodotiana von Mon- tagny-les-Beaune (Dép. C�te-d‘Or).– Arch. Molluskenkd., 109/1/3, 1–26. SCHMID, S. M., BERNOULLI, D., FÜGENSCHUH, B., MATENCO, L., SCHEFER, S., SCHUSTER, R., TISCHLER, M. & USTASZEWSKI, K. (2008): The Alpine-Carpathian-Dinaridic orogenic system: correla- tion and evolution of tectonic units.– Swiss J. Geosci., 101/1, 139–183. ŠEBEČIĆ, B. (2010): O povijesti istraživanja i eksploatacije Vuko me ri čkih lignita.– Rudarsko-geološko-naftni zbornik, 22, 81–90. SHEPPARD, R. (1825): Description of Seven new British Land and fresh- water Shells, with Observations upon many other Species, oncliding a List of such as have been found in the County of Suffolk.– Trans. Linn. Soc. London, 14/1, 148–170. SINZOV, I. (1877): Opisaniye novykh i maloissledovannykh form rakovin iz tretichnykh obrazovaniy Novorossii.– Zapiski novorossiiskoe obsh- chestvo estestvoispytatelei, 4, 61–83. SOWERBY, J. (1812-1815): The mineral conchology of Great Britain; or coloured figures and descriptions of those remains of testaceous animals or shells, which have been preserved at various times and depths in the earth.– Privately published, London, 251 p. STEFANESCU, S. (1896): Études sur les terrains tertiaires de Roumanie. Contributrons à l étude des faunes sarmatiques, pontiques et levantines.– Mém. Soc. Géol. France. Paléont., 4, 1–147. STEFANESCU, S. (1897): Contribution à l'étude des faunes Eogène et Néogène de Roumanie.– Bull. Soc. Géol.France, sér. 3, 25, 310–314. STEVANOVIĆ, P., NEVESSKAYA, L.A., MARINESCU, F., SOKAČ, A. & JÁMBOR, Á. (1990): Chronostratigraphie und Neostratotypen. Neogen der Westlichen (“Zentrale”) Paratethys, Bd. VIII, Pl1. Pontien.– Verlag der Jugoslawischen Akademie der Wissenschaften und Künste und der Serbischen Akademie der Wissenschaften und Künste, Zagreb, Beograd, 952 p. STEVANOVIĆ, P.M. (1951): Pontische Stufe im engeren Sinne – obere Con- gerienschichten Serbiens und der angrenzenden Gebiete.– Srpska Akademija nauka, posebna izdanja, 187 (Geološki institut 2), 1–361. STIMPSON, W. (1865): Researches upon the Hydrobiinae and allied forms: chiefly made from materials in the Museum of the Smithsonian Institu- tion.– Smithsonian Misc. Coll., 7, 1–59. STOICA, M., LAZǍR, I., KRIJGSMAN, W., VASILIEV, I., JIPA, D. & FLOROIU, A. (2013): Paleoenvironmental evolution of the East Car- Mandic et al.: Stratigraphic and palaeogeographic significance of lacustrine molluscs from the Pliocene Viviparus beds in central Croatia Geologia Croatica 207 pathian foredeep during the late Miocene-early Pliocene (Dacian Basin; Romania).– Global Planet. Change, 103, 135–148. STOICA, M., LAZǍR, I., VASILIEV, I. & KRIJGSMAN, W. (2007): Mol- lusc assemblages of the Pontian and Dacian deposits from the Topolog- Arges area (southern Carpathian foredeep - Romania).– Geobios, 40, 391–405. STOLICZKA, F. (1862): Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Molluskenfauna der Ce- rithien- und Inzersdorfer Schichten des ungarischen Tertiärbeckens.– Verh.k.k. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, 12, 529–538. STRAUSZ, L. (1942): Viviparen aus dem Pannon Mittel-Transdanubiens.– A Magyar Királyi Földtani Intézet évkönyve, 36/1, 1–63. STUR, D. (1862): Die neogen-tertiären Ablagerungen von West-Slavonien.– Jb. k.k. geol. R.-A., 12, 285–299. STUR, D. (1863): Bericht über die geologische Uebersichts-Aufnahme im mittleren Theile Croatiens.– Jb. k.k. geol. R.-A., 13/4, 485–523. SWAINSON, W. (1840): A Treatise on Malacology or the Natural Classifica- tion of Shell sand Shell-fish.– In: LARDNER, D. (ed.): The Cabinet Cyclopaedia, 122. Longman, etc., London, 419 p. SZTANÓ, O., SZAFIÁN, P., MAGYAR, I., HORÁNYI, A., BADA, G., HUGHES, D.W., HOYER, D.L. & WALLIS, R.J. (2013): Aggradation and progradation controlled clinothems and deep-water sand delivery model in the Neogene Lake Pannon, Makó Trough, Pannonian Basin, SE Hungary.– Global Planet. Change, 103, 149–167. TABOYAKOVA, V.YA. (1964): Opyt biometricheskogo izucheniya pliotse- novykh viviparusov yuga SSSR.– Trudy Paleontologicheskogo Insti- tuta, 99, 1–88. TAKŠIĆ, A. (1954): Pliocenske naslage okolice Novske i Nove Gra di ške.– Geol. vjesnik, 5–7, 149–184. TOURNOUËR, R. (1875): Note sur quelques fossiles d‘eau douce recueillis dans le forage d‘un puits au fort de Vancia, près Lyon.– Bull. Soc. Géol. France, 3e série, 3, 741–748. TROSKOT-ČORBIĆ, T., VELIĆ, J. & MALVIĆ, T. (2009): Comparison of the Middle Miocene and the Upper Miocene source rock formations in the Sava Depression Pannonian Basin, Croatia).– Geol. Croat., 62/2, 123–133. TRYON, G.W. (1866):[Book review of] Researches upon the Hydrobiinae and allied forms by Dr. Wm. Stimpson, 8 vol. Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC, August 1865, 58 p.– Am. J. Conchol., 2/2, 152–158. TUCCIMEI, G. (1889): Il Villafranchiano nelle valli Sabine e i suoi fossili caratteristici.– Boll. Soc. Geol. Ital., 8, 95–131. UHRIN, A. & SZTANÓ, O. (2012): Water-level changes and their effect on deepwater sand accumulation in a lacustrine system: A case study from the Late Miocene of western Pannonian Basin, Hungary.– Int. J. Earth Sci., 101/5, 1427–1440 USTASZEWSKI, K., HERAK, M., TOMLJENOVIĆ, B., HERAK, D. & MATEJ, S. (2014): Neotectonics of the Dinarides-Pannonian Basin tran- sition and possible earthquake sources in the Banja Luka epicentral ar- ea.– J. Geodyn., 82, 52–68. VAN BAAK, C.G.C., MANDIC, O., LAZAR, I., STOICA, M. & KRIJGS- MAN, W. (2015): The Slanicul de Buzau section, a unit stratotype for the Romanian stage of the Dacian Basin (Plio-Pleistocene, Eastern Pa- ratethys).– Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol, 440, 594-613. VASSOEVICH, N.B. (1928): Notes paléontologiques sur les dép�ts pliocènes et post-tertiares de la presqu‘île de Taman.– Bulletins du Comité géologique Leningrad, 47/6, 711–732. WELTER-SCHULTES, F.W.(2012): European non-marine molluscs, a guide for species identification.– Planet Poster Editions, Göttingen, 674 p. WENZ, W. (1922): Das Tertiär im Vogelsberg und seine Beziehungen zu dem der Wetterau und zu anderen Tertiärablagerungen.– Jahresberichte der Wetterauischen Gesellschaft für die Gesamte Naturkunde zu Hanau, 1909-1922, 1–82. WENZ, W. (1923-1930): Fossilium Catalogus I: Animalia. Gastropoda extra- marina tertiaria.– W. Junk, Berlin. Volumes VII: 1863-2230 p. (1926), VIII: 2231–2502 p. (1928), IX: 2503-2886 p. (1929a), X: 2887-3014 p. (1929b). WENZ, W. (1942): Die Mollusken des Pliozäns der rumänischen Erdöl-Ge- biete als Leitversteinerungen für die Aufschluß-Arbeiten.– Sen cken- bergiana, 24, 1–293. WIJBRANS, J., NÉMETH, K., MARTIN, U. & BALOGH, K. (2007): 40Ar/ 39Ar geochronology of Neogene phreatomagmatic volcanism in the west- ern Pannonian Basin, Hungary.– J. Volcanol. Geoth. Res., 164, 193–204. WILLEIT, M., GANOPOLSKI, A. & FEULNER, G. (2013): On the effect of orbital forcing on mid-Pliocene climate, vegetation and ice sheets.– Clim. Past Discuss., 9, 1703–1734. WILLMANN, R. (1981): Evolution, Systematik und stratigraphische be- deutung der neogenen Süßwassergastropoden von Rhodos und Kos/ Ägäis.– Palaeontogr. Abt. A, 174, 10–235. ŽAGAR-SAKAČ, A. (1981): Über die neogenen Unionazeen-Arten S. Brusina's.– Palaeontologia jugoslavica, 27, 1–26. Manuscript received July 06, 2015 Revised manuscript accepted September 30, 2015 Available online October 31, 2015