1 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF DENMARK AND GREENLAND BULLETIN 41 • 2018 Review of Survey activities 2017 Edited by Adam A. Garde, Ole Bennike and W. Stuart Watt GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF DENMARK AND GREENLAND DANISH MINISTRY OF ENERGY, UTILITIES AND CLIMATE 22 Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland Bulletin 41 Key words Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, survey organisations, current research, Denmark, Greenland. Cover photographs from left to right 1. Hyperspectral analysis of inaccessible rock faces using land- or sea-based platforms has potential to become a powerful geological mapping tool, as individual mineral species can be identified with this method. Example from central West Greenland. 2. 3D imaging by hand-held digital photogrammetry is used in both current geological mapping and assessment of landslide risks in Greenland. Photograph: Jonas Petersen. 3. Potential storage sites for unwanted brine around the Lille Torup gas storage facility in Jylland, and seismic lines used in the location of suitable sites. 4. Studying intense glaciotectonic fracturing of Cretaceous chalk at Stevns Klint. Frontispiece: facing page The GEUS ice-sheet field camp photographed on 20 July, 2017 above the former Camp Century buried in the Greenland ice sheet near Thule Air Base. Chief editor of this series: Adam A. Garde Editorial board of this series: John A. Korstgård, Department of Geoscience, Aarhus University; Minik Rosing, Geological Museum, University of Copenhagen; Finn Surlyk, Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen Scientific editors: Adam A. Garde, Ole Bennike and W. Stuart Watt Editorial secretary: Jane Holst Referees (numbers refer to first page of reviewed article): Henrik Friis & Ida L. Fabricius, DK (9); Reinhard Kirsch, DE & Michael Engkilde, DK (13), Theis I. Sølling & Jan Audun, DK (17); Jakob Qvortrup Christensen & Lars Kristiansen, DK (21); Jakob Qvortrup Christensen & Jette Sørensen, DK (25); Jørgen C. Toft & Arne Thorshøj, DK (29); Nicolaj Krog Larsen & Anders Bjørk, DK (33); Andy Whitham, UK & John Korstgård, DK (39); Steve Piercey, CA & Hartwig Frimmel, DE (43); Christian Rogass, DE & Asger K. Pedersen, DK (47, 51); Chris Harrison & Kate Dickie, CA (57); Asger K. Pedersen, DK & Ken McCaffrey, UK (63); Louwrens Hacquebord, NL & Ole Humlum, NO (67); Niels Tvis Knudsen, DK & Kirsty Langley, GL (71); James H. Lever, US & Jacob Clement Yde, NO (75); Xavier Fettweis, BE & Horst Machguth, CH (79); Torben Schmidt, DK & Martin Miles, NO (83); Gang Lui & Michael Engkilde, DK (87); Andreas Møller & Peter Grønkjær, DK (91); Robert Tomas, CH (95); Birgir V. Óskarsson, IS & Max Strunk, SE (99). Illustrations: Stefan Sølberg, Adaam A. Garde, Ole Bennike and Susanne Rømer Layout and graphic production: Jane Holst and Jacob Lind Bendtsen Printer: Rosendahls-Schultz Grafisk A/S, Albertslund, Denmark Manuscripts received: 1 February – 28 May 2018 Final versions approved: 20 February – 28 June 2018 Printed: 15 August 2018 Erratum: The repetition of Fig. 3 in Fig. 4’s position on page 73 has been corrected to show Fig. 4 in the online version of this Bulletin. ISSN (print) 1604-8156, ISBN (print) 978-87-7871-500-5 ISSN (online) 1904-4666, ISBN (online) 978-87-7871-501-2 Citation of the name of this series It is recommended that the name of this series is cited in full, viz. Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland Bulletin. If abbreviation of this volume is necessary, the following form is suggested: Geol. Surv. Den. Green. Bull. 41, 104 pp. Available from Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Øster Voldgade 10, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark To buy bulletin in printed form please contact bogsalg@geus.dk and at www.geus.dk/bulletin41 (open access) © De Nationale Geologiske Undersøgelser for Danmark og Grønland (GEUS), 2018 For the full text of the GEUS copyright clause, please refer to www.geus.dk/bulletin 3 44 39 Update of the seamless 1:500 000 scale geological map of Greenland based on recent field work in the Wandel Sea Basin, Eastern North Greenland. K. Svennevig 43 Base-metal and REE anomalies in lower Palaeozoic sedimentary rocks of Amundsen Land, central North Greenland: implications for Zn-Pb potential D. Rosa, J.F. Slack and H. Falck 47 Mineral mapping by hyperspectral remote sensing in West Greenland using airborne, ship-based and terrestrial platforms S. Salehi and S.M. Thaarup 51 Hyperspectral analysis of lithologies in the Arctic areas with abundant lichen cover S. Salehi Malaysia Bangladesh Vietnam GreenlandCanada Kenya Ethiopia Lebanon Cameroon Ghana Senegal Zambia Malawi Denmark Norway China 7 Review of Survey activities 2017 F.G. Christiansen 9 Diagenetic impact on reservoir sandstones of the Heno Formation in the Ravn-3 well, Danish Central Graben S. Pedersen, R. Weibel, P.N. Johannessen and N.H. Schovsbo 13 Potential for brine storage near the gas storage facility at Lille Torup, northern Jylland, Denmark .... M.L. Hjuler, M.S. Andersen, C.M. Nielsen, A. Mathiesen, L. Kristensen, N. Skaarup and L.H. Nielsen 17 Shale fabric and organic nanoporocity in lower Palaeozoic shales, Bornholm, Denmark L.M. Henningsen, C.H. Jensen, N.H. Schovsbo, A.T. Nielsen and G.K. Pedersen 21 Chalk-glacitectonite, an important lithology in former glaciated terrains covering chalk and limestone bedrock S.A.S. Pedersen, P. Gravesen and K. Hinsby 25 Sedimentological and glaciotectonic interpretation of georadar data from the margin of the Vig ice-push ridge, NW Sjælland, Denmark C.S. Andersen & P.R. Jakobsen 29 Miocene oil-bearing diatom ooze from the North Sea E. Sheldon, E.S. Rasmussen, K. Dybkjær, T.E. Eidvin, F. Riis and R. Weibel 33 Initial observations of the shallow geology in Tannis Bugt, Skagerrak, Denmark M.J. Owen, N.H. Witt, Z. Al-Hamdani, N. Nørgaard-Pedersen, K.J. Andresen and J.O. Leth 5 Dark grey indicates non-european countries where GEUS has ongoing or recently completed projects. Orange indicates countries with GEUS projects described in this volume. 57 New subsurface mapping offshore southern West Greenland using geophysical and geological data U. Gregersen, M.S. Andersen, H. Nøhr-Hansen, E. Sheldon, T.F. Kokfelt, M. Olivarius, C. Knudsen, K.G. Jakobsen and J.S. Adolfssen 63 Remote geological mapping using 3D photogrammetry: an example from Karrat, West Greenland E.V. Sørensen and P. Guarnieri 67 European trading, whaling and climate history of West Greenland documented by historical records, drones and marine sediments N.E. Mikkelsen, A. Kuijpers, S. Ribeiro, M. Myrup, I. Seiding and A.E. Lennert 71 The Greenland ice sheet – snowline elevations at the end of the melt seasons from 2000 to 2017 R.S. Fausto and the PROMICE team 75 Initial field activities of the Camp Century Climate Monitoring Programme in Greenland W. Colgan, A. Pedersen, D. Binder, H. Machguth, J. Abermann and M. Jayred 79 Circum-Greenland, ice-thickness measurements collected during PROMICE airborne surveys in 2007, 2011 and 2015 L.S. Sørensen, S.B. Simonsen, R. Forsberg, L. Stenseng, H. Skourup, S.S. Kristensen and W. Colgan 83 Observationally constrained reconstruction of 19th to mid-20th century sea-ice extent off eastern Greenland D.A.M. Hallé, N.B. Karlsson, A.M. Solgaard and C.S. Andresen 87 Examining the rare-earth elements (REE) supply– demand balance for future global wind power scenarios P. Kalvig and E. Machacek 91 Analysis of cod otolith microchemistry by continuous line transects using LA-ICP-MS S.H. Serre, K.E. Nielsen, P. Fink-Jensen, T.B. Thomsen and K. Hüssy: Tulstrup and M. Pedersen 95 Towards a common geological data infrastructure for Europe J. Tulstrup and M. Pedersen 99 Analytical procedures for 3D mapping at the Photogeological Laboratory of the Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland E.V. Sørensen and M. Dueholm Malaysia Bangladesh Vietnam GreenlandCanada Kenya Ethiopia Lebanon Cameroon Ghana Senegal Zambia Malawi Denmark Norway China 66 7 Review of Survey activities 2017 Flemming G. Christiansen Deputy Director 2017 was a year where we all experienced how fatal geological forces can be for society. On June 17, a tragic natural disaster hit Greenland. Following a huge landslide into Karrat Fjord, major waves f looded the settlements of Nuugaatsiaq and Illorsuit. Four persons were lost and many houses in Nuu- gaatsiaq were destroyed. Due to the continued high risk for more landslides, the inhabitants of the two settlements have not returned and the Greenlandic authorities advise against visiting the risk area. Such a natural disaster together with many extremes in weather and climate conditions around the World, also in Denmark and Greenland, directs our focus on the conse- quences of the changing climate. This requires regularly updated climate models and response with suggestions for adaptation to climate change and will have strong implica- tions for GEUS’ continued research and monitoring in many years to come, including further studies and monitoring of geohazards. GEUS will have an important role in guiding society for better and safer living conditions in both Denmark and Greenland. It is necessary to work with such topics and pro- vide society and authorities with transparent information. GEUS has presented a new website providing key informa- tion on many different research areas and with specific in- formation and data from monitoring programmes like www. promice.dk, celebrating its 10 years anniversary in 2017 and www.campcenturyclimate.dk that was established in 2017. It is essential that such key information builds on results of a high scientific standard and that data are well document- ed in international publications, and in papers and maps in our own series. This issue of GEUS’ Review of Survey activi- ties includes 22 papers covering many different activities in Denmark, Greenland and internationally. Seven papers are on Denmark, 11 on Greenland and four on other themes. Activities in Denmark GEUS works with many different – and often closely re- lated – topics in Denmark such as the use of water, energy and mineral resources, protection of nature when exploiting resources, and the impact of climate change. The economic and political implications are very significant, and making up-to-date geological and geophysical data and information available for society, authorities and industry is of great value in this context. One paper is on the diagenetic impact of Upper Jurassic sandstones in the Ravn-3 well in the Danish Central Graben. Understanding these processes is important for the produc- tion of oil from deeply buried oil fields. Another paper is on the thickness, depth and properties of reservoir rocks within the sedimentary succession close to the Lille Torup gas stor- age facility in northern Jylland. To increase the volume of caverns, saline brine from the salt structure must be stored elsewhere, and one of the options could be to re-inject the brine into the subsurface. A third paper deals with the con- trolling factors of porosity development in Palaeozoic shales and the implications for shale-gas plays in Denmark. An ex- ample from Bornholm, demonstrates that this is controlled by both shale fabric and organic nanoporosity, in contrast to conventional sandstone reservoirs. Understanding rocks formed by glacial processes is im- portant in Denmark, e.g. for f low modelling of ground water and for handling geotechnical problems when establishing new infrastructure. One paper describes the formation of chalk-glaciotectonite with examples from former glaciated terrains covering chalk and limestone bedrock from locali- ties on Møn, Sjælland and Jylland. A second paper presents sedimentological and glaciotectonic interpretation of geo- radar data from NW Sjælland, where the interior structure of ridges has been characterised. For cost-reduction reasons, there is a growing interest for oil exploration in the youngest and shallowest part of the sedimentary succession in the North Sea. A paper gives a detailed description of nanofossils, microfossils and palyno- morphs in a Miocene oil-bearing diatom ooze from the Val- hall field area in the Norwegian sector. A final paper is on the shallow geology of Tannis Bugt in Skagerak where habitat mapping has been carried out in a Natura2000 area. The geological history here is very complex with deformed units and possibility of pre-Quaternary bedrock being exposed on the sea bottom. © 2018 GEUS. Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland Bulletin 41, 7–8. Open access: www.geus.dk/bulletin http://www.promice.dk http://www.promice.dk http://www.campcenturyclimate.dk http://www.geus.dk/bulletin 88 Activities in Greenland As in previous years, there was a high level of geological and glaciological activities in Greenland in 2017: both tradition- al studies with focus on geological mapping, the mineral and petroleum potential and monitoring and research related to climate changes and their effects. One paper discusses the implications of a new 1:100 000 map from Kilen in North Greenland for the seamless 1:500 000 regional map of Greenland. New procedures and documentation are necessary, as many geological maps from Greenland are likely to be updated in digital versions in the coming years. A second paper on North Greenland describes base-metal and rare-earth elements (REE) anomalies in low- er Palaeozoic sedimentary rocks and discusses the implica- tions for the zinc and lead potential. Hyperspectral remote sensing has a great potential for geological mapping and exploration in Greenland. A paper from West Greenland provides details on mineralogical map- ping of basement rocks in the Nagssugtoqidian Orogen us- ing airborne, ship-based and terrestrial platforms. Another paper focuses on how the signal from lichens that often cover rocks in the Arctic can be distinguished from the mineral- ogical signal, with examples of ultramafic rocks such as kim- berlite. One paper presents results from subsurface mapping off- shore southern West Greenland using seismic interpretation also including various geological and geochemical analysis. This paper includes new and critical information from oil exploration wells drilled in 2010 and 2011 that penetrated the deeper part of the sedimentary succession and reached underlying basement and volcanic rocks. Another paper uses 3D photogrammetry for lithological mapping and structural analysis, in this case from Karrat Fjord in West Greenland. Such understanding is also important for further evaluation of risk of landslides. Climate-related research and monitoring at GEUS pro- vide important data for global climate models and are often based on ground-truth data from the ice and fjords or off- shore. One paper compares historical records of European trading and whaling in the Disko Bugt region with climate data from marine sediments and show interesting examples of the physical remains from the whaling period. Another paper introduces an important climate indicator – the snow- line elevation that is the maximum elevation during the melt season where snow remains from the previous accumulation season. Based on satellite data and direct comparison with data from PROMICE stations, a series of snowline maps covering all of Greenland from 2011 to 2017 have been con- structed. With new and updated climate models, there are con- cerns that remains from the former US Camp Century base buried under the ice in the Thule area might get closer to the surface within the next century and that meltwater may interact with its waste long before. GEUS has started a new climate-monitoring programme and has mapped the extent and depth of the debris from the base with an ice-penetrating radar survey; results from the first field season are summa- rised in one contribution. A second paper describes results from airborne surveys in 2007, 2011 and 2015 where the ele- vation of the ice surface, top of bedrock, and the variation in thickness of the Greenland ice sheet through time have been measured. Another paper is on the sea-ice distribu- tion along eastern Greenland and Iceland. Original maps by Lauge Koch covering the 19th and 20th century have been digitised and analysed statistically. This can be very useful for future models of sea-ice variation in a changing climate. Other themes As the national geological survey, GEUS has a strong obliga- tion to participate in international assessments of resources, use state-of-the-art laboratory equipment, constantly devel- op new analytical techniques and make the ever-increasing volume of data available with systematic quality control and updated, user-friendly databases and distribution systems. One paper presents an examination of the supply-demand balance of REE, which is important for future global wind power scenarios; especially lack of neodymium and other ele- ments for permanent magnets may be critical. Another paper describes how analysis of the microchemistry of cod otoliths (ear stones) with the LA-ICP-MS technique can be applied to understand the age, growth history and migration of fish stock. A third paper gives an overview of the development and organisation of a common geological data infrastructure (EGDI) for Europe. EGDI is important for the research col- laboration and geological data sharing between the member states of the EuroGeoSurveys. Finally, the last paper presents the procedures for 3D mapping at the photogeological labo- ratory at GEUS. This is a very strong tool for geological map- ping, structural analysis and evaluation of the risk of natural geohazards such as landslides.