Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland Bulletin 35, 2016, 1-8 1 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF DENMARK AND GREENLAND BULLETIN 35 • 2016 Review of Survey activities 2015 Edited by Adam A. Garde, Ole Bennike, Kristine Thrane and W. Stuart Watt GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF DENMARK AND GREENLAND MINISTRY OF ENERGY, UTILITIES AND CLIMATE 22 Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland Bulletin 35 Key words Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, survey organisations, current research, Denmark, Greenland. Cover photographs from left to right 1 3D anthroprogenic model of urban infrastructure with buildings and pipes for combination with geological data. 2 Elevated plain (c. 800 m a.s.l.) across Precambrian basement cut by a deep valley, Torngat Mountains, Labrador, Canada. Source: Google Earth. 3 Th e geothermal energy potential in Denmark is substantial and a WebGIS portal for exploration of deep geothermal energy based on geolocial and geophysical data has been launched. An interactive 3D tool in the portal gives an intuitive overview of the variations of subsurface topography. 4 Aft er drilling two or more overlapping holes in the sea ice, a so-called Kajak core with seabed sediments is retrieved for investigations of past climate. Photo: Jesper Hoff mann. Frontispiece: facing page Field investigations at the Sulugssut intrusive complex in the alpine terrain of East Greenland. Th e rocks formed during the initial stages of the opening of the North Atlantic Ocean at c. 55 Ma. Th e fi eld camp in the background was pitched on top of a glacier. Photo: Th omas F. Kokfelt. Chief editor of this series: Adam A. Garde Editorial board of this series: John A. Korstgård, Department of Geoscience, Aarhus University; Minik Rosing, Geological Museum, University of Copenhagen; Finn Surlyk, Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen Scientifi c editors: Adam A. Garde, Ole Bennike, Kristine Th rane and W. Stuart Watt Editorial secretary: Jane Holst Referees (numbers refer to fi rst page of reviewed article): Katrine Juhl Andresen, DK (27); Anonymous (59, 75); Per Bergmo, NO (87); Albertas Bitinas, LT (47); Lars Ole Boldreel, DK (35); C. Kent Brooks, UK (59); Mikael Calner, SE (39); Andy Chadwick, UK (87); Jacob Q. Christensen, DK (9, 47); Stefan Claesson, SE (103); William Colgan, CA (71); Lynn Dafoe, CA (83); Christian Deibjerg, DK (17); Mikael Erlström, SE (23); Ida Fabricius, DK (43); Wesley Farnsworth, NO (71); Jens Galsgaard, DK (31); Christopher Harrison, CA (63, 83); Jens Havskov, NO (79); Michael Houmark-Nielsen, DK (35); Julie Hollis, GL (95); Jan Jeppesen, DK (13); Reinhard Kirsch, DE (23); Margrethe Kristensen, DK (9); Mats Larsbo, SE (17); Gert Laursen, DK (13); Jerry Lloyd, UK (67); Anders Mattias Lundmark, NO (103); Sebastian Mernild, NO (75); Th orsten Nagel, DK (99); Allen Nutman, AU (55); Asger Ken Pedersen, DK (63); Toby Rivers, CA (91); Anders Scherstén, SE (55); Denis Schlatter, CH (99); Vera Schlindwein, DE (79); Iain Sinclair, CA (91); Jasna Sinigoj, SL (95); Jette Sørensen, DK (27); Svend Stouge, DK (39); Sander Suicmez, DK (43); Nicolas R. Th ibault, DK (51); Clemens Ullmann, UK (51); Tod Waight, DK (31); Jacob C. Yde, NO (71). Illustrations: Jette Halskov, Stefan Sølberg, Susanne Rømer, Adam A. Garde and Benny M. Schark Layout and graphic production: Jane Holst and Annabeth Andersen Printer: Rosendahls-Schultz Grafi sk A/S, Albertslund, Denmark Manuscripts received: 8 January – 29 February 2016 Final versions approved: 11 February – 1 May 2016 Printed: 15 July 2016 ISSN (print) 1604-8156, ISBN (print) 978-87-7871-438-1 ISSN (online) 1904-4666, ISBN (online) 978-87-7871-439-8 Citation of the name of this series It is recommended that the name of this series is cited in full, viz. Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland Bulletin. If abbreviation of this volume is necessary, the following form is suggested: Geol. Surv. Den. Green. Bull. 35, 106 pp. Available from Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS), Øster Voldgade 10, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark Phone: +45 38 14 20 00, fax: +45 38 14 20 50, e-mail: geus@geus.dk and at www.geus.dk/publications/bull © De Nationale Geologiske Undersøgelser for Danmark og Grønland (GEUS), 2016 For the full text of the GEUS copyright clause, please refer to www.geus.dk/publications/bull 3 44 39 Middle–Upper Ordovician and Silurian stratigraphy and basin development in southernmost Scandinavia N.H. Schovsbo, A.T. Nielsen and M. Erlström 43 Types of formation water and produced water in Danish oil- and gasfi elds: implications for enhanced oil recovery by injection of ‘smart’ water N.H. Schovsbo, H.D. Holmslykke, C. Kjøller, K. Hedegaard, L. Kristensen, E. Th omsen and K.H. Esbensen 47 Middle Pleistocene interglacial deposits near Herning, Jylland, Denmark B.V. Odgaard, K.L. Knudsen, O. Bennike and H.J. Granat 51 Geochemistry of the Maastrichtian Rørdal Member, Jylland, Denmark: Ce anomaly as a palaeo-redox proxy C. Knudsen and B.W. Lauridsen Greenland Canada Kenya Ethiopia Nigeria Cameroon Zambia Ghana Mozambique Tanzania Denmark Norway Iceland Sweden Finland 7 Review of Survey activities 2015 F.G. Christiansen 9 Miocene deposits at Silkeborg, Jylland, and their infl uence on hydrology P.R Jakobsen, E.S. Rasmussen, K. Dybkjær and J. Kidmose 13 3D hydrogeological modelling for urban subsurface management in Odense, Denmark S. Mielby, T.M. Pallesen and P.B.E. Sandersen 17 Monitoring of pesticide leaching from cultivated fi elds in Denmark W. Brüsch, A.E. Rosenbom, N. Badawi and P. Olsen 23 A WebGIS portal for exploration of deep geothermal energy based on geological and geophysical data H. Vosgerau, A. Mathiesen, M.S. Andersen, L.O. Boldreel, M.L. Hjuler, E. Kamla, L. Kristensen, C.B. Pedersen, B. Pjetursson and L.H. Nielsen 27 Towards a national 3D geological model of Denmark P.B.E. Sandersen, T. Vangkilde-Pedersen, F. Jørgensen, R. Th omsen, J. Tulstrup and J. Fredericia 31 Pre-Quaternary rocks and sediments with a high level of radioactivity in Denmark P. Gravesen and P.R. Jakobsen 35 Tectonic control on the formation of Roskilde Fjord, central Sjælland, Denmark S.A.S. Pedersen and P. Gravesen 5 Grey indicates countries where GEUS has ongoing or recently completed projects. Orange indicates countries with GEUS projects described in this volume. 55 New zircon U-Pb and Hf isotopic constraints on the crustal evolution of the Skjoldungen region, South- East Greenland T.F. Kokfelt, T. Næraa, K. Th rane and L. Bagas 59 In situ fractionation and inward migration of the solidifi cation front in the Skaergaard intrusion, East Greenland T.F.D. Nielsen 63 Palaeovalleys at the basal unconformity of the Palaeoproterozoic Karrat Group, West Greenland P. Guarnieri, C.A. Partin and D. Rosa 67 Investigations of past climate and sea-ice variability in the fj ord area by Station Nord, eastern North Greenland N. Nørgaard-Pedersen, S. Ribeiro, N. Mikkelsen, A. Limoges and M.-S. Seidenkrantz 71 Placing Greenland ice sheet ablation measurements in a multi-decadal context D. van As, R.S. Fausto, J. Cappelen, R.S.W. van de Wal, R.J. Braithwaite, H. Machguth and the PROMICE project team 75 Regional climate-model performance in Greenland fi rn derived from in situ observations C. Charalampidis, D. van As, P.L. Langen, R.S. Fausto, B. Vandecrux and J.E. Box 79 Crustal structure over the Nagssugtoqidian deformation front in West Greenland: Receiver Function analysis T. Dahl-Jensen, P.H. Voss and T.B. Larsen 83 New geophysical and geological mapping of the eastern Baffi n Bay region, off shore West Greenland U. Gregersen, P.C. Knutz and J.R. Hopper 87 Mapping of the CO2 storage potential in the Nordic region K.L. Anthonsen, P. Frykman and C.M. Nielsen 91 Burial and exhumation history of the Labrador- Newfoundland margin: fi rst observations P. Japsen, P.F. Green, J.M. Bonow, A.M. Hinchey and D.H.C. Wilton 95 Th e Greenland Mineral Resources Portal – another step forward M. Pedersen, M. Hansen, B.H. Heincke and L. Th orning 99 aFieldWork – an Android app for offl ine recording of geological information and data display M. Hansen, M.N. Petersen, T.F. Kokfelt and B.M. Stensgaard jAgeDisplay: soft ware for evaluation of data distributions in U-Th -Pb geochronology T.B. Th omsen, T. Heijboer and P. Guarnieri Vietnam Tajikistan 103 66 7 Review of Survey activities 2015 Flemming G. Christiansen Deputy Director 2015 was a tough year for many geologists around the World, and the years to come may be even tougher. Low prices of oil, gas and other energy sources, and also of many mineral commodities have led to a significantly lower level of investments in exploration and production than seen in previous years. Both society and industry suffer from much lower income, so cost reduction is the new buzzword; and many geologists have lost their jobs ‒ also in Denmark and at GEUS. Investments in data, projects and knowledge ‒ including many typical products from the Geological Sur- vey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS) ‒ are worryingly low and will eventually reduce the level of knowledge for decision makers in both the private and public sectors. Commodity prices are, however, cyclic by nature, and it is very important for GEUS to continue to collect and com- pile new data, build up new knowledge and models based on research projects – and prepare for a future that will still rely on traditional resources but with a strong focus on a transition towards new green technologies that can reduce the consumption of fossil fuels and the emission of CO 2 . This issue of GEUS’ Review of Survey activities has a broader content and a total of 24 four-page articles, more than seen for several years. It reflects that GEUS works on many different subjects and is preparing for a future where geology still plays an important part in the planning of important activities in Denmark and Greenland. Eleven papers are on Denmark, eight on Greenland and five on international and general themes. Activities in Denmark GEUS’ Danish activities and research cover a wide range of topics within our specific programme areas: data, water, energy, mineral resources and nature and climate, as well as many other basic research projects. The use of groundwater is very important for Denmark, and GEUS carries out many studies on water resources, their protection and possible future challenges due to changes in climate and use. As a follow-up on previous studies of the Miocene sedimentary succession in Jylland, one paper focuses on deposits at Silkeborg and their influ- ence on hydrology. Another paper describes 3D hydrogeo- logical modelling important for the urban subsurface man- agement in Odense. A third paper is on the monitoring of pesticide leaching from cultivated fields in Denmark, an activity that has been carried out for several decades. Denmark has a large potential for subsurface geother- mal energy. Following several regional studies and many local case stories in preparation for drilling campaigns, GEUS has developed a WebGIS portal for exploration of deep geothermal energy based on geological and geophysi- cal data. One paper describes this portal where the relevant geological and geophysical maps, data and key information from drilling are easily accessed. Many of the applied studies emphasise the strong need for a comprehensive national 3D geological model of Den- mark. Similar models are being developed in several other European countries in order to provide the best possible background for large resource and infrastructure projects. One paper describes the strategy behind the effort that GEUS is currently putting into developing such models and gives examples of how existing data and geological models can be applied. Sediments and rocks in Denmark generally have a low content of radioactive minerals and radon. Some of the high- est levels of radioactivity on Mors and Bornholm have been studied in detail to understand their geological control and distribution in space. This is described in one paper. An- other paper describes how the terrain in the Roskilde area, and in particular the Roskilde Fjord, is controlled by deeper tectonic features that are clearly recorded in subsurface maps of the Danian limestone and Paleocene chalk, marl and clay. After several studies of the Palaeozoic succession in Den- mark, it is now possible to make a complete Middle‒Upper Ordovician and Silurian stratigraphy and basin model for all of southern Scandinavia. This is described in another paper using wireline logs as a correlation tool. Several methods of enhanced oil recovery, e.g. injection of ‘smart’ water, have the potential to significantly increase oil production, and thereby income for Danish society. To do this, a detailed understanding of different types of res- ervoirs is required, as shown in a paper describing the dis- tribution and composition of primary formation water and produced water in the North Sea oilfields. © 2016 GEUS. Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland Bulletin 35, 7–8. Open access: www.geus.dk/publications/bull 88 Interglacial marine deposits are fairly common in Den- mark but for the first time such deposits are described from Kibæk in the Herning area, where they occur several metres above present sea level. Chalk is a very important rock for Denmark. It is the reservoir for most of the oil and gas re- sources in the North Sea, it is important as a groundwater res- ervoir in large areas onshore, and it is an important resource for cement production. One paper provides new details of geochemical stratigraphy as a tool to understand the deposi- tional environments and their geographical correlation. Activities in Greenland Once again there was a high level of activity in and about Greenland in 2015. Many large and small projects were carried out, studies that are important for evaluating and marketing the resource potential in Greenland. The level of industrial activity in both oil and mineral exploration is very low at the moment, but it is important to prepare for a future when prices of the most important commodities will eventually rise again. For the last few years GEUS has focused on mapping and mineral evaluation activities in South-East Greenland; this emphasis is now changing to West and North-West Greenland. Two papers give new information from South- East Greenland. One paper describes new geochronologi- cal data using Hf isotopes in zircon to unravel Archaean crustal accretion processes in the Skjoldungen region, and another provides entirely new insight into the fractionation processes of the world-famous Skaergaard intrusion, which has been discussed for many decades. The last paper on Greenland bedrock geology describes Palaeoproterozoic palaeovalleys underlying the Karrat Group in the Uum- mannaq region of West Greenland, where new field activ- ity has started. Studies and monitoring of the Greenland ice sheet and studies of marine sediments in the fjords around Green- land result in important contributions from GEUS to global climate models. One paper investigates past climate and sea-ice variability in the remote eastern part of North Greenland close to Station Nord. Results from the impor- tant PROMICE monitoring project with its focus on tem- perature sensitivity of ice sheet-ablation are presented in another paper. A third paper is on climate models based on in situ observations of Greenland firn. Passive, so-called Receiver Function analysis of seismo- logical signals from natural earthquakes around the World can be used to information on the deep crustal structure, e.g. the depth to Moho. One paper presents results from such a study across the Nagssugtoqidian front in West Greenland where a significant change in Moho is recorded across an ancient plate boundary and subduction zone. Systematic mapping of offshore sedimentary deposits and evaluation of the petroleum potential is crucial for planning and marketing of licensing rounds and for advice on subse- quent exploration activities. After several successful licens- ing rounds and a relatively high level of activity, the seismic data coverage in Baffin Bay is now relatively high com- pared to many other regions around Greenland. Based on a systematic updated interpretation and mapping, one paper outlines some interesting possibilities for future explora- tion but also describes the main risks and uncertainties. International and broader technical themes GEUS also works overseas in many different countries with a variety of projects and is involved in broader the- matic studies. Over the years GEUS has been involved in several proj- ects of carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS), especially with European Union and industrial funding. One paper summarises mapping of the storage capacity of sandstone aquifers in Denmark and the Nordic Region, based on a large Nordic collaboration project. Another paper describes a preliminary study of the burial and exhumation history of the Labrador-Newfoundland margin using apatite fis- sion track analysis and thermal maturity methods similar to previo us studies on the Greenland side of the Labrador Sea. GEUS is constantly developing databases and facilities for easier access to and use of data, as well as new methodol- ogies and technologies to make research easier, quicker and better for our geologists. One paper describes the Green- land Mineral Resources Portal; a new version of this was launched by GEUS and the Ministry of Mineral Resources in Greenland (MMR) in April 2015. The portal is based on decades of work and re-organisation of previous databases with an ambition of securing data and making them easily accessible through the internet. Another paper is on a new app – aFieldWork – that has been designed specifically for field work in Greenland to make digital capture of data as easy and efficient as possible. The last paper presents the development of special software for evaluation of data distribution in U-Th-Pb geochronology – jAgeDisplay.