Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland Bulletin 33, 2015, 1-7 1 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF DENMARK AND GREENLAND BULLETIN 33 • 2015 Review of Survey activities 2014 Edited by Ole Bennike, Adam A. Garde and W. Stuart Watt GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF DENMARK AND GREENLAND MINISTRY OF CLIMATE, ENERGY AND BUILDING 22 Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland Bulletin 33 Key words Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, survey organisations, current research, Denmark, Greenland. Cover photographs from left to right 1 Fractured granite on the island of Bornholm. Photograph: Merete Binderup. 2 Th e Swedish ice-breaker Oden in the Arctic Ocean. Photograph: Martin Jakobssen. 3 A geologist enjoying the magnifi cent view over the landscape in South-East Greenland. Photograph: Jakob Lautrup. 4 A geologist crossing a local ice cap on Nuussuaq peninsula in West Greenland. Photograph: Jason Briner. Frontispiece: facing page Ice conditions in the area north of Greenland during the GEUS LOMROG 2012 cruise with the Swedish ice-breaker Oden. See paper by C. Marcussen et al. in this issue. Photograph: Th omas Funck. Chief editor of this series: Adam A. Garde Editorial board of this series: John A. Korstgård, Department of Geoscience, Aarhus University; Minik Rosing, Geological Museum, University of Copenhagen; Finn Surlyk, Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen Scientifi c editors: Ole Bennike, Adam A. Garde and W. Stuart Watt Editorial secretary: Jane Holst Referees (numbers refer to fi rst page of reviewed article): Anonymous (17, 33); Leon Bagas, AU (49); Liz Bagshaw, UK (69); Niels Balling, DK (21); Sean Brennan, USA (85); Hilmar Bungum, NO (21); David Burgess, CA (61); Valeria Caironi, IT (53); Mikael Calner, SE (9); Jakob Qvortrup Christensen, DK (33); Ida Lykke Fabricius, DK (13); Xavier Fettweis, BE (65); Peter Gerling, DE (85); Henning Haack, DK (25); Maths Halstensen, NO (13); Douglas R. Hardy, USA (69); Jens Havskov, NO (25); Martin Heinesen, FO (41); Julie Hollis, GL (53); Niels Tvis Knudsen, DK (57); John Korstgård, DK (17, 37); Jeppe Malmros, CH (57); Ruth Mottram, DK (65); Asger Ken Pedersen, DK (45); Minik Rosing, DK (49); Mark Simoni, NO (37); Henrik Stendal, GL (77, 81); Svend Stouge, DK (9); Max Strunck, SE (73); Phil Symonds, AU (41); Leif Th eilgaard, DK (29); Henrik Vedel, DK (29); Tod E. Waight, DK (45); Jacob Clement Yde, NO (61, 73). Illustrations: Benny M. Schark, Jette Halskov, Stefan Sølberg, Willy L. Weng, Susanne Rømer and Frants v. Platen-Hallermund Layout and graphic production: Kristian A. Rasmussen Printer: Rosendahls-Schultz Grafi sk A/S, Albertslund, Denmark Manuscripts received: 8 December 2014 – 12 May 2015 Final versions approved: 27 January 2015 – 21 May 2015 Printed: 7 July 2015 ISSN (print) 1604-8156 ISSN (online) 1904-4666 ISBN (print) 978-87-7871- 404-6 ISBN (online) 978-87-8771-405-3 Citation of the name of this series It is recommended that the name of this series is cited in full, viz. Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland Bulletin. If abbreviation of this volume is necessary, the following form is suggested: Geol. Surv. Den. Green. Bull. 33, 88 pp. Available from Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS) Øster Voldgade 10, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark Phone: +45 38 14 20 00, fax: +45 38 14 20 50, e-mail: geus@geus.dk and at www.geus.dk/publications/bull © De Nationale Geologiske Undersøgelser for Danmark og Grønland (GEUS), 2015 For the full text of the GEUS copyright clause, please refer to www.geus.dk/publications/bull 3 33 Relationship between groundwater chemistry and the Precambrian basement rocks on eastern Bornholm, Denmark P. Gravesen, R. Jakobsen and B. Nilsson 37 Assessment of the mineral raw material potential in Denmark – methods and major fi ndings J.K. Keiding, P. Kalvig, C. Ditlefsen, S. Lomholt and P.R. Jakobsen 41 Th e Continental Shelf Project of the Kingdom of Denmark – status and issues C. Marcussen, F. Mørk, T. Funck, W.L. Weng and M. Pedersen 45 Magma mixing, mingling and hybridisation at diff erent crustal levels: snapshots from 1.9 billion years of magmatism in south-eastern Greenland T.F. Kokfelt, S.M. Weatherley, J.K. Keiding and T.B. Árting 44 Ghana Greenland Canada Kenya Burundi Ethiopia Nigeria Cameroon Malawi Zambia Bolivia Bolivia Denmark Ghana Brazil 7 Review of Survey activities 2014 Flemming G. Christiansen 9 Th e Lower Palaeozoic now fully cored and logged on Bornholm, Denmark N.H. Schovsbo, A.T. Nielsen and K. Klitten 13 Down-hole permeability prediction – a chemometric wire-line log feasibility study from a North Sea chalk well K.H. Esbensen, N.H. Schovsbo and L. Kristensen 17 Th rust-fault architecture of glaciotectonic complexes in Denmark S.A.S. Pedersen and L.O. Boldreel 21 Consistency of postglacial geodynamics for the Kattegat region, southern Scandinavia, based on seismological, geological and geodetic data S. Gregersen and P.H. Voss 25 Acoustic events on a small seismological network – shock waves from thunder and fi reballs P.H. Voss, T. Dahl-Jensen and T.B. Larsen 29 A hydrological early warning system for Denmark based on the national model H.J. Henriksen, S. Stisen, X. He and M.B. Wiese Grey indicates countries where GEUS had projects in 2014 Orange indicates countries with GEUS projects decribed in this volume. 49 A quartz-wolframite-molybdenite vein and scheelite in amphibolite horizons from Th rudvang peninsula, Skjoldungen, SE Greenland D. Rosa and T. Ulrich 53 Follow-up on Ujarassiorit mineral hunt fi nds and outreach activities, South-East Greenland M.D. Poulsen, H. Paulick, D. Rosa, V.J. van Hinsberg, J. Petersen and L.L. Th omsen 57 Greenland ice sheet melt area from MODIS (2000– 2014) R.S. Fausto, D. van As, J.A. Antoft , J.E. Box, W. Colgan and the PROMICE project team 61 Unique applied glaciology challenges of proglacial mining W. Colgan, H.H. Th omsen and M. Citterio 65 Observed melt-season snowpack evolution on the Greenland ice sheet C. Charalampidis and D. van As 69 Automatic weather stations for basic and applied glaciological research M. Citterio, D.v. As, A.P. Ahlstrøm, M.L. Langer, S.B. Ander- sen, J. E. Box, C. Charalampidis, W.T. Colgan, R.S. Fausto, S. Nielsen and M. Veicherts 73 Digital models based on images taken with handheld cameras – examples on land, from the sea and on ice E.V. Sørensen, M. Bjerager and M. Citterio 77 Investigations of detrital zircon, rutile and titanite from present-day Labrador drainage basins: fi ngerprinting the Grenvillean front T.B. Th omsen, C. Knudsen and A.M. Hinchey 81 Composition of ilmenite and provenance of zircon in northern Brazil C. Knudsen, T.B. Th omsen, F. Kalsbeek, J.A. Kristensen, H. Vital and R.K. McLimans 85 Reserves and resources for CO2 storage in Europe: the CO2StoP project N. Poulsen, A. Bocin-Dumitriu, S. Holloway, K. Kirk, F. Neele and N. Smith 5 Thailand Vietnam Phillippines Indonesia Singa- pore India Tajikistan 7© 2015 GEUS. Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland Bulletin 33, 7–8. Open access: www.geus.dk/publications/bull Review of Survey activities 2014 Flemming G. Christiansen Deputy Director Over the past decades the Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS) has gradually changed from an or- ganisation that focussed on basic mapping and research to one that provides knowledge for discussions and decisions within society and the political system in Denmark and Greenland. Knowing the importance – and in some cases controversy – of many of these decisions, it is of the utmost importance that such input is based on high-quality and well-documented research that is objective, transparent and easily accessible. Such input to important public and political discussion is also refl ected in this issue of the Review of Survey activities that contains a total of 20 four-page papers, eight on Den- mark, eighth on Greenland and four on broader themes. In addition to many classical research summary papers, there are also examples of activities giving input to impor- tant political decisions on energy such as shale gas and car- bon capture and storage technology, use of and exploration for mineral resources in Denmark and Greenland, climate (monitoring of the Greenland ice sheet) and foreign policy (international boundaries). Activities in Denmark Th e activities and research in Denmark of GEUS cover a wide range of topics within our main programme areas: data, wa- ter, energy, mineral resources as well as nature and climate. Th e island of Bornholm has a diff erent geological history from the rest of Denmark; a dominance of outcropping base- ment rocks and Palaeozoic sedimentary rocks gives special research possibilities. One paper summarises information on the Lower Palaeozoic from scientifi c wells. Th is succession is now fully cored and logged, thereby providing important data for correlation to other regions for assessing resources in Denmark and Scandinavia and for local use of water sup- plies. Chalk is a very important rock type for Denmark as it hosts more than 90% of the Danish petroleum reserves in the North Sea. One paper discusses one of the main challenges, namely prediction of permeability, which is a very critical pa- rameter for production performance. GEUS is involved in many studies of Quaternary and re- cent geological processes. One paper describes thrust-fault architecture of glacio-tectonic complexes using 3D geologi- cal models based on integrated photo-data from cliff sections with high resolution seismic data. GEUS records seismological events at many locations in Denmark and Greenland, data that are useful for many dif- ferent purposes. One paper applies seismological, geological and geodetic data to discuss the consistency of postglacial geodynamics (especially uplift ) in the Kattegat region. An- other paper provides examples of shock waves from thunder and fi reballs that have been detected on seismograms. Th e use of groundwater is very important for the Dan- ish society, and GEUS carries out many studies on water resources and possible future scenarios due to changes in climate and use. One paper uses the comprehensive and constantly updated DK-model in the process of developing a hydrological early-warning system for Denmark that can be important for water plans for emergency managers. Another paper describes the relationship between groundwater chem- istry and the weathering of Precambrian basement rocks on eastern Bornholm. Th e Center for Minerals and Materials (MiMa) at GEUS was established to identify and study important raw mate- rial chains from source to use, with the goal of enhancing our knowledge of the risk of resource scarcity and the ensu- ing vulnerability of the Danish society. One paper gives an assessment of the mineral resource potential of the on- and off shore areas in Denmark with focus on methods and the main results. Denmark has a high potential for aggregates, various clays, chalk and lime, salt and granite – but there are also many confl icting interests on the use of land and seabed where detailed planning and regulations are required. Activities in Greenland Once again there was a high level of activity in and concern- ing Greenland in 2014. Many large and small projects were carried out, studies that are important for evaluating and marketing the resource potential in Greenland. Th e level of activity in both oil and mineral exploration is rather low at present, but it is very important to prepare for a future when 88 prices of the most important commodities will rise again. Monitoring of ice and predicting climate changes are also important GEUS activities. Th e work on the Continental Shelf Project reached a new culmination point, when the 5th submission concerning a very large area north of Greenland, with great international media coverage, was sent jointly to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf by the Government of the Kingdom of Denmark and the Government of Greenland in December 2014. One paper gives a status for the recent work on the project and mentions some of the issues for the com- ing years where data and results will be presented and used in negotiations, maintainance and hopefully supplemented by additional scientifi c data. Several papers focus on mapping and evaluation of the mineral potential in Greenland. One paper gives snapshots of the magmatic history in south-eastern Greenland with examples of magma mixing, mingling and hybridisation at diff erent crustal levels. A second paper gives details of min- eralisation in the Skjoldungen area, South-East Greenland, where tungsten- and molybdenum-bearing minerals have been discovered within veins in amphibolites. A third paper follows up on the annual Ujarassiorit public mineral hunt in South-East Greenland where a number of interesting sam- ples have been found by local stone collectors (e.g. corun- dum, precious and base metals), and where considerable time during fi eld work was used for outreach activities in several small settlements. Studies and monitoring of the Greenland ice sheet and lo- cal glaciers provide a signifi cant contribution to models for global sea-level rise. Th e important monitoring programme of the Greenland Ice Sheet (PROMICE) that was initiated in 2007 continuously supplies crucial data that are used in a number of subsequent projects and in key publications. Th ree papers in this issue use such data from PROMICE. One discusses the ice-sheet melt area, where data from MODIS (NASA’s Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) are validated against PROMICE data. A second is on the observed melt-season snowpack evolution of the Greenland ice sheet. A third paper gives a technical description of the automatic weather stations that have been developed for ba- sic and applied research. A fourth paper addresses applied glaciological challenges of proglacial mining, which may be important in Greenland where several potential mining sites are located very close to the margin of the ice sheet. Broader thematic activities Internationally GEUS also works in many diff erent countries with a variety of projects and is involved in broader themat- ic studies. Th e fi rst of these thematic papers describes how digital outcrop models can be made based on images from a handheld camera, with examples from land, sea and ice. A second paper gives details of a so-called provenance study in Labrador, Canada, using detailed analytical data on zircon, rutile and titanite that can be applied to map out boundaries between major orogenic terrains. Another provenance study of heavy minerals from northern Brazil is also presented, in this case with focus on titanium placer deposits. Th e challenge of climate change demands reduction in global CO2 emissions. One of the most promising technical solutions is to use carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS). Th e fi nal paper is a summary of the CO2StoP project, which has designed a database on storage capacity in 27 European countries and identifi ed important gaps in our knowledge.